Value-adding options for

tropical fruit using

jackfruit as a case study

March 2015
RIRDC Publication No. 15/042
Value-adding options for
tropical fruit using
jackfruit as a case study

by Adrian Best

March 2015

RIRDC Publication No 15/042

RIRDC Project No PRJ-008146
© 2015 Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation.
All rights reserved.

ISBN 978 1 74254 7862

ISSN 1440-6845

Value-adding options for tropical fruit using jackfruit as a case study

Publication No. 15/042
Project No. PRJ-008146

The information contained in this publication is intended for general use to assist public knowledge and
discussion and to help improve the development of sustainable regions. You must not rely on any information
contained in this publication without taking specialist advice relevant to your particular circumstances.

While reasonable care has been taken in preparing this publication to ensure that information is true and correct,
the Commonwealth of Australia gives no assurance as to the accuracy of any information in this publication.

The Commonwealth of Australia, the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation (RIRDC), the
authors or contributors expressly disclaim, to the maximum extent permitted by law, all responsibility and liability
to any person, arising directly or indirectly from any act or omission, or for any consequences of any such act or
omission, made in reliance on the contents of this publication, whether or not caused by any negligence on the
part of the Commonwealth of Australia, RIRDC, the authors or contributors.

The Commonwealth of Australia does not necessarily endorse the views in this publication.

This publication is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, all other rights are
reserved. However, wide dissemination is encouraged. Requests and inquiries concerning reproduction and
rights should be addressed to RIRDC Communications on phone 02 6271 4100.

Researcher Contact Details

Adrian Best
Synerge Pty Ltd
189/2 Endeavour House
Captain Cook Crescent
Manuka ACT 2603

Phone: 0419 369 289

Email: adrian.best@Synerge.com.au

In submitting this report, the researcher has agreed to RIRDC publishing this material in its edited form.

RIRDC Contact Details

Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation

Level 2, 15 National Circuit
BARTON ACT 2600

PO Box 4776
KINGSTON ACT 2604

Phone: 02 6271 4100

Fax: 02 6271 4199
Email: rirdc@rirdc.gov.au.
Web: http://www.rirdc.gov.au

Electronically published by RIRDC in March 2015

Print-on-demand by Union Offset Printing, Canberra at www.rirdc.gov.au
or phone 1300 634 313

ii
Foreword
This report was commissioned by RIRDC following discussions with representatives of the Tropical
and Exotic Fruit Association (TEFA). These discussions identified that there was a need to provide a
value-adding model for a range of tropical fruit and that jackfruit, reaching commercial production
levels (in growing whole fruit), would provide a good basis for such a study.

There is potential to improve the competitiveness and sustainability of the Australian tropical and
exotic fruit industry by value adding to fruits in a way that provides additional returns to growers and
increases the available market for the fruit.

Using jackfruit as a case study, the project breaks down and analyses value adding and market
opportunities for tropical fruits. While jackfruit is the focus of the case study, this report provides
lessons and points to opportunities that may be applied to other tropical fruits.

Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyyllus) is one of the most popular tropical fruits grown in Asia and is
the largest of all the tree-borne fruits, deemed to have excellent taste, nutrition, and versatility.
Jackfruit has been grown in northern Queensland and the Northern Territory for several years.

This project was primarily a desktop analysis. The report contains information on the status and
location of the industry in Queensland and the Northern Territory, production estimates, potential for
growth, uses of jackfruit, and an exploration of potential value-adding possibilities including the
infrastructure required for a profitable and more sustainable Australian jackfruit industry.

This project was funded from RIRDC Core Funds that are provided by the Australian Government.

This report is an addition to RIRDC’s diverse range of over 2000 research publications and it forms
part of our New and Emerging Plant Industries RD&E program, which aims to conduct research,
development and extension for new, emerging and other core funded plant industries that contribute to
the profitability, sustainability and productivity of regional Australia.

Most of RIRDC’s publications are available for viewing, free downloading or purchasing online at
www.rirdc.gov.au. Purchases can also be made by phoning 1300 634 313.

Craig Burns
Managing Director
Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation

iii
About the Author
Adrian Best has worked as a production manager and food safety officer in several large
manufacturing organisations and as a TAFE lecturer at the Canberra Institute of Technology.

Acknowledgments
Synerge Pty Ltd wishes to acknowledge the assistance and support of the following individuals and
organisations with the compilation of this report:

Mr Yan Diczbalis Regional Industries Development Horticulturist, Agri-Science Queensland

Mr Brett Wedding Principal Scientist, Crop and Food Science, Agri-Science Queensland

Mr Han Shiong Tropical Primary Products, Northern Territory

Mr Peter Salleras Fruit Forest Farm, northern Queensland

iv
Abbreviations
AUD Australian dollars
COS Cootamundra Oilseeds
FNQ Far north Queensland
g Gram
kg Kilogram
MAP Modified atmosphere packaging
ml Millilitre
pa Per annum
PE Polyethylene
QA Quality assurance
QDAFF Queensland Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry
QLD Queensland
R&D Research and Development
RDA Recommended daily allowance
RIRDC Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation
SA South Australia
SWOT Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats
T Tonne
TEFA Tropical and Exotic Fruit Association
TGNC The Gourmet Nut Company
tsp Teaspoon
Tbsp Tablespoon

v
Contents
Foreword............................................................................................................................................... iii
About the Author .................................................................................................................................. iv
Acknowledgments ................................................................................................................................. iv
Abbreviations ......................................................................................................................................... v
Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................... viii
1. Australian jackfruit industry overview............................................................................................ 1
Australian production and location ................................................................................................... 2
Supply period .................................................................................................................................... 3
Quality indicators .............................................................................................................................. 4
Preparation......................................................................................................................................... 5
Yield .................................................................................................................................................. 6
Nutrition ............................................................................................................................................ 6
Toxicity ............................................................................................................................................. 6
Health benefits ................................................................................................................................... 8
2. Business model development ............................................................................................................. 9
SWOT analysis ................................................................................................................................ 10
Drivers for industry growth ............................................................................................................. 10
Constraints for industry growth and sustainability .......................................................................... 11
Jackfruit processing costs ................................................................................................................ 12
Market analysis................................................................................................................................ 13
3. Product development ....................................................................................................................... 17
Food industry/consumer education.................................................................................................. 18
Packaging and distribution systems................................................................................................. 18
Value-adding opportunities ............................................................................................................. 19
Trials and research........................................................................................................................... 23
4. The need for regional capacity building in the tropical fruit industry in far north
Queensland ........................................................................................................................................... 26
5. Summary of results and findings .................................................................................................... 28
6. Implications ...................................................................................................................................... 29
7. Recommendations ............................................................................................................................ 30
References ............................................................................................................................................. 32
Appendix. Some jackfruit recipes....................................................................................................... 34

vi
Tables
Table 1-1. Numbers of jackfruit trees growing by locality and by age. ...............................................3
Table 1-2. Estimated value of jackfruit produced in the Northern Territory and Queensland. ............3
Table 1-3. Jackfruit grower numbers, production and value 2002–07. ................................................3
Table 1-4. Jackfruit nutritive value per 100 grams (source: USDA National Nutrient Data Base). ....7
Table 2-1. Marketing and commercial focus SWOT analysis............................................................10
Table 2-2. Estimated capital and operating costs for facility processing whole jackfruit. .................12
Table 2-3. Wholesale pricing for products available online from health food suppliers....................14
Table 2-4. Production cost analysis based on further value-added costs for processing. ...................15
Table 2-5. Estimated sales revenue generated from sales of jackfruit value-added products. ...........15
Table 3-1. List of value-added products from jackfruit, both culinary and non-culinary uses ..........21

Figures
Figure 1-1. Jackfruit shown growing on a tree in northern Queensland.................................................1
Figure 1-2. The variety known as ‘Orange Crunchy’ grown in northern Queensland. ..........................2
Figure 1-3. The jackfruit shown has arils or fruit segments anchored to the skin and attached to the
‘rag’ or fibrous inner parts of the fruit. ................................................................................4
Figure 2-1. Uneven fruit are not considered first quality for many buyers and offer potential for
value adding and product development. ..............................................................................9
Figure 2-2. Asian consumers of jackfruit prefer evenly rounded fruit. Fruit that is disfigured and
damaged is cut from the tree and left on the ground to rot or for animals to forage. ........16
Figure 3-1. The jackfruit arils (fruit segments) can be frozen well; and with the use of modified
atmospheric packaging may achieve a refrigerated shelf life of up to 9–12 days to meet
retail requirements for the food service industry. ..............................................................20
Figure 3-2. Jackfruit while highly sought after have a strong odour. ...................................................20

vii
Executive Summary
What the report is about

Using jackfruit as a case study, this project aims to provide a model for the value adding of tropical
fruits and to support engagement in developing new products, especially using second-quality fruit.

The bulk of the study was a desktop analysis of the potential uses of jackfruit produced in Australia.
Some sampling, analysis and trials were undertaken to establish ‘routes-to-value-adding’ as a part of
the study. This report is a vehicle to engage growers and potential processors in a process of change
and innovation, to build value-added products that could be commercially successful.

Embracing value-adding is a necessary element in building a better industry that is more efficient and
responsive to market needs. This report reviews the jackfruit industry, located in north Queensland
and the Northern Territory, and provides information on the status and location of the industry,
production estimates, an overview/analysis of the market including the potential for growth through
value-adding, pricing estimates and a consideration of the industry infrastructure required for a more
profitable and sustainable Australian jackfruit industry.

Who is the report targeted at?

This report targets growers and further food manufacturing or food service industries that may wish to
become involved in the production, marketing and value-adding of tropical fruits, including jackfruit,
into value-added products.

Where are the relevant industries located in Australia?

Jackfruit is an increasingly important component of the tropical fruit industry. Major plantings exist in
the Northern Territory, as well as in far north Queensland (FNQ). The Northern Territory accounts for
close to 78 per cent of commercial production, with the remainder in FNQ. In north Queensland the
primary production region for jackfruit ranges from Cooktown (15o 46’S) to Murray Upper (18o 04’S)
with the bulk of production being along the coastal strip within a 150 km radius of Cairns. In the
Northern Territory, the industry is roughly located within a 100 km radius of Darwin.

Current annual production is estimated to be between 700–800 tonnes, mainly produced from
orchards with an average planting area of 0.5 hectares to 2 hectares. The Northern Territory has 7240
trees, and Queensland has 2031 trees.

Who will benefit from this research and where are they located in Australia?

The primary beneficiaries of this research are the jackfruit industry growers, value-adding food
processors and food-service participants (chefs/restaurateurs). Consumers will also benefit from this
study. During this research, especially during the survey, discussions with food service and food
manufacturing companies located in south-east Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria, it was
evident that food industry knowledge around the jackfruit industry and the potential uses for jackfruit
was very poor.

