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IEEE Standard for Testing and

STANDARDS
Performance for All-Dielectric
Self-Supporting (ADSS) Fiber Optic
Cable for Use on Electric Utility
Power Lines

IEEE Power and Energy Society

Developed by the
Power System Communications and Cybersecurity Committee

IEEE Std 1222™-2019

(Revision to IEEE Std 1222-2011)

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IEEE Std 1222™-2019

(Revision of IEEE Std 1222-2011)

IEEE Standard for Testing and

Performance for All-Dielectric
Self-Supporting (ADSS) Fiber Optic
Cable for Use on Electric Utility
Power Lines

Developed by the

Power System Communications and Cybersecurity Committee

of the
IEEE Power and Energy Society

Approved 7 November 2019

IEEE-SA Standards Board

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Abstract: The construction, mechanical, electrical, and optical performance, installation

guidelines, acceptance criteria, test requirements, environmental considerations, and accessories
for a nonmetallic, all-dielectric self-supporting (ADSS) fiber optic cable are covered by this
standard. The ADSS cable is designed to be located primarily on overhead utility facilities.

Keywords: ADSS, all-dielectric self-supporting fiber optic cable, IEEE 1222™, overhead utility

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

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Copyright © 2020 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

All rights reserved. Published 31 March 2020. Printed in the United States of America.

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PDF: ISBN 978-1-5044-6333-1 STD23992

Print: ISBN 978-1-5044-6334-8 STDPD23992

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Participants
At the time this IEEE standard was completed, the Fiber Optics Standards Working Group had the
following membership:

William Byrd, Chair

Corrine Dimnik, Vice Chair

Gregory Bennett Zeya Huang Mike Riddle

Chitrangad Bhatnagar John Jones James Ryan
Mark Boxer Delavar Khomarlou Bret Sanders
Brett Boles Mike Kinard Tewfik Schehade
Jon Brasher Bob Kluge Tarlochan Singh
Jianfei Chen Khoa Lu Dan Stanton
Airbar Claudio Josep Martin-Regalado Monty Tuominen
Trisha Crawford Sarah Mazzotta Nathan Wallace
Patrick Dobbins D. J. Moreau Dong Wang
Jim Hartpence Mark Naylor Jeff Wang
Austin Farmer John Olenik Mike Warntjes
Bruce Freimark Kunhal Parikh Jaclyn Whitehead
Denise Frey John Potter Juan Zhou
Rabih Ghossein Tao Zhou

The following members of the individual balloting committee voted on this standard. Balloters may have
voted for approval, disapproval, or abstention.

Michael Bayer Jalal Gohari Mark Naylor

Gregory Bennett Edwin Goodwin Paul Neveux
Robert Bratton Randall Groves Lorraine Padden
Gustavo Brunello Jeffrey Helzer Bansi Patel
Demetrio Bucaneg Jr. Jay Herman Christopher Petrola
William Byrd Werner Hoelzl Percy Pool
Robert Christman Magdi Ishac Charles Rogers
Corrine Dimnik Delavar Khomarlou James Ryan
Michael Dood Paul Knapp Bartien Sayogo
Ernest Duckworth Jim Kulchisky Dennis Schlender
Donald Dunn Chung-Yiu Lam Jerry Smith
Kenneth Fodero Lawrenc Long Gary Stoedter
Denise Frey Arturo Maldonado David Tepen
Michael Garrels Josep Martin-Regalado Mark Tirio
George Gela William McBride John Vergis
Rabih Ghossein Jerry Murphy Kenneth White
Waymon Goch R. Murphy Jaclyn Whitehead

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When the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this standard on 7 November 2019, it had the following
membership:

Gary Hoffman, Chair

Ted Burse, Vice Chair
Jean-Philippe Faure, Past Chair
Konstantinos Karachalios, Secretary

Masayuki Ariyoshi David J. Law Annette D. Reilly

Stephen D. Dukes Joseph Levy Dorothy Stanley
J. Travis Griffith Howard Li Sha Wei
Guido Hiertz Xiaohui Liu Phil Wennblom
Christel Hunter Kevin Lu Philip Winston
Joseph L. Koepfinger* Daleep Mohla Howard Wolfman
Thomas Koshy Andrew Myles Feng Wu
John D. Kulick Jingyi Zhou

*Member Emeritus

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Introduction

This introduction is not part of IEEE Std 1222-2019, IEEE Standard for Testing and Performance for All-Dielectric
Self-Supporting (ADSS) Fiber Optic Cable for Use on Electric Utility Power Lines.

This standard was first published in 2004 and updated in 2011. It is used worldwide to purchase and specify
the performance of all-dielectric self-supporting (ADSS) cables. The original purpose of the standard was
written to fill a need for standardization of terminology, performance, and test requirements for ADSS
cables.

The original title was “IEEE Standard for All-Dielectric Self-Supporting Fiber Optic Cable.” Over the
years, the document has been used primarily as a test standard. To better reflect how the standard is
presently used, the title previously changed to “IEEE Standard for Testing and Performance for All-
Dielectric Self-Supporting Fiber Optic (ADSS) Cable for Use on Electric Utility Power Lines.”

This revised standard documents the collective experience gained by the industry since the updated
publication of the standard in 2011. Changes have been made in the following areas:

 Functional requirements
 Test requirements

Additional requirements related to ADSS Cable Hardware and Cable/Hardware Compatibility are
addressed in IEEE Std 1591.2 [B10]. 1

1
The numbers in brackets correspond to those of the bibliography in Annex F.

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Contents

1. Overview .................................................................................................................................................. 10
1.1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................. 10
1.2 Purpose .............................................................................................................................................. 10

2. Normative references................................................................................................................................ 10

3. Definitions, acronyms, and abbreviations ................................................................................................ 12

3.1 General definitions ............................................................................................................................ 12
3.2 Electrical definitions .......................................................................................................................... 12
3.3 Acronyms and abbreviations ............................................................................................................. 13

4. ADSS cable and components ................................................................................................................... 14

4.1 Descriptions ....................................................................................................................................... 14
4.2 Fiber optic cable core......................................................................................................................... 14
4.3 Optical fibers ..................................................................................................................................... 15
4.4 Buffer construction ............................................................................................................................ 15
4.5 Color coding and performance .......................................................................................................... 15
4.6 Jackets................................................................................................................................................ 15

5. ADSS application requirements and recommendations ........................................................................... 16

5.1 Cable design characteristics ............................................................................................................... 16
5.2 Mechanical requirements ................................................................................................................... 17
5.3 On-site optical acceptance testing...................................................................................................... 17
5.4 Environmental pollution .................................................................................................................... 18
5.5 Low-pollution installation sites ......................................................................................................... 18
5.6 Installation ......................................................................................................................................... 19
5.7 Hardware ........................................................................................................................................... 19
5.8 Packaging .......................................................................................................................................... 19
5.9 Electrical requirements (electric fields, corona, pollution) ................................................................ 20

6. Test and requirements............................................................................................................................... 21

6.1 Classification of tests ......................................................................................................................... 21
6.2 Procedure for optical measurements and fiber preparation................................................................ 22
6.3 Retesting ............................................................................................................................................ 24
6.4 Optical acceptance test ...................................................................................................................... 24
6.5 Qualification tests .............................................................................................................................. 24

Annex A (informative) Comments on electrical revision ............................................................................. 37

Annex B (informative) Space potential and electrical fields ........................................................................ 38

B.1 Minimizing electric fields using space potential calculations (parallel case).................................... 38
B.2 Electric fields in non-parallel cases................................................................................................... 39

Annex C (informative) Corona ..................................................................................................................... 42

Annex D (informative) An overview of pollution model and electrical tests ............................................... 43

Annex E (informative) Dry band arcing test procedure................................................................................ 47

Annex F (informative) Bibliography ............................................................................................................ 49

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IEEE Standard for Testing and

Performance for All-Dielectric
Self-Supporting (ADSS) Fiber Optic
Cable for Use on Electric Utility
Power Lines

1. Overview

1.1 Scope

This standard covers the construction, mechanical, electrical, and optical performance, installation
guidelines, acceptance criteria, test requirements, environmental considerations, and accessories for a
nonmetallic, all-dielectric self-supporting (ADSS) fiber optic cable. The ADSS cable is designed to be
located primarily on overhead utility facilities.

1.2 Purpose

This standard provides both construction and performance requirements for maintenance of the proper
optical fiber integrity and optical transmission capabilities of ADSS cable.

This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport
to address all of the safety issues associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard
to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations
prior to use.

2. Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document (i.e., they must
be understood and used, so each referenced document is cited in text and its relationship to this document is
explained). For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of
the referenced document (including any amendments or corrigenda) applies.

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IEEE Std 1222-2019

IEEE Standard for Testing and Performance for All-Dielectric Self-Supporting (ADSS) Fiber Optic Cable
for Use on Electric Utility Power Lines

ASTM D1603, Standard Test Method for Carbon Black Content in Olefin Plastics. 2

EIA/TIA-598, Optical Fiber Cable Color Coding. 3

IEC 60793-2-10, Optical fibres—Part 2-10: Product specifications—Sectional specification for category A1
multimode fibres. 4

IEC 60793-2-50, Optical fibres—Part 2-50: Product specifications—Sectional specification for class B single-
mode fibres.

IEC 60794-1-21, Optical fibre cables—Part 1-21: Generic specification—Basic optical cable test
procedures—Mechanical tests methods.

IEC 60794-1-22, Optical fibre cables—Part 1-22: Generic specification—Basic optical cable test
procedures—Environmental test methods.

IEC 61395, Overhead electrical conductors—Creep test procedures for stranded conductors.

TIA-455-3, FOTP-3 Procedures to Measure Temperature Cycling Effects on Optical Fiber Units, Optical
Cable, and Other Passive Fiber Components. 5

TIA-455-25, FOTP-25 Impact Testing of Optical Fiber Cables.

TIA-455-33, FOTP-33 Optical Fiber Cable Tensile Loading and Bending Test.

TIA-455-41, FOTP-41 Compressive Loading Resistance of Optical Fiber Cables.

TIA-455-78, FOTP-78 IEC 60793-1-40 Optical Fibres—Part 1-40: Measurement Methods and Test
Procedures—Attenuation.

TIA-455-81, FOTP-81 Compound Flow (Drip) Test for Filled Fiber Optic Cable.

TIA-455-82, FOTP 82-B Fluid Penetration Test for Fluid-Blocked Fiber Optic Cable.

TIA-455-85, FOTP-85 Fiber Optic Cable Twist Test.

TIA-455-104, FOTP-104 Fiber Optic Cable Cyclic Flexing Test.

TIA-455-244, FOTP-244 Methods for Measuring the Change in Transmittance of Optical Fibers in
Expressed Buffer Tubes When Subjected to Temperature Cycling.

2
ASTM publications are available from the American Society for Testing and Materials (https://www.astm.org/).
3
EIA/TIA publications are available from Global Engineering Documents (https://global.ihs.com/).
4
IEC publications are available from the International Electrotechnical Commission (https://www.iec.ch) and the American National
Standards Institute (https://www.ansi.org/).
5
TIA publications are available from the Telecommunications Industry Association (https://www.global.ihs.com).

