African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure.

ISSN: 2223-814X

June 2021, Vol 10, No 3, pp. 955-971

Economic Impacts of Curfew Imposition on the Nightclub Industry in

Calabar Metropolis, Nigeria

Violet Bassey Eneyo *

Department of Tourism Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar,
Cross River State, Nigeria, Email, violeteneyo@unical.edu.ng

Demitrus Okim Oba

Department of Tourism Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar,
Cross River State, Nigeria, Email, doba02@yahoo.com

Christopher Abua Ochiche

Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Cross River State,
Nigeria, Email, abuaochiche@yahoo.com

Dennis Attah Essien

Institute of Public Policy and Administration, University of Calabar, Calabar, Cross River
State, Nigeria

Agnes Sylvester Antai

Department of Economics, University of Calabar, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria

*Corresponding Author

How to cite this article: Eneyo, V.B., Oba, D.O., Ochiche, C.A., Essien, D.A. & Antai, A.S. (2021). Economic
Impacts of Curfew Imposition on the Nightclub Industry in Calabar Metropolis, Nigeria. African Journal of
Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 10(3):955-971. DOI: https://doi.org/10.46222/ajhtl.19770720-142

Abstract

The nightclub industry in Nigeria is a lucrative part (subset) of the larger music, drinks and entertainment industry
that operates from dusk to dawn. The nightclub industry is an economy that is growing, robust and competitive in
comparison to other economies. Conversely, the imposition of a dusk to dawn curfew in Calabar as a proactive
strategy to curb security challenges in Calabar Metropolis affects the nightclub economy. The study investigates
the economic impact of curfew imposition on the nightclub industry in Calabar. The research employed the
qualitative approach and adopted a purposive sampling technique for data collection, targeting nightclub operators
of Fifteen (15) nightclubs. The study revealed that the curfew imposition resulted in the decline of business
patronage, job and income losses to nightclubs due to the curfew imposition amongst other contending factors.
The study concludes with recommendations on ways to salvage the negative impact of curfew imposition on the
industry and return nightclubs in Calabar to business growth, profitability and resurgence.

Keywords: Economic impact; Curfew imposition; Nightclub; Calabar Metropolis; Economic growth; Security
challenges

Introduction
Across the globe, many nations of the world have been tackling inevitable security challenges.
Some countries have adopted several strategies to fight crime within their territory (Bottom &
Kostanoski, 1983; Green, 1981). These established agencies enforced several laws to control
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the escalating cases of crimes and other forms of insecurity (Bell, Dean & Gottschalk, 2010;
Bottom & Kostanoski, 1983; McCaney, 2010). In situations where they are constant and rising
cases of security challenges, most countries often adopt the imposition of curfew as one of their
strategies to reverse the trend. In Nigeria, the imposition of curfew by the government has been
an alternative way to fight the rising security challenge in the country that hampers the
economic activities of several hitherto vibrant sectors, specifically nightclubs. Of particular
interest is the Calabar Metropolis that the state government has since October 2020 imposed
an indefinite curfew to curb the several cases of crime and insecurity in the city (Vanguard,
2020). As part of the requirements of the state curfew: businesses are required to shut their
doors throughout curfew hour, mass gathering prohibited, loitering, and freedom of movement
banned or highly restricted except for those on essential duties or emergency cases.
Undoubtedly, the imposition of a dusk to dawn curfew in Calabar now hampers the economic
activities of all sectors, specific, nightclubs whose operations thrive during most of the curfew-
imposed hours.
Numerous researches have focused on the issue of juvenile curfew, nightclubs,
bouncers, income, flood, and violence (Adams, 2003; Akintoye, Inah, & Odunsin, 2017;
Demant, 2013; Digha & Akintoye, 2017; Effiom, 2012; Eja & Eneyo, 2018; Eneyo, 2018;
Eneyo & Edward, 2018; Marketos, 1995; Abua, Afangideh, Ochiche & Ashua, 2014).
However, very few of these studies, if any, have adequately addressed the economic impact of
curfew imposition on the nightclub industry. As impactful as the nightclub industry is to the
economic growth of many cities globally, the extent and actual nature of these impacts has not
been documented. This study, therefore, will seek to determine the economic loss(es)
experienced by the nightclub industry in the Calabar metropolis, Nigeria and in the
circumstances of the continuous implementation of the curfew regulation by the state
government without any specific date which it will be relaxed.

