WORKSHEET #4
LESSON: CARRYOUT MEASUREMENTS AND CALCULATIONS
Learning Objectives: At the end of the lesson, the learner are expected to do the following:
Carry out measurements and calculations in a required task.
Substitute the different ingredients used in cooking.
Read the Information Sheet very well the find out how much you can remember and how much you
learned by doing the Self-checked.
Ingredient equivalents.
Ingredient Amount Substitutions
Allspice 1 tsp 1/2 tsp cinnamon plus 1/2 tsp ground cloves.
Apple pie spice 1 tsp 1/2 tsp cinnamon, 1/4 tsp nutmeg, and 1/8 tsp
cardamom.
Arrowroot, as 1 Tbsp 2 Tbsp all-purpose flour.
thickener
1 Tbsp cornstarch.
Baking powder, 1 tsp 1/4 tsp baking soda, 1/2 tsp cream of tartar and 1/4 tsp
double acting cornstarch;
1/4 tsp baking soda plus 5/8 tsp cream of tartar;
1/4 tsp baking soda plus 1/2 cup buttermilk, sour milk
or yogurt (decrease liquid in recipe by 1/2 cup);
1/4 tsp baking soda, 1/2 Tbsp vinegar or lemon juice
plus sweet milk to make 1/2 cup (decrease liquid in
recipe by 1/2 cup);
1/4 tsp baking soda plus 1/4 cup molasses (decrease
liquid in recipe by 1-2 Tbsp);
1 1/2 tsp phosphate or tartrate baking powder.
Bay leaf, crushed 1 tsp 1 whole bay leaf.
Brandy 1/4 cup 1 tsp brandy extract plus enough water or liquid called
for in recipe to make 1/4 cup.
Bread crumbs 1/4-1/3 cup 1 slice bread;
dry
1/4 cup cracker crumbs;
2/3 cup rolled oats;
Broth, beef or 1 cup 1 bouillon cube, 1 tsp (1 envelope) powdered
chicken
broth base or 1 tsp instant granules dissolved in 1 cup
water.
Butter 1 cup 1 cup margarine;
7/8 to 1 cup hydrogenated shortening plus 1/2 tsp salt;
7/8 cup lard plus 1/2 tsp salt;
7/8 cup oil plus 1/2 tsp salt.
Catsup 1 cup 1 cup tomato sauce plus 1/2 cup sugar and 2 Tbsp
vinegar (for use in cooking).
Chili Sauce 1 cup 1 cup tomato sauce, 1/4 cup brown sugar, 2 Tbsp
vinegar, 1/4 tsp cinnamon, and dash of ground
cloves and allspice.
Chives, finely 1 Tbsp 1 Tbsp green onion tops, finely chopped.
chopped
Chocolate, 1 oz 3 Tbsp cocoa plus 1 Tbsp butter or fat;
unsweetened
3 Tbsp carob powder plus 2 Tbsp water.
semisweet 1-2/3 oz 1 oz unsweetened chocolate plus 4 tsp sugar.
Chocolate chips, 6 oz pkg 2 squares (2 oz) unsweetened chocolate, 2 Tbsp
semisweet, melted (2/3 cup) shortening and 1/2 cup sugar melted (2/3 cup).
Coconut, grated, dry 1 Tbsp 1 1/2 tbsp fresh coconut, grated.
Coconut milk 1 cup 1 cup milk.
Coconut cream 1 cup 1 cup cream.
Cornstarch 1 Tbsp 2 Tbsp all-purpose flour;
2 Tbsp granular tapioca;
1 Tbsp arrowroot.
Corn syrup 1 cup 1 cup granulated sugar plus 1/4 cup water or other
liquid called for in recipe;
1 cup honey.
Cracker crumbs 3/4 cup 1 cup dry bread crumbs.
Cream: 1 cup 1 1/2 Tbsp butter plus 7/8 cup milk;
half & half (10- 1/2 cup coffee cream plus 1/2 cup milk;
12% fat)
1 cup evaporated milk, undiluted.
coffee (20% fat) 1 cup 3 Tbsp butter plus 7/8 cup milk.
heavy (36-40% 1 cup 1/3 cup butter plus 3/4 cup milk (for baking only, will
fat) not whip).
sour 1 cup 7/8 cup buttermilk or sour milk;
1 cup yogurt;
1 1/8 cup powdered nonfat dry milk, 1/2 cup warm
water and 1 Tbsp vinegar (mixture will thicken in
refrigerator in a few hours);
1 cup evaporated milk plus 1 Tbsp vinegar (allow to
stand 5 minutes before using);
1/3 cup buttermilk, 1 Tbsp lemon juice, and 1 cup
smooth cottage cheese blended together;
7/8 cup milk, 1 Tbsp lemon juice, and 2 Tbsp butter or
margarine.
whipped cream 2 cups 1 cup chilled evaporated milk plus 1/2 tsp lemon juice,
whipped until stiff.