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IEEE Std 1222-2019

IEEE Standard for Testing and Performance for All-Dielectric Self-Supporting (ADSS) Fiber Optic Cable
for Use on Electric Utility Power Lines

3. Definitions, acronyms, and abbreviations

For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. The IEEE Standards
Dictionary Online should be consulted for terms not defined in this clause.6

3.1 General definitions

breaking strength: The maximum tensile load that the cable shall withstand without mechanical failure.
The maximum rated cable load is typically less than 60% of the breaking strength. The breaking strength
should be calculated. The design model shall be validated; the cables do not need to be tested to their
breaking strength. Syn: breaking tension.

breaking tension: See: breaking strength.

everyday tension (EDT): The final tension with no ice and no wind at the average annual mean
temperature throughout the year. This temperature is assumed as 16 °C (60 °F). This number is often used
in specifying motion control devices such as vibration dampers.

hardware: Attachments or fittings that are in direct contact with the cable.

maximum installation tension (MIT): The initial tension at which the cable is pulled during the sagging
portion of the installation process. This tension is used to achieve the appropriate installation sag defined by
the manufacturer. Syn: sagging tension.

NOTE—This is the same as the initial everyday tension when specified at 16 °C (60 °F).7

maximum rated cable load (MRCL): The maximum tensile load the cable is designed to withstand
during its lifetime. This is sometimes called the maximum rated design tension by the IEEE or the
maximum allowed tension by IEC. This is typically the load the cable is designed to take when the cable is
installed in its maximum specified span length while experiencing the maximum specified weather load.

pulling tension: See: stringing tension.

sagging tension: See: maximum installation tension.

stringing tension (STT): The tension used to pull the cable through sheaves during the stringing portion of
the installation process. This should never be greater than the sagging tension. Syn: pulling tension.

system (ADSS system): The cable and hardware described in IEEE Std 1222 that function as an integrated unit.

torque balance dielectric members: The cable strength yarns are wound in opposite directions as opposed
to a single direction to minimize cable twisting when under tension.

3.2 Electrical definitions

corona: A luminous discharge due to ionization of the air surrounding an electrode caused by a voltage
gradient exceeding a certain critical value.

NOTE—For the purpose of this standard, electrodes may be conductors, hardware, accessories, or insulators.

6
IEEE Standards Dictionary Online is available at: http://dictionary.ieee.org. An IEEE Account is required for access to the
dictionary, and one can be created at no charge on the dictionary sign-in page.
7
Notes in text, tables, and figures are given for information only and do not contain requirements needed to implement the standard.

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IEEE Std 1222-2019

IEEE Standard for Testing and Performance for All-Dielectric Self-Supporting (ADSS) Fiber Optic Cable
for Use on Electric Utility Power Lines

dry band arcing: When wet pollution on all-dielectric self-supporting cable jacket dries, high-resistance
dry bands form. Induced voltage of sufficient magnitude across dry bands produces an arc that can
potentially damage the jacket.

electric field strength: The change in space potential over a change in distance. Basic concept is E ≅
dV/ds and E is a vector that has magnitude and direction. Magnitude described in units of volts per meter
(common abbreviations are V/m, kV/m, and kV/cm). Direction may be in the form of components such as
Ex, Ey, and Ez or given by unit direction vectors (Ux, Uy, Uz).

induced voltage (Voc): In IEEE Std 1222, Voc refers to the induced voltage across a formed dry band in
the absence of an arc, often called “voltage open circuit.”

NOTE—Refer to Annex D for more information.

pollution resistance: The wet pollution resistance on all-dielectric self-supporting (ADSS) jacket surface
in ohms per meter. This parameter is used to determine currents in the wet pollution layer as well as for
computing dry band arc voltage.

NOTE 1—These currents and voltages form the basis of the test described in Annex E.

NOTE 2—ADSS cable wet pollution is normally very conductive compared to dry pollution. In general, 108 Ω/m or
less is considered conductive.

pollution index: The exponent of the wet pollution linear resistance in ohms per meter. For example, an
index of 5.7 indicates a resistance of 105.7 or 501 kΩ/m.

space potential: A level of voltage in space between energized as well as grounded objects (e.g.,
conductors of a high-voltage transmission line and tower members). The magnitude is described in units of
volts. Mathematically this is a scalar value.

surface gradient: The electric field strength on a surface. Levels near 20 kV (rms)/cm are high enough to
break down air resulting in corona.

3.3 Acronyms and abbreviations

ADSS all-dielectric self-supporting

EDT everyday tension
MAT maximum allowed tension
MIT maximum installation tension
MRCL maximum rated cable load
MRDT maximum rated design tension
SAT sagging tension
STT stringing tension

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IEEE Std 1222-2019

IEEE Standard for Testing and Performance for All-Dielectric Self-Supporting (ADSS) Fiber Optic Cable
for Use on Electric Utility Power Lines

4. ADSS cable and components

4.1 Descriptions

The ADSS cable shall consist of coated glass optical fibers grouped in one or more protective dielectric
units surrounded by or attached to suitable dielectric strength members and jackets. The cable shall not
contain metallic components. The cable shall be designed to meet the requirements under all specified
installation conditions, operating temperatures, and environmental loading.

4.2 Fiber optic cable core

The fiber optic cable core shall be all-dielectric and shall contain coated glass optical fibers that are
protected from mechanical, environmental, and electrical stresses. Materials used within the core shall be
compatible with one another, shall not degrade under the electrical stresses to which they may be exposed,
and shall not evolve hydrogen in quantities sufficient to degrade optical performance of fibers within the
cable.

4.2.1 Fiber strain allowance

The cable shall be designed such that fiber strain does not exceed the limit allowed by the cable
manufacturer under the operational design limits (MRCL) of the cable. Maximum allowable fiber strain is
generally a function of the proof test level, and the strength and fatigue parameters of the coated glass fiber.
The maximum fiber strain shall not exceed the limit specified in 6.5.1.2. The optical fiber attenuation
increase while under fiber strain shall also meet the requirements listed in 6.5.1.2.

4.2.2 Central strength element

If a central strength element is necessary, it shall be of reinforced plastic, epoxy glass, or other dielectric
material. If required, this element shall provide the necessary tensile strength to limit axial stress on the
fibers and minimize fiber buckling due to cable contraction at low temperatures. The strength element shall
also meet the stress strain fatigue requirements in 6.5.1.3.

4.2.3 Buffer tube filling compound

Loose buffer tubes shall be water-blocked with a suitable material compatible with the tubing material,
fiber coating, and coloring, to protect the optical fibers and prevent moisture ingress.

4.2.4 Cable core water blocking compound

The design of the cable may include suitable water blocking materials in the interstices to prohibit water
migration along the fiber optic cable core. The water blocking material shall be compatible with all
components with which it may come in contact.

4.2.5 Binder/tape

A binder yarn or yarns and/or a layer or layers of overlapping non-hygroscopic tape(s) may be used to hold
the cable core elements in place during application of the jacket.

14
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IEEE Std 1222-2019

IEEE Standard for Testing and Performance for All-Dielectric Self-Supporting (ADSS) Fiber Optic Cable
for Use on Electric Utility Power Lines

4.2.6 Inner jacket

A protective inner jacket or jackets of a suitable material may be applied over the fiber optic cable core,
isolating the cable core from any external strength elements and the cable outer jacket.

4.3 Optical fibers

Single-mode fibers such as dispersion-unshifted, dispersion-shifted, or non-zero dispersion shifted as well

as multimode fibers with 50/125 µm or 62.5/125 µm core/clad diameters are considered in this standard.

All single-mode fibers shall meet the requirements of IEC 60793-2-50. 8 All multimode fibers shall meet the
requirements of IEC 60793-2-10. The core and the cladding shall consist of all glass that is predominantly
silica (SiO2). The coating is usually made from one or more materials, such as acrylate, and shall protect
the fiber during manufacture, handling, and operation.

4.4 Buffer construction

The individually coated optical fiber(s) or fiber ribbon(s) may be surrounded by a tube for protection from
physical damage during fabrication, installation, and operation of the ADSS cable. Loose buffer
construction is a typical type of protection that may be used to isolate the fibers. The fiber coating shall be
strippable for splicing and termination.

4.4.1 Loose buffer

Loose buffer construction shall consist of a tube that surrounds each fiber or fiber group such that the inner
diameter of the tube is greater than the outside diameter of the fiber or fiber group. The interstices inside
and outside the tube shall contain a water blocking material.

4.5 Color coding and performance

Color coding is essential for identifying individual optical fibers and groups of optical fibers. The colors
shall be in accordance with EIA/TIA-598. The original identification of fibers and units shall remain
discernible throughout the design life of the cable when cleaned and prepared per manufacturer’s
recommendations.

4.6 Jackets

The outer jacket shall be designed to house and protect the inner elements of the cable from damage due to
moisture, sunlight, environmental, thermal, mechanical, and electrical stresses.

a) All jacket materials shall be dielectric, non-nutrient to fungus and meet the general requirements in
5.4 and 6.5.4. The jacket material may be polyethylene. The outer jacket shall contain a minimum
concentration of 2.35% furnace black (carbon black) when measured in accordance with
ASTM D1603 to provide ultraviolet shielding. The raw jacket material shall contain an antioxidant
to provide long-term stabilization.
b) The jacket shall be extruded over the underlying element and shall be of uniform diameter to
properly fit support hardware.
c) The cable jacket shall be suitable for application in electrical environments as defined in 6.5.4.

8
Information on references can be found in Clause 2.

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IEEE Std 1222-2019

IEEE Standard for Testing and Performance for All-Dielectric Self-Supporting (ADSS) Fiber Optic Cable
for Use on Electric Utility Power Lines

d) Jacket classification shall be according to the following:

1) Class A: The jacket’s electrical dry band arcing performance is at least equal to the
characteristics of the typical polyethylene material used for ADSS jackets (see 6.5.4). The
supplier shall specify the maximum space potential for proper dry band arcing performance.
2) Class B: This is a higher performance dry band arcing jacket compared to polyethylene. For
Class B jackets, the supplier shall specify the maximum space potential for proper dry band
arcing performance.
NOTE—This type of jacket is commonly referred to as a “track-resistant jacket.”

5. ADSS application requirements and recommendations

ADSS cable has the purpose of providing telecommunications capacity utilizing optical fibers. These
cables are typically co-located with high-voltage power lines. As such, an ADSS cable is required to
withstand the effects of installation and long-term in-service exposure to mechanical, electrical, and
environmental loads with no significant degradation in performance. An ADSS cable shall be made up of
optical telecommunications fibers contained in one or more protective fiber optic units combined with
torque balanced dielectric members in multiple layers.

5.1 Cable design characteristics

ADSS cable designs are dependent on the application conditions and operating environment in which they
are installed. Key characteristics that should be agreed upon between the supplier and customer are
provided in Table 1 9 and Table 2.

Table 1 —Customer-provided information

Fiber type and number of fibers
Cable design
Maximum cable span required m (ft)
Installation cable sag %
Maximum weather loading (wind, ice, etc.) CSA C22.3 [B2] (Canada) or NESC
[B1] (USA) Heavy, Medium, Light
Loading; or other load defined by the
customer (wind speed in mi/h or m/s,
ice thickness on cable in mm or in,
etc.)
For each different ADSS location, a description of the power line V, degrees, mm (in), m (ft)
geometry to include:
— line voltage, line phasing, conductor bundle configuration (conductor
diameter, number of conductors per phase, distance between
conductors within the bundle), distances between phases, and
clearances to ground; or
— the ADSS cable space potential compatibility requirement at these
locations.
Intended locations of ADSS cable in relation to the described geometries, m (ft)
or the ADSS cable space potential compatibility requirement at these
locations. kV
Maximum vertical or horizontal cable sag allowed during the maximum m (ft)
weather loading. This may be important for clearance considerations.
Pollution environment the ADSS cable may be exposed (see 6.5.4). It is
important that the customer provide this information if the cable exposed
to a pollution environment.