The nightclub industry

In this context, the nightclub industry is a lucrative part (subset) of the music, drinks, and
entertainment industry that opens for business late at night from about 8 pm to 4 am, especially
during weekends. According to Berkley (1999), a nightclub is a place for socializing,
recreation, and dancing. The nightclub provides facilities such as a disco, bar and other forms
of entertainment. The nightclub industry sells alcoholic beverages, offer more cocktails, and
have a dancing floor with a stage for DJs or live songs to their customers. Customers are
allowed into the club when they pay an entry fee at the entrance (Hollands, 2002; Mintel, 2002;
Purcell & Graham, 2005; Seedat, Van Niekerk, Jewkes, Suffla & Ratele, 2009).
Nightclubs run as owner-operated or managed operations (Hollands, 2002; Chatterton
& Hollands, 2003; Stone, 1995). The business employs bouncers as security staff to maintain
peace and order during club hours. The bouncers stop mischief-makers and other nuisance from
accessing or remove them from the nightclub (Schneider & Minnaar, 2015). Furthermore,
bouncers duties in nightclubs are to ensure the safety of customers, incorporate nightclub
customers into the guiding rules and regulations, screen clubbers for entry and do not admit
people with casual dresses or gang apparel in nightclubs (Hobbs, Hadfield, Lister & Winlow,
2002; Hobbs, Hadfield, Lister & Winlow, 2003; Schneider & Minnaar, 2015).
According to Northcote (2006:1), nightclubbing is the "urban rite of passage" that has
become a familiar kind of relaxation activity for young people globally. Nightclubbing is
unarguably a mainstream kind of relaxation for several young people and the elders within the
age range of 18 to 50years (Chatterton & Hollands, 2002; Chatterton & Hollands, 2003;
Goulding & Shankar, 2002; Northcote, 2006; Thornton, 1995). Lately, nightclubs attract
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tourists, fun-loving youths residing in the city as well as couples, who go to the club for
relaxation, drinking, eating, singing (karaoke), dancing and to have a good time after a hectic
day (Malbon, 1999; Northcote, 2006; Thornton, 1995). These actions ultimately lead to an
increase in the profits from sales of drinks and other nightclub activities. Interestingly,
nightclub customers pay a cover charge, buy drinks in the club, and patronize other support
services in the city (Eja & Eneyo, 2018; Eneyo, 2018; Eneyo & Edward, 2018). Nightclubs pay
the DJ to play live and recorded music, spend a large sum on rents, taxes and utilities in a given
location. Increasingly, nightclubs in the Calabar metropolis face competition from other
hospitality ventures, such as lounges, hotels and guesthouses, who offer nightclub services to
their customers and other patrons of the service (Eja & Eneyo, 2018; Eneyo, 2018). The
development has led to enterprises exclusively offering nightclub services to innovate and
become creative in their business approaches to ensure profitability and resurgence.

Economic impacts of tourism

Worldwide, the tourism industry has added to the monetary headway of various nations. For
instance, in 2014, it contributed around 3.3% (US$1.7 trillion) to the overall Gross Domestic
Products (GDP), with its inside and out responsibility ascending to essentially 10% of the
general GDP (World Tourism Organization (UNWTO, 2019). Turner (2015) affirmed that the
GDP increment comes from more than one billion global vacationers worldwide and that the
number has been developing by 5% yearly since 2012. Muchapondwa and Stage (2013) and
the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC, 2020) predicted that the tourism industry
contributed about 10.3% towards the Gross Domestic Products (GDP) worldwide. By
implication, this shows that the tourism industry business is a "powerhouse" that can create
jobs globally. Their research further reveals the tourism industry help to draw customers and
income when the tourism industry services like accommodation and entertainment,
transportation, food and drinks sectors are available in a destination. The business additionally
adds to the circulation of funds within the host nation. In Nigeria, the tourism industry related
business has contributed enormously to the GDP and employment in the country. About 70%
of jobs in Nigeria are tourism-related (Eneyo & Eja, 2018; Eneyo, 2018). In Cross River state,
most residents work in different accommodation and entertainment sectors like bars, motels,
inns and lots more (Eja & Eneyo, 2018; Eneyo & Edward,2018). Tourists and customers
patronize support services in the state. And their patronage of the sectors indirectly contributes
to high revenue (Eneyo & Eja, 2018; Eneyo, 2018). The commitment of the tourism industry
to the state's economy is enormous. These show that where the tourism industry strives, the
economy of the host community will undoubtedly improve. Therefore, the tourism industry
plays a vital role in the economic growth and development of many nations across the globe.