A common reply when asking middle to senior Australian managers across a variety of firms was ‘we
were not sure what it was, and had to go online to find out’. Predominately, knowledge and
enthusiasm for eating jackfruit comes from consumers and chefs with Asian and Indian backgrounds.

Background

The proposal for this research was developed through talks between the principal researcher, RIRDC,
and the president and secretary of the Tropical and Exotic Fruit Association (TEFA) that took place at

viii
the New Rural Industries Australia Conference in November 2010. These discussions identified that
there was potentially a large quantity of jackfruit that was not being sold to the market due to lack of
industry and consumer education.

Following these discussions, RIRDC commissioned this review of the status of the industry, and its
requirement for investment in research and development.

Aims/objectives

The objective of this research is to use jackfruit as a case study, to promote value-adding in
Australia’s tropical fruit industries. This research report filters, collates, and consolidates information
on the Australian jackfruit industry.

The following key issues are addressed in the study:

• the status and location of the industry in Australia

• production estimates
• potential for growth
• pricing estimates for value-added products
• the need for further knowledge of the nutritional and reputed health benefits of the jackfruit and of
industry infrastructure required for a profitable and sustainable Australian industry.
Methods used

Overall, the methodology was based on desktop research, consultation and discussion with industry
growers and potential end-users including chefs, food manufacturing and food service companies that
may incorporate potential value-added products from jackfruit.

A desktop study was undertaken of the overseas industry and markets, primarily on the uses of the
value-added fruit overseas and its possible adoption/applicability to the Australian situation. This
report attempts to identify future industry priorities, key issues and research investment opportunities,
and an analysis of possible routes to market for the produce. A strategic strengths, weaknesses,
opportunities and threats (SWOT) analysis was undertaken to identify current and future potential
issues that may affect the jackfruit industry.

Identified value-added product opportunities for further investigation by the industry were
documented, including the potential for testing of skins for electrolyte properties, production of an
alcoholic/non-alcoholic juice, testing of seeds, and testing of pulp.

A food service trial was undertaken in Adelaide at the South Australian Jockey Club on the cost
breakdown structure for using jackfruit and the perceptions of food service staff about using the
product. Jackfruit pulp was further trialled in the creation of a distilled beverage by Patritti Wines,
Adelaide. The project also involved research on the potential of jackfruit oil as a value-added product,
including discussions with Cootamundra Oilseeds.

Results/key findings

As a new tropical fruit industry to Australia, jackfruit is predominantly sold as whole fruit to the
Darwin, Adelaide, Melbourne, Sydney and Brisbane markets. There is little information on the fruit
available to inform food manufacturers and food service businesses, including retailers and consumers
(not of Asian, Indian or Chinese origin) of how to process the fruit.

Currently the industry has done little to assist growers. Viability of this and other industries will
require this and other industries to work together to successfully value add to a range of tropical fruits,
including jackfruit, in a regionally operated production facility. TEFA is an ideal association to assist

ix
growers to identify, plan and access resources needed to build a more commercially sustainable
industry looking toward the future. The industry needs to compete with increased production of other
Australian and imported tropical fruits. It is critical for the industry to work on key areas such as
consumer education, sustainable business models, and new innovation in value-added product
development.

The successful establishment and growth of value adding of jackfruit and other tropical fruits in
Australia would bring significant benefits to rural Australia, providing alternative sources of income,
specifically for supporting growers and regional communities in the Northern Territory and far north
Queensland.

Jackfruit has the ability to provide several different value-added products for the food service industry
that are both exotic and ‘natural’, i.e. that have traditional appeal to Southeast Asian, Indian and
Chinese consumers and will provide new opportunities to attract non-Asian consumers.

The project has identified that there are opportunities in commercialisation of jackfruit from a food
service or further processed perspective. Possibilities have been identified in this report for expansion
of growing capacity/industry through new value-added products. Further opportunities exist for food
service and food manufacturers nationally, to take advantage of this type of product that has a
traditional wide appeal for Asian, Chinese and Indian consumers.

The models suggested could be readily applied to other tropical fruits grown in Australia.

Value adding will allow better utilisation of the commercial jackfruit crop. Currently jackfruit that is
not sold is destroyed rather than further processed. Value adding will produce income from the
produce that is not sold as fresh whole fruit, increasing the economic returns from the production
practices used.

Value-added products will provide highly sought-after food products to Australian and Asian
consumers with potential health and nutraceutical benefits.

Implications for relevant stakeholders

Value adding of Australian jackfruit in commercial quantities is an emerging opportunity. The supply
of available jackfruit for product development is now available at a level that will provide commercial
opportunities for value-added products in a quantity suitable for the Australian domestic market.

The industry has developed over the last five years. It is entering a new phase of commercial growth
and has the opportunity to become a sustainable commercial supplier of value-added jackfruit
products. To achieve this growth, support and suitable funding are required at an industry level.

Recommendations

The recommendations are targeted at key stakeholders including RIRDC, federal and state
government departments, Australian tropical fruit growers and other growers keen to undertake
growing or value adding to jackfruit or similar tropical fruit.

The major recommendations are that the industry engages in three areas to build a sustainable industry
for the future:

• development of a sustainable grower business model and strategic marketing plan

• education of food manufacturers, food services and consumers
• research into value adding and product development for jackfruit and other tropical fruits.

x
1. Australian jackfruit industry overview

Figure 1-1. Jackfruit shown growing on a tree in northern Queensland.

Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus, see Figure 1-1) is a relative of breadfruit and mulberry and in
many Asian countries is chiefly grown for its ripe fruit that is eaten fresh or used in curries, desserts
and sweet drinks. Jackfruit is the largest tree-borne fruit in the world, ranging in size from 5 to 30
kilograms and up to 36 inches long and 20 inches in diameter. There is strong domestic demand for
Australian-produced jackfruit and all production is consumed domestically. There are no countries that
have approval to export jackfruit to Australia (Foster & Bird 2009).

Jackfruit is widely cultivated in tropical regions especially India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Vietnam,
Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines.

The exterior of the compound fruit is green or yellow when ripe. Jackfruit has an inedible core
extending from the stem, and a thick inedible rind, pointy on the outside. Between the core and the
rind are the fruit arils with their seeds. These arils are embedded in ‘rags’, which are actually
unfertilised flowers that haven’t developed. The seed is 0.75 to 1.5 inches long and 0.5 to 0.75 inches
thick and is white and crisp within. There may be 100 or up to 500 seeds in a single fruit, which can
quickly lose their viability as they can go mouldy after a few days. If used as a food, the seeds need to
be boiled, dried and stored for further preparation.

The flavour of the jackfruit flesh is similar to a tart banana. When fully ripe, the unopened jackfruit
emits a strong disagreeable odour, resembling that of decayed onions, while the pulp of the opened
fruit smells of pineapple and banana.

Varieties of jackfruit are distinguished according to the characteristics of the fruit’s flesh. There are
two main varieties of jackfruit in Australia. The variety produced in the Northern Territory is a softer
variety with small fibrous, soft, mushy but very sweet carpels with a texture somewhat akin to a raw
oyster. The other variety, grown in northern Queensland, is known as ‘Orange Crunchy’ (Figure 1-2).

1
Appealing more to Vietnamese and Thai consumers, these are crisp and almost crunchy though not
quite as sweet. This form is considered by some growers to be more palatable to western tastes.

Figure 1-2. The variety known as ‘Orange Crunchy’ grown in northern Queensland.
Both varieties freeze well. It is harder to separate the fruit from the skin of the ‘Orange Crunchy’
variety which needs to be cut away, whereas in the softer variety, it is easy to pull the skin and internal
fibre away from the fruit.

Australian production and location

The jackfruit industry is located in northern Australia (9300 trees). Jackfruit is an increasingly
important fruit with major plantings in the Northern Territory and in far north Queensland (Table 1-1).
In Queensland the primary production region for jackfruit ranges from Cooktown (15o 46’S) to Murray
Upper (18o 04’S) with the bulk of production being along the coastal strip within a 150 km radius of
Cairns. In the Northern Territory the industry is located within a 100 km radius of Darwin.

Annual production is 700–800 tonnes, mostly from the Northern Territory, with an average planting
area of 0.5 to 2 hectares. The Northern Territory has 7240 trees (78 per cent of total production) and
the remaining 2031 trees (22 per cent) are grown in north Queensland.

The fruit also has an important profile in farmers’ markets in the Northern Territory. Jackfruit can be
found at outdoor produce markets during the dry season particularly in Darwin, where the majority of
the fruit are supplied as whole fruit. Very little value adding is done with the fruit in an Australian
context, the remaining production from both Northern Territory and northern Queensland is supplied
to southern markets in Adelaide, Melbourne, Sydney and Brisbane.

The estimated current annual production of jackfruit, at a yield of 80 kg/tree is 741 tonnes valued at
$2.6M (Table 1-2). Note that in the following tables the average price per kg has not changed
significantly since 2006–07 (Table 1-3) and that the production has almost doubled from 2006–11.

2
Table 1-1. Numbers of jackfruit trees growing by locality and by age.

Tree age (years)

State
0–1 2–4 5–10 11–19 20+ Total
Qld 40 260 861 570 300 2031
NT 0 650 6110 480 0 7240
Total 40 910 6971 1050 300 9271
Source: Diczbalis (2012)

Table 1-2. Estimated value of jackfruit produced in the Northern Territory and Queensland.

Tree numbers
Total
Gross value Total tree production Average yield Average price
Qld NT ($M) number (T) (kg/tree) ($/kg)
2031 7240 2.60 9271 741.7 80 3.5
Source: Diczbalis (2012)

Table 1-3. Jackfruit grower numbers, production and value 2002–07.

Unit Years
2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07
Growers No. 25
Area Hectare 30
Volume Tonne 405 405 405 300 400
Gross value $’000 1,419 1,561 1,215 800 1,102
Price, Sydney market $/kg 3.22 3.35 2.81 3.08 3.18
Source: Foster & Bird (2009)

Supply period
• Australia: In northern Queensland there is a small harvest in September–October (approximately 5
per cent of the harvest). The main harvest is mid-January to early March. The Northern Territory
variety is in production from late July till late September–early October.

• International: In Asia, jackfruit is a seasonal crop with a ripening season of late spring to late
summer from March to June, April to September or June to August depending on the climatic
region, with some off-season crops from September to December. In the West Indies, many ripen
in June; and in the USA (Florida), the season is August to November.

