Mountains o The developed portion of the city

corresponds to the plateau that rises to an

- Large landform that rises above its elevation of 1,400 meters.
surroundings, in a form of a peak; o Today, it still boasts of 5 forest reserves with
- Groups of mountains are called ranges; a total area of 434.77 hectares. Three of
- According to the Oxford English Dictionary, these areas are watersheds that serve as
mountains have a height above 610m. sources of the City’s water supply.
- The world's highest peak on land is Mount o Vegetables – The best vegetables in
Everest in the Himalayas. It is 8,850m (29036ft) Baguio are potatoes, carrots, ube, beans,
tall. broccolis, cauliflowers, lettuce, cabbage,
Types of Mountains radish, and many more.
o Fruits – One of the common fruits
 Fold produced in Baguio are Strawberries.
- Bukidnon Highlands / Plateau
 Formed by the folding of the earth’s crust. o Bukidnon is a landlocked province of the
Compressed. Philippines located in the Northern
 Fault Block Mindanao region.
o Bukidnon is considered by Filipinos to be
 Formed when Earth’s crust is pulled apart the food basket of Mindanao. It is the
major producer of rice and corn in the
 Dome region. Plantations in the province also
 It is dome-shaped as the crust is bent produce pineapples, bananas and
upward. Isolated. sugarcane.
o Home for Indigenous Tribes of Ilocanos,
 Volcanic Batangueños, Igorots and Ivatans

 Starts with a simple crack in the Earth

called a volcanic vent
When river water cuts through the plateau,

Valleys
Hills
- A valley is an extended depression in the Earth's
- Naturally raised area of land, not as high as a surface that is usually bounded by hills or
mountain; mountains and is normally occupied by a river or
- Limits its height to 610m below. stream.
- Cavanal Hill is the Highest Hill.
How Valleys are formed?

- Erosion by rivers
Plateaus - Movement of the Earth’s crust
- Glacier formation
- A plateau is a flat, elevated landform that rises
sharply above the surrounding area on at least V-Shaped Valleys
one side. They are one of the four major - A V-shaped valley is a narrow valley with steeply
landforms, along with mountains, plains, and hills. sloped sides that appear similar to the letter "V"
Two Kinds of Plateau and how they are made: from a cross-section. These valleys form in
mountainous and/or highland areas with streams
▪ Dissected Plateau forms as a result of upward in their "youthful" stage. At this stage, streams flow
movement in the Earth’s crust. The uplift is caused rapidly down steep slopes.
by the slow collision of tectonic plates. - Down cutting

▪ Volcanic Plateau is formed by numerous small U-Shaped Valleys

volcanic eruptions that slowly build up over time,
forming a plateau from the resulting lava flows. - U-shaped valleys are found in areas with a high
elevation and in high latitudes, where the most
Tibetan Plateau glaciation has occurred. Large glaciers that have
formed in high latitudes are called continental
- The largest plateau in the world located in central glaciers or ice sheets, while those forming in
Asia. It stretches through the countries of Tibet, mountain ranges are called alpine or mountain
China, and India and occupies an area of 2.5 glaciers.
million square kilometers (1.5 million square miles),
which is four times the size of the U.S. state of Texas. Flat-Floored Valleys