9
The numbers in brackets correspond to those of the bibliography in Annex F.

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IEEE Std 1222-2019

IEEE Standard for Testing and Performance for All-Dielectric Self-Supporting (ADSS) Fiber Optic Cable
for Use on Electric Utility Power Lines

Table 2 —Supplier-provided information (based on information from Table 1)

Cable diameter and unit weight mm (in), kg/km (lb/kf)
MRCL (maximum rated cable load) designed for the above maximum N (lbf)
weather loading at the maximum specified span and installation sag
Installation tension and sag at different span lengths N (lbf) tension and m (ft), sag%
Maximum vertical and horizontal sag at the maximum weather loading at m (ft)
different span lengths
Maximum span length for specified loading criteria m (ft)
Maximum cable space potential value shall be compatible with the kV
calculated space potential based on the customer-provided transmission
line voltage, cable placement location, and any environmental pollution
exposure.

If the customer does not provide the information listed in Table 1, they shall take into consideration the
supplier’s cable performance information/specifications to determine compatible installation conditions.

5.2 Mechanical requirements

5.2.1 Sag and tension performance

The following are recommended as minimum sag and tension criteria when designing and installing ADSS
cable:

a) The ADSS cable sag should be specified by the customer to meet ground or conductor clearances.
The installation sag shall be specified along with any maximum sag requirements at the maximum
weather load. ADSS performs differently from optical ground wire (OPGW) or metal conductors
and therefore both installation and worst case environmental conditions should be considered.
b) The customer shall adhere to the appropriate country standards for ADSS cable sag clearances such
as the National Electrical Safety Code® (NESC®) [B1] 10 for the United States.
c) ADSS cable placement and sags should be designed to provide sufficient spacing from conductors
to prevent clashing during loaded conditions; including wind and ice load conditions.
d) The maximum rated cable load (MRCL) of the ADSS cable shall not be exceeded.
e) It is recommended that tension limits for a specific application be chosen through a coordinated
study that should include the requirements of the user, recommendations from the cable supplier,
and recommendations from the supplier of all supporting hardware.

5.2.2 Vibration performance

Sag and tension recommendations regarding vibration protection should be obtained from the ADSS cable
supplier or from a vibration protection hardware supplier approved by the cable supplier.

The cable shall be designed such that it can withstand Aeolian vibrations with either permanent or
temporary attenuation increases less than the criteria indicated in 6.5.3.1.

5.3 On-site optical acceptance testing

Upon receipt of the ADSS cable from the supplier, it is recommended that the purchaser visually inspect
each reel. If physical damage to the reel or lagging is found, the cable should be inspected for damage and

10
The numbers in brackets correspond to those of the bibliography in Annex F.

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IEEE Std 1222-2019

IEEE Standard for Testing and Performance for All-Dielectric Self-Supporting (ADSS) Fiber Optic Cable
for Use on Electric Utility Power Lines

the manufacturer notified prior to taking acceptance of the shipment. A check should be made to verify the
received reel quantities and lengths correspond to the ordered quantities.

Upon receipt of the cable, it is recommended that acceptance tests be performed to verify that the optical
characteristics of the fiber meet the order requirements and to determine if optical fibers have been
damaged during shipment. The results of these tests and the supplier’s certified quality control information,
which is attached to each reel, should be compared to the fiber requirements specified in the purchase
order.

These tests may be performed by either of following two methods:

a) Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR)

Access to only one end of the cable is required using the OTDR. Use of the OTDR method means it
is not necessary to remove the outer protective covering if the inside end is available. A one (1) km
length of fiber may be spliced (mechanical splice is acceptable) between the OTDR and the cable to
improve resolution near the cable end. However, it should be noted, when using an OTDR, breaks or
damage within 10 m of either end of the fiber from where the OTDR is connected may not be
detectable. If a reel fails using the single end OTDR method, then before rejection of the reel, the
fiber(s) in question should be tested from the opposite end and the results for the fiber(s) from each
direction averaged to determine the true optical attenuation. The end of the cable should be re-sealed
after completion of these tests to prevent entry of moisture into the cable. The fiber manufacturer
should be notified if the bi-directional averaged OTDR attenuation for the entire reel length in
dB/km exceeds the specified cable attenuation.
The fiber length may also be measured using an OTDR. It should be compared to the fiber length
measurement supplied by the fiber manufacturer. The index of refraction to be used in this
measurement should be furnished by the fiber supplier.
b) Light source and power meter
Both ends of the cable shall be accessible when using the light source and power meter method. It is
necessary to remove at least a portion of the outer covering to use the light source and power meter.

5.4 Environmental pollution

An ADSS cable shall be able to withstand the natural elements that exist at its installation location. The
environmental pollution level at installation routes can vary vastly from location to location. Therefore,
some ADSS designs are more suitable for certain locations than other designs. Locations that are low-
contamination sites do not require extreme contamination protection for problems like dry band arcing;
whereas, high contamination sites such as salt water zones, industrial pollution zones, volcanic sulfur
zones, or combinations of zones require special protection from dry band arcing on the ADSS.

5.5 Low-pollution installation sites

These areas are defined as installation locations that have low levels of contaminate materials such as salts,
industrial pollution, volcanic pollution, naturally occurring atmospheric/animal corrosive pollutants or any
combinations of these materials. Care shall be taken when considering ADSS that may be affected by other
contaminates or damaging elements such as windblown sand.

ADSS cables defined in this standard can be installed in low-pollution installation sites, provided the
proper electrical evaluation is performed. See the acceptance criteria section of the electrical test in 6.5.4.

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IEEE Std 1222-2019

IEEE Standard for Testing and Performance for All-Dielectric Self-Supporting (ADSS) Fiber Optic Cable
for Use on Electric Utility Power Lines

5.5.1 High-pollution installation sites

High-pollution installation sites are areas defined as locations that receive high levels of pollution materials
such as salts, industrial pollution, volcanic pollution, naturally occurring atmospheric/animal contamination
pollutants, or any combinations of these or other materials. Care shall be taken when considering ADSS
that may be affected by additional contamination or damaging elements such as windblown sand. If ADSS
cable is being installed in an area that requires cleaning of the insulators or situations where higher levels of
insulation are used than is customary due to the environment, then this is considered a high-pollution area.
Table 7 in IEEE Std 1313.2-1999 [B8], which references Table 1 in IEC 60071-2:2018 [B4], provides
additional guidance to assist in determining pollution levels.

It is important that the customer notify the manufacturer of any applications with moderate- to high-
pollution exposure.

a) The outer cable jacket selection should consider the pollution levels at present day and potential
future industrial growth.
b) Installation of protective gear, such as animal excrement guard, may be required to minimize
pollution damage.

5.6 Installation
It is recommended that the ADSS cable and hardware supplier’s procedures be used for the installation of
an ADSS cable. Key critical items are bend radius, span length, installation tension, pulling block size and
type, and hardware installation. Ignoring any of these parameters may result in crushed or damaged cable.
The manufacturer’s cable specifications should be reviewed prior to installation to understand the cable’s
performance specifications (see 5.1).

5.7 Hardware
The interaction of the hardware and ADSS cable shall be considered. Excessive contact pressure under
hardware can exceed the designed crushing limits of the ADSS cable. Suspension and dead-end hardware and
some types of vibration damper hardware for ADSS cable are usually recommended by the cable
manufacturer. Different hardware is also required depending on angle changes at attachment points from
elevation or route direction changes. IEEE Std 1591.2 [B10] provides the requirements for ADSS hardware.

5.8 Packaging
Cable reel packaging considerations are provided as follows:

a) ADSS cable should be tightly and uniformly wound onto the reel. Reel lengths may be either
STANDARD LENGTHS or SPECIFIED LENGTHS. STANDARD LENGTHS are reel lengths
that are normally provided by a supplier. This length is defined by the supplier. SPECIFIED
LENGTHS are reel lengths that are specified by the purchaser. A tolerance of +2% and –0% shall
be maintained for SPECIFIED LENGTHS and STANDARD LENGTHS unless specified
differently by the customer.
b) Reels shall be a suitable wooden or steel type. Unless specified otherwise by the purchaser, the
supplier determines the size and type reel that will withstand normal shipping, handling, storage,
and stringing operations without damage to the ADSS cable.
c) The drum and inside flanges shall be such that damage will not occur to the ADSS cable during
shipping, handling, storage, and stringing. The outer layer of the ADSS cable shall be protected by
a water-resistant solar wrapping over the exposed surface to prevent excessive heat buildup from
sun exposure. It also provides a barrier from dirt and gritty material from coming in contact with
the ADSS cable during shipment and storage.

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IEEE Std 1222-2019

IEEE Standard for Testing and Performance for All-Dielectric Self-Supporting (ADSS) Fiber Optic Cable
for Use on Electric Utility Power Lines

d) Reel numbers shall be marked in a clear and legible manner on the outside of the flange.
e) Each reel shall have a shipping tag attached to the outside of one of the reel flanges. Tags shall be
weather-resistant. All essential information such as supplier’s name; ADSS cable part number or
description; number of fibers; order number; reel number; ordered and shipped lengths; and gross
and net weight shall appear legibly on the tags. The tags should clearly indicate ADSS cable in the
description.
f) The outer end of the ADSS cable shall be fastened to the inner surface of the reel flange a
minimum of 25 mm below the flange edge. The cable end shall be securely fastened to prevent the
cable from becoming loose during shipment. A minimum of 2 m of the inner end of the ADSS
cable shall be accessible for connection to optical measuring equipment. This length of cable shall
be securely fastened and protected during shipment.
g) A seal shall be applied to each end of the ADSS cable to prevent the entrance of moisture or the
escape of filling compound during shipment and storage.
h) The supplier shall furnish, at the time of shipment, a certified record of final quality control
measured attenuation values for each fiber on each reel. This certification shall be attached to the
reel in a weatherproof package.
i) Each reel shall be marked on the outside flange to indicate the direction the reel should be rolled
during shipment in order to prevent loosening of the cable on the reel.

5.9 Electrical requirements (electric fields, corona, pollution)

The following criteria should be considered when locating ADSS cable in a high-voltage environment, such
as on transmission lines.

NOTE—Typically high-voltage transmission lines operate at 69 kV or above.

Electric fields and pollution may override each other. That is, if one parameter is satisfactory and the other
not, then the unsatisfactory parameter becomes the limiting factor.

While related to electric fields, corona is a localized phenomenon and can be mitigated with appropriate
hardware.

5.9.1 Electric field performance

Electric fields can affect the outer jacket of ADSS. While there are no established electric field limits,
designers should locate ADSS on high-voltage structures (and equipment) where the lowest electric field
strength can be determined. More information is provided in Annex B.

5.9.2 Corona performance

Corona damages all types of ADSS jacket material. Acids created by interaction of corona and atmospheric
components can completely erode the jacket permitting moisture to permeate the inner strength material
(e.g., aramid yarn). The result is internal corona (sometimes called partial discharge) that degrades the
strength resulting in failure. A typical source of corona is on tips of armor rods of dead-end and suspension
hardware. Corona mitigating devices should be used to reduce surface electric fields on hardware,
especially the armor rod tips, to levels significantly less than 20 kV/cm.

NOTE—Corona occurs at approximately 20 kV (rms)/cm.

A suggested level is 10 kV/cm or less. In general, ADSS applications on lines operated at 230 kV and
higher require corona suppression devices.

