EFFECTS OF HAVING PART-TIME JOB TOWARDS THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE

OF FOURTH-YEAR STUDENTS IN BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT

DEPARTMENT OF LA CARLOTA CITY COLLEGE

S.Y. 2021-2022

______________________________

An Action Research

Submitted to

Mrs. ALMIRA A. CASTILLO

Instructor, Business and Management Department

La Carlota City College

La Carlota City, Negros Occidental

_______________________________

In Partial Fulfilment for the Requirements

Of the Subject

MA 33 (Accounting Research Methods)

____________________________

JIJI T. DALANON

January 2022
 Chapter 1

Introduction

Background of the Study

         The Business and Management Department provides a foundation of professional

knowledge, professional skills, and professional values, ethics and attitudes that enable them to

continue to learn and to adapt to change throughout their professional lives. These capabilities

will enable professional management accountants to identify problems, know where to find

knowledge and know how to apply it in an ethical manner to achieve appropriate solutions. The

balance of these elements may vary but what is required is to develop the knowledge base, strong

skills and ethical values in order to produce competent professional accountants with appropriate

values, ethics and attitudes.

         Part-time job can have a positive impact on the students especially if the work is course-

related. Students can have a glimpse of their future job and determine whether they actually like

that particular career path. Also, part-time jobs can help students improve time management

skills and become more efficient. Parents and educators are in favor of employment amongst

students because they believe that employment 'builds character' (Greenberger and Steinberg,

1986).  Having a part-time job after class may be a good option for students to gain more

valuable experience. However, some people are worrying about the part-time job will pose a bad

influence on study. How to handle a part-time job and how to balance it with study seems to

become a significant question. Proper arrangements for study and part-time job can make

students enjoy working for a company and enrich their reference. Despite having lessons during

weekdays, some of the students still work during weekdays.

         Literally, part time is described as something which involves less than a normal or

standard time. From this basis, we can now state that a part time work is a work which does not

require you working full time. Basically, a part time job refers to an employment position

wherein fewer hours per week are put into work by an individual than the regular full-time job.

Most people who work part time jobs to gain primary income are students and elderly citizens.

Low wage workers earn this type of job to supplement their primary incomes.

         Students do part-time job for a number of reasons. First, making money is an important

thing as a college student. Maybe to provide their own money to pay for expenses in school or

they want to buy something for themselves, sometimes, they need to provide money for their

families. Because most students do not have much money and through a part-time job, they can

have extra income. Second, to utilize their free time. Some students want to try something new,

and not just focus on their studies. Lastly, having work experiences is important for some people

who want to find a job. If people have work experiences, they will find a formal job more easily

in the future. Often from the part-time jobs students can learn something they cannot get from

the textbooks. And when they graduate, their abilities will be better than those students who did

not do part-time jobs before.

         There are negative and positive effects on students who have part-time jobs. They gain

many skills and have many experiences for example; they learn a lot about life and improve their

language from the people in their work. On the other hand, an excessive workload can have a

detrimental effect not only on the students' academic performance but also psychologically and

physically. Combining work and study can also have negative effect on the students' mental

health such as stress and fatigue, leading to worsening performance in class.

         In this study, the researcher aims to determine the effects of having part-time jobs

towards the academic performance of 4th year students in Business and Management Department

of La Carlota City College.

 Theoretical Framework

According to Human Capital Theory (Becker, 1964), student employment can be a complement

to education due to the additional skills and knowledge obtained while working. There are

several reasons why student work may lead to such an increase in human capital. First, student

employment enables the acquisition of new general and transferable skills such as work values,

communication skills, and a sense of time management (Buscha, Maurel, Page, & Speckesser,

2012; Rothstein, 2007; Staff & Mortimer, 2007). Second, combining study and work may offer

students the opportunity to apply in practice what they have learned in school (Geel & Backes-

Gellner, 2012; Hotz et al., 2002). Third, student employment may increase future-oriented and

thereby motivate students to work harder in school in order to achieve a certain career goal

(Oettinger, 1999; Rothstein, 2007).