Plateaus in the Philippine Context - These valleys, like V-shaped valleys, are formed by
streams, but they are no longer in their youthful
- Benham Rise, an underwater plateau by stage and are instead considered mature. With
definition, is an extension of the Philippines' these streams, as the slope of a stream's channel
continental shelf, an area rich in living and non- becomes smooth, and begins to exit the steep V
living resources like minerals and gas. or U-shaped valley, the valley floor gets wider.
o It is potentially a rich source of natural gas
and other resources such as heavy Valleys in the Philippine Context
metals. It is about 2,000 to 5,000 meters
deep, but remains largely unexplored. Compostela Valley
- Baguio City
 - The main source of livelihood of this province are Formed by the deposition of materials brought by various
agricultural products such as rice, coconut, agents of transportation such as rivers, wind, waves, and
cacao, coffee, papaya, mango, pineapple, glaciers. Alluvial plains - formed by rivers, and may be one
durian and banana. of these overlapping types:
- Home for the indigenous tribes of Mansaka,
Kagan, Mandaya, Mangguagan, Manobo and ⬗ Flood plain - adjacent to a stream, river, lake or
Dibabawon wetland that experiences occasional or periodic
flooding.
Cagayan Valley
⬗ Scroll plain - a plain through which a river
- Agricultural products are rice, corn, peanut, meanders with a very low gradient.
beans, and fruits. Livestock products include
cattle, hogs, carabaos, and poultry. Woodcraft ⬗ Lava plain - formed by sheets of flowing lava.
furniture made of hardwood, rattan, bamboo,
Glacial Plains
and other indigenous materials are also available
in the province. Formed by the movement of glaciers under the force of
- Agriculture is the major industry of the people of gravity
Isabela. Farming is highly mechanized as most of
the agricultural lands are irrigated. Abyssal Plains
- The reservoir of the Magat Dam is utilized for fish
A flat or very gently sloping area of the deep ocean basin.
cage operations, particularly tilapia production.
✓ The climate of the plains fluctuates between
extremes, with cold, blustery winters and long, hot
Plains summers.

- A broad area of relatively flat land with gentle ✓ Because there are no trees, hills or mountains, the
slopes and small local reliefs. region has no natural protection against wind and
- Occupies ⅓ of the Earth’s terrestrial surface. erosion.
- Exists on every continent.
✓ High winds and dust storms are common across
- Corresponding to their broad geographical
Great Plains.
distribution, the plains show considerable variation
in vegetation.
- Densely populated areas.
Mountain Ranges
How plains are formed:
✓ A mountain range is a line or group
1. Weathering and Erosion of mountains that are geologically related or
Some plains form as ice and water erodes, or wears away, physically close to one another.
the dirt and rock on higher land. ✓ They often share the same geological origins,
Water and ice carry the bits of dirt, rock, and other mountain ranges have similar form, size and age.
material, called sediment, down hillsides to be deposited ✓ Mountains often serve as geographic features
elsewhere. that define natural borders of countries.
As layer upon layer of this sediment is laid down, plains ✓ Their height can influence weather patterns,
form. stalling storms that roll off the oceans and
2. Volcanic Activity squeezing water from the clouds.

Lava plains form when lava pushes up from below ground ✓ The other side is often much drier.
and flows across the land. ✓ The rugged landscapes even provide refuge—
Much darker than the surrounding soil. and protection—for fleeing and invading armies.

The dark earth is a result of the lava, mostly a dark-colored Himalayas

mineral called basalt, broken down into tiny particles over - The Himalayas in Asia formed from one such
millions of years. massive wreck that started about 55 million
3. Movement of Rivers years ago.

As rivers move from side to side, they gradually erode the - Thirty of the world’s highest mountains are in
valley, creating broad plains. the Himalaya.

As a river floods, it overflows its bank. The flood carries mud, - 2,576 km (1,600 mi)
sand, and other sediment out over the land. After the Andes Mountains / Cordillera de Los Andres
water withdraws, the sediment remains. If a river floods
repeatedly, over time this sediment will build up into a - Longest mountain range in the world.
flood plain. - The Andes consists of a vast series of extremely
high plateaus surmounted by even higher
Types of Plains peaks that form an unbroken rampart over a
- Structural Plains distance of some 5,500 miles.
- Erosional Plains Cordilleras
- Depositional Plains