The economic impact of nightclubs and other nightlife sectors

Globally, the nightclub industry is a primary economic contributor, with a direct contribution,
to the global Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (Eja & Eneyo, 2018; Eneyo, 2018; Hollands &
Chatterton, 2003). According to the United States Census Bureau's County Business Patterns
(CBP, 2005), the nightclub industry is the primary sector in New York City that sustains 9,115
direct jobs in 2005 with total earnings of $172,275,000. Furthermore, the nightclub industry is
a primary economic contributor, with contributions of approximately $22 and $33 billion
yearly to the revenue generated in the United States (Mintel (2002:19). A survey carried out by
ARA in New York City indicated that nightclubs generated $1.2 billion. The study further
highlighted that the income generated by the nightclub industry went for the repairs and
maintenance of the sector, rent, debt service, marketing, and utilities (Audience Research and
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Analysis, 2004:4). The survey revealed that nightclubs pay $531 million to 19,400 (direct) staff
(ARA, 2004:15). In addition, the research also revealed that nightclubs generated
approximately $8.5 billion additional revenue, $2 additional earnings, while 76,000 additional
jobs in New York City (ARA, 2004:15-16). In the UK, nightclubs had sales of over £2 billion
in 1997, and admitted around 185 million customers (Mintel, 1998:15); employs 830,000
people as managers, DJs, bar staff, promoters, and cleaners (Brewers and Licensed Retailers
Association (BLRA, 1999).
The nightclub industry is the primary sector in Nigeria that sustains several direct and
indirect jobs (Eneyo & Edward 2018). By implication, where the nightclub industry thrives,
the economy of the host community will undoubtedly improve. Hence, the sector assumes a
significant role in the economic growth of many countries throughout the globe. Nightclubs
attract customers within the catchment areas and contribute to the patronage of the business
and other support services within and around the host community (Chatterton & Hollands,
2003; Edward & Eneyo, 2018; Eneyo, 2018; Northcote, 2006). The industry is a leading
element in drawing conventional businesses globally. According to Berkley (1999), nightclubs
usually draw the same customers back to a given country many times because they emphasise
regularly improving attractions. The nightclub industry plays a catalytic role in job creation
and income creation globally (Eja & Eneyo, 2018; Ekong, 2021; Itu, 2021). Given Nigeria's
decreasing income derived from the oil sector and its alarming unemployment rate before the
COVID-19 pandemic lockdown period, and the unpopular imposition of curfew across many
cities in the country, the sector contributes to the country’s economy is alarming. The study
directly shows the importance of the nightclub industry to Nigeria’s economy.

The situation in Calabar Metropolis, Nigeria

Approximately 50% of employment in the nightclub and nightlife sub-sectors comprised part-
time jobs (Ekong, 2021; Itu, 2021). The nightclub industry in the Calabar metropolis creates
jobs and contributes to increased revenue to the government (Authors fieldwork 2021). The 15
nightclubs in the Calabar metropolis has created about 38,000 jobs and contributed N4.2 billion
in 2015 to the state’s economy (Ekong, 2021; Itu, 2021). They further stated that nightclubs in
the Calabar metropolis contributed more than 3 million in payroll taxes and sales taxes to the
state in 2010 and 2015. Nightclub patrons in the Calabar metropolis spent an average of N50,
000.00 per night; this spending indirectly has supported about 27,000 jobs across every sector
of the economy (Ekong, 2021; Itu, 2021). Nonetheless, the imposition of curfew in the city of
Calabar by the Cross River State government had furthermore enabled all law enforcement
agencies like the Police, Navy, and Army to arrest unauthorized people that move during
curfew hours. Since the business thrives from dusk to dawn, the economic impact of the curfew
imposition on the nightclubs industry needs to be understood.

The curfew imposition and lockdown regulations

Curfew imposition and lockdown regulations are the primary strategies adopted by the
authority to restrict inessential movement and to curb some of the challenges globally (Business
Day, 2020b; Dube, 2020b; Grass-Root reported, 2021; Lee & Chen, 2020; Vanguard, 2021;
Wood, 2020). One of the hardest-hit economic sectors by the curfew imposition is the tourism
and hospitality industry. The restriction on movement has significantly influenced the tourism
and hospitality industry's turnover (Bartis, Hufkie & Moraladi, 2021; Baum & Hai, 2020;
Congrex, 2020; Dube, Nhamo & Chikodzi, 2021; Gössling, Scott & Hall, 2020). The
government action to curb the challenges has hurt the tourism activities and specifically the
nightclubs operations (Dube & Chikodzi, 2020d; Dube, Nhamo. & Chikodzi, 2020b; Idowu,
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2013; McCartney, 2020, He, Liu, Wang & Yu, 2020; Şenol & Zeren, 2020; Vanguard, 2020).
Many sectors like the tourism and hospitality sectors have introduced some mitigation
strategies and innovations (as hybrid events, virtual events, and the upskilling of staff) to
continue their operators (Bartis, Hufkie & Moraladi, 2021). Notably, the emerging paradigm
poses a challenge to the economic growth and development of nightclubs in Calabar. Therefore,
the hypothesis stated below will statistically examine the economic impact of curfew
imposition before the curfew and curfew era in the study area. The following hypotheses were
formulated in the null form:

Ho: There is no significant effect of the imposition of curfew on the patronage of

nightclubs in the study
Ho: There is no significant variation in the income generated by each nightclub before
and during the imposition of curfew.
Ho: There is no significant difference in the number of staff employed in nightclubs
before and during the curfew era in Calabar Metropolis, Nigeria.

