CONTACT
PART I: GRAMMAR ……………………………………………………………………………………… 1
Common Nouns & Proper Nouns………………………………………………………………….2
Masculine, Feminine & Neutral Nouns …………………………………………………………3
Singular & Plural Nouns ……………………………………………………………………………….5
Gerunds……………………………………………………………………………………………………….7
Collective Nouns………………………………………………………………………………………….8
Concrete & Abstract Nouns………………………………………………………………………….9
Countable and Uncountable Nouns …………………………………………………………….10
Determiners……………………………………………………………………………………………….11
Pronouns …………………………………………………………………………………………………….16
Prepositions…………………………………………………………………………………………………18
Conjunctions ……………………………………………………………………………………………….21
Adjectives ……………………………………………………………………………………………………22
Verbs And Tenses ……………………………………………………………………………………….27
The Present Tense ………………………………………………………………………………………29
The Past Tense ………………………………………………………………………………………….32
The Future tense ……………………………………………………………………………………….34
Imperatives ……………………………………………………………………………………………….36
Auxiliary Verbs ………………………………………………………………………………………….37
Model Verbs ………………………………………………………………………………………………38
Phrasal Verbs …………………………………………………………………………………………….41
Adverbs …………………………………………………………………………………………………….44
Active Voice & Passive Voice …………………………………………………………………….47
Direct & Indirect Speech ……………………………………………………………………………50
Negative Sentences ………………………………………………………………………………….54
Questions ……………………………………………………………………………………………….56
Prefixes And Suffixes ……………………………………………………………………………….62
Homonyms, Homographs & Homophones ……………………………………………….66
Conditionals …………………………………………………………………………………………….69
Collocations ……………………………………….…………………………………………………….71
Interjections …………………………………….….……………………………………………………74
Discourse Markers …………………………………………………………………………………….76
Punctuation ……………………………………………………………………………………………….79
GERUNDS Page no 7 to 9
When we add ‘ing’ to a verb in the continuous tense (present, past & or future),
we treat it as a verb.
Example:
I am listening to the radio.
Mom was washing dishes.
We will be making Biryani tonight.
However, outside the continuous tense when we add ‘ing’ to certain verbs they
become nouns, such words are called Gerunds.
Examples:
Swimming is a good exercise.
Dr Ayman Likes reading magazines in her spare time.
We will go fishing on the weekend.
Let’s go for shopping after lunch.
Mike fell on the track at the beginning of the race.
Rita Scolded Maria for calling her so late.
I go for jogging in the evenings.
Janet enjoys cooking on Sundays.
I prefer traveling by road than by air.
Peter doesn’t mind making everyone’s breakfast in the morning.
COLLECTIVE NOUNS
Collective nouns are used to describe a group of persons, animals, or things.
Example:
A team of players A flock of birds
A fleet of ships A herd of elephants
A litter of kittens A school of fish
A swarm of bees A bed of flowers
A Pack of wolves A gang of thieves
A cast of a actors A crowd of people
A bunch of grapes A band of musicians
A flight of stairs A string of pearls
A cluster of stars A pride of lions
A gaggle of geese A stack of books
A batch of cookies A troop of monkeys
A Pair of glasses A choir of singers
A brood of hens A panel of experts
Use in Sentences:
The wood cutter is collecting a bundle of sticks to light a fire.
The circus is travelling towards the city on a caravan of camels.
The picnickers were attacked by an army of ants at the park.
CONCRETE AND ABSTRACT NOUNS
Concrete Nouns
Concrete nouns are nouns that can be seen, heard, smelt, tasted, or touched.
Examples:
House Car perfume sandwich magazine
Abstract Nouns
Abstract nouns are nouns that cannot be seen, smelt, heard, tasted, touched, or
counted. They are emotions, ideas, qualities, or events, etc.
Examples:
Joy Comfort Love Humor Knowledge
Wisdom Fear Hunger Delight Hope
Courage Beauty Sorrow Despair Talent
Pain pleasure trust laughter greed
CONJUNCTIONS Page no 21 to
Conjunctions are joining words. They help join two different thoughts in a
sentence.