Cream of tartar 1/2 tsp 1 1/2 tsp lemon juice or vinegar.
Dill, fresh 1 head 1 tsp dill seed.
Eggs 1 egg 2 1/2 Tbsp dried, sifted eggs plus 2 1/2 Tbsp water;
whole, large (3 1/3 Tbsp) 3 1/3 Tbsp frozen egg yolks, thawed;
1/2 tsp baking powder, 1 Tbsp vinegar and 1 Tbsp
liquid (in baking);
1 egg in every 3 can be replaced with 1 Tbsp cornstarch
in baking;
Soften 1 Tbsp unflavored gelatin in 3 Tbsp cold water,
add 3 tsp boiling water, cool and beat until
frothy, add to recipe (reduce other liquid by 2 Tbsp);
1/4 cup commercial egg substitute.
whites 1 egg white 2 tsp dried egg white plus 2 Tbsp water;
(2 Tbsp)
2 Tbsp frozen egg whites, thawed.
yolks 1 egg yolk 2 Tbsp dried egg yolks plus 2 tsp water;
(1 1/3 Tbsp)
4 tsp frozen egg yolks, thawed.
Flour, 1 cup 7/8 cup all-purpose or bread flour.
pastry
cake 1 cup 7/8 cup all-purpose flour (1 cup less 2 Tbsp).
white, all- 1 Tbsp 1/2 Tbsp cornstarch, potato starch, rice starch or
purpose arrowroot;
for thickening 1 Tbsp quick-cooking tapioca;
1 Tbsp waxy rice or corn flour;
2 Tbsp granular cereal;
2 Tbsp browned flour;
1 1/2 Tbsp whole wheat flour.
white, all- 1 cup 1 1/2 cups bread crumbs;
purpose
1 1/8 cups cake flour (1 cup plus 2 Tbsp);
for baking
7/8 to 1 cup corn meal;
1/2 cup cornstarch plus 1/2 cup rye, potato or rice flour
Note: Specialty flours (sift together 6 times, use with 2 tsp baking powder per
added to yeast bread cup in quick breads as wheat flour allergy substitute);
recipes will result in a
13/16 cup gluten flour (1 cup less 3 Tbsp);
reduced volume and
heavier product. 5/8 cup potato flour;
7/8 cup rice flour;
1 1/3 cups rolled oats;
1 1/4 cups rye flour;
1/8 cup soy, cottonseed, peanut or carob flour plus 7/8
cup all-purpose flour;
1/3 cup wheat germ plus 2/3 cup all-purpose flour
1 cup minus 1 Tbsp whole wheat flour.
white, all- 1 cup 1 cup all-purpose flour plus 1 1/4 tsp baking powder
purpose, and 1/4 tsp salt.
self-rising
Garlic 1 clove, small 1/8 tsp garlic powder or instant minced garlic;
1/2-1 tsp garlic salt (reduce amount salt called for in
recipe).
Gelatin, flavored 3-oz package 1 Tbsp plain gelatin plus 2 cups fruit juice.
Ginger, candied or 1 Tbsp 1/8 tsp powdered ginger.
raw
Herbs, fresh 1 Tbsp 1 tsp dried herbs.
Honey 1 cup 1 1/4 cup sugar plus 1/4 cup liquid (use liquid called
for in recipe).
Horseradish, grated 1 Tbsp 2 Tbsp bottled horseradish.
fresh
Italian seasoning 1 tsp 1/4 tsp basil, 2/3 tsp dried parsley, and pinch oregano.
Lemon 1 lemon 1 to 3 Tbsp juice, plus 2 to 2 1/2 tsp grated rind.
whole
juice 1 tsp 1/2 tsp vinegar.
grated rind or 1 tsp 1/2 tsp lemon extract.
peel
Lemon grass 1 Tbsp 1 Tbsp lemon peel.
Maple sugar, grated 1 Tbsp 1 Tbsp white sugar;
1/2 cup
1 cup maple syrup (decrease liquid by 1/2 cup).
Maple syrup about 2 cups Combine 2 cups sugar and 1 cup water, bring to
clear boil; take off heat; add 1/2 tsp maple flavoring.
Marshmallows, 1 cup 10 large marshmallows.
miniature
Mayonnaise (for use in 1 cup 1 cup yogurt, sour cream or cottage cheese pureed in
blender (use for all or part of mayonnaise called for in
salads and salad
recipe).
dressings)
Milk 1 cup 1 cup minus 1 Tbsp sweet milk, plus 1 Tbsp vinegar or
lemon juice; let stand 5 minutes;
buttermilk or
sour 1 cup sweet milk plus 1 1/4-1 3/4 tsp cream of tartar;
1 cup yogurt (plain).
skim 1 cup 1/3 cup instant nonfat dry milk plus 7/8 cup water.
whole 1 cup 1/2 cup evaporated milk plus 1/2 cup water;
1 cup skim, 2% or reconstituted dry milk;
1 cup soy or almond milk;
1 cup fruit juice or potato water in baking;
1 cup water plus 1 1/2 tsp butter in baking;
1 cup buttermilk plus 1/2 tsp baking soda (decrease
baking powder by 2 tsp).
sweetened 1 cup Combine 1 cup plus 2 Tbsp dry milk with 1/2 cup
condensed
warm water and 3/4 cup sugar, mix well, may set pan
in bowl of hot water to dissolve sugar.