Methodology
The study focused on examining the economic impact of curfew imposition on the nightclub
industry in Calabar Metropolis, Nigeria. Astronomically, Calabar Metropolis lies between
longitudes 80181 and 80241 East of the Greenwich Meridian and latitudes 40401 and 40541
North of the Equator (Figure 1). The city covers 406 square kilometres and an altitude of 15m
above sea level on average (Akintoye, Inah & Odunsin, 2017). It is an inter-fluvial settlement
built between two main Rivers viz; the Calabar River and the Great Qua River. The population
of Calabar Metropolis stands at 191,630 (National Population Commission (NPC), 2006).
Calabar is the most peaceful city in Nigeria. The city has various support services such as
hotels, restaurants, communication facilities like internet services, fast food joints, beverages
services, art and craft/woodworks, drinking spots, swimming pool, car hire services, laundry
services, financial institutions, travel agencies, traditional markets, cultural centre,
entertainment centres like nightclubs, and sporting activities.
For the study to achieve its aim, the causal research method was employed to identify
the cause and effect of the curfew on the nightclub. We used indicators like patronage, income,
and employment to study the economic impacts of curfew imposition in the nightclubs. The
types of data used for the study include data on patronage level, income generation, and the
number of staff employed by the nightclubs during the pre-curfew and curfew era: We also
conducted interviews with experts who are proven human resources on the management of the
nightclub industry in Calabar. We agreed that the most suitable approach to conduct the
interview was to have direct contact (face-to-face interview) with the nightclub operators of
each nightclub before the curfew time in Calabar. In this instance, we conducted an oral
interview using the key informant interview with the operators of each nightclub. The nightclub
operators were the selected representatives of the business in Calabar.
We also used data from authoritative sources such as government reports, nightclub
records and documented literature to investigate the economic impact of curfew imposition on
nightclubs in the city of Calabar. For this significant research, non-probability sampling,
especially purposive sampling was employed. The fifteen (15) nightclubs existing in the
Calabar metropolis were selected purposively for the study. They were also explored to know
the particular issues related to them. Purposively sampling was adopted to select the
representative of each of the nightclubs based on their knowledge, experience, understanding,
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participation, approachability, enthusiasm, and accessibility (Altinay, Paraskevas & Jang,

2016; Leedy & Ormrod, 2015). One representative was chosen purposively from each
nightclub and in all, 15 representatives (nightclub operators) were used to collect data for the
study.

Figure 1: The study area

Source: Geographical Information Systems Unit, Department of Geography and Environmental Science,
University of Calabar, Calabar, 2021

All fifteen (15) nightclub operators were interviewed. The nightclub operators provided useful
insight concerning the industry in its entirety and how the curfew imposition has affected their
business. Their involvement in the research was voluntary, and no nightclub operator was
forced into participating. The oral interviews were conducted face to face with the interviewees.
In other words, the researchers and nightclub operators were able to meet at an agreed time.
Consequently, a range of questions formulated based on the study was put across to the
nightclub operators and they answered accordingly. The information received from the

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interview was later transcribed. The thematic analysis method was used based on the answers
derived from the interview (Fischer & Parmentier, 2010).
Additionally, the descriptive statistical analysis (Mann, 2006) and the tabular methods
such as frequencies, percentages and mean values were used to describe the economic impact
of curfew on the nightclub industry during the pre-curfew era (January 2020 to September
2020) and curfew era (October 2020 to June 2021). In addition, the economic impact analysis
of the Curfew imposition in the study area on the nightclub industry employed a secondary
database sourced from the existing records of the fifteen (15) functional nightclubs in the study
area. This database is the most objective, authentic, and current at this time. The data gathered
were analyzed using suitable techniques and presented in tables using simple percentage. More
so, the inferential statistics (paired sample t-test) was employed to investigate the differences
in the level of patronage, income and employment during the pre-curfew era and curfew era.

Results
In recent times, the imposition of indefinite dusk to dawn curfew in Calabar Metropolis by the
state government has caused the nightclub industry to experience abrupt and unprecedented
damage to the nightclub’s economy. This section presents the data for the study.

Impact on the level of patronage

Patronage signifies the volume of customers received in each nightclub every 24 hours. The
data obtained in Table 1, shows a clear variation in the patronage generated by each nightclub
before the curfew era (January 2020 to September 2020) and during the curfew era (October
2020 to June 2021). Across the different nightclubs in the study area, between 10,021 and
58,400 customers patronized the business translating to 77.2% to 97.4% patronage before the
curfew era. However, during the curfew era, patronage reduced drastically between 1,109 and
15,930, which are between 2.6% and 22.8%. In summary, an average of 26,140, customers
patronized the nightclubs per month, but the number was reduced to 3,395, during the curfew
era. Thus, patronage was reduced by 272,943, customers which translate to an 80.1% reduction
during the curfew era.