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IEEE Std 1222-2019

IEEE Standard for Testing and Performance for All-Dielectric Self-Supporting (ADSS) Fiber Optic Cable
for Use on Electric Utility Power Lines

Similar to the electric field analysis described in Annex B, 3D electric field analysis is required to
determine surface electric fields (also known as surface gradients) on the tips of the armor rods or on any
hardware in close proximity of the ADSS jacket surface. This (as well as testing) may have already been
done for corona devices available from cable and hardware manufacturers. For more information, see
Annex C.

5.9.3 Pollution performance

Accumulation of pollution on the jacket can lead to “dry band arcing” when wet cables begin to dry.
Pollution and moisture together become conductive. Capacitive coupling to adjacent energized conductors
produces currents in the pollution layer. The resulting induced voltage across dry bands can be high enough
to create arcs. Arc currents can contain enough energy (heat) to damage the jacket. The user should acquire
knowledge of the potential pollutants in a service area. Mitigation involves location on the structure in
areas of low electric field strength as well as selecting Class B jacket material in lieu of Class A. Dry band
arcing requirements are covered in 6.5.4.

The customer shall notify the supplier of the pollution environment. The supplier shall then determine its
product compliance against dry band arcing.

Annex D provides a method to quantify the pollution level; a test method to determine dry band arc
resistance at different pollution levels is provided in Annex E.

6. Test and requirements

6.1 Classification of tests

The terms in Table 3 are used to classify each test.

Table 3 —Test classification

Classification of test Description
Cable characteristics tests Determines the characteristics of the ADSS
Installation tests Relate to conditions that the ADSS cable may
experience under installation conditions.
In-service tests Relate to conditions that the ADSS cable may
experience under in-service conditions.
Electrical tests Relate to electrical conditions imposed on the ADSS
cable.
Mechanical tests Relate to mechanical conditions imposed on the ADSS
cable.
Environmental tests Relate to environmental conditions imposed on the
ADSS cable.
Mandatory tests Required in order for ADSS cable to comply with this
standard.
Conditional tests May or may not be applicable depending on the ADSS
cable design, location of installation, etc. A conditional
test is not required for the ADSS cable to comply with
this standard unless agreed upon between supplier and
user.

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IEEE Std 1222-2019

IEEE Standard for Testing and Performance for All-Dielectric Self-Supporting (ADSS) Fiber Optic Cable
for Use on Electric Utility Power Lines

6.2 Procedure for optical measurements and fiber preparation

6.2.1 Optical measurements

The parameters specified in this standard may be affected by measurement uncertainty arising from
measurement error or calibration error from the lack of suitable standards. Acceptance criteria shall
consider this uncertainty. For the purpose of this standard, the total uncertainty shall be considered to be
<0.05 dB for attenuation or <0.05 dB/km for attenuation coefficient. Any measurement within this range is
considered “no change” in attenuation.

Optical fiber performance can generally be performed by one of the following two methods:
 Monitor individual fibers for attenuation change: This method can determine the maximum change
of any individual fiber tested. When the change for all individual tested fibers is averaged, the
“average change” for all fibers can be determined. The minimum number of fibers to be monitored
is provided in 6.2.2.
 Loop-back measurements: This method splices the fibers under test to each other so that they are
concatenated or loop-backed with each other in a continuous length. The attenuation change is
determined by dividing the attenuation change across all loop-back fibers under test by the number
of loop-backed fibers. This provides an attenuation change per fiber. This result is actually the
average attenuation change across all the loop-back fibers. The number of fibers to be monitored is
provided in 6.2.2.

For tests that do not specify loop-back testing (i.e., crush, low/high temperature bend, twist, cyclic flex,
impact, and mid-span buffer tube storage), the maximum attenuation change criteria shall be determined by
monitoring individual fibers.

NOTE—Loop-back testing may determine compliance to a maximum specification if the “total end-to-end loop-back
attenuation change” is less than the “maximum individual attenuation fiber specification”; however, if “total end-end-
loop-back” measurement is greater than the “maximum individual fiber” specification, it cannot be used to determine a
failure to the specification.

For example:
 If the specified maximum individual fiber criteria is equal to 0.10 dB and the average is equal to
0.05 dB.
 Measured end-end attenuation across 10 loop-backed fibers = 0.15 dB = 0.015 dB/fiber. This
complies with the 0.05 dB average specification.
 Because 0.15 dB exceeds 0.10 dB maximum individual fiber specification, it cannot be determined
if this complies with the maximum individual fiber specification. If the end-end attenuation loop-
back fiber measurement was 0.09 dB, this could be used to show compliance.

When individual fiber monitoring is performed to determine conformance to the “maximum change”
criteria, the average criteria is determined by averaging the individual fiber readings.

When specified by a test method, cable manufacturers shall determine compliance to both of the following:
 Maximum change from individual fibers that are individually monitored. This requires individual
fibers be monitored during testing.
 Average change across all monitored fibers. The manufacturer is allowed to test by using either of
the following two test methods: monitoring individual fibers or monitoring loop-back fibers.

Independent third-party test laboratories may monitor fibers individually or may monitor fibers using the loop-
back method. If the loop-back method is used, only the “average” criteria shall be used if it specified. For tests
that do not specify an “average” criterion, the maximum criteria shall be used and compared to the measured per-
fiber value. Any number of fibers may be tested as long as they meet the minimum number specified in 6.2.2.

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IEEE Std 1222-2019

IEEE Standard for Testing and Performance for All-Dielectric Self-Supporting (ADSS) Fiber Optic Cable
for Use on Electric Utility Power Lines

When testing multimode fiber, it is acceptable to monitor only 1300 nm because it is the more sensitive
wavelength.

When measuring with a power meter, a laser source with the appropriate wavelength is injected to an
optical splitter. The splitter divides the source signal into at least two signals. During the test, the optical
measuring system (source, splitter, and receiver) shall maintain a certain level of stability in accordance
with the test. One of the split signals is sent directly to an optical power meter and serves as the reference
signal. The other split signal is used to measure the test fibers. When individual fibers are monitored, it is
acceptable to use a switching system. During the tests, the readings from both optical power meters are
monitored periodically in a suitable manner for future analysis. Any changes in the difference between the
reference and test signals indicate a change in the attenuation in the test fiber. A net increase in attenuation
means a loss in the optical signal. A net decrease in attenuation indicates a gain in the signal.

6.2.2 Fibers to be measured

For product qualification type testing, the number of fibers measured in a test shall be the greatest of 10%
of the number of fibers in a cable or 10 fibers; however, the number of fibers to be tested is not required to
exceed 30 unless agreed upon between manufacturer and customer. For fiber counts less than 10, all fibers
shall be tested.

The following criteria shall be applied when considering the placement of fibers to be tested:

a) Cable type
1) Stranded tube designs: For single layer cables, a minimum of two active units should be
positioned diametrically opposite each other. For two-layer cables, four units (two in each
layer) should be positioned at 90° intervals within a cable. For multi-layer cables, similar
reasoning for unit positioning may apply.
2) Ribbon designs: The active units should be located in the first, last, and middle positions. At a
minimum, active fibers shall be positioned in the edge positions within these ribbons. For
cables with multi-stacks, units should be selected from stacks diametrically opposite each
other. Partially bonded ribbons should use the criteria in item a1) for stranded tube designs.
b) Core units (i.e., tubes) shall contain a full complement of fibers, however dummy fibers may be
allowed. The working fibers shall be disbursed in the working units. Filler rods may be allowed in
place of buffer tubes. The manufacturer shall position the working units within a cable so that these
units are subjected to the full force of the testing stresses. The manufacturer shall demonstrate
theoretically or through testing that the positioning of the test fibers is representative of the
performance of all the fibers within the cable.

6.2.3 Cable family definition

A minimum of one cable per design family shall be tested for initial qualification/type testing. A design
family varies with different sheath constructions or sheath material (e.g., single jacket PE, dual jacket PE,
or dual jacket track resistant jacket). Single- and dual-layer cores shall be considered different design
families. Tubes with different materials or tube sizes are also considered different design families. A design
with different fiber counts and MRCL tensile ratings are considered the same design family if the highest
MRCL and largest and lowest fiber count core construction are tested.

6.2.4 Design changes

Once a design is qualified, if changes to the cable design or materials are made that affect the function of
the cable, only the tests that are affected by the change need to be performed.

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IEEE Std 1222-2019

IEEE Standard for Testing and Performance for All-Dielectric Self-Supporting (ADSS) Fiber Optic Cable
for Use on Electric Utility Power Lines

6.3 Retesting

In the event of a failure of any customer requested tests, the ADSS cable design and the test setup and
procedures shall be reviewed by the purchaser, supplier, and test laboratory.

If an anomaly is found during lot acceptance testing, a retest on a different cable shall be allowed. If an
anomaly is found during individual cable tests, it may be repeated if mutually agreed among these parties.

6.4 Optical acceptance test

6.4.1 Attenuation coefficient

The manufacturer and customer shall agree upon the maximum individual fiber attenuation coefficient in a
cable. The manufacturer shall measure 100% of the fibers on each master production reel for compliance to
the specified attenuation coefficient. Attenuation values exceeding the specified criteria shall constitute a
failure. Single mode shall be specified at 1310 nm, 1550 nm, and/or 1625 nm as agreed upon with the user;
multimode shall be specified at 850 nm and/or 1300 nm.

Attenuation measurements shall be made in accordance with TIA-455-78 (FOTP-78).

6.4.2 Point discontinuity

Point discontinuities when measured in accordance with TIA-455-78 (FOTP-78) shall not exceed 0.1 dB.

6.5 Qualification tests

6.5.1 Cable characteristics tests

6.5.1.1 Creep test

Classification
Cable characteristic/mechanical/conditional

Intent
The intent of the creep test is to determine the long-term creep properties of the ADSS cable. This
information is used in the sag-tension calculations during the design layout of a fiber optic cable system.

Objective
 To produce the long-term, room temperature tensile creep curve and equation for the ADSS cable.

NOTE—The optical performance of the ADSS cable is not required to be monitored during this test unless specified by
the cable purchaser.

Setup
The test shall be set up in accordance with IEC 61395 or IEC 60794-1-21-2015 Method 32 unless
otherwise specified by the cable purchaser and where noted in this standard.

When testing to IEC 61395, the ADSS cable sample shall be terminated such that all the load-carrying
components of the cable are prevented from moving relative to each other at the loading points. A
suggested method is to use epoxy-resin grips to encapsulate all components of the cable at the loading
points. The length of the cable between the loading points of the dead-end assemblies shall be a minimum
of 10 m. The cable shall be preloaded to a maximum of 2% of the cable MRCL (logic: to be consistent with

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IEEE Std 1222-2019

IEEE Standard for Testing and Performance for All-Dielectric Self-Supporting (ADSS) Fiber Optic Cable
for Use on Electric Utility Power Lines

the 50% of MRCL in the procedure). The cable shall not remain at the preload value for more than 5 min.
A suitable gauge shall be used to measure the longitudinal cable elongation over a gauge length of at least
8 m. A suitable gauge such as a load cell or dynamometer shall be used to measure the tension in the cable.

The cable temperature shall be measured at both ends of the gauge section. The test shall be carried out in a
temperature-controlled environment at 23 °C ± 5 °C.

Procedure
The test shall be performed in accordance with IEC 61395 or IEC 60794-1-21-2015 Method 32 unless
otherwise specified by the cable purchaser or noted in this standard.

