Unit QUESTION What are you afraid of? lS Discuss these questions with your classmates. Do you easily become afraid? Whiat do you do to stay safe? Look at the photo. Are you afraid of spiders? © Discuss the Unit Question above with your classmates. © Usten to The @cioss0m, Track 14 on CD2,toheer other answers. 183LINA FHL M3IAIdd 184 @ For each statement, mark an X on the line according to how you feel. Then compare your answers in a group. |. The world is a dangerous place. |. lam afraid to walk alone at night. |. There are many dangerous people in the world. Strongly disagree Strongly agree | | 5. | wash my hands a lot so | don't get sick. ___ | —— 2, 3. Inever talk to people | don’t know. De! 4 ——— ee ——_— 6. The news on TVis scary. © Look at the photos. How does each photo make you feel? Write a sentence about each photo in your notebook. Then discuss the questions below with your group. 1. Did you and other members of your group write similar ideas? 2. Which photo do you fear the most? Why? 3. Which photo do you fear the least? Why? UNIT 10 | Whatare you afraid offREADING 1 | A Dangerous World? QD ior success The words affect and effect are sometimes confused, Affect (verb) means to change. éffect (noun) means the change that happens because (of something, For example: Crime affects us. The effects are fear and worty. VOCABULARY Here are some words from Reading 1. Read the sentences. Then write each bold word next to the correct definition. ‘This neighborhood has a lot of crime. Be careful! 2. 1 don't like violent movies. I don't like to see people get hurt. 3. Every day, there are many important news events in the world However, our focus is often on movie stars or other famous people 4. We saw a scary movie last night. I was so afraid I couldn't sleep! 5. News websites usually report on news events more quickly than newspapers or TV news. 6. Cats are very common in this country. Many families own one. 7, Smoking can affect your health, It can make you sick. 8 Most people agree that eating a lot of fast food can have a negative effect on your health. a _____ (adjective) bad; not positive or good b. (adjective) making you feel afraid c (noun) something that someone does that is against the law 4. (noun) the center of attention or interest (adjective) strong and dangerous; can hurt you eo (adjective) happening often or found in many places _ g __________ (verb) to make something or someone change ina particular way, especially in a bad way (verb) to give people information about something that happened | Reading and Writing 185PREVIEW READING 1 This is a magazine article that discusses interesting facts about crime and ctime reporting over the past 15 years. ‘Skim the chart. What does it tell you about crime from 1992 to 2007? Check (7) your answer. C1 It’s gone up. sy £02 ©) Sacrs Read the article. C It’s gone down. iN PST oun 11S erime increasing in your town or city? In many places, crime rates are going down. The truth is that crime rates are much lower today than 50 years ago. However, most people believe that crime rates are increasing. They think that violent crime happens in their towns and cities all the time. What makes people afraid? 2 Any day of the week, you can turn on the television and see a crime dramat. The first story on the evening news is usually a story about violent crime. On some news shows, over 40 percent of the news stories are about crime. Why is there such a focus on crime? It is because scary shows and news programs are popular. Does TV give people a true picture of the world? 3 No, Television does not give people a true idea of the level of danger in the world, Here is an interesting example. Between 1992 and 2007, the rate of violent crime went down in Canada. However, a study showed that during that time, news stories about violent crime increased from 10 to * drama: a play for the theater, radio, or television 186 UNIT 10 | Whatare you afraid of 25 percent. One year, almost 25 percent of the stories the Canadian news reported were about gun crime, but only 3.3 percent of violent crime that year was gun crime. Violent Crimes in Canada, 1962 to 2007 ag ree a. MH rate per 100,000 population ery td TEN ee | ane Source: Statistics Canada Television's focus on crime gives people the wrong idea. People believe there is more crime than there really is. They think violent crime is common. aesWhat are the effects of this exaggerated? focus on violent crime? 4 Iaffects people's tives in a negative Way. This focus on violent crime results in increased feelings of fear. In order to protect themselves, some people avoid going out, They do not talk to their neighbors. As a result, they know and trust fewer people. They have fewer friends. This increases their fear about the dangers in the world. 