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Independence Day (India)
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Independence Day of India
The national flag of India hoisted on a wall adorned with domes and minarets.
The National Flag of India hoisted at the Red Fort in Delhi; hoisted flags are a
common sight on Independence Day
Observed by India
Type National
Significance Commemorates the independence of India
Celebrations Flag hoisting, parade, fireworks, singing patriotic songs and the
National Anthem Jana Gana Mana, speech by the Prime Minister of India and President
of India
Date 15 August
Frequency Annual
First time 15 August 1947 (75 years ago)
Related to Republic Day
Part of a series on the
History of India
Torana gateway at Sanchi hill
Prehistoric
Ancient
Classical
Early medieval
Late medieval
Early modern
Modern
Related articles

vte

Independence Day is celebrated annually on 15 August as a national holiday in India

commemorating the nation's independence from the United Kingdom on 15 August 1947,
the day when the provisions of the 1947 Indian Independence Act, which transferred
legislative sovereignty to the Indian Constituent Assembly, came into effect. India
retained King George VI as head of state until its transition to a republic, when
the Constitution of India came into effect on 26 January 1950 (celebrated as Indian
Republic Day) and replaced the dominion prefix, Dominion of India, with the
enactment of the sovereign law Constitution of India. India attained independence
following the Independence Movement noted for largely non-violent resistance and
civil disobedience.

Independence coincided with the partition of India, in which British India was
divided along religious lines into the Dominions of India and Pakistan; the
partition was accompanied by violent riots and mass casualties, and the
displacement of nearly 15 million people due to religious violence. On 15 August
1947, the first Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru raised the Indian
national flag above the Lahori Gate of the Red Fort in Delhi. On each subsequent
Independence Day, the incumbent Prime Minister customarily raises the flag and
gives an address to the nation.[1] The entire event is broadcast by Doordarshan,
India's national broadcaster, and usually begins with the shehnai music of Ustad
Bismillah Khan. Independence Day is observed throughout India with flag-hoisting
ceremonies, parades and cultural events. It is a national holiday.[2][3][4]
Contents
 1 History
1.1 Independence Day before Independence
1.2 Immediate background
1.3 Partition and independence
2 Celebration
3 Security threats
4 In popular culture
5 See also
6 Reference

History
Main article: Indian independence movement

European traders had established outposts in the Indian subcontinent by the 17th
century. Through overwhelming military strength, the East India Company fought and
annexed local kingdoms and established themselves as the dominant force by the 18th
century. Following the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the Government of India Act 1858
led the British Crown to assume direct control of India. In the decades following,
civic society gradually emerged across India, most notably the Indian National
Congress Party, formed in 1885.[5][6]: 
123  The period after World War I was marked
by colonial reforms such as the Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms, but it also witnessed
the enactment of the unpopular Rowlatt Act and calls for self-rule by Indian
activists. The discontent of this period crystallised into nationwide non-violent
movements of non-cooperation and civil disobedience, led by Mohandas Karamchand
Gandhi.[6]: 
167 

During the 1930s, the reform was gradually legislated by the British; Congress won
victories in the resulting elections.[6]: 
195–197  The next decade was beset with
political turmoil: Indian participation in World War II, the Congress' final push
for non-cooperation, and an upsurge of Muslim nationalism led by the All-India
Muslim League. The escalating political tension was capped by Independence in 1947.
The jubilation was tempered by the bloody partition of colonial India into India
and Pakistan.[6]: 
203 
Independence Day before Independence

At the 1929 session of the Indian National Congress, the Purna Swaraj declaration,
or "Declaration of the Independence of India" was promulgated,[7] and 26 January
was declared as Independence Day in 1930.[7] The Congress called on people to
pledge themselves to civil disobedience and "to carry out the Congress instructions
issued from time to time" until India attained complete independence.[8]
Celebration of such an Independence Day was envisioned to stoke nationalistic
fervour among Indian citizens, and to force the British government to consider
granting independence.[9]: 
19  The Congress observed 26 January as the Independence
Day between 1930 and 1946.[10][11] The celebration was marked by meetings where the
attendants took the "pledge of independence".[9]: 19–20  Jawaharlal Nehru described
in his autobiography that such meetings were peaceful, solemn, and "without any
speeches or exhortation".[12] Gandhi envisaged that besides the meetings, the day
would be spent " ... in doing some constructive work, whether it is spinning, or
service of 'untouchables,' or reunion of Hindus and Mussalmans, or prohibition
work, or even all these together".[13] Following actual independence in 1947, the
Constitution of India came into effect on and from 26 January 1950; since then 26
January is celebrated as Republic Day.
Immediate background