When testing to IEC 61395:

 The test tension shall be 50% of MRCL of the cable unless otherwise specified by the cable
purchaser.
 The cable shall be tensioned at a rate such that the time to reach the test tension ±2% is 5 min ±
10 s. Final adjustments may be made to achieve the test tension within 10 min of the start of
loading. However, the load shall remain within ±2% of the test tension at all times while any final
adjustments are made. Sudden loading or unloading of the cable shall be avoided. The load on the
cable shall be maintained at the test tension ±1% for 1000 h.
 The elongation of the cable and applied load shall be monitored and recorded during the test as per
IEC 61395 using a suitable data logging system.

Acceptance criteria
Unless otherwise specified by the cable purchaser, there are no acceptance criteria for this test.

6.5.1.2 Cable tensile and cyclic stress strain tests

Classification
Cable characteristic/mechanical/mandatory

Intent
The intent of the tensile test is to determine the tensile performance of the cable. This includes understanding
the cable attenuation and fiber strain at the maximum installation tension (MIT) (also known as the maximum
sagging tension) and the MRCL. This test also provides an understanding of the cable performance from
repeated cyclic tensile loads. The final modulus of elasticity of the ADSS cable can also be determined. This
information is used in the sag-tension calculations during the design layout of a fiber optic cable system.

Objective
 To verify the optical performance at MIT and MRCL
 To verify that the fiber strain at the MIT load is less than 0.05%
 To verify that the fiber strain at the MRCL is less than 20% of the fiber proof test level

Setup
The test shall be set up in accordance with TIA-455-33 (FOTP-33) with the following exceptions. The use
of sheaves is not mandatory. A sample of cable shall be placed in a tensile testing apparatus such that a
minimum of 10 m of cable within the middle of the test length can be subjected to the tensile loading. If the
test setup is not capable of testing 100 m of cable, the fiber under test shall be loop-back spliced to achieve
a minimum of 100 m of fiber length in the test. The ADSS cable sample shall be terminated such that all
the load-carrying components of the cable are prevented from moving relative to each other at the loading
points. A suggested method is to use epoxy resin grips to encapsulate all components of the cable.

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IEEE Std 1222-2019

IEEE Standard for Testing and Performance for All-Dielectric Self-Supporting (ADSS) Fiber Optic Cable
for Use on Electric Utility Power Lines

The tensile test shall first be used to obtain a stress/strain curve. Load the cable to the MIT and record the
below information. Then increase the load to the MRCL, hold for 4 h and record the following:
 The load and strain on the cable
 The maximum fiber attenuation increase in decibels
 The maximum fiber strain

A cyclic loading test shall be performed subsequent to the initial tensile test to gauge the cable’s dynamic
performance. Cycle the cable from MIT to MRCL for 50 cycles at approximately one to three cycles per
minute. Take measurements at the high and low loading extremes for the first two cycles and last two
cycles. Record the following:
 The load and strain on the cable
 The maximum fiber attenuation increase in decibels
 The maximum fiber strain

The MRCL and the maximum fiber strain shall be specified by the manufacturer and verified through this test.

The cable strain (elongation) measured during this test shall be used in 6.5.1.3.

Acceptance test criteria

 At the MIT (also called maximum sagging tension): Any visual damage to the cable or any increase
in optical attenuation greater than 0.05 dB at 1550 nm for single-mode fiber and 0.10 dB at 1300
for multimode fiber shall constitute a failure. The fiber strain shall not exceed 0.05%.
 At the MRCL: Any visual damage to the cable or increase in optical attenuation greater than 0.10
dB at 1550 nm for single-mode fiber and 0.20 dB at 1300 nm for multimode fiber shall constitute a
failure. The fiber strain shall not exceed 20% of the fiber proof test value at the MRCL

6.5.1.3 Strength element stress strain fatigue test

Classification
Raw material characteristic/mechanical/mandatory

Intent
The intent of the stress strain test is to verify that the cable strength components are reliable under repeated
stress/strain cycles experienced in the cable at loads up to MRCL.

Objective
To verify the mechanical integrity of the ADSS cable strength components when subjected to repeated
exposure to the MRCL load.

Setup
This test shall be performed on each of the material types used as a strength element in ADSS cable (e.g., each
GRP size and vendor, each yarn denier and vendor). The strength material shall be placed in a mechanical tester.
As an option, the test can be performed on a cable; however, the cable components shall be properly secured.

Test procedure
Cycle the strength component (e.g., central strength member, aramid yarn) 500 times from the elongation
the cable experiences from the MIT (also known as the maximum sagging tension) to the elongation the
cable experiences at MRCL. The cable elongation at MIT and MRCL can be obtained from cable
measurements during the tensile test.

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IEEE Std 1222-2019

IEEE Standard for Testing and Performance for All-Dielectric Self-Supporting (ADSS) Fiber Optic Cable
for Use on Electric Utility Power Lines

Acceptance criteria
Any cracks or breaks of the cable strength elements shall constitute failure.

6.5.2 Installation tests

6.5.2.1 Sheave test

Classification
Installation/mechanical/mandatory

Intent
The intent of the sheave test is to subject the ADSS cable to a simulated action of being pulled over a
number of sheaves during stringing of the cable in installation. During installation, the ADSS could become
excessively deformed. The optical unit(s) could also be damaged and the optic fibers adversely affected.

Objective
 To verify the mechanical integrity of the ADSS cable when subjected to the specified installation
stringing tension conditions
 To verify the optical performance of the ADSS cable when subjected to the specified installation
stringing tension conditions

Setup
The general arrangement for the sheave test is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1 —General sheave test arrangement

A sheave test shall be performed on a sample cable a minimum of 9 m long. Dead-end fittings shall be
clamped a minimum of 3 m apart. The optical fibers shall be connected to each other by means of loop-
back splicing using fusion or other equally reliable splices. The test length of optical fiber shall be a
minimum of 100 m long. A light source shall be connected to one end of the test fiber. At the other end, an
optical power meter shall be used to monitor the relative light power level.

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IEEE Std 1222-2019

IEEE Standard for Testing and Performance for All-Dielectric Self-Supporting (ADSS) Fiber Optic Cable
for Use on Electric Utility Power Lines

Depending on the size of the line angle, various diameter stringing sheaves are recommended by the ADSS
cable manufacturer. Therefore, this test shall be performed using various sheave diameters corresponding to
the line angle being tested as listed below. The cable shall be pulled at one dead-end at the maximum
stringing tension (STT) specified by the ADSS cable manufacturer. The method of attachment, while not
rigid, shall limit the amount of twist that could occur at the lead end. A dynamometer and a swivel shall be
installed between the yoke and the other dead-end.

Test procedure
A 2 m minimum length of the ADSS test sample shall be pulled 120 times forward and backward through
the sheave (60 times in each direction).

Angle of pull (degrees) Number of passes

70 120

The diameter of the sheave for the angle of pull is determined by the ADSS cable manufacturer. Before the
first pull, the beginning, midpoint and end of this length shall be marked. After the test is completed, the
ADSS cable shall be removed in the test section and the cable shall be visually examined for any surface
damage. The ADSS cable shall be dissected to observe for any signs of damage to the inner structure.

Acceptance criteria
 Any cracks or breaks of any of the cable components shall constitute failure. This assessment is
made with the naked eye.
 Attenuation increases across the loop-backed spliced fibers shall be normalized to
decibels/kilometer; this provides an average increase across all the loop-back spliced fibers. Any
permanent increase in optical attenuation exceeding a value of 1.0 dB/km at 1550 nm for single
mode and 1300 nm for multimode shall constitute failure.

6.5.2.2 Crush test

Classification
Installation/mechanical/mandatory

Intent
The intent of the crush test is to subject the ADSS cable to crushing or clamping forces that could occur
during installation, operation, or maintenance. The cable could be crushed to the extent of adversely
affecting the optical signals.

Objective
 To verify the mechanical integrity of the ADSS cable and the supporting hardware when subjected
to crush forces
 To verify the optical performance of the ADSS cable when subjected to crush forces

Setup
The crush test shall be carried out on a sample of cable according to the method provided by TIA-455-41
(FOTP-41).

Compressive load = 220 N/cm

Duration = 10 min

The test shall be carried out at room temperature.

Acceptance criteria
The maximum attenuation increase during load or after release of load shall not exceed 0.1 dB at 1550 nm
for any single-mode fiber under test.

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IEEE Std 1222-2019

IEEE Standard for Testing and Performance for All-Dielectric Self-Supporting (ADSS) Fiber Optic Cable
for Use on Electric Utility Power Lines

6.5.2.3 Low/high temperature bend test

Classification
Installation/mechanical/mandatory

Intent
The intent of the bend test is to subject the ADSS cable to a bending action similar to that which might be
experienced during the specified installation temperature extremes. The cable and/or the optical unit(s)
could be damaged and the optic performance could be adversely affected.

6.5.2.4 Twist test

Classification
Installation/mechanical/mandatory

Intent
The intent of the twist test is to subject the ADSS cable to a simulated action of being pulled over a number of
sheaves during installation (i.e., stringing and sagging). During installation, the ADSS cable could become
twisted. The optical unit(s) could be damaged and the optic performance could be adversely affected.

Objective
 To verify the mechanical integrity of the ADSS cable when subjected to the specified installation
conditions
 To verify the optical performance of the ADSS cable when subjected to the specified installation
conditions

Setup
The cable twist test shall be conducted in accordance with TIA-455-85 (FOTP-85). The cable length
subjected to the test shall be a maximum of 4 m. The test shall be repeated for 10 cycles.

Acceptance criteria
The cable shall not exhibit evidence of damage. The maximum attenuation increase shall not exceed 0.10 dB
at 1550 nm for any single-mode fiber under test; the average increase of all fibers under test shall not exceed
0.05 dB per fiber. The maximum attenuation increase for multimode fiber shall be 0.4 dB at 1300 nm.

6.5.2.5 Cable cyclic flexing

Classification
Installation/mechanical/mandatory

Intent
The intent of the cyclic flex test is to subject the ADSS cable to a simulated action of being pulled over a
number of sheaves during installation (i.e., stringing and sagging).

Objective
 To verify the mechanical integrity of the ADSS cable during installation
 To verify the optical performance of the ADSS cable after installation

Setup
The cable flex test shall be conducted in accordance with TIA-455-104 (FOTP-104). The sheave diameter
shall be less than or equal to 20 times the cable outside diameter or the cable manufacturer’s stated static
bend diameter. The cable shall be flexed for 25 cycles at 30 ± 1 cycles/min.

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IEEE Std 1222-2019

IEEE Standard for Testing and Performance for All-Dielectric Self-Supporting (ADSS) Fiber Optic Cable
for Use on Electric Utility Power Lines

Acceptance criteria
The cable shall not exhibit evidence of damage. The maximum attenuation increase shall not exceed 0.10 dB
at 1550 nm for any single-mode fiber under test; the average increase of all fibers under test shall not exceed
0.05 dB per fiber. The maximum attenuation increase for multimode fiber shall be 0.4 dB at 1300 nm.

6.5.2.6 Cable impact

Classification
Installation/mechanical/mandatory

Intent
The intent of the cable impact test is to subject the ADSS cable to impacts perpendicular to its surface that
could be experienced during installation.

Objective
 To verify the mechanical integrity of the ADSS cable
 To verify the optical performance of the ADSS cable

Setup
The cable impact test shall be conducted in accordance with TIA-455-25 (FOTP-25).

Acceptance criteria
The cable shall not exhibit evidence of damage. The maximum attenuation increase shall not exceed 0.10 dB
at 1550 nm for any single-mode fiber under test; the average increase of all fibers under test shall not exceed
0.05 dB per fiber. The maximum attenuation increase for multimode fiber shall be 0.4 dB at 1300 nm.