Conjunction help explain the cause, purpose, condition, and time of an action.
Example:
I am sick. I won’t be able to go to school today.
I am sick, so I won’t be able to go to school today.
Conjunctions Examples
And I’m going to the shop to buy milk and eggs.
But Dana doesn’t like to work at the museum, but she has
no other choice at the moment.
Or Please speak up or be quiet.
When Tina wears gloves when she drives.
While Bob cooked dinner while Nina was at work.
So I am very tired, so please don’t make a noise.
If We will go to see the match if it doesn’t rain today.
Although My brother got me a book for my birthday although I
had told him that I wanted a video game.
because Zuni can’t wear high heels because she has a spinal
problem.
Unless I will come to your party unless my relatives come for
dinner.
After Josh passed out after the game.
ADJECTIVES
Adjectives are ‘describing word’. They help describe nouns.
Examples:
Mr. Wendon drives a long car.
Tom’s room is clean.
Your pillow is soft.
Joseph’s baby is cute
We use comparative adjectives when we compare two nouns. Comparative
adjectives end in ‘er’. We use the word ‘than’ with comparative adjectives.
Examples:
Mr. Wendon drives a longer car than Mr. Thompson.
Tom’s room is cleaner than Jim’s.
Your pillow is softer than mine.
Joseph’s baby is cuter than Sam’s.
We use Superlative adjective when we compare more than two nouns.
Superlative adjective end and in ‘est’.
Examples:
Mr. Wendon drives the longest car in the family.
Tom, s room is the cleanest in the house.
Your pillow is the softest.
Joseph’s baby is the cutest.
Example:
ADJECTIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
ADJECTIVE ADJECTIVE
Cold Colder Coldest
Old Older Oldest
Short Shorter Shortest
Nice Nicer Nicest
Young Younger Youngest
Dirty Dirtier Dirtiest
Hot Hotter Hottest
Long Longer Longest
Happy Happier Happiest
Clean Cleaner Cleanest
Proud Prouder Proudest
Heavy Heavier Heaviest
Tasty Tastier Tastiest
Kind Kinder Kindest
High Higher Highest
Easy Easier Easiest
Wet Wetter Wettest
Sweet Sweeter Sweetest
Hard Harder Hardest
Lazy Lazier Laziest
Silly Sillier Silliest
Cute Cuter Cutest
Soft Softer Softest
Loud Louder Loudest
Healthy Healthier Healthiest
Sad Sadder Saddest
Fast Faster Fastest
Poor Poorer Poorest
Funny Funnier Funniest
Rich Richer Richest
Clever Cleverer Cleverest
Dark Darker Darkest
Wide Wider Widest
Narrow Narrower Narrowest
Light Lighter Lightest
Sharp Sharper Sharpest
There are some comparative and Superlative adjectives that do not end in ‘er’
and ‘est’. Instead, when they transform into comparative and superlative forms
their spelling changes into another word. Such adjective is called irregular
adjectives. There are very few irregulars in the English language.
Examples:
IRREGULAR COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
ADJECTIVE ADJECTIVE ADJECTIVE
Good Better Best
Bad Worse Worst
There are some Adjectives that do not change into comparative or superlative
forms at all. For such Adjectives we have to use the words ‘’more’’ & ‘’most’’ to
show their comparative and superlative degrees.
Examples:
ADJECTIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
ADJECTIVE ADJECTIVE
Beautiful More Beautiful Most Beautiful
Dangerous More Dangerous Most Dangerous
Worried More Worried Most Worried
Careful More Careful Most Careful
Boring More Boring Most Boring
Difficult More Difficult Most Difficult
Important More Important Most Important
Delicious More Delicious Most Delicious
Powerful More Powerful Most Powerful
Convenient More Convenient Most Convenient
Modern More Modern Most Modern
Graceful More Graceful Most Graceful
Damaged More Damaged Most Damaged
Use of Sentences:
Ayman’s Computer is more modern than Yours.
Katherine Hepburn was the Most graceful Actress in Hollywood.