On the other hand, building on the Theory of the Allocation of Time (Becker, 1965), the Zero-

Sum Theory suggests that student employment and education are substitutes. It is argued that

student employment strongly constrains students’ use of time: time spent working crowds out

time spent on activities that enhance academic performance (e.g., studying, doing homework,

and attending classes; Bozick, 2007; Kalenkoski & Pabilonia, 2009; 2012). As the reduced time

spent on the latter activities subsequently worsens academic performance (Arulampalam, Naylor,

& Smith, 2012; Stinebrickner & Stinebrickner, 2004; 2008), student employment may have a

detrimental effect on educational attainment. However, spending one hour more on student work
does not necessarily translate into spending one hour less on study activities (Triventi, 2014). In

other words, studentworkers may cut back on leisure time without reducing the time they

dedicate to school-related activities (much). Indeed, Kalenkoski and Pabilonia (2009; 2012),

Schoenhals, Tienda, and Schneider (1998), and Warren (2002) find that time spent working does

not reduce the time spent on school-related activities in a one-to-one relationship. Working

students also scale down the time spent on non-school-related activities (e.g., time spent with

family or friends and time spent watching television or in front of a computer). In this case, the

Zero-Sum Theory is not (or is less) valid.

Another theory that supports a negative association between student work and educational

success is the Primary Orientation Theory (Baert, Marx, Neyt, Van Belle, & Van Casteren, in

press; Bozick, 2007; Warren, 2002), often cited in the field of sociology. This theory suggests

that the worse academic performance of working students is related to their primary orientation

being toward work rather than toward school. In other words, it reflects a disengagement from

school that existed before the decision to work was made, rather than a negative effect due to

student employment itself. Therefore, instead of providing an explanation for a causal, negative

effect of student work, this theory reveals a potential selection problem that one wants to control

for in empirical analyses. Indeed, Bozick (2007), Staff and Mortimer (2007), and Triventi (2014)

hypothesis that when pre-existing differences between working and non-working students, such

as their primary orientation, are properly controlled for, the difference in academic performance

between these two groups disappears.

Distinguish between studies focusing on the effect of student work during secondary education

and those focusing on the effect of student work during tertiary education. Based on the

aforementioned theories, there are several reasons why student employment is expected to be
less of a substitute for education for students in tertiary education. First, as students in tertiary

education have more flexibility in their schedules, the assumption that working crowds out time

spent on activities that foster academic performance—the Zero-Sum Theory—may be less valid

for them. Indeed, their classes are usually not compulsory and they often have flexibility in

planning their academic workload by choosing between different courses (Triventi, 2014).

Second, a selection effect with respect to students’ primary orientation may be less of an issue

for students in tertiary education, since only more school-oriented students will choose to

commence this form of non-compulsory education. More work-oriented students will not enter

this type of education, but rather pursue labour market opportunities (Bozick, 2007). Third, most

students in tertiary education have already combined study and work in secondary education, so

they should be more adept at mixing these two activities (Bozick, 2007; Staff & Mortimer,

2007).

 Conceptual Framework

         As a college student, it is hard to maintain good grades if you don’t focus and concentrate

well on your studies. One must know what to prioritize and what to be given enough time and

effort on. But how about those students who need to divide their time to their studies and to their

work? Those who are having part-time jobs are having a great challenge in performing well in

class and at their work at the same time. Having a part-time job can really test a student’s time-

management skills and as well as self-discipline. A student’s learning pace can be a big factor

with regards to the result of their academic performance since each student has different paces

and sometimes doesn’t align to the teacher’s expectation to them. This is also connected to the

teacher factor because there are times that students don’t get along and sometimes not

comfortable with the way the teacher delivers his/her lessons especially if the teacher can’t
deliver the lesson clearly that lead to some student to be confused that would result to stress plus

the pressure on his/her work could’ve led to depression and prone to suicide.  It can have a

positive and negative impacts towards the academic performance of students. Some students

need to stay up late to do their work, others miss classes, and there are also students who are

having a hard time catching up to their lessons. Too many hours spent at work could also affect

the student's lifestyle such as participating in extracurricular activities. Moreover, students who

work part-time become financially independent and learn how to effectively manage finances.

But part-time jobs can provide an extra income to those students who does not have that much

money to obtain their daily needs and pay for the different expenses in school. It can be a good

source of money for those in need. In this study, the effects of part-time job serve as independent

variables while the academic performance of 4th year BAM students are the dependent ones. If

there is a significant relationship between variables, it would mean that Part-time job can affect

the Academic performance of 4th year students of the Business and Management Department

S.Y. 2021-2022.

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Part-Time Job Academic

Performance
Statement of the Problem

         This study generally aims to identify the effects of having part-time job on the academic

performance among 4th year students of Business and Management Department S.Y. 2021-2022.

Specifically, it aims to answer the following questions:

1.      What is the socio-economic profile of the students in terms of:

a.       Age;

b.      Gender;

c.       Civil Status;

d.      Monthly Household Income

2.      What struggles do the students encounter in working and studying at the same

time?