5 Fear of crime can also affect people's health, Many parents keep their children > exaggerated: bigger or worse than it really is MAIN IDEAS inside their homes. They believe the world outside is too dangerous. The children watch more television and don’t walk, run, or play sports outside. They become less healthy. This is true for older adults too. Television's focus on crime makes us believe the world is a scarier place than it is. It makes Us lonelier and less happy and healthy. Facts show that we should learn to worry less. It's 00d to be careful and stay safe, but the world around us is actually safer than we think. Circle the answer that best completes each statement according to Reading 1. 1. The crime rate is a. going up b. going down in many places. 2. Most people think the crime rate is a. going up b. going down 3. Canadian television news made people believe that the crime rate was___. a. going up b. going down 4, Television’s focus on crime affects people a. in positive ways b. in negative ways | Reading and Writing 187DETAILS Circle the answer that best completes each statement according to Reading 1. 1. On some news shows, a. more than 50 percent b, more than 40 percent ¢. about 54 percent of the stories are about crime. 2. News stations report stories about crime because a. the news stories are popular b. the news stories make us afraid ¢. there is no other news 3. Between 1992 and 2007, 25 percent. a. violent crime in Canada increased from about 10 to b. stories about violent crime . gun crime 4. The article does NOT say that television’s focus on crime affects a. people's ideas of the world b. health © marriage rates 5. Fear of crime can affect children’s health because they a. stay inside and don’t play sports b. feel nervous all the time ¢. eat more in order to feel safe QQ War do You THink? Discuss the questions in a group. Then choose one question and write two or three sentences about it in your notebook. 1. Do you watch the news on TV? Do you read the news online or ina newspaper? Tell your group where you get the news and why (or why you don't get the news). 2. Do you think crime is going up or going down where you live? Explain your answer, 3. Are there differences in opinion between group members who watch the news on TV and those who read the news? Is the reason similar to what the article says: People believe there is more crime than there really is? 188 UNIT 10 | What are you afraid of?A supporting sentence or detail in a text is usually either a fact or an opinion. Knowing the difference between a fact and an opinion is important for a reader. It can help you decide the purpose of a text and judge how well the author supports the ideas in the text. Facts are things that you know happened or are true, Opinions are what you think or feel about something, Here are some common words that tell you a statement is an opinion and not a fact. + The verbs think and believe. [ I think violent movies are scary. Some people believe violent movies cause more crime. + The helping verb should, (Should goes before another verb. You use should to tell someone what you think is or isnt a good idea.) [ Television news should report more positive news. Reporters shouldn't focus only on crime, A. Read each pair of sentences. Write F (fact) or O (opinion). 1, __a. In Canada, crime rates are going down. b. People believe crime rates are increasing. 2, __a. I think the streets are dangerous at night. b. There was a robbery on Jackson Street last night. 3, __a. Children shouldn't watch violent programs on television. b. By the age of 18, people see 200,000 violent crimes on television Many studies show that violent news stories affect people in a negative way. b. Some people believe that violent stories on the news make us more afraid. B. Read Reading 1 again. Underline all the statements of opinion that use the words think, believe, and should. | Reading and Writing 189READING 2 Can We Trust Our Fears? VOCABULARY Here are some words from Reading 2. Read their definitions. Then complete each sentence. contain (verb) to have something inside death (noun) when a life finishes | disease (noun) an illness or sickness { factor (noun) one of the things that can affect or change a decision, or a situation | fat (noun) an oil we get from the plants, seeds, and animals we eat | frighten (verb) to make someone feel afraid * harm (verb) to hurt or damage someone or something " pleasure (noun) the feeling of being happy or enjoying something | reasonable (adjective) fair or ight in a particular situation 1. My horse is big and strong, but he never tries to anyone. 