3
Quality indicators
A fully ripe jackfruit will have a bit of flexibility in the outer rind, a light but distinct aroma, and may
sound a bit hollow if patted. The fruit should still be fairly green in colour and have no evidence of
cracking in the outer rind due to drying out. Its outer surface is covered with blunt thorn-like
projections, which become soft as the fruit ripens. Uncut jackfruit keeps a few days at room
temperature but starts to dry out, evidenced by cracking of the green outer rind between the points and
softening of the stem. Once cut, the whole fruit should be completely disassembled.

Tips for finding a good one

• Smell: take a deep smell; a ripe jackfruit has a strong pungent odour and if you can't smell
anything it's not ripe yet

• Colour: a ripe jackfruit is greenish yellow in colour

• Feel: a ripe jackfruit is a little bit soft, but not squishy.

Figure 1-3 shows the arils, seeds and ‘rag’ in a jackfruit.

Figure 1-3. The jackfruit shown has arils or fruit segments anchored to the skin and attached to
the ‘rag’ or fibrous inner parts of the fruit.
Each of the arils or segments shown has a seed that has to be removed in the processing of the fruit.

4
Preparation
Australian-produced fresh whole jackfruit is available in the major capital city markets.

Young or small jackfruit

At the early stages of growth, (approximately 1–2 kg size) the fruit can be cut up like a zucchini or
similar to pineapple. The fruit at this stage is not perfectly shaped. When chopped, the seed is still soft.

Large jackfruit
The interior of a large jackfruit consists of orange-yellow coloured edible bulbs. Each bulb consists of
sweet-flavored sheaths called arils that enclose a smooth, oval, light-brown coloured seed. There may
be as many as 100 to 500 edible bulbs embedded in a single fruit interspersed between thin bands of
fibres.

The yellow fruit arils can be refrigerated for a few days or frozen for a year or so. Jackfruit seed is 2–4
cm long and 1–3 cm thick and is white and crisp within. The seeds should be processed as soon as the
fruit is cut open (they go mouldy rather quickly). If you intend to use the ‘rag’ it should be refrigerated
and used within a few days.

The industry generally has found that for non-Asian purchasers of the fruit, jackfruit is most
acceptable in the full-grown but unripe stage, when it has no objectionable odour and can be used like
cooked green breadfruit and plantain. The fruit at this time is simply cut into large chunks for cooking.
If the jackfruit is allowed to ripen, the bulbs and seeds should be extracted in a well-ventilated area and
the odorous residue should be removed from the kitchen at once. The biggest problem when preparing
a fresh jackfruit is the white latex sap it exudes when cut. The latex bleeds vigorously and almost all
parts of the tree exude white sticky latex when injured. It has been found that the latex found in the
fruit dissipates over a period of more than two days in cold storage, leaving only a small residue
that is generally innocuous.

When cutting fresh jackfruit, latex can accumulate on the knife and hands. It is recommended that
knives, cutting surface and hands be coated with salad oil before proceeding with preparation of the
fruit. Be prepared to wash and re-oil occasionally.

Cut the jackfruit in half crosswise, then again lengthwise so you have quarters. Then cut out the core
and start working on removing the seeds and fruit arils from the ‘rag’ (level of difficulty varies
depending on jackfruit cultivar and the ripeness of the fruit). This reveals the different components of
the fruit:

• arils: the yellow arils surrounding the seeds need no cooking or other preparation except removing
the seeds

• seeds: the seeds are perishable and should be immediately removed from the arils, rinsed and dried
quickly. They should be kept only a few days before cooking. N.B. COOKING IS ESSENTIAL
TO ELIMINATE A TRIPSIN-INHIBITING ENZYME WHICH WILL CAUSE THE SEEDS TO
BE INDIGESTIBLE, AND SLIGHTLY TOXIC. Generally they are par boiled for 5 minutes, then
roasted in a pan with a little oil, or in the oven

• ‘rag’: the ‘rag’ in a ripe jackfruit is actually composed of unfertilised flowers, those that didn't
develop into seeds. Many references describe it as ‘inedible’, but that isn't correct. It's somewhat
sweet, but a bit fibrous, so it should be separated into individual strands (cut off any attached base)
and steamed for 15 minutes to soften it before using in recipes.

If you intend to use the ‘rag’, it should be cut away from the outer rind immediately, separated into
individual strands and immersed in cold water acidulated with citric acid or lemon juice to prevent

5
browning. After soaking for 15 minutes or so they can be squeezed out, bagged in plastic and
refrigerated.

Yield
In a commercial-scaled trial undertaken as a part of this study, a 12.895 kg jackfruit yielded 6.3 kg of
yellow fruit arils (49 per cent), 1.2 kg of seeds (10 per cent) and 1.4 kg of ‘rag’ (11 per cent) and the
remaining jackfruit skin 3.995 kg (30 per cent). Yield varies slightly with the variety of jackfruit,
however; the trial indicates that there is potentially 70 per cent edible yield if you use the ‘rag’, or 59
per cent if you don't use the ‘rag’ for culinary purposes.

Nutrition
The pulp constitutes 25-40 per cent of the fruit's weight. In general, fresh seeds are considered to be
high in starch, low in calcium and iron but are a good source of vitamins B1 and B2. Table 1-4
presents the nutritive value of jackfruit in regards to mineral and vitamin composition as well as
energy, protein and other nutrients.

Toxicity
Jackfruit is rich in dietary fibre that may cause digestive ailments if the fruit is eaten in excess, as it
may cause diarrhoea. Raw jackfruit seeds are indigestible due to the presence of a powerful trypsin
inhibitor, which is destroyed by boiling or baking for a period of 5 minutes or longer.

6
Table 1-4. Jackfruit nutritive value per 100 grams (source: USDA National Nutrient Data Base).

Nutrient Unit Value

(per 100g where weight)
Approximate value
Energy kcal 95
Protein g 1.72
Total lipid (fat) g 0.64
Carbohydrate, by difference g 23.25
Fibre, total dietary g 1.5
Sugars, total g 19.08
Minerals
Calcium, Ca mg 24
Iron, Fe mg 0.23
Magnesium, Mg mg 29
Phosphorus, P mg 21
Potassium, K mg 448
Sodium, Na mg 2
Zinc, Zn mg 0.13
Vitamins
Vitamin C, total ascorbic acid mg 13.7
Thiamine mg 0.105
Riboflavin mg 0.055
Niacin mg 0.920
Vitamin B-6 mg 0.329
Folate, DFE mcg_DFE 24
Vitamin B-12 µg 0.00
Vitamin A, RAE mcg_RAE 5
Vitamin A, IU IU 110
Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) mg 0.34
Lipids
Fatty acids, total saturated g 0.195
Fatty acids, total monounsaturated g 0.155
Fatty acids, total polyunsaturated g 0.094
Cholesterol mg 0
National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference
b
Folate value based on the analysis of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate
a
Values based on analysis of cultivars grown in Florida.

7
Health benefits
The fruit is made of soft, easily digestible flesh (bulbs) with simple sugars like fructose and sucrose.
Jackfruit is rich in dietary fibre, which makes it a good bulk laxative. The fibre content helps to protect
the colon mucous membrane by decreasing exposure time and as well as binding to reactive chemicals
in the colon.

Fresh fruit is a good source of potassium, magnesium, manganese, and iron. Potassium is an important
component of cell and body fluids that helps control heart rate and blood pressure. Jackfruit has small
amounts of vitamin A and flavonoid pigments such as carotene-ß, xanthin, lutein and cryproxanthin-ß.

Jackfruit is also a good source of vitamin C (13.7 mg /100g or 23 per cent of recommended daily
allowance, RDA). It is one of the rare fruits that are rich in the B-complex group of vitamins. It
contains very good amounts of vitamin B-6 (pyridoxine), niacin, riboflavin, and folic acid.

There may be nutraceutical or pharmaceutical opportunities in jackfruit given its widespread usage in
traditional Chinese and Indian medicine.

Jackfruit seeds contain a large number of nutrients. These nutrients will interact with each other during
processing, and it is essential that nutritional information is determined for each product following
processing.

Studies have been undertaken on the composition of seed (for example, see Kumar et al. 1988; Airani
2007). The seed is a good source of carbohydrates, protein and energy. Jackfruit seeds have been
trialled for nutrient enhancement and functional properties such as water and oil absorption capacity
(Odoemelam 2005) to determine their value as an addition for convenience food products.

Latex from the skin of the fruit (and leaves) is used as a topical treatment in a number of cultures. The
wood of the tree also yields ‘morin’, a yellow food dye.

8
2. Business model development
Considerable research is required to develop business and industry models that may engage
prospective jackfruit growers, encourage development of valued-added jackfruit products (see Figure
2-1), and generate market demand.

Figure 2-1. Uneven fruit are not considered first quality for many buyers and offer potential for
value adding and product development.

TEFA was established in 2007 to improve the profile and foster the development of the tropical exotic
fruit industry, estimated to be worth over $9 million annually. With appropriate support, TEFA can
improve the industry by commissioning national research and development projects in partnership
with RIRDC and others. TEFA aims to present a united voice to provide a visible profile for tropical
exotic fruit crops and to represent growers on critical industry issues.

The involvement of TEFA is critical to the maintenance and development of the industry, and indeed,
the regions concerned. TEFA should be supported to maintain the coordination of the industry, assist
in the education of the Australian consumers of jackfruit and other tropical fruits, and build knowledge
in developing new value-added products.

While many Asian chefs may understand and appreciate the potential of jackfruit, it is evident that
many Australian consumers, chefs and processors are unfamiliar with it and unappreciative of its value
and potential as a new food. Education of consumers and markets with ready access to information on
how to open, prepare, eat and process the fruit is important for the growth of the industry, especially
for the further development of processed and value-added jackfruit products.

9
 SWOT analysis
The following analysis highlights the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) for the
jackfruit industry in identifying opportunities for value adding (Table 2-1). This SWOT analysis may
be used by the industry to develop and review strategies and implementation plans. Internal factors
contribute to the strengths and weaknesses within the industry, while external factors contribute to the
opportunities and threats affecting the industry.