3.      What factors affect the academic performance of students engaged in part-time

jobs?

4.      Is there a significant relationship between the socio-economic profile of part-

time student and its academic performance in terms of:

a. Age

b. Gender

c. Monthly Household Income

Hypothesis of the Study

There is no significant relationship between the socio-economic profile of part-time

student and its academic performance in terms of:

a. Age

b. Gender

c. Monthly Household Income

Significance of the Study

This study aims to benefit the:

         Teachers. As they will be able to help their students who have part-time job to improve

their academic performance. Knowing what their students are going through with working and

studying at the same time, will make them be more considerate enough to understand and guide

their students to catch up with the different lessons.

         Students. As for students who have a part-time job or looking for part-time jobs, they

will be able to know the possible ways on how to balance their time between their job as well as

their studies. As for students as well as a part timer, through this study they would have an idea

on how to maintain or improve their academic performance while at the same time accomplish

their part time job well.

         Future Researchers.  This study may provide information to future researchers who

want to study the same topic. They can use the data, and it will serve as a basis for their research
study. The researchers can improve the objectives and widen the scope with regards to the effects

of having part-time jobs to the academic performance of students.

 Scope and Limitation of the Study

           This study will only be limited to the 4 th year BAM students of La Carlota City College

School Year 2021-2022. It will only include the students who have part-time jobs. This will

consider the students personal information such as their age, gender, civil status and monthly

household income.

           Since we are in the midst of the pandemic, the study will be used an online platform such

as the use of Google forms to gather data among respondents. Due to limited time and

accessibility, the researcher will be used convenience sampling. Thus, the result will not

represent the entirety of the population.

           The socio-economic profile of the respondents which include the age, gender, civil status

and monthly household income, the struggles the students encounter in working and studying at

the same time, the factors that affects the academic performance of students engaged in part-time

job and the significant relationship between the socio-economic profile of part-time students and

its academic performance will be determined in this study

Definition of Terms

The words below are defined operationally and conceptually,

BAM Students. Operationally, it refers to Business and Management Department student

respondents of La Carlota City College that were selected in the survey.

Academic Performance. Conceptually, it refers to how a student can perform or the way

students achieve certain standards in a clear classroom setting as used in the study.

Part-Time Job. Conceptually, it refers to a form of employment which carries fewer hours per

week than a full time job.

Poor Academic Performance. Conceptually, it is a state of having low grades or being inactive

on academic activities.

Self-Discipline. Conceptually, it refers to the ability to control yourself and focus on what needs

to be accomplished.

Stress. Operationally, a state of emotional or mental strain due to tension.

Struggles. Conceptually, it refers to the difficulties encountered by the students.

Time-Management Skills. Operationally, it is being able to manage your time by goal setting,

scheduling and also working efficiently to meet the deadlines.

 
 Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter provides related literatures, studies and theories about the study as well as the effect

of having a part-time job towards the academic performance among 4 th Business and

Management Department student.

Students' Academic Performance

Students are believed to be the best asset of a school or a university. A university is of no

use without the presence of students. One of a teacher's job is to make sure that students learn

something from his or her lessons before leaving the classroom. Students’' academic

performance is one factor that needs to be improved.

When people hear the term "academic performance", they often think of a person's GPA.

The GPA or a grade point average is a number representing the average value of the accumulated

final grades earned in courses over time. More commonly called a GPA, a student’s grade point

average is calculated by adding up all accumulated final grades and dividing that figure by the

number of grades awarded. This calculation results in a mathematical mean—or average—of all

final grades. The most common form of GPA is based on a 0 to 4.0 scale (A = 4.0, B = 3.0, C =

2.0, D = 1.0, and F = 0), with a 4.0 representing a “perfect” GPA—or a student having earned

straight. As in every course. Schools may also assign partial points for “plus” or “minus” letter

grades, such as a 3.7 for an A–, a 3.3 for a B+, and so on. GPAs may be calculated at the end of a

course, semester, or grade level, and a “cumulative GPA” represents an average of all final
grades individual students earned from the time they first enrolled in a school to the completion

of their education.

In some schools, weighted-grade systems are used in GPA calculations, and they give

students a numerical advantage for grades earned in higher-level courses, such as honors courses

or Advanced Placement courses, or for completing more challenging learning experiences. In

weighted-grade systems, an A in a higher-level course might be awarded a 4.5 or 5.0, for

example, while an A in a lower-level course is awarded a 4.0 (yet weighted grading systems vary

widely in design and methodology).