6.5.2.7 Seepage of flooding or filling compound test

Classification
Cable characteristic/environmental/mandatory

Intent
The intent of the compound seepage test is to determine if the water blocking material in the ADSS cable is
vulnerable to flowing under high temperatures. This test is only applicable for those cable designs that
utilize a gel-based water blocking compound. The negative impact of the flooding compound seeping is
that the compound could accumulate inside a splice box or building.

Objective
To subject the ADSS cable to an elevated temperature that may cause the water blocking compound to drip
or otherwise leak from the optical fiber unit. The optical performance of the ADSS cable is not monitored
during this test.

Setup
The cable shall be tested in accordance with TIA-455-81 (FOTP-81), with preconditioning of specimens
permitted. Testing shall be conducted at 65 °C for 24 h. The cable samples prepared end may be terminated
according to the manufacturer’s recommended installation instructions. The upper (unprepared) end of the
cable or buffer tube may be sealed to simulate long length cable sections.

Acceptance criteria
The amount of drip shall not exceed 0.05 g.

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IEEE Std 1222-2019

IEEE Standard for Testing and Performance for All-Dielectric Self-Supporting (ADSS) Fiber Optic Cable
for Use on Electric Utility Power Lines

6.5.3 In-service tests

6.5.3.1 Aeolian vibration test

Classification
In-Service/mechanical/mandatory

Intent
The intent of the Aeolian vibration test is to subject the ADSS cable and support hardware to damped
Aeolian vibrations. This type of cable vibration is caused by laminar wind as it passes over bare cable and
is a common occurrence in the field. Fatigue damage can occur on the cable components or hardware at
attachment locations. The optical signals may also be adversely affected by Aeolian vibration.

Objective
 To verify the mechanical integrity of the ADSS cable and the supporting hardware when subjected
to simulated vibration conditions
 To verify the optical performance of the ADSS cable when subjected to the specified vibration
conditions

Setup
The general arrangement to be used for the Aeolian vibration tests and the support details are shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2 —Aeolian vibration test general arrangement

The end abutments are used to load and maintain tension in the fiber optic cable. The test section is
contained between the two intermediate abutments. End and intermediate abutments need not be separate
units if the combined unit affords sufficient space for the apparatus specified below. The fiber optic cable
to be tested should be cut a sufficient length beyond the intermediate abutments to allow removal of the
cable coverings and to allow access to the optical fibers. Suitable dead-end assemblies or end abutments are
installed on the fiber optic cable to fit between the intermediate abutments. The test sample shall be
terminated at both ends prior to tensioning in a manner such that the optical fibers cannot move relative to
the cable. A dynamometer, load cell, calibrated beam, or other device should be used to measure cable
tension. Some means should be provided to maintain constant tension to allow for temperature fluctuations
during the testing. The cable should be tensioned to 100% of the rated maximum installation tension.

In order to achieve repeatability of test results, the active span should be approximately 20 m or more, with
a suitable suspension assembly located approximately two-thirds of the distance between the two dead-end
assemblies. Longer active and/or back spans may be used. See Figure 2. The vibration amplitude in the
back-span shall be significantly less than the activity of the front span (e.g., less than 5%). The suspension

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IEEE Std 1222-2019

IEEE Standard for Testing and Performance for All-Dielectric Self-Supporting (ADSS) Fiber Optic Cable
for Use on Electric Utility Power Lines

assembly shall be supported at a height such that the static sag angle of the cable to horizontal is
1-3/4 degrees ± 3/4 degree in the active span.

Means shall be provided for measuring and monitoring the mid-loop (anti-node) vibration amplitude at a
free loop, not a support loop.

An electronically-controlled shaker shall be used to excite the cable in the vertical plane. The shaker
armature shall be securely fastened to the cable so that it is perpendicular to the cable in the vertical plane.
The shaker should be located in the span to allow for a minimum of six vibration loops between the
suspension assembly and the shaker.

The test length (i.e., between dead-end assemblies) of the optical fiber shall be a minimum of 100 m. To
achieve this length, several fibers may be spliced together. At least one fiber shall be tested from each
buffer tube or fiber bundle. Splices should be made so the optical equipment can be located at the same
end. Optical measurements shall be made using a light source with a nominal wavelength of 1550 nm for
single-mode fibers and a nominal wavelength of 1300 nm for multimode fibers.

The source shall be split into two signals. One signal shall be connected to an optical power meter and shall
act as a reference. The other signal shall be connected to a free end of the test fiber. The returning signal
shall be connected to a second optical power meter. All optical connections and splices shall remain intact
through the entire test duration.

An initial optical measurement shall be taken when the span is pre-tensioned to approximately 10% of MIT
prior to final tensioning to MIT. The difference between the two signals for the initial measurement
provides a reference level. The change in this difference during the test indicates the change in attenuation
of the test fiber. The signals may be output on a strip chart recorder for a continuous hardcopy record.

Procedure
The cable shall be subjected to a minimum of 1 000 000 vibration cycles. The frequency of the test span
shall be equal to and maintained at the nearest resonant frequency produced by a 16.1 km/h wind (i.e.,
frequency = 82.92 / diameter of cable in centimeters). The free-loop peak-to-peak anti-node amplitude shall
be maintained at a level equal to one-half the diameter of the cable.

In the initial stages, the test span requires continuous attention and recordings shall be taken approximately
every 15 min until the test span has stabilized. After the span has stabilized, readings shall be taken a
minimum of two times per day, typically at the start and end of the working day.

A final optical measurement shall be taken at least 2 h after the completion of the vibration test. After
completion of the Aeolian vibration test, a section of the cable from the location of the hardware support
shall be loaded to the MRCL.

Acceptance criteria
 Any cracking or breaking of any component of the ADSS cable or the supporting hardware shall
constitute failure. This assessment is made with the naked eye.
 A permanent or temporary increase in optical attenuation greater than 0.2 dB/km at 1550 nm for
single-mode fiber and 1300 nm for multimode shall constitute failure.

6.5.3.2 Galloping test

Classification
In-service/mechanical/conditional

Intent
The intent of the galloping test is to subject the ADSS cable and support hardware to galloping motions.
This type of cable motion is typically caused by wind on a cable with ice accretion. Fatigue or other

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IEEE Std 1222-2019

IEEE Standard for Testing and Performance for All-Dielectric Self-Supporting (ADSS) Fiber Optic Cable
for Use on Electric Utility Power Lines

damage can occur on the components of the cable, hardware, and/or to the structure. The optical signals
may also be adversely affected by cable galloping.

Objective
 To verify the mechanical integrity of the ADSS cable and the supporting hardware when subjected
to simulated galloping conditions
 To verify the optical performance of the ADSS cable when subjected to the specified galloping
conditions

Setup
The general arrangement to be used for the galloping test is shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3 —Galloping test general arrangement

The overall span between dead-end assemblies should be a minimum of 35 m. The end abutments are used
to load and maintain tension in the fiber optic cable. The test section is contained between the two
intermediate abutments. End and intermediate abutments need not be separate units if the combined unit
affords sufficient space for the apparatus specified below. The fiber optic cable to be tested should be a
sufficient length beyond the intermediate abutments to allow removal of the cable outer coverings and to
allow access to the optical fibers. The test sample shall be terminated at both ends prior to tensioning in a
manner such that the optical fibers cannot move relative to the cable. A dynamometer, load cell, calibrated
beam, or other device should be used to measure cable tension. Some means should be provided to
maintain constant tension to allow for temperature fluctuations during the testing. However, some tension
fluctuations are expected from the galloping activity itself. The cable should be tensioned to a minimum of
50% of the MIT (also called maximum sagging tension) or a maximum of 500 kg. (For some cable designs,
the test tension may need to be lowered to 250 kg in order to induce galloping. For these designs, the
250 kg test tension is acceptable.)

A suitable suspension assembly shall be located approximately midway between the two dead-end assemblies.
It shall be supported at a height such that the static sag angle of the cable to horizontal shall not exceed 1°.

Means shall be provided for measuring and monitoring the mid-loop (anti-node), single-loop galloping
amplitude.

A suitable shaker shall be used to excite the cable in the vertical plane. The shaker armature shall be
securely fastened to the cable in the vertical plane.

The test length (i.e., between dead-end assemblies) of the optical fiber shall be a minimum of 100 m. To
achieve this length, several fibers may be spliced together. At least one fiber shall be tested from each buffer
tube or fiber bundle. Splices should be made so the optical equipment can be located at the same end. Optical

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IEEE Std 1222-2019

IEEE Standard for Testing and Performance for All-Dielectric Self-Supporting (ADSS) Fiber Optic Cable
for Use on Electric Utility Power Lines

measurements shall be made using a light source with a nominal wavelength of 1550 nm for single-mode
fibers and a nominal wavelength of 1300 nm for multimode fibers. The source shall be split into two signals.
One signal shall be connected to an optical power meter and shall act as a reference. The other signal shall be
connected to a free end of the test fiber. The returning signal shall be connected to a second optical power
meter. All optical connections and splices shall remain intact through the entire test duration.

An initial optical measurement shall be taken when the span is pre-tensioned to approximately 5% of MIT
prior to final tensioning to MIT. The difference between the two signals for the initial measurement provides a
reference level. The change in this difference during the test shall indicate the change in attenuation of the test
fiber. The signals may be output on a strip chart recorder for a continuous hardcopy record.

Test procedure
The cable shall be subjected to a minimum of 100 000 galloping cycles. The test frequency shall be the
single loop resonant frequency. The minimum peak-to-peak anti-node amplitude/loop length ratio shall be
maintained at a value of 1/25, as measured in the active span.

Mechanical and optical data shall be read and recorded approximately every 2000 cycles.

The optical power meters shall be monitored beginning at least 1 h before the test and ending at least 2 h
after the test.

The final optical measurement shall be taken at least 2 h after the completion of the vibration test. A section
of cable from the location of the hardware support shall be loaded to the MRCL.

Acceptance criteria
 Any cracking or breaking of any component of the ADSS cable or the supporting hardware shall
constitute failure. This assessment is made with the naked eye.
 A permanent or temporary increase in optical attenuation greater than 0.2 dB/km at 1550 nm for
single-mode fibers and 1300 nm for multimode shall constitute failure.

6.5.3.3 Water ingress test

Classification
In-service/environmental/mandatory

Intent
The intent of the water ingress test is to determine if the water blocking material in the ADSS cable core is
sufficient and uniformly distributed to inhibit water from migrating through the cable core. Water ingress
into the optical unit can degrade the optical fibers.

Objective
 To expose a length of water blocked structure to a head of water to verify that water does not pass
through the cable core
 The optical performance of the ADSS cable is not monitored during this test

Setup
The water ingress test for ADSS cable core shall be in accordance with TIA-455-82 (FOTP-82) (e.g., 1 m
of water head) except a maximum sample length of 3 m shall be used. Test with distilled water. Sodium
fluorescein dyes may be added at the option of the testing laboratory. The test period shall be 24 h. Retest
per TIA-455-82 (FOTP-82), as required. An orifice with an opening of 1.50 mm + 0.25 mm may be
positioned at the end of the water feed tube just ahead of the open cable end. The orifice length shall not
exceed 30 mm.

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IEEE Std 1222-2019

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for Use on Electric Utility Power Lines

As an alternative to the using an orifice for cables using water swellable materials, the cable may be tested
in accordance to the test method taken from IEC 60794-1-22:2017, F5C. The end of the cable specimen to
be connected to the water source may be presoaked in water to a depth of 100 mm + 10 mm for 10 min.