Table 2-1. Marketing and commercial focus SWOT analysis

Strategic issue: Marketing and commercial focus

Strengths Weakness Opportunity Threat
• Quality of Australian • Limited financial • Demand for domestic • Market non-
jackfruit industry resources supply of exotic acceptance of whole
• Australia’s Clean and • Lack of strategic market tropical fruits jackfruit due to
Green reputation research for value- • Availability of supply odour when ripe and
adding opportunities of fresh jackfruit size of whole fruit
• Diversification/spreading
risk for rural farms • Understanding of • Market reputation of • Pricing fluctuations
market requirements jackfruit as a prized due to
• Growing capacity to
between wholesale, and food supply/demand
supply value-added
jackfruit products restaurants • Jackfruit can enhance • Product substitution
• Lack of foodservice a wide range of from similar
• Reputation of jackfruit
market education about foods/sauces products
for flavour & nutrition
jackfruit • Exploitation of • Existing knowledge
• Understanding of nutrition and health of supply &
packaging needs for opportunities distribution chains
distribution for value-added
jackfruit products
• Scientific proof of
claims for excellent
health properties
• Marketing skills &
experience of TEFA
members

Drivers for industry growth

The following drivers for industry growth provide a checklist that may assist in planning the
development of the industry:

1. growth in Australian market demand for jackfruit

2. consumer and retail education to promote jackfruit

3. industry partnerships to promote and supply value-added production of jackfruit in the short term

4. knowledge of production and demand factors affecting market-pricing trends

5. increased yields of jackfruit as trees mature, and through improving the industry in Australia

6. development of quality standards to ensure consistency of Australian jackfruit and building

capacity for value-added products

7. development of recipes and information on preserved and value-added jackfruit products

8. development of technical and research resources for industry

10
9. efficient communications and management of whole-of-industry issues.

Constraints for industry growth and sustainability

The following constraints represent issues that are likely to require TEFA to find a solution:

1. variable understanding of strategic value-added markets for individual jackfruit components

2. lack of consumer and market education about Australian jackfruit

3. different types and attributes of Australian jackfruit

4. lack of quality assurance and training for industry

5. lack of access to technical and research resources

6. competition from and/or substitution by exotic fruits from other countries

7. limited further processing facilities for Australian jackfruit especially commons/seconds

8. lack of a sustainable business model to engage growers to invest in value adding for the industry.

11
Jackfruit processing costs
Estimated capital and operating costs for a facility to process whole jackfruit are presented in Table 2-
2 below.

Table 2-2. Estimated capital and operating costs for facility processing whole jackfruit.

Item description Cost estimate Comments

Major capital cost items
Land – including site preparation, connection $135,000 Consultant estimate and dependent on
of utilities, water treatment space and suitable factory location
roads
Suitable building – suitable for processing $75,000 Consultant estimate
jackfruit
Equipment including benches, cool rooms, $90,000 Consultant estimate
freezer, staff amenities and processing area
Total capital $300,000
Whole jackfruit
Jackfruit provided for processing by growers $202,720 Consultant estimate
based on a per kg price of $3.50
Total inputs $202,720
Labour costs
Manager, admin and 8 processing staff, (based $138,500 Staff of ten with an average annual salary of
on a season of 12 weeks) $60,000 each including on costs would be
$600,000 per annum
Major operating cost items per annum
Repairs and maintenance $15,000 Based on 5% of capital cost
Interest on capital $30,000 Consultant estimate and assuming
commercial interest rate of 10%
Utilities $20,000 Consultant estimate
Other operating costs $15,000 Consultant estimate
Approximate annual operating $80,000
Notes:
Based on available whole jackfruit for processing of 10% of annual production in Northern Territory, approximately 58
tonnes.
Average labour production costs of 80–100 kg per day per person, noting that the season is July–September (12 weeks or 60
production days) would require an average of 563 days for processing, packaging and some administrative duties; this
equates to a staff of ten including administration and management team to operate the facility successfully during the season.
Costs of whole jackfruit from growers valued at an estimated $3.50 per kg.

12
Market analysis
To attract consumers who have never seen the fruit before, prices for value-added jackfruit need to be
competitive to pre-cut or pre-prepared wholesale prices of similar products. It is difficult to give
reliable price data for value-added products including fresh cut fruit. Small quantities of the fruit sold
as pre-prepared cut jackfruit fetched from $3.00 to $15.00 per kg in the low season of 2012. It is
difficult to establish whether this can be achieved with high volumes of the prepared fruit on the
market, as the product is new to most Australian consumers. However, this is likely to be attractive to
industry participants if it can be sustained, as the market pricing in 2012 for whole jackfruit was highly
variable across the season (largely, but not entirely, determined by availability). In FNQ, production
selling prices can be from $2 to $3.50 per kg, while other prices achieved by growers undertaking
further processing varies from $6 to $15 per kg for premium prepared/fresh-cut fruit.

Further market research is required to establish what consumers are seeking in processed fruit and the
potential value-added products for local Australian markets. Consideration, in the market context,
needs to be given to determining the target prices for the value-added fruit products to establish the
viability of a production facility, as well as obtaining an understanding of the market potential for
value-added products.

This research will clearly identify opportunities across different market segments, especially
differences between consumer, food service and retail markets. Requirements of size and quality of
produce will vary between these market segments. The industry as a whole needs to invest in strategies
to underpin future prices for Australian jackfruit which may include branding, labelling, packaging and
quality standards.

Grower and market interest in a range of tropical exotic fruits continues to increase. The industry
needs to actively support promotional activities for a range of tropical fruit at food industry events.
These promotional events are a way to generate strong interest in the range of tropical exotic fruits
produced in northern Australia and provide education to consumers in how to obtain, prepare and use
the fruit on a seasonal basis.

Outside of countries where it is grown, jackfruit can be obtained year-round either canned or dried. To
generate significant additional demand for value-added Australian jackfruit, we require extensive
education of consumers across the value chain from the food service and food manufacturing
industries, through retailers, to consumers. In a recent limited survey of food service operators and
food manufacturing firms, it was evident that, at all levels, information about and knowledge of
Australian jackfruit was limited.

To date, all of the Australian jackfruit supply has been directed to the fresh food wholesale markets in
Darwin, Adelaide, Melbourne, Sydney and Brisbane. It is also estimated that the sales of the product
are primarily to Asian food service providers and consumers.

TEFA and the industry need to provide consumer education and identify value chain partners that will
engage with the industry to provide the demand for value-added products armed with good
information on pricing, availability and seasonality. In developing value-added products, the industry
needs to ensure that the product is of a high quality and backed with appropriate quality assurance
systems to ensure the product achieves a premium status among Australian consumers.

Many chefs and fine food wholesalers are strong supporters of new products that enable them to add
interest to their menu and sales range. The industry needs to undertake some strategic consumer
education to develop networks of top restaurateurs, food writers and food service operations to build
knowledge and an understanding of how to use jackfruit, and to educate consumers to build wider and
stronger demand for the fruit and its value-added products.

13
Estimated jackfruit value-adding costs
The following trial data was established in a high-throughput commercial trial in a SA restaurant:

• jackfruit total weight 12.895 kg – 100%

• arils or segments 6.3 kg – 49%

• jackfruit seeds 1.2 kg – 9%

• jackfruit skin 3.995 kg – 31%

• jackfruit fibre and other 1.4 kg – 11%

• labor based on $20 per hour (including on costs) 40 min – $13.40

• cost input per kg of the whole jackfruit at $3.50 per kg – $45.13.

Using these results and the sale price of various seeds and nuts (online health food shops, Table 2-3),
we are able to estimate the costs for pricing the components of the whole jackfruit suitable for sale to
other enterprises for value adding or further production based on 10 per cent of the Northern Territory
production or 58 tonnes of production per season.

Table 2-3. Wholesale pricing for products available online from health food suppliers.

Item description Price

Macadamia, unsalted 1 kg $37.50
Pepitas (pumpkin seeds) $24.60
Brazil nuts 1 kg $19.50
Walnuts 1 kg $17.99
Cashews, raw 1 kg $16.00
Almonds, raw 1 kg $13.95
Jackfruit seeds 1 kg (estimated pricing) $12.95
Sunflower seed kernels 1 kg $11.80
Peanuts, Australian, roasted 1 kg $7.50
Source: Nut and seed prices accessed online <http://www.thenutguys.com>, viewed 22 May 2012.

Online pricing for pre-prepared nut and seed products was reviewed to identify a base for pricing
jackfruit seeds for sale. When reviewing the available nuts and seeds priced online, an estimated price
was established for the jackfruit seeds at a 1 kg pack.

It was noted that jackfruit seeds were similar in size to Brazil nuts and due to the further processing
required for the jackfruit seeds, a higher pricing should possibly be sought for the retail seeds. With
marketing and consumer education, the sale price for seeds may extend closer to the Brazil nut pricing
over time.

14
Table 2-4. Production cost analysis based on further value-added costs for processing.

Estimated Food Labour Productionc Total production

Item description production cost cost costs costs
(kg) ($) ($) ($) ($)
Whole fruit 57,920 202,720 138,500 80,000 421,220
Total production costs 421,220

Identified in Table 2-4 are the estimated production costs to extract the value-added products from the
whole jackfruit. This table is based on 10 per cent of Northern Territory production being available for
processing. As a stand-alone product, it would be difficult for the production facility to operate
seasonally for jackfruit. Development of a business model that incorporates other tropical fruits is
critical to enable the production facility to operate at capacity for a full 12 months per year. As part of
this business model, quality standards, share offerings based on product supply to the facility, and
agreed equity in distribution of profits are important components that require careful consideration.

Table 2-5 presents estimated sales revenue generated from sales of different value-added jackfruit
products.

Table 2-5. Estimated sales revenue generated from sales of jackfruit value-added products.

Estimated Estimated [B] Total

Item description production selling price revenue
(kg) ($ per kg) ($)
Seeds, 9% 5,212.8 12.95 67,505.76
Fresh fruit, 49% 28,380 13.50 383,130.00
Fibre, 11% 6,371.2 1.00 6,371.20
Skin, 31% 17,955.2 0.50 8,977.60
Total revenue 465,984.56

Please note that the sales pricing indicated above is an estimate only. Actual income will vary
depending on market conditions. Given that, the above ‘model’ represents a return of 10 per cent on
investment, and an outlay of $421,000 to achieve a (speculative) gross income of $465,000. This
would rate the value-adding of jackfruit as a fairly high investment risk when considered in isolation.
Such a processing operation would only be viable if the use of the facility was maximised by including
other fruits (maybe including vegetables) to spread the risk and achieve economies of scale – in terms
of diversity, volume, and time, i.e. aiming for a twelve-month/all-year-round operation.

The production costs above are an estimated annual cost for a dedicated facility. Another, less risky
option may be to subcontract the processing of jackfruit to an existing fruit and vegetable processing
operation (to take account of the seasonal availability of the fruit).

A business model that compensates growers for providing produce and for building the industry to
develop value-added products is necessary in this form of grower enterprise (Figure 2-2). Establishing
a business model to support the industry would be the first critical step in research for the industry.

15
Figure 2-2. Asian consumers of jackfruit prefer evenly rounded fruit. Fruit that is disfigured and
damaged is cut from the tree and left on the ground to rot or for animals to forage.

16
3. Product development
To identify food-manufacturing industry and food-service industry perceptions of jackfruit and
potential uses for various components from jackfruit, a telephone survey was undertaken with a sample
group of manufacturing companies and food-service operators.