A student’s GPA is often used to determine academic honors, such as honor roll, class

rank, or Latin honors. GPAs have been one of several major factors used by colleges,

postsecondary programs, and employers to assess a student’s overall academic record.

However, several factors indicate a student's academic success. While some may not

graduate top of their class, they may hold leadership positions on several student groups or score

high on standardized test such as the SAT or ACT. People often consider grades first when

evaluating academic achievement. This includes schools, who rank students by their GPA

awarding special designations such as valedictorian and salutatorian for those who graduate first

and second in their class. Scholarship organizations and universities also start by looking at

grades, as do some employers, especially when hiring recent graduates. Grades carry m9re

weight in some industries, especially technical professions such as law, medicine and finance.

Other industries place less importance on GPA, particularly creative professions such as writing

or art and occupations such as sales where people skills are more crucial than technical

knowledge (Williams, 2017).

 Academic achievement represents performance outcomes that indicate the extent to

which a person has accomplished specific goals that were focus of activities in instructional

environments, specifically in school, college, and university. School systems mostly define

cognitive goals that either apply across multiple subject areas (e.g., critical thinking) or include

the acquisition of knowledge and understanding in a specific intellectual domain (e.g., numeracy,

literacy science history). Therefore, academic achievement should be considered to be a

multifaceted construct that comprises different domains of learning. Because the field of

academic achievement is very wide-ranging and covers a broad variety of educational outcomes,

the definition of academic achievement depends on the indicators used to measure it. (Steinmayr

et al., 2014)

 Business and Management Department

         It is a department that offers comprehensive training in the areas of operations

management, human resource development, and office administration. The students are provided

with classroom discussion, case analysis, various research-related assignments, and field

activities to stimulate learning and develop critical thinking. The Business Management

Department also continues to strengthen its linkages in the academe, industry, and government to

keep pace with the dynamic world of business and management. (Junja, 2013)

 Part-Time Jobs

Working part time job can be defined as working fewer hours per week than a fulltime

job. Nowadays, student who are working part time job is also a phenomenon and has been a

feature of the university experience. Working part time among the student does not occur in
Malaysia but also in other country such as United States, Australia, Indonesia and many more

(Marria, 2011).

Students decide whether to working part time is an important decision which is closely

related with the time management. For some students, especially those in traditionally

underserved populations, taking a job is not a matter of choice, but necessity. According to

David Robotham (2011), there is a rise in the number of students those are studying while

working in part time employment in United Kingdom. Combining work and studies has been a

trend for students over the recent years. This has raised the question as to whether the students’

studies will be adversely affected by their part-time employment.

Part-time job is not meeting the requirements or standards of being full-time.

Participating in something part-time typically means spending a fraction of time compared to a

full-time counterpart. For example, accountants are required to continue their education in

accounting, and some accountants opt to enroll part-time in university courses. In this case, they

are attending courses half as frequently as their full-time classmates. (Webfinance Inc., 2018)

 Benefits of Part-Time Jobs

A part-time job can help you become a better student and get a jump on your career track.

A part-time job whilst at university can have a positive impact on your life:

·                     Money. The extra cash from part-time work lets a student cover the cost of living

more comfortably, sometimes even leaving a little aside for fun.

 Budgeting. Students who earn their own money tend to spend it wisely. Part-time jobs are

often tough, and hard-earned money can be painful to part with. In short, students are more likely

to save their money for necessities such as text books and rent.

Time management. Students with jobs have little free time. This predisposes them to

become more organized and better planners, learning to weigh their priorities in order to meet

deadlines. Effective time management benefits both studies and life of a student after university.

Boredom. Students have less time to while away the hours – the combination of studying

and a job rather handily means there’s little time to get bored.

The Future of Students. Students can use their part-time job to get an introduction to a

career or area of interest they hope to go into after university. The experience will help them

stand out from the crowd at interview; one can begin networking with others in his or her chosen

field. Forming professional relationships at this early stage will help students in chances of

gaining employment after graduation.

Transferable skills. A part-time job can provide a student with a skill set much in demand

by graduate employers: (University Guide, 2018)

Influence to people. In a workplace, it is used to be with different people and it can gain

you a social relation with those people. This would benefit you in future because it wouldn’t be

hard for you to find a job, with your influence finding a job is just a piece of cake.