2. Stress is one that can affect your health. Food is another. 3. Iwas sorry to hear about the __ of your father. He was a wonderful man. 4. That’sa plan. I'm sure it will work out well. 5. Scary movies really me! 6. The white part of the meat is 1 cut it off and don't eat it because it’s not healthy. 7. My neighbor has a serious . Heis in the hospital. 8. Ilove to go to nice restaurants. Eating there is a great for me. 9. Our bodies a lot of water—over 50 percent, in fact, is water, 190 UNIT 10 | What are you afraid of?PREVIEW READING 2 This is an online article about common fears and how these fears often don’t make any sense. Which are you more afraid of: riding in a car or ri 02 Trackié Read the article. Are you more afraid of bird flu’ or the common flu? Which frightens you more, mad cow disease? or heart disease*? Fear is a natural human feeling. The purpose of fear is to protect us from things that harm us. However, we can't always trust our fears. Sometimes we are afraid of things that are not likely to happen. Many people think bird flu is very dangerous, but we don't worry about the common fiu. Only 256 people died of the bird flu between 2003 and 2009. However, every year 250,000 to 500,000 people die from the common flu. Many people are not afraid to eat unhealthy foods, but we're afraid of getting mad cow disease from beet. In fact, we are much more likely to get heart disease than mad cow disease. Heart disease is the number-one cause of death in the world. In 2005 alone, 17.5 milion people died of heart disease. Fewer than 300 people, however, ever died of mad cow * bid flu: an illness humans can get from birds common flu: an illness many people get every year Smad cow disease: an illness that kills cows and can Kill people who eat beef from sick cows ing on an airplane? Discuss your answer with your classmates. disease. Why are we more afraid of things that are not really dangerous? There are a few different factors. ‘We are more likly o get heart disease than mad cow disease FirSt of all, when something is familiar to us or common in our experience, we fear it less. For example, most of us get the common flu several times in our lives. However, we never get bird flu. We probably don't know anyone who had bird flu. Bird flu is unknown, so it’s scarier. ‘heart disease: any disease that causes the heart to stop. ‘working correctly | Reading and Writing 9 9 1914 Another factor is control. We are more afraid of things we cannot control, Mad cow disease is dangerous. itis very difficult to know if meat contains mad cow disease. Mad cow disease cannot be stopped by doctors. We have no control over it. Doctors can usually help people with heart disease, though. They can contro! it. And doctors believe people can fight heart disease. They say that we should exercise and eat less of some kinds of fat. We know we can control heart disease. A third possible factor is pleasure. If something gives us pleasure, we might 5 despite: although something happened or is true MAIN IDEAS continue to do it despite’ the danger. For example, maybe your mother and your grandfather had heart disease. You know that you need to eat well, but you really like food with a lot of fat. So you eat it anyway. You say, “Someday | will change the way | eat, but I'm hungry and the unhealthy food is delicious." Now, think about the things that you are afraid of. How likely are they to happen? Do you think your fears are reasonable? Think about your fears honestly, and you might be surprised. You may find out that you are living with unnecessary fears, A. Circle the answer that best completes each statement according to Reading 2. 1, Things that are a. familiar b. unfamiliar 2. We often fear things that we have a. no control b. complete control 3. Our fears are a. usually right b. sometimes wrong frighten us more. over. 4. We often do things that may hurt us because we a. enjoy them b. don't believe they are bad 192 UNIT10 | What are you afraid of?DETAILS A. Are these statements true or false according to Reading 2? Write T (true) or F (false). Heart disease is the number-one cause of death in the world. 2. From 2003 to 2009, bird flu killed 256 people. 3. Every year, up to halfa million people die from the common flu. 4. More than 17 million people died of mad cow disease in 2005. 5. Bird flu is less familiar than the common flu. 6. Weare usually afraid of things that we know well. B. Reading 2 discusses both facts about people and people's opinions. Scan the reading to find two more facts about people and two more opinions that people have about illness and fear. Facts 1. _Every year, 250.000 to 500.000 people die from the common fix 2, 3r Opinions 1. _Many people think bird fluis very dangerous. 