The road to the lake is more dangerous than the road to the hill.
Ayman’s Khan makes the most delicious cupcakes in town.
VERBS AND TENSES
Verbs are words that describe action. They tell us what someone or something
is doing.
Examples:
George speaks French.
They ate apples in the evening.
We will hold the torch at the Olympics.
Regular and irregular Verbs:
There are two basic types of verbs – regular and Irregular verbs. Regular verbs
end with ‘ed’ in the simple past & past participle, whereas Irregular verbs
change different spelling patterns when they change into the simple past and
past participles.
Following are a few examples od regular and irregular verbs and their different
forms.
Verb VERB FORMS
Type
Base Simple Present Simple Past
Form Present Participle Past Tense Participle
Tense (Used in (Used in
(Used with Continuous perfect
third Person tense) tense)
Singular)
Regular Play
Verbs
Irregular
Verbs
TENSES
Tenses help us tell the time of an action. The Chart given an overview of all basis
tenses.
PRESENT TENSE PAST TENSE FUTURE TENSE
Simple Present Simple Past Simple Future
We write Articles. We wrote articles. We will write articles.
Present Continuous Past Continuous Future Continuous
We are writing Articles. We were writing articles. We will be writing
Articles.
Present Perfect Past Perfect Future Perfect
We have Written We had written articles. We will have written
Articles. articles.
Present Perfect Past Perfect Continuous Future perfect
Continuous Continuous
We have Been Writing We had been writing We will have been
articles. articles. writing articles.
THE PRESENT TENSE
The Simple Present Tense
We use the Simple Present Tense to state a general fact, a habit, or a routine.
We can make sentences in simple present tense by using the base form of the
verb. When using verbs in the simple present tense, we use a plural verb with a
singular noun (or pronoun) & a singular verb with a plural noun (or pronoun).
Example:
Plural Noun / Pronouns Singular Verb
Sam & I (we) Watch cartoons.
Singular Noun / Pronoun Plural verb
Linda (she) bakes cakes.
The present Continuous Tense
We use the present continuous tense when we want to state something that is
happening right now. In the present continuous tense, we use helping verb is
with singular nouns (or pronouns) and are with plural nouns (or pronouns). In
the resent continuous tense, we use the present participle form of the verb by
adding ‘’Ing’ ’at the end.
Example:
Singular Noun/ Pronoun Helping Verb Verb + ing
I Am Washing clothes.
Jack (He) Is Cleaning the window.
Plural Noun/ Pronoun
The children (They) are Playing in the yard.
The Present Prefect Tense
We use the present perfect tense to express an action that has been completed.
It doesn’t matter when that action began or how long ago it ended. What is
important is that it stands completed at this present time. It can be used to
describe an experience or denote change. In the present perfect tense, we use
helping verb has with singular nouns (or pronouns) and have with plural nouns
(or pronouns). In the present perfect tense, we use the past participle form of
the verb.
Example:
Noun/ Pronoun Helping Verb Third form of the verb
I Have Completed my work.
You Have Eaten my Chocolates.
Norman(he) has Gone to Jhang.
Ayman(she) has Cooked Biryani tonight.
The Present Perfect Continuous Tense
We use the present perfect continuous tense to link a past action with the
present. The continuous form stresses on the duration of the action, which
means that the action started some time ago in the past but has not ended yet
& is still going on. In present perfect continuous tense, we use the words has
been with singular nouns (or pronouns) & have been with plural nouns (or
pronouns). In the present perfect continuous tense, we use the present
participle form of the verb by adding ‘ing’ at the end.
Example:
Noun/ Pronoun Helping Verb Verb + ing
I Have been Driving for four hours.
Ayman & I(we) Have been Making posters since
morning
Zuni (She) Has been Painting pots all day.
Dad (he) Has been Watering the plants for
an hour.
THE PAST TENSE
The Simple Past Tense
We use the simple past tense to state a fact or an action that has already taken
place. we use the simple past tense form of the verb with all nouns and
pronouns.
Examples:
Alex threw the ball at Kim.