Mint leaves, fresh 1/4 cup 1 Tbsp dried mint leaves.
chopped
Molasses 1 cup 3/4 cup sugar, increase liquid by 5 Tbsp, decrease
baking soda by 1/2 tsp, add 2 tsp baking powder;
3/4 cup sugar plus 1 1/4 tsp cream of tartar, increase
liquid in recipe by 5 Tbsp.
Mushrooms, fresh 1 lb 3 oz dried plus 1 1/2 cups water;
1 8-oz can, drained weight.
Mustard, dry 1 tsp 1 Tbsp prepared mustard;
1/2 tsp mustard seeds.
Nuts 1 cup 1 cup rolled oats, browned (in baked products).
Oil (for sauteing) 1/4 cup 1/4 cup melted margarine, butter, bacon
drippings, shortening or lard.
Onion 1 small 1/4 cup chopped, fresh onion;
1 1/3 tsp onion salt;
1 to 2 Tbsp instant minced onion;
1 tsp onion powder.
Onion powder 1 tsp 1/4 cup fresh onion, chopped.
Orange 1 medium 6 to 8 Tbsp juice; 3/4 cup diced; 2 to 3 Tbsp grated
rind.
Orange peel, dried 1 Tbsp 2 or 3 Tbsp grated fresh orange peel (peel of medium
orange).
Parsley, fresh 1 Tbsp 1 tsp parsley flakes.
Pepper, white 1 tsp 1 tsp black pepper.
Peppers, green or 1 Tbsp 3 Tbsp fresh bell pepper, dried chopped.
red bell, dried
Pimento 2 Tbsp, 3 Tbsp fresh red bell pepper;
chopped 1 Tbsp dried red pepper, rehydrated.
Pumpkin pie spice 1 tsp 1/2 tsp cinnamon, 1/4 tsp ginger, 1/8 tsp allspice and
1/8 tsp nutmeg.
Rennet 1 tablet 1 Tbsp liquid rennet.
Rice 1 cup cooked 1 cup converted, regular brown or wild rice, cooked.
1 cup bulgur or pearl barley, cooked.
Rum 1/4 cup 1 Tbsp rum extract plus enough liquid to make 1/4 cup.
Shortening, melted 1 cup 1 cup cooking oil.
solid 1 cup 1 cup minus 2 Tbsp lard;
1 cup butter or margarine (decrease salt in recipe by 1/2
tsp).
Sugar 1 cup 1 cup granulated sugar;
brown 1 cup granulated sugar plus 1/4 cup unsulphured
molasses;
1/2 cup liquid brown sugar.
confectioners or 1 cup 3/4 cup granulated sugar (for uses other than baking).
powdered
granulated 1 cup 1 cup firmly packed brown sugar;
1 1/3 cup confectioners sugar (for uses other than
baking);
1 cup corn syrup, reduce other liquid by 1/4 cup (never
replace more than 1/2 of sugar called for in recipe with
corn syrup);
13/16 cup honey (1 cup less 3 Tbsp); reduce liquid in
recipe by 3 Tbsp for every cup of honey added; add a
pinch of baking soda to neutralize acidity;
3/4 to 1 cup maple syrup minus 3 Tbsp other liquid;
1 cup molasses or sorghum plus 1/2 tsp baking soda;
omit or decrease baking powder by 1 tsp; reduce other
liquid by 6 Tbsp;
1 cup raw sugar.
noncaloric 1/8 tsp 1 tsp granulated sugar;
solution
2 Tbsp 1 cup granulated sugar.
noncaloric 1/4 tsp 1 tsp granulated sugar;
grains
1/4 cup 1 cup granulated sugar.
Tapioca, quick- 1 1/2-2 Tbsp 4 Tbsp pearl tapioca, soaked.
cooking
quick-cooking for 1 Tbsp 1 Tbsp flour.
thickening
Tomatoes, fresh 2 cups, 1 16-oz can, drained.
chopped
packed 1 cup 1/2 cup tomato sauce plus 1/2 cup water.
canned 1 cup 1 1/3 cups diced tomatoes simmered 10 minutes.
Tomato juice 1 cup 1/2 cup tomato sauce plus 1/2 cup water.
Write the substitution for the following ingredients. Write your answer on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. 1/4-1/3 cup Dry bread crumbs
2. 1C Coconut milk
3. ½ tsp cream of tartar
4. 1C Cake flour
5. 1 cup Miniature marshmallow
6. 1cup Skim milk
7. 1 cup Nuts
8. ¼ cup Oil
9. 1 cup Brown sugar
10. 1 cup Confectioners/powdered sugar