2. & E Wuat Do You THINK? A. Discuss the questions in a group. 1. What are you afraid of? List four things in your notebook. Then read your list to your group. Do you and other members of your group have similar fears? 2. Are your fears things that are unknown? Are they things you have no control over? Are you afraid of things that are not likely to happen? | Reading and Writing 1933. Choose one reasonable fear and one unreasonable fear from Steps 1 and 2. ‘Write about each kind of fear. A reasonable fear: ‘Why is it reasonable? (Explain the danger.)___ An unreasonable fear: Why is it unreasonable? Why are you afraid of it anyway? __ B. Think about both Reading 1 and Reading 2 as you discuss the questions. 1. In Reading 1 and Reading 2, you read that people sometimes fear things unnecessarily. What do you think people should be afraid of? 2. Which fears do you think are unreasonable? Explain your answer. Word families red A word family is a group of words that come from the same word. The bold words in the sentences are members of the same word family. Notice that. they are each a different part of speech. Some people spend a lot of money on home protection. (noun) They want to protect their homes from criminals. (verb) They buy protective alarm systems for their homes. (adjective) ‘This chart shows two word families. Noun Verb” Adjective’ familiarity familiarize familiar familiarly pleasure please pleasant pleasantly When you learn a new word, also try to learn the other members of the word family. Learning word families can help build your vocabulary more quickly. 194 UNIT10 | Whatare you afraid of?‘A. Complete the chart. Use your dictionary to help you. 1. fear fear fearful fearfully 2. violence $ 3 | believable 6. safety B. Complete each sentence with a word from the chart in Activity A. 1. We ofien____ the things we can't control. 2. We feel in this neighborhood. We often go out at night to visit our neighbors. 3. The man hit the wall He was very angry. 4, ‘The news reports a lot of gun , but most crime isn't gun crime. 5. You may be in if you travel alone at night. 6. I’m not afraid when Susan drives because she drives very 7. Being afraid of the dark is a common | Reading and Writing 195.196 BUY RIL eu however 1S ‘The word however introduces an idea that is different from the idea in the sentence before it. It contrasts with the idea before it. However is similar in meaning to the word but. [ Myneighborhood is dangerous, but it has many nice qualities. LL My neighborhood is dangerous. However, it has many nice qualities. But is a conjunction. It connects two sentences into one. However is a transition. It links a sentence to the one before it. + However usually comes at the beginning of the second sentence. Use a comma after however. [Crime rates are going down. However, most people think there is more crime, When you want the focus of the sentence to be about the subject, you can put however after the subject. Put commas before and after it Crime rates are going down. Most people, however, think the world is more dangerous. + When the contrast is less important, you can also put however at the end of the sentence. Place a comma before it. Crime rates are going down. Most people think there is more crime, however. A. Connect the sentences with but and however. Pay attention to punctuation (commas and periods). Violent crime frightens us. We are more likely to die in a car. a. Violent crime frightens us, but we are more likely to die inacar ne frightens us, However, we are more likely to die i acar. 2. We like to watch violent TV shows. Violence makes us anxious. UNIT 10 | What are you afraid of?3. Tam more likely to die in a car accident. I fear an airplane crash more. a b. 4. Women fear crime more than men Crime happens more often to men. a b. 5. Most crimes are not violent. Television focuses on the unusual and violent crimes. a. b. B. Rewrite the sentences from Activity A with however. This time, write however in a different place in the sentence. woe | Reading and Writing 197| Grammar'al:Comparative adjectives? IS 198 ‘We use comparative adjectives to compare two people, places, things, or ideas. [ Crime is high in my neighborhood. Crime is higher in yours. Im afraid of getting the flu. > My sisteris more afraid, Here are some rules to help you form comparative adjectives correctly. + Add -er to one-syllable adjectives. (A syllable is a part of a word with a vowel sound, One-syllable words have one vowel sound.) Add -r when the adjective ends in C high > higher late > later + When the one-syllable adjective ends in consonant + vowel + consonant, double the last