Experience. By entering different kinds of work field, it gains you knowledge and ideas

in what the real workplace is like and it is an advantage because most of the company nowadays
are searching for experience and skills, not on the degree you achieved. No matter how many

degrees or certification you may have but you lack experience, it become worthless.

Standing on your own feet. This idea signifies that you are responsible enough to conquer

the challenges that will test your strength to its maximum level. It molds a person to be strong to

survive every day you live in this world. As we grow older, our mindset changes, nothing in this

world remains to be permanent, everyone has its own limits. Part time job is one of the main

reasons why we are made into a better person and keeping us survive in this world.

Achieve the things you want to. In the real world, you have nothing to rely on but only

yourself. If you want to get something, you have to get it by your bare hands and make a lot of

effort to achieve it. By having a part time job, it is easy for you to get what you want or deserve.

This benefit is making you to make decisions on your own, do whatever you want from it. It will

make your decision making evolve and as you made a mistake, you don’t have to regret the

decision you choose but learn from it because it will mold your character into something.

There were numerous researchers who conducted studies about the Effects of Having

Part-time Jobs towards the Academic Performance of the Students.

Working more than 16 hours per week had a detrimental impact on the academic

performance of nursing students. More importantly, this study shows that nursing-related

employment is not advantageous to students’ academic performance, even for a nursing practice-

based subject. If the current practice of employing nursing students in clinical settings is to

continue, this experience needs to be aligned to the academic curriculum if it is to be beneficial

to students’ knowledge and skill acquisition (Solamonson, 2005).

 Rehearsals and organization strategies are of a priority to students as they make strides to

progress through the academic ladder of high school. Nevertheless, help seeking strategies for

asking for assistance from peers or instructors when needed remain the least strategy component

considered. Being a male or a female does not give any junior or senior high school student

outright advantage. Both males and females can possess different types of beliefs and strategies

for learning. In spite of efforts being made, students are confronted with serious challenges that

might be affecting their academic achievement levels. Students are worried about life challenges

(poverty) and future uncertainties. Getting to and from school remains a paramount challenge.

Contrary to presumptions, peer pressure (going out with friends) and video clubs or games have

less significant effect on students’ learning. (Gbollie & Keamu, 2017)

This examination of the effects of part-time work on school students has shown that the

majority perceive their jobs very positively – they believe that the experience will help them to

get a job later on, and are largely unconcerned about any detrimental impact on their schoolwork.

The implications of in-school employment for both educational progress and success in the post-

school labour market were explored. Part-time employment during any year at school was not

shown to have an adverse effect on the likelihood of students completing Year 12 or on their

academic performance in that year (Robinson, 2015).

Analyses of the Eurostudent survey indicates that the lowest level of students working

part-time is in Southern Europe (especially Portugal and Italy) and the highest rate is in

Netherlands and Ireland. Potential reasons for such outcomes may be due to the nature of the

labour market and availability of jobs suitable for students. For example, in Greece the majority

of students do not engage in paid employment due to lack of job opportunities (Dimitros and

Karaliopoulou (2005).
 According to UK Essays (2015), working more than 20 hours per week has a negative

impact on the students' academic performance. Research shows that working less than 20 hours a

week has a positive impact not only academically but also on a personal level. These students

improve time management skills, gain work experience, build business relationships and earn

money.The quality of part-time work also affects the students' academic performance. Research

shows that apprenticeship students obtain the most Merit and Distinctions. This clearly shows

that engaging in a job which is course-related will have a positive impact.Due to work and study

commitments, 71% of the respondents stated that they do not find enough time to exploit their

hobbies. Consequently, students are finding it stressful to cope with work and study.

 
 Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

         The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of having part time jobs to the

academic performance of 4th year students in Business and Management Department of La

Carlota City College. This chapter presents the design of the research, the participants of the

study, data gathering, and treatment of the data

Research Design

          In this study, the researcher followed a descriptive-relational design to identify the effects

of part-time job to the academic performance of students. According to Gall, Gall, and Borg

(2007), descriptive research describes a particular phenomenon and its characteristics. It also

sought to justify current processes, make assessments, and develop hypotheses. In this study, the

researcher will utilize a descriptive research design to determine the participant’s socio-

economic profile, the factors affect the academic performance of the respondents and the factors

that influence to the academic performance of the respondents.

Relational research, on the other hand, uses analytical data to determine the relationship

between two or more variables (McCombes, 2019). The connections between and among

variables are attempted to be interpreted. Furthermore, the data, relationships, and variable
distributions were not modified, but rather observed and chosen as they occur in the natural

setting. The researcher hypothesized in this study identifying the important association between

socioeconomic profile and academic achievement.