Table 1: level of patronage during pre-curfew era and curfew era

S/ Nightclubs Patronage Percentage (%) Patronage Percentage Differences % Difference
N during of patronage during (%) of (Reduction (Reduction in
pre-curfew during pre- Curfew era patronage in patronage)
era curfew era during patronage)
curfew era
1 Angle's Bar 12,300 89.1 1,503 10.9 10,797 78.2
2 Opium Lounge 10,000 90.0 1,112 10.0 8,888 80.0
3 Amber Lounge 58,400 78.6 15,930 21.4 42,470 57.1
4 Jasper 28,702 77.2 8,454 22.8 20,248 54.5
5 Brix Lounge 14,700 92.9 1,119 7.1 13,581 85.9
6 Keeves Inn 10,578 89.8 1,201 10.2 9,377 79.6
7 UG Wills 11,405 90.6 1,178 9.4 10,227 81.3
8 Club Rain 28,964 94.4 1,723 5.6 27,241 88.8
9 The Sauce 10,076 89.1 1,234 10.9 8,842 78.2
Rooftop
10 Bay's Bar Club 10,021 89.1 1,229 10.9 8,792 78.2
11 Bamboo 14,200 92.3 1,181 7.7 13,019 84.6
Lounge Club
12 Super Lounge 42,102 97.4 1,109 2.6 40,993 94.9
13 Samba Lounge 19,603 93.9 1,283 6.1 18,320 87.7
14 Bervely hills 12,220 90.4 1,295 9.6 10,925 80.8

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15 White House 30,409 96.2 1,186 3.8 29,223 92.5

Lounge
Average 20,912 90.1 2,716 9.9 18,196 80.1
Average/month 26140 3395 22745
Total 313,680 40,737 272,943
Source: Authors’ Fieldwork, 2021

Test of hypothesis one

A null hypothesis was used to ascertain the impact of the indefinite imposition of curfew on
the patronage of the nightclubs in the city of Calabar. The hypothesis (Ho) states that there is
no significant effect of the imposition of curfew on the patronage of nightclubs in the study
area. The paired-samples t-test was used to test for significant variation in the data on patronage
(number of customers) obtained before and during the-curfew era. The results of the analysis
are on Tables 2a, 2b, and 2c. From Table 2a, the mean value of patronage for the pre-curfew
era (January 2020 to September 2020) is 20912.00, while the mean value of patronage for the
curfew era (October 2020 to June 2021) is 2715.80. Based on the mean, the results showed that
patronage before-curfew era is higher than what was obtained during the curfew era. The result
of the paired samples t-test in table 2c shows a t-value of 6.09. This t-value is significant at <
0.05 (2tailed). Hence, the null hypothesis was not supported. The result therefore gives
credence to the alternative hypothesis that there is a significant effect of the imposition of
curfew on the patronage of nightclubs in the study area.

Table 2a: Samples statistics

Mean N Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Pair Patronage before curfew era
20912.0000 180 14286.42703 3688.73960
1
Patronage during curfew era 2715.8000 180 4101.70303 1059.05517

Table 2b: Paired samples correlations

N Correlation Sig.
Pair Patronage curfew era & Patronage during
180 0.742 0.002
1 curfew era

Table 2c: Paired samples test

Paired
Differences
95%
Confidence
Interval of the Sig.
Std. Std. Error Difference (2-
Mean Deviation Mean Lower Upper T df tailed)
Pair Patronage
1 before curfew 18196.2
11576.23 2988.97 11785.50 24606.90 6.09 179 0.000
& patronage 0
during curfew

Impact on annual income generated

The income measures the productivity of the nightclubs. Data in Table 3 indicate variations in
the income of the nightclubs before curfew era and during curfew era. Before the pre curfew
era, nightclubs such as Amber Lounge generated up to ₦20.9 million (83.9%) annually,
however, during the curfew era, the income generated from the same nightclub reduced to ₦4.0
million (16.1%) annually. The income reduced by 80.9%. The same condition applies to other
nightclubs with the depreciation between 61.0% and 81.0%. In summary, the data indicates

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that a total of ₦160, 050, 000.00 (78.9%) was generated by all the nightclubs understudy before
curfew era, which translates to ₦10,670,000.00 annual average income generated by each
nightclub and ₦13, 337500.00 generated per month. This amount depreciated drastically
during curfew era where a total of ₦42,800,000 (21.2%), was generated with the depreciation
of ₦117,250,000.00 (73.0%). This data shows that all the nightclubs in Calabar metropolis
faced the challenge of depreciation in their income by 73.0% (Table 3).