consonant and add -er. C big > bigger hot > hotter + Do not double the consonant when the adjective ends in -W, -x, of -y. C low > lower gray > grayer For two-syllable adjectives that end in -y, drop the -y and add -ier. CL scary > scatier crazy > crazier For most other adjectives with two or more syllables, use more + adjective. C fearful > more fearful frightening > more frightening + Use comparative adjective + than in sentences comparing two things. [ My neighborhood is safer than your neighborhood. Your neighborhood is more dangerous than my neighborhood. Note: The words good and bad are irregular. [good > better bad > worse UNIT 10 | What are you afraid of?A. Complete the chart with the comparative form of each adjective. bid taeall ehh peckehiicoarircseecomeel 1. afraid more afraid 7. reasonable 8. safe i 9. smart 10. violent B. Write sentences using the words and phrases. Use the comparative forms of the adjectives and than. 1. heart disease / mad cow disease / common. cow disea e. “Heart disease is more common than 2. I believe / flying / driving / dangerous in 2007 / the crime rate in Canada 15 years 4. the crime rate in Canada i before / low | Reading and Writing 199able fear | @) In this assignment, you are going to write one or more paragraphs about Q an unreasonable fear that you have or that you know about. Why is it unreasonable and how can you avoid the fear? As you prepare your Paragraphs), think about the Unit Question, "What are you afraid of?” and refer to the Self-Assessment checklist on page 202. For alternative unit assignments, see the Q: Skills for Success Teacher's Handbook. PLAN AND WRITE A. ERXEADEEGEL Think of fears that you feel are unreasonable. Write four fears in the chart. Then tell why they are unreasonable. Fear Why It’s Unreasonable only 1 in 11 million chance of dying ina fiying on an airplane ne rP! —— + plane crash 200 UNIT 10 | What are you afraid ofQD iticar thinking Activity 8 helps you develop your Ideas before you write, Developing your ideas lets you think them through ‘and make them more complete, This will make your writing stronger. Your Writing Process For this activity, you could also use Stage 2A, Peer Reviewin Online Proctce B. EIEM Choose one fear from your chart in Activity A. Complete the activities. Write in your notebook. 1. Write a topic sentence. Use this sentence or write your own: is an unreasonable fear because 2. Explain the fear you chose and why you or people fear it. 3. Tell why it is unreasonable and how you can avoid that fear. 4, Write a concluding sentence. C. [UL Write your paragraph(s). Look at the Self-Assessment checklist ‘on page 202 to guide your writing. REVISE AND EDIT - A. PERRET Read a partner's paragraph(s). Answer the questions and discuss them with your partner. 1. Does each paragraph have a topic sentence? Write TS next to the topic sentences. Are there supporting sentences? Write SS next to each supporting sentence. Did the writer explain the fear? Did the writer explain why the fear is unreasonable? 2s 3. 4, 5. Is there something you don’t understand? Write a question mark (2) in the margin. [ESI Review the answers to the questions in Activity A. You may want to revise and rewrite your paragraph(s). | Reading and Writing 201Der success C. ERIE Complete the Self-Assessment checklist as you prepare to write When you revise the final draft of your paragraphis). Be prepared to hand in your work oe wines look for, or discuss it in class. ‘ways to make your Catan oe = — see Ee only the important G | O | Isthe first line of each paragraph indented? 3 1 [Does every sentence begin witha capital letter? a Does every sentence have final punctuation? a! O | Does every sentence have a subject and a verb? 5] D1 | Does every subject and verb agree? ojo 1 | Is the spelling corect? Check a dictionary if you are not sure. “C1! Gi! Does the paragraph have vocabulary words from the unit? |G | Are the comparative adjectives correct? Cl | G1! Istheuse of however correct? 202 UNIT 10 | Whatare you afraid of?Track Your Success Circle the words you learned in this unit. | Nouns Verbs Adjectives | crime & affect @ Os common & | death & contain & negative @ O78 | disease 2 frighten & reasonable & | | factor 12 harm & scary | fae report & violent & | | focaseam pleasure & | & Oxlord 2000 keywords ITB Academic Word List Check (V) the skills you learned. If you need more work on a skill, refer to the page(s) in parentheses. READING __ | canidentify facts and opinions. (p. 189) VOCABULARY __Icanrecognizé and use word families. (p. 194) WRITING __ I can contrast ideas with however. (p. 196) GRAMMAR _ I can recognize and use-comparative adjectives. (p. 198) | Reading and Writing 203