In 1946, the Labour government in Britain, its exchequer exhausted by the recently
concluded World War II, realised that it had neither the mandate at home, the
international support nor the reliability of native forces for continuing to
maintain control in an increasingly restless India.[6]: 
203 
[14][15][16] On 20
February 1947, Prime Minister Clement Attlee announced that the British government
would grant full self-governance to British India by June 1948 at the latest.[17]

The new viceroy, Lord Mountbatten, advanced the date for the transfer of power,
believing the continuous contention between the Congress and the Muslim League
might lead to a collapse of the interim government.[18] He chose the second
anniversary of Japan's surrender in World War II, 15 August, as the date of power
transfer.[18] The British government announced on 3 June 1947 that it had accepted
the idea of partitioning British India into two states;[17] the successor
governments would be given dominion status and would have an implicit right to
secede from the British Commonwealth. The Indian Independence Act 1947 (10 & 11 Geo
6 c. 30) of the Parliament of the United Kingdom partitioned British India into the
two new independent dominions of India and Pakistan (including what is now
Bangladesh) with effect from 15 August 1947, and granted complete legislative
authority upon the respective constituent assemblies of the new countries.[19] The
Act received royal assent on 18 July 1947.
Partition and independence
Jawaharlal Nehru delivering his speech, Tryst with Destiny, on the eve of India's
first independence day.

Millions of Muslim, Sikh and Hindu refugees trekked the newly drawn borders in the
months surrounding independence.[20] In Punjab, where the borders divided the Sikh
regions in halves, massive bloodshed followed; in Bengal and Bihar, where Mahatma
Gandhi's presence assuaged communal tempers, the violence was mitigated. In all,
between 250,000 and 1,000,000 people on both sides of the new borders died in the
violence.[21] While the entire nation was celebrating the Independence Day, Gandhi
stayed in Calcutta in an attempt to stem the carnage.[22] On 14 August 1947, the
Independence Day of Pakistan, the new Dominion of Pakistan came into being;
Muhammad Ali Jinnah was sworn in as its first Governor General in Karachi.

The Constituent Assembly of India met for its fifth session at 11 pm on 14 August
in the Constitution Hall in New Delhi.[23] The session was chaired by the president
Rajendra Prasad. In this session, Jawaharlal Nehru delivered the Tryst with Destiny
speech proclaiming India's independence.

Long years ago we made a tryst with destiny, and now the time comes when we
shall redeem our pledge, not wholly or in full measure, but very substantially. At
the stroke of the midnight hour, when the world sleeps, India will awake to life
and freedom. A moment comes, which comes but rarely in history when we step out
from the old to the new when an age ends, and when the soul of a nation, long
suppressed, finds utterance. It is fitting that at this solemn moment, we take the
pledge of dedication to the service of India and her people and to the still larger
cause of humanity.
— Tryst with Destiny speech, Jawaharlal Nehru, 15 August 1947[24]

The members of the Assembly formally took the pledge of being in the service of the
country. A group of women, representing the women of India, formally presented the
national flag to the assembly.

The Dominion of India became an independent country as official ceremonies took

place in New Delhi. Nehru assumed office as the first prime minister, and the
viceroy, Lord Mountbatten, continued as its first governor general.[25]: 
6  Gandhi's
name was invoked by crowds celebrating the occasion; Gandhi himself however took no
part in the official events. Instead, he marked the day with a 24-hour fast, during
which he spoke to a crowd in Calcutta, encouraging peace between Hindus and
Muslims.[25]: 
10 
Celebration

08.30 am. Swearing in of governor general and ministers at

Government House
 09.40 am. Procession of ministers to Constituent Assembly
09.50 am. State drive to Constituent Assembly
09.55 am. Royal salute to governor general
10.30 am. Hoisting of national flag at Constituent Assembly
10.35 am. State drive to Government House
06.00 pm. Flag ceremony at India Gate
07.00 pm. Illuminations
07.45 pm. Fireworks display
08.45 pm. Official dinner at Government House
10.15 pm. Reception at Government office.

The day's programme for 15 August 1947[25]: 

7 

Armed forces saluting the national flag

Parade on independence day
Motor cycle stunts on Independence day
Prime Minister Narendra Modi addressing the Nation on the occasion of 74th
Independence Day from the ramparts of Red Fort, in Delhi on August 15, 2020.