Subjects and Participants of the Study 

  The researcher will select 4th year Business and Management Department students with

part-time jobs only. Since this research is only focused on determining the effects of having part-

time jobs on the academic performance of the students, the researcher will use convenience

sampling for it represents only a portion of an entirety based on the availability and convenience

of the respondents. The researcher selected a total of 100 respondents out of 384 total fourth-

year students from La Carlota City College enrolled in Business and Management Department.

Population and Sample Size

The researcher will select part-time students of La Carlota City College specifically in

BAM department as the participants of the study. A total of 100 participants will be selected as

part time employee to certain business which to be considered appropriate to most research

(Iddagoda, 2020). The research will focus on participants from different sectors that most

students who are employed part-time. However, while selecting these businesses, the researcher

also considered the fact that there are numerous limits and limitations in the data collection

technique. As a consequence, convenience and accessibility were also criteria in the selection of

participants for this research. The food sector, banking, and finance industry, manufacturing
industry, retail industry, and BPO industry were all mentioned. To finish the data gathering

method for this investigation, the researcher will use a convenient sampling strategy.

Sampling Techniques

Since the sample was not representing the entirety of the population, the researcher used

convenience sampling. Convenience sampling (also known as Haphazard Sampling or

Accidental Sampling) is a non-probability or non-random sampling method in which participants

are picked based on variables such as accessibility, location, accessibility, and desire to

participate in the research. It may also apply to demographic study participants that are freely

available to researcher. Convenience samples are sometimes known as "accidental samples"

because components may be included in the sample only because they are geographically or

administratively convenient to where the researcher would be collecting data (Etikan, Musa,

Alkassim, 2015). The researcher then chose graduating students with part-time jobs came from

different courses under BAM Department of La Carlota City College.

Data Gathering Instruments

The data gathering was done by the researcher online through a survey administrative

software called Google Forms. In order to reach a wider scope of audience, various social media

platforms like Facebook were also utilized. The researcher posted publication materials which

indicated their intention to gather data, and some basic information about the research topic and

participants’ qualifications.

The researcher will use an online survey questionnaire as a data-gathering tool for this

study. The instruments consist of three (3) blocks and are as follows: Block 1 gathers
information about the participant's socio-economic profile, including age, gender, civil status,

and monthly household income. Block 2 gathers information regarding the struggles that the

students encounter in working and studying at the same time. Block 3 gathers information on the

factors that affect the academic performance of students engaged in part-time jobs.

Validity and Reliability of the Research Instrument

The instrument used for the study was subjected to validity. The suggestions and

recommendation of our adviser who are expert in the field of education were taken and

incorporated in the study. This allows the participants to critically analyse the findings and make

comment on them. The participants will make affirmation that the summaries reflect their views,

feelings, and experiences or they do not reflect at all.  Further the results and findings will be

subject for external audit who is not directly involved in the conduct of this study for the purpose

of examining the process and the product to establish accuracy. The result is 4.0, which is

interpreted as very excellent means that it measures what is intend to measure.

Data Gathering Procedures 

After the validation and approval of the instrument, researcher set the date of carrying out

the survey. Also, the selection of respondents were chosen based on their availability. The

researcher asked some friends and families known to the researcher to answer the survey

questionnaire. The researcher used social media, specifically Facebook and Messenger, by

chatting with some friends or families which is needed in the study, and the respondents were

qualified under specific criteria that the researcher needed. Then, the researcher posted a
complete description of the survey and invited them to answer it. The researcher then distributed

the survey questionnaire in the form of Google Forms by sending the link via messenger and

posted it to the said Facebook community. The survey questionnaires were relevant to the

statement of the problems. The collected data were recorded, tabulated, analysed, and then

underwent a statistical technique using SPSS or MS excel. The researcher provided contact

information in case the participants have questions and clarifications in the said tool.

Data Analysis

In the analysis of data gathered, the following statistical tools will be used to answer

every statement of the problem:

Frequency and percentage will be used to show the participants' socio-economic profile

in terms of age, gender, civil status, average monthly household income.

Frequency and percentages will also be used to present the struggles that the students

encounter in working and studying at the same time and the factors that affect the academic

performance of students engaged in part-time jobs.

To show if there is a significant relationship between the demand for private health

insurance and the socio-economic profile of the participants in terms of age, gender, and monthly

household income, the Chi-square test will be used and utilized in this study. The Chi-Squared

test will be computed to identify the association between the variables under consideration (Glen,

2016).