These organisations were surveyed for their knowledge and information known about jackfruit and
opportunities for using the value-added products. As a result of the survey, some of the firms showed
an interest to review jackfruit as a potential source for the development of a variety of products. These
potential products include ready-to-eat fruit portions and purees, nutraceutical products, ice cream and
gelato bases, fruit juices, alcoholic beverages, roasted seeds for savoury mixes and prepared meals.

Easy Way Tea (jackfruit juice)

First launched in Taiwan in 1992, Easy Way Tea is an international franchise specialising in tea, with
an extensive range of unique tea-related beverages. Currently with stores in operation around the
world, Easy Way continues to build and develop franchise stores in many more locations worldwide. It
arrived in Sydney at the end of 2001 and now has over 70 stores nationwide in Australia.

Boost Juice (jackfruit juice)

Boost Juice is an Australian franchise with 250 stores in 14 countries. Their product range includes
fruit-based smoothies, crushes, juices, and a retail range. Boost Juice is an amazing retail phenomenon
with a growth platform of on average of four countries and 30 stores a year for the last four years and
with a group turnover exceeding AUD135 000 000 per annum and climbing every year. Boost Juice
have appointed Master Franchisees in the UK, Republic of Ireland, Thailand, Indonesia, South Africa,
Macau, Mexico, Hong Kong, Chile, Lithuania, Estonia, Singapore, Malaysia, and Germany.

Majans Pty Ltd (jackfruit seeds)

Majans manufacture an Indian range of mixed and spiced nut products including the Bhuja range. An
Indian family favourite, the origin of Bhuja mixes and spices is its own recipe. In Australia, Majans
was the first company to manufacture Bhuja commercially and make it available nationwide.

The Gourmet Nut Company (jackfruit seeds)

The Gourmet Nut Company (TGNC) is an Australian manufacturer located in Victoria. They process
various types of nuts including almonds, cashews, macadamias and peanuts by applying unique
coatings. The company is HACCP and SOF accredited. The company's products are Australian and
natural. TGNC’s current range of coatings includes: honey, cinnamon, lemon myrtle, Indian chai,
Moroccan tajine, Thai sweet chilli (and with lime), Japanese wasabi (with honey) and Canadian maple.
Not all flavours are available on all types of nuts as standard product. TGNC can make special
customer orders using any flavour on any nut product or in this case proposed jackfruit seed. TGNC
offer a contract roasting and coating service. The product supplied by the client is roasted and coated
and either returned in a 10 kg packaging option or can be contract packaged in the client’s own
packaging. To undertake a sample production requires 35–40 kg of product that will be roasted with a
pre-agreed coating and provided back to the client in a 10 kg pack (food-grade lined carton) at an
estimated price of $3.60 kg (for 10 kg carton) or additional costs if packaging is required in smaller
units. TGNC currently pack their product in 50 g and 175 g packaging.

Sanitarium (young jackfruit or large jackfruit segments dried or juice)

Dr John Aston, Sanitarium Development and Innovation Centre at Cooranbang, New South Wales,
was contacted for comment and discussion on jackfruit. Dr Aston explained that all product used in the
development of products was semi or fully processed, without seeing any samples of the product it

17
was thought that the jackfruit could be used as an ingredient such as a dried powder, or dried diced
fruit used in a breakfast cereal or as a juice ingredient for incorporation into a further developed
product.

Simplot (jackfruit young or portions for meal development)

Melbourne-based Simplot Australia is a wholly owned subsidiary of the JR Simplot Company, a

privately held food and agribusiness corporation based in Boise, Idaho. Simplot has sales per annum in
excess of AUD7.5 billion. Simplot Australia was established in 1995 and has grown to become one of
the biggest consumer food businesses in Australia with leading brands such as John West, Birds Eye,
Edgell, Leggo’s, Chiko, I& J and Top Cut. Simplot Australia provides products in the Australasian
ready meals market through a combined license and acquisition arrangement with Nestlé Australia.

Simplot Australia has under licence the leading frozen meals brand Lean Cuisine and Maggi frozen
brand, and the Papa Giuseppi frozen pizza brand manufactured at the Pakenham facility, near
Melbourne operating as Gippsland Food Company. In discussion with the purchasing area, little or no
knowledge of jackfruit was shown. Its use as a meat substitute would require it to be semi-processed
by being prepared and steamed ready for further cooking. The product would have to be individually
quick frozen in either 2.5 or 5 kg packs. If there was need for a small trial run, Simplot would require
30–50 kg and for a small run of a product (for example, a meal such as a curry) approximately 250–
500 kg.

Patties Foods Operations (Chefs Pride range of frozen fruit, jackfruit frozen)

Chefs Pride specialises in supplying high quality frozen fruits, purees and vegetables to the Australian
food industry. It has an interest in the supply of frozen fruit and manufactured fruit puree. It requires
further discussion with industry and identification of manufacturing volumes. Patties Foods also use a
processing company in Brisbane to process fruit into purees to meet their requirements.

The results of the telephone survey were mixed; most companies showed an interest in jackfruit when
they understood what the product was and that it was grown in Australia. General knowledge about the
fruit from most of the companies surveyed was very low and most commented that their Asian staff
knew a lot more about the fruit and what to use it for. To be effective in developing value-added
products for use in further manufacturing requires the industry to engage these and other
manufacturers, working with them to develop new and exciting products. Almost one-third of the
firms contacted in the survey by email and by telephone declined to comment on the use of jackfruit
for further manufacturing purposes due to the lack of availability of processed value-added products
ready for trials and testing.

Food industry/consumer education

A domestic strategy is required to build consumer knowledge about Australian jackfruit. That will be
important for growing the market among small retailers, consumers and the food industry, including
the uses for further processed and value-added jackfruit products. Understanding and recognition of
quality standards applying to the industry’s produce and the potential to label and brand Australian
jackfruit is critical for the market. The potential also exists to develop a certified trust mark to identify
Australian jackfruit under the ‘Grown in Australia’ brand thereby enhancing the reputation and
integrity of the Australian industry.

Packaging and distribution systems

Currently jackfruit is sold loose and ‘hand to hand’ at the fresh fruit markets. Building commercial
volumes and new product development for value adding of jackfruit will require the use of packaging
and distribution systems which maintain the integrity and value of the product in transportation and in
cold storage.

18
Technical trials need to be developed to support the integrity and premium value of the product and to
maximise two-week shelf life in a retail environment. The following packaging systems outline
potential opportunities for value-added jackfruit products.

Fresh cut fruit and vegetables

Minimally processed fruit and vegetables are composed of living tissue undergoing catabolic
metabolism including respiration (basal metabolic rate varies for each commodity – respiration
quotient), enzyme systems remain functional, water loss occurs under normal atmospheric conditions
(evaporation), and abundant micro flora are present at the time it is packaged prior to storage and
distribution. Minimal processing exacerbates this quality loss by increasing respiration rate, increasing
the availability of released nutrients for micro flora utilisation and growth; cellular constituents
(enzyme/substrates) intermix and induce discoloration reactions (polyphenol oxidase) as well as tissue
softening. The rate of metabolism is temperature dependent, and metabolic reactions are affected by
the levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, ethylene and other volatiles in the atmosphere.

The aims when packaging minimally processed fruit and vegetables to extend their shelf life are to:
decrease aerobic respiration rate, decrease microbial populations and/or microbial growth rate, retard
moisture loss, inhibit or retard enzyme-catalysed softening and discoloration reactions, and delay
ripening/maturation/senescence. However, avoiding anaerobic respiration is crucial to maintaining a
quality product.

Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP)

MAP involves the enclosure of a food product in a package in which the atmosphere inside the
package is modified so that its composition is other than that of air. Atmospheric modification for
preserving fruit and vegetables can be achieved by removing air and replacing it with a controlled
mixture of gases (gas flushing). The gas mixture is dependent on the type of product. The gaseous
atmosphere changes continuously throughout the storage period owing to factors such as respiration of
the packed product, biochemical changes and the slow permeation of gases through the packaging
material. In general with fresh produce, the packaging restricts the transmission of respiratory gases,
resulting in an accumulation of carbon dioxide and a depletion of oxygen around the product, slowing
down the degradation processes and thus increasing the shelf life. Once the package is sealed, you
have no further control over the internal gas concentrations.

Different products may require different films. The ideal package must balance atmospheric and
storage conditions with package design, barrier properties and microbial load. For example, fresh
herbs are packaged in plastic films (passive MAP) to prevent excessive water loss. Anaerobic
respiration may occur in non-perforated, sealed polyethylene (PE) liners, while micro perforated PE
liners prevent anaerobic respiration. The use of MAP and a suitable film with mango slices increases
product shelf life substantially (up to 12 weeks) under MAP with high barrier laminated foil film. This
may provide a useful model for packaging of processed jackfruit.

Value-adding opportunities
Fresh jackfruit has a shelf life of between 1–2 weeks in refrigerated storage. With the growth of
commercial volumes of the fruit, there will be increasing competition for top retail prices for whole
fruit.

There are several opportunities for value adding of fruit (see Figure 3-1, Figure 3-2, Table 3-1). The
industry should seek support for research that achieves the following:

• shelf life extension including processing and packaging technologies supporting the extension of
supply periods of value-added products for Australian domestic markets

• further processing technologies to enhance jackfruit as a value-added product.

19
Existing and new technologies need to be reviewed and evaluated for their potential to support the
packaging and distribution of jackfruit as fresh pulp or flesh. As an example, such technologies may
include blast freezing, vacuum packaging and high-pressure processing for the preservation and/or
extension of shelf life of fresh jackfruit.

There is a high demand for new products for the food service and retail markets. For growers, the
ability to provide specialised products provides a valuable outlet for jackfruit. Given the increase in
future production facing the current growing group, the industry needs to find a market for its excess
fruit a well as seconds.

Figure 3-1. The jackfruit arils (fruit segments) can be frozen well; and with the use of modified
atmospheric packaging may achieve a refrigerated shelf life of up to 9–12 days to
meet retail requirements for the food service industry.

Figure 3-2. Jackfruit while highly sought after have a strong odour.
Young smaller fruit are easily prepared however, older ripe fruit have a smell that has to be removed
from the kitchen as soon as possible after processing. For this reason the fruit may not be as appealing
to non-Asian consumers and may require processing of fruit at the regional level prior to sending to
food service and food manufacturing businesses.