Acceptance criteria
No water shall leak through the open end of the cable core. If the first sample fails, one additional sample,
taken from a section of ADSS cable immediately adjacent to the first sample, may be tested for acceptance.

6.5.3.4 Mid-span buffer tube storage test

Classification
In-service/environmental/mandatory for distribution applications, conditional for transmission applications

Intent
Cables that are entered at a mid-sheath location to access fibers in one or more buffer tubes are likely to
have buffer tubes express routed (not opened) in closures. This test evaluates the optical performance of the
fibers in the express tubes at the environmental extremes.

Objective
To verify the optical performance of express routed buffer tubes at a mid-sheath entry.

Setup
The test shall be set up according to the requirements of TIA-455-244 (FOTP-244) using the generic
termination assembly. The mid-span express tube storage length shall be 4.3 m (14 ft).

Procedure
The cable sample shall be tested in accordance with TIA-455-244 (FOTP-244) using the generic termination
assembly. Step 3 (23C) of TIA-455-3-2009 (FOTP-3) is not required except during the last cycle. Two cycles
shall be performed. The temperature extremes to be used for the test are –40 °C and +70 °C.

Acceptance criteria
During the last cycle at the temperature extremes, the maximum attenuation increase for any individual
fiber under test shall not exceed 0.1 dB at 1550 nm; the average attenuation increase across all measured
fibers shall not exceed 0.05 dB per fiber. At the final room temperature measurement, the maximum
increase shall not exceed 0.05 dB at 1550 nm.

6.5.3.5 Temperature cycling test

Classification
Storage/in-service/environmental, mandatory

Intent
To subject the ADSS cable to extreme operating temperatures as may be experienced in the field by the
cable.

Objective
To verify the optical performance of the ADSS cable when subjected to the specified extreme operating
temperature conditions.

Setup
At least 500 m of cable shall be taken from a representative sample of cable. That cable shall be wound
onto a reel and placed in an environmental chamber. The number of fibers as defined in 6.2.2 shall be
monitored for optical attenuation and attenuation change. This requires that each individual fiber be
monitored for attenuation change using either an OTDR or power meter. The fibers can be monitored
individually or they may be loop-back spliced and monitored together as one continuous length. If they are

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IEEE Standard for Testing and Performance for All-Dielectric Self-Supporting (ADSS) Fiber Optic Cable
for Use on Electric Utility Power Lines

loop-back spliced, the maximum attenuation change for each individual fiber within the loop-backed fibers
under test shall be evaluated with an OTDR for conformance to the acceptance criteria; the attenuation
change across all the loop-backed fibers cannot be used to determine compliance to the maximum
acceptance criteria since it yields and average attenuation change across all fibers, not a change for each
fiber. The change in attenuation is measured with respect to the baseline room temperature attenuation.
Fiber loop-back splice testing is not permitted.

Testing shall be conducted at the operating temperature extremes of –40 °C and +70 °C. If more extreme
temperatures are specified, they shall be used.

Procedure
The cable sample shall be tested in accordance with TIA-455-3-2009 (FOTP-3), test condition B-1 (two
cycles of cold – hot). The manufacturer shall assess the minimum soak time for the cable to be tested per
TIA-455-3-2009 (FOTP-3) for use with all temperature cycling steps. Step 3 (23C) of TIA-455-3-2009
(FOTP-3) is not required during the first cycle.

Acceptance criteria
During the last temperature cycle at each of the temperature extremes, a maximum increase in optical
attenuation greater than 0.15 dB/km at 1550 nm for any individual single-mode fiber or average increase
greater than 0.10 dB/km across all fibers shall constitute failure. The maximum increase for multimode
fiber shall be 0.4 dB/km at 1300 nm.

6.5.4 Electrical test—Dry band arcing resistance

Classification
Cable characteristic/electrical/conditional

Intent
The intent of the electrical test is to verify that the ADSS cable jacket material conforms to a minimum
performance level regarding dry band arc resistance. This level is related to the expected wet pollution
layer resistance (tracking resistance) in the particular service area where the cable is to be installed.

Objective
 To create “artificial” dry band arc levels related in characteristic to arcs induced on polluted ADSS
cable
 Determine ability of material under test to withstand an arc level

Setup
The setup shall conform to the procedure contained in Annex E. This procedure is taken from the IEEE article
by Karady et al. [B11]. The basic theory, circuits, and operation related to this test is located in Annex D.

Procedure
The procedure is described in detail in Annex E. This procedure provides a test setup and methodology for
establishing a characteristic performance curve for ADSS cable jacket material. This curve relates PI
(pollution index) to Voc (dry band non-arcing voltage).

Acceptance criteria
The customer shall notify the supplier of the pollution environment, cable proximity to each power
conductor and ground, and the voltage and phase for each conductor. The supplier shall determine the Voc
the cable is exposed to and shall determine its product’s dry band arcing compliance for the customer
specified application and pollution environment/index criteria. Refer to Annex D for discussion relating
Voc to space potential.

The corresponding dry band arc voltage at the specified pollution index when subjected to 300 cycles shall
not erode through the jacket.

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Annex A

(informative)

Comments on electrical revision

Prior to this revision, ADSS cable has been rated and installed according to space potential, typically
calculated at “mid-span” (or some distance from a supporting structure). The commonly employed
electrical model is classical in that ADSS cable and conductors are assumed parallel and infinitely long.
While straightforward to use and easily adapted to spreadsheets, the model falls short of fitting the real
world for the following various reasons:

a) Although a useful indicator, space potential does not directly determine electrical activity.
b) The model is inherently two dimensional (2D). Non-parallel physical arrangements are either
difficult or impossible to analyze for ADSS cable suitability.
c) Potential corona problems cannot be assessed (the model does not compute surface gradients).
d) Effects of pollution cannot be quantified (the model does not compute the relevant parameters).
e) There is no test that can determine suitability of ADSS cable jacket material directly according to
space potential.

This revision accounts for item a) to item e), briefly and in general, as follows:

 Item a). Electric field: the directional derivative of space potential (i.e., E ≅ dV/ds) is a more direct
indicator of activity. For pollution considerations, Voc (induced dry band voltage) is the indicator.
 Item b). The three dimensional (3D) electric field levels from known viable parallel ADSS cable
and conductor arrangements can be applied to non-parallel arrangements.
 Item c). Corona prediction and mitigation also require 3D electric field analysis. Surface electric
field (also known as surface gradient) is the parameter of interest. While it is generally understood
that corona depends on the radial (normal) component of the electric field, it is important to explain
the difference between to “surface electric field” and “surface gradient” that produces corona, and
the one that produced Voc, as suggested.
 Item d) and item e). Research at Arizona State University in cooperation with the Bonneville Power
Administration has resulted in the quantification of ADSS cable pollution, as well as a test, based
on real-world models of high-voltage towers. The test involves applying Voc and pollution levels
of various magnitudes to the ADSS cable jacket surface.

The descriptions herein, which reflect the concerns in item a) to item e), are not intended to be a detailed
installation guide. Development or procurement of relevant spreadsheets and programs to perform
calculations is the responsibility of the manufacturers and/or clients.

The writers of this document however felt the following additional explanations are needed to assist the
reader in understanding the basic principles supporting the revisions:

 Item a). Space potential and electric fields are compared in Annex B.
 Item b). Corona on ADSS cable hardware is described in Annex C.
 Item c), item d), and item e). An overview of the pollution model and Voc test is in Annex D.

It is cautioned that the detailed theoretical principals are more complicated and the explanations in Annex B
through Annex E are simplified.

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Annex B

(informative)

Space potential and electrical fields

Electric fields can affect the outer jacket of ADSS. While there are no established electric field limits, designers
should locate ADSS on high-voltage structures (and equipment) where the lowest field levels can be determined.

B.1 Minimizing electric fields using space potential calculations (parallel case)

On high-voltage towers, where ADSS and conductors are reasonably parallel, space potential levels can
identify areas of minimum electric fields for a particular structure design. The customer shall provide the
location position of the ADSS cable with respect to each conductor along with the conductors’ voltage and
phase; this allows the space potential at the ADSS location to be calculated.

Space potential is a level of voltage in space between energized objects (e.g., conductors of a high-voltage
transmission line) and non-energized objects. Magnitude of space potential is described in units of volts
and is mathematically a scalar.

B.1.1 Example of ADSS passing through space potential near a typical high-voltage structure

NOTE—This example also applies to suspension assembles.

Figure B.1—Example of ADSS passing through space potential

near a typical high-voltage structure

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for Use on Electric Utility Power Lines

B.1.2 Example of ADSS cable in electric fields (parallel case) near a typical high-voltage
structure

NOTE—This example also applies to suspension assembles.

Electric field strength is the change in space potential over a change in distance. Basic concept is E ≅ dV/ds and
E is a vector that has magnitude and direction. The magnitude of electric field strength is described in units of
volts per meter (common abbreviations are V/m, kV/m, and kV/cm). Direction of electric field strength may be
in the form of components such as Ex, Ey, and Ez or given by unit direction vectors (Ux, Uy, Uz).

Figure B.2—Example of ADSS cable in electric fields (parallel case)

near a typical high-voltage structure

B.2 Electric fields in non-parallel cases

Where conductors and ADSS are not parallel (e.g., ADSS at right angles to conductors at a tower), the
designer has to employ three-dimensional electric field modeling techniques to determine electric field
levels. Because there are no established levels, the following steps are suggested:

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a) Select a location on a representative structure where the ADSS and conductor would be parallel and
satisfying customer/supplier ADSS maximum electrical requirements. Using 3D methods, compute
the electric fields on the ADSS near the supporting metallic hardware. Diagrams in this annex show
an approximate area and characteristic of the electric field.
b) Compare the electric fields of the parallel case (from B.1) to the non-parallel case. If the maximum
electric field level of the non-parallel case is equal to or less than the maximum of the parallel case,
then the location is acceptable. If greater, then another location must be found, or hardware added
to reduce the maximum.

As described above, the parallel case establishes a “de facto” standard for maximum electric field for each
user. Future research is needed to determine a universal value.

B.2.1 Example of ADSS cable in electric fields near a typical high-voltage structure for a
non-parallel case

Figure B.3—Example of ADSS cable in electric fields near a typical

high-voltage structure for a non-parallel case

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B.2.2 Example structure designs that may require non-parallel (3D Electric Field) analysis
for location of ADSS cable dead-ends and suspensions

Figure B.4—Example structure designs that may require non-parallel (3D Electric Field)
analysis for location of ADSS cable dead-ends and suspensions

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Annex C

(informative)

Corona

In the example in Figure C.1, one armor rod of the modeled group is extended about 20 mm (3/4 in). This
is a suggested arrangement to determine a “worst-case scenario” for surface gradient. Corona usually
occurs near 20 kV/cm.

NOTE—The roughness of the tip can reduce the corona occurrence level to below 14 kV/cm.

It is recommended that the hardware be relocated or suppression devices be employed to reduce rod tip
surface gradients to 10 kV/cm or less.

Figure C.1— Computer model of armor rods with one rod extended
for “worst case” corona determination

Figure C.2—Example of corona suppression device added to model in Figure C.1

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Annex D

(informative)

An overview of pollution model and electrical tests

The electrical environment of polluted ADSS cable suspended between high-voltage towers can be
modeled with distributed resistance and capacitance as shown in Figure D.1. Classical equations provide
values for the capacitances between the ADSS cable and conductor and ADSS cable and ground. Solving
repetitive loop equations provides the pollution currents I0, I1, I2, etc., and voltages V1, V2, V3, etc.