Depositional Plains
Oceans the Philippines' exclusive economic zone. The term
is also sometimes used to refer to the South
The ocean is a continuous body of salt water that covers China Sea as a whole.
more than 70 percent of the Earth's surface. Ocean
currents govern the world's weather and churn a • The West Philippine Sea is a marginal sea that is
kaleidoscope of life. Humans depend on these teeming part of the Pacific Ocean.
waters for comfort and survival, but global warming and
overfishing threaten Earth's largest habitat. • Exclusive Economic Zone – an area of coastal
water and seabed within a certain distance of a
Facts about Oceans: country’s coastline, to which the country claims
exclusive rights for fishing, drilling, and other
1. Ocean tides are caused by the Earth rotating economic activities.
while the Moon and Sun’s gravitational pull acts
on ocean water. • The first use of the term "West Philippine Sea" by the
Philippine government was as early as 2011 during
2. Oceans are frequently used as a means of the administration of then-President Benigno
transport with various companies shipping their Aquino III.
products across oceans from one port to another.
• Countries involved in west Philippine sea DISPUTE
3. While there are hundreds of thousands of known
marine life forms, there are many that are yet to • BRUNEI
be discovered, some scientists suggest that there • CHINA
could actually be millions of marine life forms out • INDONESIA
there. • MALAYSIA
• PHILIPPINES
4. Amelia Earhart became the first female to fly solo • SINGAPORE
across the Atlantic Ocean in 1932. • TAIWAN
5. Located to the east of the Mariana Islands in the • VIETNAM
western Pacific Ocean, the Mariana Trench is the Scarborough Shoal
deepest known area of Earth’s oceans. It has a
deepest point of around 11000 metres (36000 • The Scarborough Shoal, more correctly described
feet). as a group of islands, atolls, and reefs rather than
a shoal, is located in the South China Sea. The
nearest landmass is Palauig town, Zambales
province, Luzon island, at 221 kilometers (137 mi.)
Seas It is about 198 kilometers (123 mi) west of Subic
Seas are smaller than oceans and are usually located Bay.
where the land and ocean meet. Typically, seas are • Philippine Name: Panatag Shoal
partially enclosed by land.
• Chinese Name: Huangyan
The expanse of salt water that covers most of the earth's
surface and surrounds its landmasses. • Spanish Name: Bajo De Masinloc

Facts about Seas: Spratly Islands

1. A concentration basin has a higher salinity (salt) • The Spratly Islands are a disputed archipelago in
level than the open oceans due to evaporation. the South China Sea. Composed of islands, islets
The upper layer of water is an inflow of fresh and cays and more than 100 reefs, sometimes
oceanic water and the bottom layer of water is grouped in submerged old atolls, the archipelago
out flowing saltier water. lies off the coasts of the Philippines, Malaysia, and
southern Vietnam.
2. The "sea" or the "ocean" are words used to
describe all the interconnected salt waters of the • Named after the 19th-century British whaling
world including the five great oceans. captain Richard Spratly who sighted Spratly
Islands in 1843.
3. Pacific Ocean marginal seas include: the Bering
Sea, Celebes Sea, Coral Sea, East and South • Philippine name: Kalayaan Island
China Seas, Philippine Sea, Japan Sea, Sea of
Okhotsk, Tasman Sea and the Yellow Sea. • Chinese name: Nansha Qundao or Nansha Islands

How to take care of these bodies of water? • Tomas Cloma, the first to discover a group of
island known as Kalayaan Group Islands and
- Mind Your Carbon Footprint and Reduce Energy establish his own nation.
Consumption
- Make Safe, Sustainable Seafood Choices Tomas Cloma - The Modern Magellan of the Philippines
- Use Fewer Plastic Products because of his discovery in Kalayaan Group Islands.
- Help Take Care of the Beach
Nine-Dash-Line
- Don't Purchase Items That Exploit Marine Life
• The Nine-Dash Line—at various times also referred
to as the "10-dash line" and the "11-dash line"—
refers to the undefined, vaguely
West Philippine Sea
located, demarcation line used initially by
• West Philippine Sea is the official designation by the Republic of China (1912-1949) and
the Philippine government of eastern parts of the subsequently the governments of the Republic of
South China Sea which are included in China and the People’s Republic of China (PRC),
 for their claims of the major part of the South Channel – The deepest part of a river bed. It is usually
China Sea. located in the middle of a river. Here, the current is often
strong.
• China is claiming rights to Panatag Shoal, which it
calls Huangyan Island, based on the 1947 9- Mouth – The end of a river. The river empties into larger
dashed Lines Map of the China entitle “Location river, a lake, or the ocean.
Map of the South China Sea.”
The Philippines has 421 rivers. Of those, 50 are biologically
Other islands of West Philippine Sea dead. The Cagayan River, Rio Grande de Mindanao and
the Agusan River are three very important rivers in this
• Scarborough Shoal country.
• Taiping
• Sin Cowe Cagayan River
• Flat
• Swallow Reef ➢ longest and largest river in the Philippines, 505 km
• Woody long
• Tree Island, South China Sea ➢ located in the north, in the Cagayan Valley
• Bombay Reef region.
• Triton Island
• Rocky Island, South China Sea ➢ This river is prone to heavy flooding during
• Yagong monsoon season, which lasts May through
• Robert October, causing many deaths and other
destruction.
The reason behind this territorial confclit:
➢ The Cagayan River flows through one of the last
- Geographical location remaining primary forests of the country, and it
- Lack of communication bet. Countries involved supports some endangered species like the
- Natural resources Philippine eagle and Luzon bleeding-heart
pigeon.