20
 Table 3-1. List of value-added products from jackfruit, both culinary and non-culinary uses

Jackfruit Characteristics Opportunity or use*

product
Food uses
Whole Ripe jackfruit is greenish Whole, well-formed fruit are supplied to Australian markets.
fruit yellow in colour. The ripe
jackfruit is a little bit soft,
but not ‘squishy’.
Skin or Its outer surface is covered The rind or skin is considered inedible, however it can be utilised in yielding
rind with blunt thorn like a clear jelly with citric acid. A pectin extract can be made from the peel,
projections, which become undeveloped perianths and core, or just from the inner rind.
soft as the fruit ripe.
Pith/fibre The fibre or ‘rag’ as it is commonly known can be eaten, it is semi sweet
and once separated from the hard core can be steamed for use in stir-fry
mixes or curries.
Young Used in curries and casseroles, tender jackfruit leaves and young male
leaves flower clusters may be cooked and served as vegetables.
Seed The seeds are floury, and The seeds, appeal to Asian and Indian tastes, may be boiled and eaten, or
high in carbohydrates. boiled and preserved in syrup like chestnuts. They have also been
successfully canned in brine, in curry, and, like baked beans, in tomato
sauce. They are often included in curried dishes.
Seeds normally are steamed and eaten as a snack or used in curry or stir-fry
dishes.
The seeds are dried and powdered to get jackfruit seed powder or flour that
has been blended with wheat flour for baking. Sugars obtained from the
flour after starch hydrolysis can be effectively used in the fermentative
production of organic compounds. Jackfruit seed starch had a narrower
gelatinisation temperature range and requires less gelatinisation energy
compared with modified starches, this in turn reduces the cost of starch
hydrolysis.
Flesh 100 to 500 orange-yellow Frozen fruit – fruit can be frozen whole, in the skin or separated from the
coloured edible bulbs in a skin. Trials of the fruit show that they can be stored fresh in cold storage for
single fruit. as long as two months at 12–14°C.
Smells of pineapple and In Malaya, where the odour of the ripe fruit is not avoided, small jackfruits
banana. are cut in half, seeded, chilled, and brought to the table filled with ice cream.
Flavours similar to a mix of Ripe bulbs, sliced and packed in syrup with added citric acid, and frozen,
passionfruit and banana retain good colour, flavour and texture for one year.
Canned fruit – the flesh of the unripe fruit has been experimentally canned
in brine or with curry. It may also be dried and kept in tins for a year. The
crisp types of jackfruit produced in northern Queensland are preferred for
canning.
The canned product is more attractive than the fresh pulp and is sometimes
called ‘vegetable meat’. Canned jackfruit retains quality for 63 weeks at
room temperature (75° to 80°F/23.89° to 26.67°C), with only 3% loss of B-
carotene. It may be canned in syrup made with sugar or honey with citric
acid added.
The addition of synthetic flavouring – ethyl and n-butyl esters of 4-
hydroxybutyric acids at 100/120 ppm, respectively – greatly improves the
flavour of the canned fruit and the nectar.
Fruit juice – may be supplied as a juice either by itself or in a mixed juice
product. The ripe bulbs are mechanically pulped to make jackfruit nectar or
reduced to concentrate or powder.
Fresh cut fruit packaged for the fresh cut market – whole fruit are cut into
chunks, boiled in lightly salted water until tender, flesh is cut from the rind

21
Jackfruit Characteristics Opportunity or use*
product
and served as a vegetable, including the seeds which, if thoroughly cooked,
are mealy and agreeable. The bulbs may then be enjoyed raw or cooked
(with coconut milk or otherwise); or made into ice cream, chutney, jam,
jelly, paste, ‘leather’ or Papad, (a form of pancake or baked bread product).
Green fruit is also commonly used in vegetable curries
Dried fruit (pieces) – used in fruit & nut mixes. Cross sections of dried,
unripe jackfruit are sold in native markets in Thailand. By a method
patented in India, the ripe bulbs may be dried, fried in oil and salted for
eating like potato chips. It may also be dried and kept in tins for a year.
Dried fruit (powder) – used as a spice or flavour enhancer.
Preserved or pickled fruit – tender young fruit may be pickled with or
without spices. Candied jackfruit pulp has been sold in countries like Brazil.
The ripe bulbs, fermented and then distilled, produce potent liquor.
Improved methods of preserving and candying jackfruit pulp have been
devised at the Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, India.
Non-food uses of jackfruit
Latex Almost all the parts of the The latex serves as birdlime, alone or mixed with Ficus sap and oil from
tree gives white sticky latex Schleichera trijuga Willd. The heated latex is employed as household
like juice when injured. After cement for mending chinaware and earthenware, and to caulk boats and
a period of time in cold holes in buckets. Tanchico and Magpanlay have reported on the chemical
storage little or no latex is constituents of the latex. It is not a substitute for rubber but contains 82.6 to
present in the fruit. 86.4% resins that may have value in varnishes.
Its bacteriolytic activity is equal to that of papaya latex.
Leaves Young leaves are readily eaten by cattle and other livestock and are said to
be fattening. In India, the leaves are used as food wrappers in cooking, and
they are also fastened together for use as plates. Leaves are often used for
wrapping foods for steaming.
Skin or Its outer surface is covered This waste product has previously been used for tobacco curing, although
rind with blunt thorn-like tobacco is no longer grown in Australia, this product may have uses for
projections, which become other natural fibre applications.
soft as the fruit ripe. Surplus jackfruit rind is considered a good stock food and in India and Asia
it is fed to cattle.
Wood Known as ‘jackwood’, it is an important timber in Ceylon and, to a lesser
extent, in India; some is exported to Europe. It changes with age from
orange or yellow to brown or dark-red; is termite proof, fairly resistant to
fungal and bacterial decay, seasons without difficulty, resembles mahogany
and is superior to teak for furniture, construction, turnery, masts, oars,
implements, brush backs and musical instruments. Its strength is 75 to 80%
that of teak. Though sharp tools are needed to achieve a smooth surface, it
polishes beautifully. Roots of old trees are greatly prized for carving and
picture framing. From the sawdust or chips of ‘jackwood’ boiled with alum,
there is derived a rich yellow dye commonly used for dyeing silk and the
cotton.
Creative woodcrafters use the wood to make the body of Indian drums such
as Mridangam and Kanjira. In Indonesia and Philippines it used to make
musical instruments like the Gamelan and Kutiyapi.
In Indonesia, splinters of the wood are put into the bamboo tubes collecting
coconut toddy in order to impart a yellow tone to the sugar. Besides the
yellow colourant, morin, the wood contains the colorless cyanomaclurin and
a new yellow coloring matter, artocarpin. Six other flavonoids have been
isolated at the National Chemical Laboratory, Poona. There is only 3.3%
tannin in the bark that is occasionally made into cordage or cloth.
*see Morton (1987) for more detail on various uses of different jackfruit products

22
Trials and research
As a whole fruit
The jackfruit is a delicious fruit. It is highly sought after across Southeast Asia and the Indian sub-
continent. The flesh of the jackfruit is starchy and fibrous and is a source of dietary fibre. The flavour
can have characteristics similar to a tart banana, or a mixture of banana and pineapple. Varieties of
jackfruit are distinguished according to the characteristics of the fruit’s flesh.

Jackfruit is commonly used in South and Southeast Asian cuisines, it can be eaten unripe (young)
when cooked, or ripe uncooked. Jackfruit seeds may be boiled or baked like beans (cooking is
necessary to make the seeds digestible). The leaves are used as a wrapping for steaming food.

Researchers in India have developed several value-added products from jackfruit bulbs, seeds and rind.
Value-added products like halva, finger chips, ready-to-serve beverages, candy bars, Papad,
dehydrated flakes, wine, vinegar, dairy-based products (like srikhand, kulfi and ice-cream), pickle
from the rind (also a good source of pectin), and bulb flour have all been successfully prepared from
jackfruit. Several bakery products such as biscuits, muffins masala vada and chapathi have also been
developed from the seed’s flour.

Unripe jackfruit is much used by vegetarians in Southeast Asia and India as a substitute for meat,
providing a fibrous texture similar to chicken. Jackfruit is available in the frozen food section of
supermarkets in Southeast Asia. Out of season, it is available as frozen or dried slices of immature
jackfruit (most useful for curry recipes) and frozen fruit arils. Canned unripe jackfruit packed in brine
is called for in many recipes of Asian origin.

The arils (around, but not including, the seed) can be eaten as is, used for cooking or mixed into fruit
salads or used as a juice in fruit beverages. The seeds need to be cooked through to render them
digestible, but are extremely flavoursome once roasted or boiled. Recipes for cooking jackfruit always
call for unripe jackfruit (whether stated or not).

Unripe jackfruit is the basis for many tropical curry recipes and most other recipes that call for cooked
jackfruit. It is imported into Australia as frozen or tinned and is highly prized among communities
with a strong Southeast Asian cultural influence. Frozen jackfruit (usually the smaller unripe fruit –
approximately 360 g) is used right out of the package with no further preparation save thawing and
cutting to the desired size. The outer rind is already peeled off, so there is no waste. The inner rind,
rag, tender seeds and core are all edible. Recipes of Asian origin often call for ‘1 jackfruit’. The size
intended is the small-unripened fruit, between 500 g to 1 kg, (around 400–700 g after cutting off the
outer rind). Other recipes call for ‘1 can’, this indicates a 440 g can, (common in Asia) which will
yield about the 360 g when drained.

Jackfruit recipes
A sample of recipes is attached as an appendix to this document to show the versatility of the fruit and
demonstrate opportunities for its use.

Fresh cut fruit supply

There is strong potential for the value adding of jackfruit into the fresh-cut market. To enable this
requires further processing in grower regions to enable the product to be competitively priced before
shipment to market. Fresh fruit provided to the markets in modified atmospheric packaging (MAP)
will provide the necessary long shelf life required for the product.

There’s a large saving in transportation costs if the fruit is treated in this manner. Fresh jackfruit arils
account for less than half of the whole fruit once processed. Processing can either be undertaken by the
growers (either individually or as a collective) or subcontracted to a fruit processing business in the

23
region. Processed fruit sells for up to $15.00 per kg in Australia and provides several benefits towards
promoting the fruit to non-Asian market (one whole jackfruit can be as much as 40 kg and the waste,
mess and odour generated from processing a whole fruit can readily turn consumers away from the
fruit).

Alcoholic fermentation
Jackfruit wine is a traditional alcoholic beverage made by ethnic groups in eastern India. It is produced
from the pulp of jackfruit. Ripe fruit is peeled and the skin discarded. The seeds are removed and the
pulp soaked in water. Using bamboo baskets, the pulp is ground to extract the juice, which is collected
in earthenware pots. A little water is added to the pots along with fermented wine inoculum from a
previous fermentation. The pots are covered with banana leaves and allowed to ferment at 18 to 30ºC
for about one week. The liquid is then decanted and drunk. During fermentation, the pH of the wine
reaches a value of 3.5 to 3.8, suggesting that an acidic fermentation takes place at the same time as the
alcoholic fermentation. Final alcohol content is about 7 to 8 per cent within a fortnight (Steinkraus
1996).