Table 3: Impact on annual income generated by nightclubs

S/N Nightclubs Annual Revenue % Annual Revenue % Difference %
(Income) before (Income) during Difference
pre curfew era curfew era (In N)
(In N)
1 Angle’s Bar 8,450,000,00 80.9 2,000,000.00 19.1 6,450,000.00 76.3
2 Opium Lounge 13,000,000.00 82.3 2,800,000.00 17.7 10,200,000.00 78.5
3 Amber Lounge 20,900,000.00 83.9 4,000,000.00 16.1 16,900,000.00 80.9
4, Jasper 11,600,000.00 72.0 4,500,000.00 28.0 7,100,000.00 61.2
5. Brix Lounge 12,000,000.00 77.4 3,500,000.00 22.6 8,500,000.00 70.8
6. Keeys Inn 9,600,000.00 79.3 2,500,000.00 20.7 7,100,000.00 74.0
7. UG Wills 9,000,000.00 75.0 3,000,000.00 25.0 6,000,000.00 66.7
8. Club Rain 10,000,000.00 76.9 3,000,000.00 23.1 7,000,000.00 70.0
9. The Sauce Rooftop 7,500,000.00 83.3 1,500,000.00 16.7 6,000,000.00 80.0
Club
10 Bay’s Bar Club 5,000,000.00 83.3 1,000,000.00 16.7 4,000.000.00 80.0
11 Bamboo Lounge 11,000,000.00 78.6 3,000,000.00 21.4 8,000,000.00 72.7
Club
12 Super Lounge 10,000,000.00 80.0 2,500,000.00 20.0 7,500,000.00 75.0
13 Samba Lounge 9,000,000.00 75.0 3,000,000.00 25.0 6,000,000.00 66.7
14 Beverly Hills 8,000,000.00 76.2 2,500,000.00 23.8 5,500,000.00 68.8
15 White House 15,000,000.00 78.9 4,000,000.00 21.1 11,000,000.00 73.3
Lounge
Average 10,670,000.00 2,853,333.33 73.0

Test of hypothesis two

A null hypothesis was formulated to ascertain the revenue generated by each nightclub in the
study area. The hypothesis (Ho) states there is no significant variation in the income generated
by each nightclub before and during the imposition of curfew. The paired-samples T-test was
used to test for the significant variation in the data on income generated by each nightclub
before curfew era and curfew era. The results of the analysis are presented in Tables 4a, 4b,
and 4c. The data obtained in Table 4a indicates that the mean value of income before the curfew
period is 10670000.0, while the mean value during curfew era is 2853333.3. Based on the
mean, the results show that income before curfew era is higher than what was obtained during
the curfew era. The result of the paired samples t-test in Table 4c reveals a T-value of 9.847.
This T-value is significant at < 0.05 (2tailed). The null hypothesis is not supported. The result
therefore gives credence to the alternative hypothesis that there is a significant effect of the
imposition of curfew on income generated by each nightclub in the study area.

Table 4a: Paired samples statistics

Mean N Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Pair 1 Before curfew 10670000.0000 15 3717228.23005 959784.20194
Curfew era 2853333.3333 15 934166.29497 241200.70020

Table 4b: Paired samples correlations

N Correlation Sig.
Pair 1 Before curfew & curfew era 15 .754 .001
Table 4c: Paired samples test
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Paired
Differences
Mean Std. Std. Error 95% confidence Upper T df Sig. (2-
Deviation Mean interval of the tailed)
difference
lower
Pai Before 7816666.66 3074298.21 793780.38 6114177.06 95191 9.84 14 .000
r1 curfew & 56.27
curfew
era

Impact on employment
The study also examined the impact of the curfew on the level of employment. The data in
Table 5 indicates that 263 staff were employed in the 15 nightclubs existing in the study area
with an average of 18 employees during the curfew era. This translates to 74.3% of the staff.
Conversely, during curfew era, the number reduced significantly to 93staff with an average of
6 staff which translates to 25.7%. It can be deduced that 170 employees were laid off (an
average of 11 per nightclub) translating to 48.6% retrenchment (Table 5).