We rode horses at the beach.
The past Continuous Tense
We use the past continuous tense when we want to state something that was
happening in the past (as it was happening). In the past continuous tense, we
use helping verb was with singular nouns (or pronouns) and were with plural
nouns (or pronouns). In the past continuous tense, we also use the present
participle form of verb and add ‘’ing’’ at the end.
Example:
Singular Noun/ Pronoun Helping Verb Verb+ing
Peter(he) Was Drinking lemonade
Plural Noun/ Pronoun
Ron And Bob (They) were Fishing at the lake.
The Past Perfect Tense
We use the past perfect tense when we want to relate two events which
happened in the past. It emphasizes an action from the past which finished
before another action from the past began. In the past perfect tense, we use
helping verb had with all nouns and pronouns, followed by the past participle
form of the verb.
Examples:
Nouns / Pronoun Helping Verb Third form of the verb
I Had Typed the letter before
Sam came.
You had Left the party by the
time I arrived.
The race(it) had Started by four’ o clock
yesterday.
The Past Perfect Continuous Tense
We use the past perfect continuous tense to talk about an action that started in
the past and was still ongoing in the past. In the past perfect continuous tense,
we use the words had been with all nouns and pronouns followed by the
present participle form of the verb by adding ‘ing’ at the end.
Noun/Pronoun Helping verb Verb +ing
I Had been Getting bored before my
friends came over.
Mr. Brown (He) Had been Working on his car for
two months when it got
stolen.
The Musicians(they) Had been Practicing for months when
the concert was cancelled.
THE FUTURE TENSE
The Simple future Tense
We use the simple future tense to show our intention or plan for a later time. In
simple we always use the base form of the verb. We also use the helping verb
will before all verbs with all nouns and pronouns.
Examples:
Noun/ Pronoun Helping Verb Verb
Jane & I (We) will Buy bread form the
bakery.
Donna (She) will Stitch the dress at home.
The Future Continuous Tense
We use the future continuous tense to express an action that will be going on at
a certain time in the future. In the future continuous tense, we use the words
will be with all nouns and pronouns. In the future continuous tense, we also use
present participle form of the verb and ‘ing’ at the end.
Noun/Pronoun Will be Verb + ing
Ayman & I(we) Will be Going on a picnic tomorrow.
Cathy(she) Will be Cooking her famous dish tonight.
The actors (they) Will be Performing at the play next week.
The Future Perfect Tense
We use the future perfect tense to talk about an action that will be completed
in the future before the beginning of another event in the future. We used to
word will have in the future perfect tense with all nouns and pronouns.
Followed by the past participle form of the verb.
Noun/ Pronoun Helping Verb Third form of the verb
Aunt Gina (She) Will have Reaches New York by
next week.
Rodney Will have Bought the new car by
tomorrow afternoon.
The teachers (they) Will have Checked the papers by
tonight.
The Future Perfect Continuous Tense
We use the future perfect continuous tense to talk about continuous action that
will began in thr future and continuous up to a certain time in the future. we use
the words will have been with all nouns and pronouns followed by the present
participle form of the verb by adding ‘ing’ at the end.
Example:
Noun/ Pronoun Will have been
I Will have been Studying at Alpine High
School for Eight years
this fall.
Rick(he) Will have been Driving a truck for a year
by December.
The photography(they) Will have been Working at the studio
for ten years by next
August.
Imperatives
Imperatives are verbs that give instructions, directions, orders, advice or make
requests. Imperatives are not changes to plural or any other forms. Imperative
come at the beginning of a sentence.
Examples:
Give me the book.
Stop talking so Lucky.
Wash your hands before you eat.
Do your work quietly.
Open the door.
Examples of someone giving directions using imperatives:
Go straight on pine Street.
Take a U turn from roundabout.
Turn right from the cinema.
Look on your left.
Examples of someone giving instructions for cooking using imperatives:
Cut the vegetables into thin slices.
Put them in the pan.
Add oil & Spices.
Stir till the vegetables are cooked.
Serve while it is still hot.
AUXILIARY VERBS