NOTE—Comparison of models has shown that while reasonable results are obtainable by dividing a span into
100 sections, much better values are provided by 1000 sections.
Figure D.1—Distributed element model

Allowing the first lumped resistor (connecting V1 to the grounded tower) to be very large (e.g., 1014 Ω) and
repeating the computation provides the value Voc, which is the voltage across a dry band in the wet
pollution near the tower. I0, from the previous computation, becomes the arc current when the band flashes
over.

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Figure D.2—Distributed element model with dry band arc gap

The entire model can be reduced to an electrical equivalent by dividing Voc by I0. A and B are the phase
angles of each quantity. Figure D.3 shows the basic circuit for the arcing test.

Figure D.3—Thevenin-equivalent circuit

A study of a wide variety of high-voltage tower designs has shown that Req and Ceq are remarkably
consistent for a given pollution index (PI). The PI that describes the pollution severity is the exponent of
the measured wet pollution resistance in ohms/meter. For example, an index of 5.7 indicates a resistance of
105.7 or 501 kΩ/m. Designs in the study ranged from single circuit low voltage (i.e., 115 kV) to double
circuit 500 kV lines. Some examples from Karady et al. [B11] are shown in Table D.1.

Table D.1—Req and Ceq based on pollution index

Pollution index Ohm/meter Category Req Ceq
5 100 000 Heavy 4.2 × 106 Ω 650 pf
6 1 000 000 Medium 13.1 × 106 Ω 200 pf
7 10 000 000 Light 42.0 × 106 Ω 65 pf

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This enables real world ADSS cable pollution dry band voltages on long spans to be duplicated in the
laboratory in a conveniently small arrangement.

For illustration, Figure D.4 is reprinted from Karady et al. [B11]. Note the similarity to the previous
described equivalent circuit. R and C are Req and Ceq as described previously.

Source: Karady et al. [B11].

Figure D.4—Test method setup

Basically, a short sample of ADSS cable is subjected to salt spray and allowed to dry. The nature of the
resulting arc is a duplicate of that in the real world by virtue electrical equivalency.

As noted in the article by Karady et al. [B11], if no jacket failures were noted after 300 salt spray/dry
cycles, the test was terminated for that PI and Voc category. The 300 cycle results become the basis for
locating ADSS cable in the high-voltage environment without the longevity of the ADSS cable being
affected significantly by pollution.

Based on the arc withstand characteristics for polyethylene when tested in accordance to the test described
in Annex E, the following performance has been observed for Class A cables (see Table D.2). It is the
responsibility of the manufacturer to determine its cable performance.

Class A Performance

Table D.2—Class A performance observations

Pollution index Maximum induced dry band voltage—Voc
5.0 5 kV
5.3 7 kV
5.7 10 kV
6.0 15 kVa
7.0 20 kVa
7.7 25 kVa
aAlthough testing indicates survivable performance above 12 kV at light pollution,
manufacturer’s recommendations should be followed.

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Class B Performance

At this time, Dry Band Arc characteristics have not been established for Class B cables. Materials for Class
B jackets are considered proprietary by cable manufacturers. Use of any data developed according to the
arcing test described in this annex is at the discretion of the particular manufacturer.

Determination of Voc—parallel case

It can be demonstrated that Voc (dry band voltage) on ADSS cable near the tower is reasonably close to the
space potential away from the tower—provided that the sag of the ADSS cable matches the conductors
within about 0.5%.

Computation of space potential has historically taken place at the mid-span location of ADSS cable. The
commonly used equations assume all conductors as well as ADSS cable to be infinitely long and parallel.
Excel spreadsheets now exist throughout the industry which can easily perform the calculations.

Determination of Voc—non-parallel case

Models have not been developed to compute Voc in situations where ADSS cable is not parallel to
energized conductors. However, the same method used for electric fields in the parallel case can be applied
as follows:

a) On the subject structure, compute electric fields for an ADSS cable located parallel to the
conductors according to the particular cable jacket pollution/Voc test characteristics.
b) The electric fields of the non-parallel case should be equal to or less than the parallel case.

ADSS cable pollution determination in a particular area

ADSS cable pollution is one of the key parameters for determining potential damage to the ADSS cable
jacket and should be considered in locating ADSS cable in high-voltage environment. Unfortunately, data
of this type is lacking in most areas of the country and the world. One utility, BPA (Bonneville Power
Administration), has made measurements in portions of the Pacific Northwest using an instrument
developed at Washington State University. ADSS cable PIs have ranged from 7.7 to 8.1 placing that part of
the United States in the “Very Light” category. However, these were initial measurements and long term
levels have yet to be determined.

Until actual measurements can be obtained and recorded, it is strongly suggested that the customer attempt
to assess the local area. Obviously, pristine mountain areas fall into Light or better. Areas near salt water
can display a large range depending on local climate; PI measurements close to the Pacific Ocean (Bandon,
Oregon) range from 7.7 to 8.1. In contrast, in other parts of the world (Europe) salt can accumulate in the
Heavy region (PI = 5) or possibly worse. Industrial and farming locations may tend toward Medium and
Heavy. Insulator maintenance practices might provide some indication. A utility having to perform
insulator washing should be considered in Heavy category.

An excellent source of data is ADSS cable already installed in the same or a similar area. Details of the
Washington State University instrument may be found in the article by Edwards et al. [B3], titled “Portable
ADSS Surface Contamination Meter Calibrated in High Voltage Environment” .

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Annex E

(informative)

Dry band arcing test procedure

The objective of this test method is to demonstrate the resistance of the cable sheath to erosion and tracking
under different arc voltages and degrees of pollution resistance. This test method uses a Thevenin-equivalent
circuit shown in Figure E.1 to represent the net effect of the distributed capacitance coupling of energized
conductors on a long span of polluted ADSS cable, Voc is the “open circuit” voltage across a dry band of wet
pollution in the absence of arc current (see Annex D). Contamination levels are represented by the R & C in
the circuit. More details of this test method can be found in the IEEE paper by Karady et al. [B11].

Figure E.1—Test set-up

Test setup
An 46 cm (18 in) long cable sample shall be prepared in accordance to the diagrams in Figure E.2. The cable
ends are to be sealed. The foil (kitchen or industrial aluminum foil is recommended, but any metallic electrode
of similar dimension is suitable) shall be cut into two trapezoid shapes per the below diagram and wrapped
around the cable. The foil shall be separated by 100 mm (4 in) and shall be placed near the center of the
sample.

Figure E.2—Foil placement on ADSS cable

An autotransformer X1 controls the primary voltage of the high-voltage transformer X2. Other supply designs
are permissible provided the output voltage supplied to the limiting impedance is variable up to 40 kV.

The limiting impedance is denoted by resistor R in series with capacitor C. This impedance is defined as the ratio
of the open circuit voltage of a dry band arc (i.e., arc current extinguished) to the short circuit current of the arc
(current in pollution layer just prior to the arc formation). The 50 Ω resistor serves as an ac milliampere meter.

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Multiple samples are permitted provided each sample has a dedicated RC network connected to Voc.

A flow diagram of the pollution delivery system is shown in Figure E.3. Salt water is mixed in a plastic
tank or bucket that serves as a storage tank. The pump drives the water through the control valve, filter,
flow meter and the rain nozzle. After spraying, it is collected in a stainless steel storage tank and flows back
to the reservoir. The flow rate and water salinity are kept constant during the test

Salinity: 1% (Wait 12 h after adding salt to allow the salt to completely dissolve). Check the salinity every
24 h to assure a salinity of 1% or greater.

Flow rate: 0.5 to 0.8 G/mi

Figure E.3—Pollution delivery system flow diagram

Test method
The appropriate Req, Ceq, and Voc are chosen. Req and Ceq are chosen to represent the pollution level.
Voc should be chosen with care. See Annex E relating Voc to space potential.

Table E.1—Req and Ceq values for different pollution index values
Pollution index Ohms/meter Category Req Ceq
5 100 000 Heavy 4.2 × 106 Ω 650 pf
5.3 200 000 Heavy 5.8 × 106 Ω 457 pf
5.7 500 000 Heavy 9.2 × 106 Ω 290 pf
6 1 000 000 Medium 13.1 × 106 Ω 200 pf
6.3 2 000 000 Medium 18.6 × 106 Ω 145 pf
6.7 5 000 000 Medium 30.0 × 106 Ω 90 pf
7 10 000 000 Light 42.0 × 106 Ω 65 pf

The ADSS cable sample is subjected to repeated cycles of salt spray and drying. The samples are wetted for
2 min and allowed to dry for 13 min. During the drying period, arcing appears on the sample. The test is
performed under normal room temperatures and humidity.

Dry band arcing shall not erode through the cable jacket prior to completing 300 cycles for the appropriate
pollution index for the region. Unless a PI for the region can be determined, the customer may need to
specify a low pollution index. The supplier’s cable shall be capable of completing 300 cycles at less than or
equal to the customer’s specified PI.

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Annex F

(informative)

Bibliography

Bibliographical references are resources that provide additional or helpful material but do not need to be
understood or used to implement this standard. Reference to these resources is made for informational use only.

[B1] Accredited Standards Committee C2-2007, National Electrical Safety Code®, (NESC®). 11, 12, 13

[B2] CSA C22.3 No. 1-01, Overhead Systems. 14

[B3] Edwards, K. S., P. D. Pedrow, and R. G. Olsen, “Portable ADSS Surface Contamination Meter
Calibrated in High Voltage Environment,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 18, no. 3, July 2003.
[B4] IEC 60071-2, Insulation co-ordination—Part 2: Application guidelines. 15
[B5] IEC 60794-1-2, Optical Fiber Cables—Part 1-2: Generic Specification—Basic Optical Cable Test
Procedures.
[B6] IEEE Std 487™, IEEE Standard for the Electrical Protection of Communications Facilities Serving
Electric Supply Locations - General Considerations. 16, 17
[B7] IEEE Std 487.2™, IEEE Standard for the Electrical Protection of Communication Facilities Serving
Electric Supply Locations through the Use of Optical Fiber Systems. 18
[B8] IEEE Std 1313.2-1999, IEEE Guide for the Application of Insulation Coordination.
[B9] IEEE Std 1428™, IEEE Guide for Installation Methods for Fiber Optic Cables in Electric Power
Generating Stations and in Industrial Facilities.
[B10] IEEE Std 1591.2, IEEE Standard for Testing and Performance of Hardware for All-Dielectric Self-
Supporting (ADSS) Fiber Optic Cable.
[B11] Karady, G. G., E. Al-Ammar, B. Shi, and M. W. Tuominen, “Experimental Verification of the
Proposed IEEE Performance and Testing Standard for ADSS Fiber Optic Cable for Use on Electric Utility
Power Lines,” IEEE Transaction on Power and Delivery, vol. 21, no. 1, January 2006.
[B12] TIA-455-38, FOTP-38, Measurement of Fiber Strain in Cables Under Tensile Load.

11
National Electrical Safety Code and NESC are both registered trademarks and service marks of the Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers, Inc.
12
The NESC is available from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (https://standards.ieee.org/).
13
The NESC can provide appropriate standards for cable deployment including recommended weather loads.
14
CSA publications are available from the Canadian Standards Association (https://www.csa.ca/).
15
IEC publications are available from the International Electrotechnical Commission (https://www.iec.ch) and the American National
Standards Institute (https://www.ansi.org/).
16
IEEE publications are available from The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (https://standards.ieee.org/).
17
The IEEE standards or products referred to in Annex F are trademarks owned by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers, Incorporated.
18
This standard can be used when placing cables in an electric supply location.

49
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