Table 5: Impact on employment

No. of Staff % No of Staff % No %
during pre- during Retrenched
S/N Nightclubs curfew era Curfew era
1 Angle's Bar 18 69.2 8 30.8 10 38.5
2 Opium Lounge 18 81.8 4 18.2 14 63.6
3 Amber Lounge 33 75.0 11 25.0 22 50.0
4 Jasper 24 72.7 9 27.3 15 45.5
5 Brix Lounge 21 72.4 8 27.6 13 44.8
6 Keeves Inn 16 80.0 4 20.0 12 60.0
7 UG Wills 12 66.7 6 33.3 6 33.3
8 Club Rain 15 68.2 7 31.8 8 36.4
The Sauce Rooftop
9 Club 18 75.0 6 25.0 12 50.0
10 Bay's Bar Club 16 80.0 4 20.0 12 60.0
11 Bamboo Lounge Club 14 77.8 4 22.2 10 55.6
12 Super Lounge 12 63.2 7 36.8 5 26.3
13 Samba Lounge 18 66.7 9 33.3 9 33.3
14 Beverly Hills 12 85.7 2 14.3 10 71.4
15 White House Lounge 16 80.0 4 20.0 12 60.0
Average 18 74.3 6 25.7 11 48.6
Total 263 93 170

Test of hypothesis three

A null hypothesis was formulated to ascertain the employment rate during pre-curfew era and
curfew era. The hypothesis (Ho) states there is no significant difference in the number of staff
employed in nightclubs before and during the curfew era in Calabar Metropolis, Nigeria.
The paired-samples t-test was used to test for significant variation in the number of staff
employed by each nightclub before curfew (January 2020 to September 2020) and during the
curfew (October 2020 to June 2021). The results of the analysis are presented in Tables 6a, 6b,
and 6c. The data obtained in Table 6a indicates that the mean value of employment before
curfew era (x = 17.5 ≈ 18) is greater than that during the curfew era (x = 6.2 ≈ 6). Based on this
mean, the results show that the number of staff before the curfew era is higher than what was
obtained during the curfew era. The result of the paired samples t-test in Table 6c reveals that
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a T-value of 10.85 obtained. This t-value is significant at < 0.05 (2tailed). Hence, the null
hypothesis was not supported. The result therefore gives credence to the alternative hypothesis
that there is a significant effect of the imposition of curfew on employment rate by each
nightclub in the study area.

Table 6a: Paired samples statistics

Mean N Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Pair 1 No. of staff before curfew era 17.5 15 5.42305 1.40023
No. of staff during curfew era 6.2 15 2.51282 .64881

Table 6b: Paired samples correlations

N Correlation Sig.
Pair 1 No. of staff before curfew & No. of staff during curfew 15 .710 .003

Table 6c: Paired samples test

Paired
Differences
Mean Std. Std. Mean 95% Upper T df Sig. (2-
Deviation confidence tailed)
interval of the
difference
lower
Pai No. of staff 11.33 4.04 1.04 9.09 13.57 10.84 14 .000
r1 before curfew &
No. of staff
during curfew
era

Discussion
The imposition of curfew in Calabar Metropolis continues to have a significant adverse impact
on the business survival and growth of nightclubs directly and the economy of the metropolis
indirectly. This impact is felt in different ways by the nightclubs leading to a sharp decline in
the economic activities of the industry such as patronage decline, revenue and job losses. The
result in Table 1 indicates that the number of customers declined sharply during the curfew era
which by implication has adversely affected the turnover (income and profit maximization) of
the nightclubs (Table 3) thereby threatening their ability to survive as a business and to perform
their legal and social responsibility as the case may be. This result buttresses Harvey (2000)
assertion that the nightlife sector depends on profit generated from the patronage of nightlife
activities. Similarly, the result showed that income before the curfew era was 78.9% and
declined to 21.1% during the curfew era. The hypothesis supports this analysis that income
received before the curfew was significantly more than the one during the curfew era. The
study affirmed that nightclubs have been subjected to legal regulations by the government and
indirectly the regulations affect their outputs (income) and productivities (Dorn, 1983;
Hollands, 2002),
Furthermore, during the curfew era nightclubs had lost up to 272,943 customers for the
past nine (9) months and approximately N11million in revenue. The severity of the impact
continues to be witnessed even as 170 residents out of the 263 employed during the pre-curfew
era become jobless. The result further illustrates that the regulations on restriction of non-
essential movement during the night hours which are essential in curtailing insecurity has
continued to acutely impede the nightclub industry and other entertainment sub-sector
enterprises growth and profitability with a significant proportion of the metropolis’ population
already affected by the policy for example operators of mainly night based Small and Medium