A commercial appetiser wine is currently made under the Chinnoose Brand, by Thekkumkattil Herbal
Products located in Kinfra Park, Chungam, and Thalassery in Kannur District, Kerala. This appetiser
wine is made using only natural ingredients like the choicest jackfruit, with no synthetic or artificial
flavours. It can be consumed either as a social drink appetiser or as a wine. Processing deseeded aril
bulbs through microbial fermentation has developed the wine. The developed wine is slightly
yellowish in colour, acidic in taste and low in alcohol content. There is a huge demand from
consumers for this wine due to its special taste and aroma. (Dr B Ranganna, Bangalore).

As part of this research, jackfruit has been trialled to manufacture a refreshing light alcoholic drink.
Geoff Patritti from Patritti Wines, South Australia, trialled jackfruit sourced from the Northern
Territory in the design of an alcoholic beverage. The trials were unsuccessful and this was thought to
be a result of the thickness and consistency of the Northern Territory jackfruit pulp variety. Patritti
Wines has indicated that there is a strong interest by consumers in fruit-based wines and drinks and
believes that there would be an interest in undertaking product trials using the fruit of the ‘Orange
Crunchy’ variety of jackfruit.

Jackfruit oil extraction (jackfruit seed)

Jackfruit is believed to contain a number of useful extracts including a yellow colouring (suitable for
food use from the wood of the tree), seed flour and other health compounds.

Cootamundra Oilseeds (COS) provides services to the agricultural industry undertaking trials in oil
extraction and seed-meal sampling. They have previously undertaken trials on jojoba, linola, mustard
seed and a variety of other seeds. They discussed the opportunity of extracting oil from jackfruit seed.
Initial investigation shows that it would require a solvent to extract the oil from the seed due to its low
oil content, the seed is low in fibre, and is mostly carbohydrate and around 4 per cent moisture.

Jackfruit seed flour

Research in assessing the use of jackfruit seed in product formulation has been extensive in India and
Southeast Asia. Opportunities for using ground flour from jackfruit seeds have been identified in
formulations for biscuits, breads and savoury convenience products.

There is a potential opportunity for utilising the seed in the form of flour for value adding in industrial
baking. Being rich in protein and carbohydrates, incorporating it into baking flour increases the
nutritional value and attractiveness of the final product. An analysis of the seed flour (Airani 2007) has
revealed the following (by percentage) composition: 14.07 of moisture; 9.03 proteins, 1.10 of fat, 2.25
of crude fibre, 3.01 of total mineral matter and 70.26 of carbohydrate. Jackseed flour packed in

24
polyethylene pouches was able to be stored for up to six months. There was an increase in the moisture
content during the storage period both at ambient and refrigerated conditions.

Airani (2007), reports that on incorporation of jackfruit seed flour into two fried products, it brought
down fat absorption to a remarkable extent with no discernible effect on the texture or flavour of
savoury products (although it did affect the flavour of sweet products). It can be concluded from these
studies that the replacement of seed flour up to 5 to 30 per cent is possible in various products.

These studies also found that the addition of 25 per cent jackfruit seed flour to biscuits, scored highest
for extremely good colour and appearance, moderately good texture profile, and highly for taste and
aroma. There is a clear argument for substituting a proportion of wheat flour with jackfruit seed flour.

25
4. The need for regional capacity building
in the tropical fruit industry in far north
Queensland
Building regional capacity for the tropical fruit industry in north Queensland or the Northern Territory
requires the engagement of the broader industry and key stakeholders including the Queensland
Department of Agriculture Fisheries and Forestry (QDAFF), other government agencies and industry
peak bodies.

The flow-on effects from a successful industry will include long-term employment, added tourism and
increased economic and social benefits to the region. Planning and coordination is the key to
successfully building the capacity of the tropical fruit industry for successful growth and resilience.

There are key elements used in the building blocks for a successful industry:

• a strong industry association such as the Tropical and Exotic Fruit Association (TEFA) to act as a
source of coordination and education and as the voice for industry participants

• the engagement of a training and education provider (a registered training organisation) to

establish the training skills needed for the sustainment and growth of the industry

• the engagement of government agencies such as QDAFF to facilitate and guide the growth of
innovation and research to underpin better industry outcomes.

Establishing a good, regionally-focussed training platform that addresses the skills needs of
participants at all levels of the industry is essential. Even among industries as diverse as those that
make up our emerging tropical fruit industries, common skill sets and training needs can be identified
to support the growth of the industries concerned and the improvement of their value adding, supply
chains and market management. During the compilation of this report, the author spoke with AgriFood
Skills Australia about the steps required to build up skills capacity in the region to a point where it
could support an expansion of the tropical fruit and related processing industries.

A registered training organisation would be well placed to provide the establishment and coordination
of such a program. Such a course could encompass a Graduate Diploma in Agricultural Innovation and
Diversification, delivered in combination of with face-to-face or distance (online) learning and
incorporating recognition of prior education and training. Equally important to the establishment of
such a training program is the identification and engagement of a significant proportion of
growers/operators willing to undertake this training.

One potential source of funding for this would be the New Workforce Development Fund that
provides priority funding for small, medium and large businesses to encourage employees to gain
vocational education qualifications from Certificate 3 to a vocational graduate Diploma. Such a course
requires the participation of at least 50 growers to be viable and cost effective. The involvement of
growers from other industries (mango, avocado, banana etc.) may be necessary to achieve the required
numbers.

Such a training package would provide training specifically targeted to the needs of the tropical fruit
industry in the region. The benefits or outcomes of this twelve-month program would be the
development of industry-specific products including:

• corporate governance and business skills training for industry participants, especially those
involved or seeking to participate in the overarching industry association, i.e. TEFA

26
• an industry regional strategic plan that would provide direction and identify the requirements to
underpin commercially, socially and environmentally sustainable regional growth for the industry.
This document would play a crucial role in attracting government and other funding into the future

• a business model that will engage growers and producers across and down the value chain to
ensure that growers are properly remunerated for the input into a cooperative industry venture. A
business model that incorporated the development of a regional tropical fruit industry value-adding
facility would ensure that, at all levels of the industry, growers were engaged in driving change
within the industry aimed at obtaining greater financial returns to the region

• the skills, governance, strategic and business planning that this package would provide builds a
solid platform from which the industry can strive to attract funding and support to commercialise,
innovate and diversify businesses in a region, and to assist in financial growth and community
resilience.

Finally, it is essential that industry and government (at all levels) do everything in their power to
ensure the continuation of TEFA as a peak industry body for this industry. Without such a body, there
will be insufficient coordination to sustain a training program, let alone the broader development of
this industry towards economic sustainability.

27
5. Summary of results and findings
As a new tropical fruit industry to Australia, jackfruit has not been commercially developed for the
Australian wholesale and food processing sectors and is predominantly sold as a whole fruit. There is
little information on the fruit available to inform food service suppliers and food manufacturers
including retailers, of the possibility of processing the fruit to value add and build a larger, more
profitable industry. Ideally, TEFA would be an ideal association to assist growers to identify, plan and
access resources needed to build a successful value-added jackfruit production facility in cooperation
with other tropical fruit industry growers.

Apart from this current study, the industry requires extensive support in the development of research
programs or assistance from Australian state or federal governments. Research needs to be focussed on
developing a commercial business model that supports growers in a number of growing and supply
issues ranging from marketing and value-added production of jackfruit, to the storage, transportation
and management of the value-added fruit and other products to ensure a more profitable industry for
growers in both the Northern Territory and north Queensland.

While the expansion of the industry is critical to its long-term success, TEFA does not have the
resources available to promote and engage growers to build the industry.

Government agencies may be able to provide limited resources to assist in this. It is felt that improved
industry communications by providing additional resources to organisations such as TEFA would
support the growth of local or regional networks and increase the industry’s capacity to deal with
issues such as production, quality assurance and market development.

28
6. Implications
Innovation is central to building different markets through identifying new ideas and putting them into
practice. While TEFA and the growers support the growth of new tropical fruits, they require
assistance to meet sustainable market demands through driving new directions in value-added
products.

In the current global financial environment, product and market development presents both challenges
and opportunities; although the jackfruit industry would appear to hold significant promise as a crop
under the tropical fruit-growing industries, it requires an understanding of the opportunities for value-
added products ready for development to grow the level of demand in existing markets for the
available produce.

The industry is ready to take it forward to the next step of development, however it is distributed over
two distinct locations in Northern Territory and in northern Queensland. Both locations grow distinctly
different varieties of jackfruit. The challenge for the industry therefore, is the co-ordination and
management of national issues associated with this anticipated growth, and TEFA has an important
role to play here. Coordination of the industry’s development needs to be conducted in an efficient
manner, which does not impose additional administrative costs upon the industry. Potential issues,
which may require a whole-of-industry response in the future include:

• industry expansion marketing and consumer education

• industry quality and standards for the processing and development of value-added products

• industry sustainability through development of an efficient business model that can engage
growers to work in a cooperative manner

• research and development to optimise product development and market intelligence.

While many of these issues will be commercial in nature, many may also benefit from investment in
research. Research investment can support the Australian jackfruit industry in many areas such as:

• market research and consumer education (a critical issue for the industry)

• quality assurance in value-added product development

• packaging and distribution

• applications of new technology

• further research into the nutritional and health benefits of the fruit.

29
7. Recommendations
The recommendations are targeted at key stakeholders including RIRDC, other federal and state
government departments, Australian tropical fruit growers and other growers keen to undertake
growing or value adding to jackfruit or similar tropical fruit.

The major recommendations are that the industry engages in three areas to build a sustainable industry
for the future:

1. Development of a sustainable grower business model and

strategic marketing plan
• Build regional capacity for the tropical fruit industry in north Queensland and the Northern
Territory by engaging the broader industry and key stakeholders including QDAFF, other
government agencies, industry peak bodies, and appropriate skills-training and coordination
organisations such as AgriFood Skills Australia.

• Establish a grower business model to engage growers to invest and support development of value
adding to jackfruit.

• Ensure that TEFA, as the representative body of the industry, has the resources and processes in
place to manage and respond to potential whole-of-industry issues over the next five years.

• Develop a regional or industry-based marketing plan that enables a cooperative effort from
tropical fruit growers in north Queensland and the Northern Territory to value add a range of
tropical fruits to sustain a manufacturing facility for 12 months continuous operation.

• Establish an industry body to review strategies to underpin future policies for Australian jackfruit.
These strategies may include branding, labelling, packaging and quality standards.