Independence Day, one of the three National holidays in India (the other two being
the Republic Day on 26 January and Mahatma Gandhi's birthday on 2 October), is
observed in all Indian states and union territories. On the eve of Independence
Day, the President of India delivers the "Address to the Nation". On 15 August, the
Prime Minister hoists the Indian flag on the ramparts of the historical site of Red
Fort in Delhi.[1] In his speech, the Prime Minister highlights the past year's
achievements, raises important issues and calls for further development. He pays
tribute to the leaders of the Indian independence movement. The Indian national
anthem, "Jana Gana Mana", is sung. The speech is followed by a march past of
divisions of the Indian Armed Forces and paramilitary forces. Parades and pageants
showcase scenes from the independence struggle and India's diverse cultural
traditions. Similar events take place in state capitals where the Chief Ministers
of individual states unfurl the national flag, followed by parades and pageants.
[26][27] Until 1973, the Governor of the State hoisted the National Flag at the
State capital. In February 1974, the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, M. Karunanidhi
took up the issue with then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi that the Chief Ministers,
like the Prime Minister, should be allowed to hoist the national flag on
Independence Day. Since 1974, Chief Ministers of the respective states have been
allowed to hoist the national flag on Independence Day.[28][29]

Flag hoisting ceremonies and cultural programmes take place in governmental and
non-governmental institutions throughout the country.[30] Schools and colleges
conduct flag hoisting ceremonies and various cultural events. Governmental and non-
governmental institutions decorate their premises with paper, balloon decorations
with hangings of freedom fighter portraits on their walls and major government
buildings are often adorned with strings of lights.[31] In Delhi and some other
cities, kite flying adds to the occasion.[32][33] National flags of different sizes
are used abundantly to symbolise allegiance to the country.[34] Citizens adorn
their clothing, wristbands, cars, household accessories with replicas of the tri-
colour.[34] Over a period of time, the celebration has changed emphasis from
nationalism to a broader celebration of all things India.[35][36]

The Indian diaspora celebrates Independence Day around the world with parades and
pageants, particularly in regions with higher concentrations of Indian immigrants.
[37] In some locations, such as New York and other US cities, 15 August has become
"India Day" among the diaspora and the local populace. Pageants celebrate "India
Day" either on 15 August or an adjoining weekend day.[38]
Security threats
As early as three years after independence, the Naga National Council called for a
boycott of Independence Day in northeast India.[39] Separatist protests in this
region intensified in the 1980s; calls for boycotts and terrorist attacks by
insurgent organisations such as the United Liberation Front of Assam and the
National Democratic Front of Bodoland, marred celebrations.[40] With increasing
insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir from the late 1980s,[41] separatist protesters
boycotted Independence Day there with bandh (strikes), use of black flags and by
flag burning.[42][43][44] Terrorist groups such as Lashkar-e-Taiba, the Hizbul
Mujahideen and the Jaish-e-Mohammed have issued threats, and have carried out
attacks around Independence Day.[45] Boycotting of the celebration has also been
advocated by insurgent Maoist rebel organisations.[46][47]

In the anticipation of terrorist attacks, particularly from militants, security

measures are intensified, especially in major cities such as Delhi and Mumbai and
in troubled states such as Jammu and Kashmir.[48][49] The airspace around the Red
Fort is declared a no-fly zone to prevent aerial attacks[50] and additional police
forces are deployed in other cities.[51]
In popular culture

On Independence Day and Republic Day, patriotic songs in regional languages are
broadcast on television and radio channels.[52] They are also played alongside flag
hoisting ceremonies.[52] Patriotic films are broadcast.[30] Over the decades,
according to The Times of India, the number of such films broadcast has decreased
as channels report that audiences are oversaturated with patriotic films.[53] The
population belonging to Generation Y often combine nationalism with popular culture
during the celebrations. This mixture is exemplified by outfits and savouries dyed
with the tricolour and garments that represent India's various cultural traditions.
[35][54] Shops often offer Independence Day sales promotions.[55][56] Some news
reports have decried the commercialism.[55][57][58] Indian Postal Service publishes
commemorative stamps depicting independence movement leaders, nationalistic themes
and defence-related themes on 15 August.[59]

Independence and partition inspired literary and other artistic creations.[60] Such
creations mostly describe the human cost of partition, limiting the holiday to a
small part of their narrative.[61][62] Salman Rushdie's novel Midnight's Children
(1980), which won the Booker Prize and the Booker of Bookers, wove its narrative
around children born at midnight of 14–15 August 1947 with magical abilities.[62]
Freedom at Midnight (1975) is a non-fiction work by Larry Collins and Dominique
Lapierre that chronicled the events surrounding the first Independence Day
celebrations in 1947. Few films centre on the moment of independence,[63][64][65]
instead highlighting the circumstances of partition and its aftermath.[63][66][67]
On the Internet, Google has been commemorating Independence Day of India since 2003
with a special doodle on its Indian homepage.[68]
See also

flagIndia portal iconHolidays portal

Partition Horrors Remembrance Day

History of India
75th Year of Independence Day of India

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