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Scale Enterprises (SMEs). It has also hampered or restricted many residents and visitors to the
metropolis from going to nightclubs and patronizing the products and services of the industry.
The halt or near halt in economic activities due to the curfew also affects the expected income
of the nightclubs resulting in uncertainty and re-adjustment on the part of the operators. In the
light of the above observation, we could state that the growth and profitability of the industry
in the metropolis diminished rapidly as regular customers of the nightclubs find it difficult to
assess nightclub locations after 10 p.m. due to movement restrictions occasioned by the curfew.
In this regard, one notable challenge of nightclubs in the study area is that the drastic
decrease in the economic status and viability of the industry in an environment already
impacted by economic misfortune caused the global pandemic of COVID-19; thereby
contradicting the concept of “urban playscapes” which shows activities of the young people in
nightclubs, bars, and music spots within the nightlife entertainment economy is achievable
(Caldwell, 2005; Chatterton & Hollands, 2002). The theory also contradicts the assumption
that the three interrelated factors of the “Urban playscapes” such as production, regulation and
consumption cannot combine to form a dominant mode of mainstream urban life since the
business and its customers are under threat by the government regulatory policy. The theory of
“Urban playscapes” by implication illustrated that the government has not played a catalytic
role in the development of the night-time economy especially by seeking to strike a balance
between a curfew time and of the activities of nightlife businesses. An example of this is the
imposition of a dusk to dawn curfew by the government which hinders many nightclubbers
from patronising nightclubs in the Metropolis to unwind and recuperate from work and societal
stresses. It further argues the opinion of scholars in a related field that the youths play a peculiar
function in the consumption sphere (Dalyop, 2019; Miles, 2000) and nightlife culture in
particular (Gershuny &Fisher, 2000; Malbon, 1999; Mintel, 2000, 1998). The observation in
the study did not corroborate with the view of Hennessy (2009) that Leisure Time, Community
Attributes, closeness to recreation areas, security and social settings is one of the factors
affecting involvement in nightclubs.
The threat to the industry emanated from the severity of restriction of movement at
night that directly or indirectly affected business activities at nighttime, including the freedom
to the club, have fun, among other factors, after a hectic day. Nightclubs in Calabar Metropolis
like those in other major cities of the world already have to battle with the impact of the adverse
consequences of the global pandemic that resulted in curfew imposition. We opined that the
curfew regulation has had dramatic impacts on the economy in Cross River State, Nigeria and
that of the City of Calabar with some of the outfits considering closure or relocation thereby
further reducing the revenue available to the government of the state. The retrenched workforce
and the reduction in income have created a society with social inequality and a deficit in
nightclub growth and development, a situation that could lead to further social unrest if not
curtailed immediately.

Conclusion
This paper gives a background of the economic impacts of Curfew Imposition on the nightclub
industry in Calabar metropolis, Nigeria. It showed that the business of nightclub in Calabar
metropolis from January 2020 to September 2020 has received high patronage from customers,
generated income, and created employment opportunities for the teeming population. On the
contrary, the industry has experienced a sharp decline in patronage and revenue (about an
N11million) from October 2020 to June 2021, as it is strongly affected by curfew imposition
regulations. Again, the decline in revenue has led to job losses in the industry and a reduction
in the salary of staff, as the business can no longer pay them. Undoubtedly, the decline in
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patronage, income and job losses in the nightclub industry will contribute to an increase in
poverty levels, crime rate and criminality, and a decline in the economy’s GDP.
Having reflected on the past 18 months of pre curfew era and curfew era and taking
into account the challenges experienced by the nightclub industry we wish to state that the
industry is expected to experience a decrease in the number of nightclubs in Calabar due to the
reduction in patronage and income of the industry arising from the imposition of an indefinite
curfew in the city. Again, due to the curfew imposition regulations, customers will likely prefer
to drink alcoholic beverages at home rather than at the club level. Therefore, the following
recommendations ought to be considered with the indefinite curfew still enforced by the Cross
River State government.
Firstly, given the importance of nightclubs to the state’s economy, we think it is very
important that the relevant agencies within the state and government find ways to review the
long imposed curfew with a new time frame from 12midnight to 5 am so that they can achieve
their economic growth. Secondly, they should also consider a periodic review of the curfew
regulation on the metropolis to prevent the dearth or relocation of nightclubs from the state
capital, which will invariably lead to a poor image of the city. Thirdly, the government,
financial institutions and organizations should provide interventions, bailout funds such as
grants and a low-interest loan to distressed nightclubs to revamp their businesses. These could
include tax waivers or rebates to nightclubs for a determined period as well as to other nighttime
sectors, to boost their income. Fourthly, stakeholders should urgently establish a roadmap for
training and capacity building for the different categories of personnel of nightclubs to equip
them with innovative and creative skills for running a viable business of that nature during
curfew regulation and public health crises to ensure the business remains economically viable
and relevant to the economic development of the metropolis and Cross River State in general.
The study concludes with more limitations than the other studies because of the paucity
of literatures and data on curfew imposition in Calabar Metropolis. Besides, the city is still
experiencing an indefinite imposition of dusk to dawn curfew, which is creating severe
economic challenges across the state and the country at large. This study is to be continued in
the future with the availability of statistical data to the researcher. Again, more targeted
research ought to be conducted in the nightclub industry to determine the mitigations strategies
and innovation measures adopted by the nightclub industry to survive during the curfew era.
The present study concludes with the currently available data as it faces difficulty in gathering
adequate data for the analysis.

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