2. Education of food manufacturers, food services and consumers

• Create a communication strategy that informs potential downstream chain partners and broader
consumers about the whole fruit and new value-added product opportunities.

• Support projects to educate local and national consumers and markets about the benefits and
opportunities of using valued-added tropical fruit (including jackfruit) products. (For example,
TEFA may like to offer top quality jackfruit as an ingredient in national chef’s competitions in
addition to celebrity competitions. Each state has competitions to help them choose the state’s best
1st and 2nd year apprentice chefs. Jackfruit would be ideal for a mystery ingredient.)

• Develop and support consumer and retail education of jackfruit to market associations nationally.

3. Research into value adding and product development for jackfruit

and other tropical fruits
• Most urgently, to engage in research into limited product development trials for value adding of
jackfruit to establish new value-added products to utilise existing production levels. The research
should be focussed upon new product developments that maximise the use of all parts of the fruit.

• Establish and implement a quality standard for value-added Australian jackfruit and other tropical
fruit products as the first stage of value adding and product development.

30
• Review and assess the benefits of processing and packaging technologies, which may enhance the
distribution and shelf life of processed jackfruit products.

• Carry out nutritional and health studies of jackfruit and other popular tropical fruit grown in
Australia.

• Encourage the availability of independent technical skills and resources in further processing and
value adding for tropical fruits (including jackfruit) through industry partnerships with food
service and food manufacturing organisations, encouraging them to engage in research into value-
added products suitable for further processing.

31
References
Airani S 2007, Nutritional quality and value addition to jackfruit seed flour, Dharwad University
of Agriculture Sciences, November 2007; accessed online
<http://www.scribd.com/doc/62158377/Jackfruit-Flour#scribd>.

Diczbalis Y 2012, Tropical exotic fruit industry – strategic direction setting 2012–2015, RIRDC
Publication No. 12/050, Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation, Canberra.

Foster M & Bird J 2009, National research, development and extension strategy for new and emerging
industries, RIRDC Publication No. 09/138, Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation,
Canberra.

Kumar S, Singh AB, Abide AB, Upadhyay RG & Singh A 1988, ‘Proximate composition of jackfruit
seeds’, Food Science and Technology vol. 25, pp. 308–309. Morton J 1987, ‘Jackfruit’, pp. 58–64, in:
Fruits of warm climates, Julia F. Morton, Miami, FL ISBN: 0-9610184-1-0, accessed online
<http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton>.
Odoemelam, SA 2005, ‘Functional properties of raw and heat processed jackfruit flour’, Pakistan
Journal of Nutrition vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 366–370, accessed on line 13 May 2012
<http://www.pjbs.org/pjnonline/fin338.pdf>.

Steinkraus KH 1996, Handbook of indigenous fermented foods. Marcel Decker Inc, New York, in
‘Fermented fruits and vegetables: a global perspective’, FAO, accessed online
<http://www.fao.org/docrep/x0560e/x0560e09.htm>.

USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference Release, 24, nutrient data for jackfruit,
accessed online <http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods>.

Research contacts
Bestlan Group of Companies (head office); 21 23 Reward Court, Bohle Townsville QLD 4818;
E: admin@bestlan.com.au; T: 61 7 4729 8888; F: 61 7 4729 8899

Geoff Black, Director, Cootamundra Oilseeds, T: 02 6942 4347, E: geoff@oilseeds.com.au,

W: http://www.oilseeds.com.au

Boost Juice (Retail Zoo Holding Co) Level 1, Tower 2, Chadstone Place, 1341 Dandenong Rd,
Chadstone VIC 3148; E: boost@boostjuicebars.com, T: 61 3 9508 4409; F: 61 3 9508 4499

Easy Way Tea Unit C1, 200 Coward Street Mascot 2020 NSW; E: admin@easywaytea.com.au;
T: 61 2 8339 1031; F: 61 2 8339 1032

Gourmet Nut Company Pty Ltd E: sales@tgnc.com.au; T: 61 3 9587 2568; F: 61 3 9587 5439

Innovative Food Solutions & Technology, Crop and Food Science, Agri Science Queensland,
Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation (QDAFF), 21 Redden Street
Cairns QLD 4870, PO Box 652, Cairns QLD 4870, T: 07 4057 3604 W: http://www.dpi.qld.gov.au

Majans Pty Ltd 11 Bronze Street, Summer Park Brisbane QLD Australia 4074;
E: majans@majans.com.au; T: 61 7 3279 1022; F: 61 7 3376 1796

John Marshall, Director, Frugii, 11/10 Taronga Place O’malley Canberra, T: 6286 6386,
E: john@frugii.com.au

32
Patties Foods Operations (Chefs Pride Brand); 161 -169 Princes Highway (PO Box 409) Bandsdale
VIC 3875; Mr Fred Griffiths QA Manager E:fgriffiths@patties.com.au; T: 61 3 5150 1880

Geoff Patritti, Director, Patritti Wines, 13 -23 Clackton Rd Dover Gardens SA, T: 08 8296 8261
E: wines@patritti.com.au

Dr B Ranganna at rangannab@gmail.com at the Post Harvest Technology Scheme (ICAR),

University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore 560 065. Phone: 080-23330153; ext. 345 or
Prof KB Munishamanna, at telephone 080-23330153; Ext. 346.

Peter and Alison Salleras, E: pandasalleras@bigpond.com; Fruit Forest Farm, East Feluga Rd
(between Tully and Mission Beach)

Sanitarium Development and Innovation Centre Cooranbong NSW PO Box 40, Cooranbong,
NSW 2205; Dr John Aston E: john.aston@sanitarium.com.au; T: 02 4980 2841

Simplot for consumer information in Australia; Simplot Australia Locked Bag 3005 Braeside VIC
3195 Australia E: http://www.simplot.com.au/enquiry.asp

Websites of interest for further literature on packaging, recipes and

other information
http://agro-link.blogspot.com.au/2007/10/handling-technology-of-minimally.html

http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/inpho/documents/AE618e.pdf

http://agromedia.mardi.gov.my/magritech/tech_detail_horticulture.php?id=242

http://www.itfnet.org/gfruit/Templates%20English/Jackfruit.harv.pre.htm

http://ift.confex.com/ift/2003/techprogram/paper_17888.htm

Jackfruit recipes accessed online: http://www.sbs.com.au/search/Jackfruit

Research on jackfruit accessed online http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackfruit

33
Appendix. Some jackfruit recipes
Main Meal
Jackfruit curry

Ingredients
1 Young jackfruit, approximately 400 g (after skin removed)
40g Bird chillies
5cm Turmeric root
225ml Coconut milk
50g Anchovies
2 pieces Dried tamarind slices
Salt to taste
Preparation
1. Peel the young jackfruit. Cut it into 2 x2 cm cubes. Boil in water with salt and one
piece of dried tamarind slice until soft.
2. Grind chillies and turmeric root finely. Pound anchovies coarsely.
3. Cook anchovies, ground ingredients, jackfruit, tamarind slices, coconut milk and a
dash of water in a pot. Add salt to taste.
4. Simmer for 20 to 30 minutes over a moderate heat, add a little more water if
necessary.
5. Remove from pot and serve.

Jackfruit fritters

Ingredients
250 g jackfruit young fresh,
125 g chana dal (lentils)
½ tsp jeera (cumin seeds)
½ tsp kale mire (black peppercorns)
1/4 tsp cloves
Pinch cinnamon
½ stick ginger
1piece garlic cloves
2 big onions
1 medium-sized red dry chillies
1–2 green chillies (as per taste)
1–2 Tbsp cilantro
1 cup water
Salt to taste
Preparation
1. Peel and chop fresh jackfruit.
2. In a saucepan, boil the jackfruit pieces in the water along with half an onion, green
and red chillies, dal, ginger, garlic, jeera, cloves, peppercorns, cinnamon and salt.
Simmer till tender and then let all the liquid evaporate completely.

34
3. Grind to a fine paste in a blender/food processor. Remove the spices that are
difficult to grind. Mix remaining onion (chopped finely) and cilantro. Check for
taste. Add a little cayenne pepper if its not spicy enough.
4. Mix well and then make small flat patties. These can then either be deep fried in oil
or baked in the oven. I generally bake them in a preheated 375ºF oven till they are
golden brown (this can take a while, say 40 mins). Serve with mint chutney.

Accompaniments
Jackfruit papad (Ponsa Appolu)
The shelf life of this Papad is much longer than ordinary Papad and can be stored for a longer period.
It can be utilised as an accompaniment to lunch as well as an evening snack.

Ingredients
1kg Raw jackfruit bulbs, deseeded
Salt to taste
Preparation
1. Steam the bulbs for 20 minutes, when cool, add salt, mix and mash well with hands.
Do not use a mixer. The dough should be very soft.
2. Make small balls out of it.
3. Take two small plastic sheet pieces. Smear them with oil on one side of each sheet.
Place one ball on one oiled sheet, cover it with the other sheet, the oiled surface
touching the ball.
4. Press plastic sheet covered ball with a manual wooden press or a metal press (a
contrivance with two flat surfaces and a handle) to form round Papad. Or else pat
the ball (keeping it between the plastic sheets) with the fingers to form a uniform
thin round Papad. Repeat the process till all the dough is done.
5. Dry them in the oven on a low heat, if necessary in batches. When completely
dried, store them in an airtight container.

Desserts
Caramelised jackfruit and bamboo

Ingredients
30 g brown sugar
1 vanilla bean, scraped for pulp
250 g jackfruit, segmented
125 g bamboo, pre-blanched in salted water
1 fresh lime, juiced
250 ml pineapple juice
Preparation
1. Heat a heavy-based pan and place the brown sugar in to caramelise, quickly.
2. Add the pineapple juice and vanilla bean pulp, add bamboo and reduce the syrup
3. Add the jackfruit segments and finish with freshly squeezed lime juice.

35
Jackfruit and coconut ice cream
Ingredients
250 ml coconut cream, canned
125 ml milk, full cream
400 g sugar, castor
1g salt
450 ml cream, heavy
125 g cream, low fat
15 g vanilla extract
125 g jackfruit, fresh
100 g roasted coconut
Preparation
1. Place milk and coconut milk in a small saucepan, and warm over medium heat.
Do not boil.
2. Remove from heat, and stir in sugar and a pinch of salt. Add heavy and light
cream, and vanilla extract.
3. Pour milk mixture into an ice cream maker and churn as per manufacturers’
instructions.
4. Cut up jackfruit, and add to ice cream together with roasted coconut. Keep in
freezer until serving.

36
Value-adding options for tropical fruit using jackfruit
as a case study

By Adrian Best

March 2015

Pub. No. 15/042