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Biological Classification: and Herbs and Animals Into Aeimic and Non - Aeimic

The document summarizes the major historical systems of biological classification from ancient times through the modern five and six kingdom systems. It begins with ancient classifications based on use before moving to Aristotle's morphological system. It then discusses Linnaeus' two kingdom system and its limitations. Next, it outlines R.H. Whittaker's influential five kingdom system from 1969 which was based on cell structure, body organization, nutrition, and phylogeny. This five kingdom system grouped organisms into Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Finally, it notes the later development of the three domain system which divided Monera into Archaea and Eubacteria.

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Monica Sree
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71 views3 pages

Biological Classification: and Herbs and Animals Into Aeimic and Non - Aeimic

The document summarizes the major historical systems of biological classification from ancient times through the modern five and six kingdom systems. It begins with ancient classifications based on use before moving to Aristotle's morphological system. It then discusses Linnaeus' two kingdom system and its limitations. Next, it outlines R.H. Whittaker's influential five kingdom system from 1969 which was based on cell structure, body organization, nutrition, and phylogeny. This five kingdom system grouped organisms into Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Finally, it notes the later development of the three domain system which divided Monera into Archaea and Eubacteria.

Uploaded by

Monica Sree
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Biological classification

 During the ancient period people classified organisms on the basis of their use to the people.
It wasn’t scientific.
 Aristotle classified organisms on morphological basis. He divided plants into trees, shrubs
and herbs and animals into aeimic and non – aeimic.
 In Linnaeus' time a Two Kingdom system of classification with Plantae and Animalia
kingdoms
 Two kingdom classification –
a. Easy two understand
b. Large number didn’t fall in either category
c. Didn’t differentiate between –
1. Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
2. Unicellular and multicellular
3. Photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic organisms (fungi and plants)
 Then, a need was also felt for including –

1. cell structure, 4. habitat,


2. nature of wall, 5. methods of reproduction,
3. mode of nutrition, 6. evolutionary relationships

 R.H. Whittaker (1969) proposed a Five Kingdom Classification.

Five kingdom
classification

Monera Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

 The main criteria for classification used by Whittaker

1. cell structure, 4. reproduction and


2. body organisation, 5. phylogenetic relationships.
3. mode of nutrition,
 Five kingdom classification –
1. brought together prokaryotic bacteria & blue green algae with other eukaryotic groups
2. grouped together unicellular and multicellular organisms - Chlamydomonas & Spirogyra (algae)
3. fungi and plants were placed together in plantae. But had different cell wall composition. So, its
placed separately under kingdom fungi
4. prokaryotic organisms - Kingdom Monera
5. unicellular eukaryotic organisms - Kingdom Protista
6. Kingdom Protista has brought together Chlamydomonas, Chlorella with Paramoecium &
Amoeba
 Six kingdom classification or three domain system – Monera is divided into two and all
other kingdoms are placed as such

Kingdom monera –

 Members – bacteria
 bacteria as a group show the most extensive metabolic diversity.
 Mycoplasma –

- Lack cellwall
- PPLO
- Smallest living cell
- Mostly pathogens

ARCHAEBACTERIA EUBACTERIA
- live in some of the most harsh - true bacteria
habitats - have rigid cell wall, and if motile, a
- extreme salty areas - halophiles flagellum
- hot springs - thermoacidophiles
- marshy areas – methanogens (also
in ruminant gut, useful for biogas
production)
- cell wall – pseudo murein
- obligate anaerobes
- ancient bacteria

Reproduction –
- fission
- spores
-
- sexual mode by transfer of DNA
unicallular,
colonial,
filamentous,
freshwater,
colonies
marine orare
surrounded
terrestrial by
autotrophic photosynthetic cyanoebacteria gelatin sheath
form bloom in
oxidise various water
inorganic
eubacteria

chemosynthetic substances chlorophyll a


role in fixing fix nitrogen in
N,P,Fe,S heterocysts
(Nostoc,
most abundant Anaebena)
majority are
heterotrophic
decomposers
antibiotics, curd,
leguminous,
pathogens

BACTERIA

Coccus (ball Bacillus (rod Vibrio (comma spirillum (spiral


shaped) shaped) shapped) shapped)

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