Rio Grande de Mindanao

Rivers
➢ also called the Mindanao River.
WHICH IS LONGER, AMAZON OR NILE RIVER?
➢ It is the second longest river in the country, being
For centuries, scientists have debated which river is longer.
373 km long.
Measuring a river is difficult because it is hard to pinpoint
its exact beginning and end. Also, the length of rivers can ➢ located on the southern Philippine island,
change. There is no debate, however, that the Amazon Mindanao.
carries more water than any other river on Earth.
Approximately one-fifth of all the freshwater entering the ➢ This river is important to the localeconomy, as
oceans comes from the Amazon. many agricultural products and timber are
shipped via its waters. It starts in the mountains of
Importance of River Impasug-ong as the Pulangi River, and flows into
the Moro Gulf.Cotabato City and Datu Piang are
Water - carries water and nutrients to areas all around the
two cities located on this river.
earth.
Agusan River
Habitat - provides excellent habitat for many of the earth's
organisms. ➢ It is the third longest river in the country, 350 km in
length.
Transport - provide travel routes for exploration, commerce
and recreation. ➢ It originates in the mountains of the Compostela
Valley
Energy - Use to power machines. Today steep rivers are still
used to power hydroelectric plants and their water ➢ One major area of this river is the Agusan Marsh,
turbines. which is an interesting ecological area. It is a
wildlife sanctuary that rises during the rainy
Farming - provide fertile soils. Farmers in dry regions irrigate
season, and many migratory ducks come to live
their cropland using water carried by irrigation ditches for some time in the seasonal lakes. During the dry
from nearby rivers. season, many birds come in from Japan to
Food - Other animals use the river for food and drink escape the cold winters. This marsh also cuts the
large discharge of water from upstream, which
Anatomy of River can later lead to flash floods.

River System for Drainage – It is also fed by other streams,

called tributaries. Together, a river and its tributaries make
up a river system Lakes

Current – The movement of water in a river. It is usually - A lake is a body of water that is surrounded by
strongest near the river’s source. land.
- They are found on every continent and in
Delta – When a river enter an ocean or lake it may deposit every kind of environment --in mountains
so much sediment that a new land is formed. and deserts, on plains, and near seashores.
Source of Headwaters – beginning of a river- glacier, lake - Lakes vary greatly in size. Some measure only
or spring a few square meters and are small enough to
 fit in your backyard; known as ponds. Other The lowest lake is the Dead Sea, between Israel and
lakes are so big that they are called seas. Jordan. It is more than 395 meters (1,300 feet) below sea
level.
- The water in lakes comes from rain, snow,
melting ice, streams, and groundwater Lakes in the Philippines
seepage.
A number of smaller lakes occupy the craters of extinct
- Most lakes contain freshwater. volcanoes. Some lake basins are developed by
subsidence due to tectonic or volcanic activity.
All lakes are either open or closed.
The origin of most of the lakes in the Philippines is closely
Open Closed related to volcanic and tectonic activity
If water leaves a lake by If water only leaves a lake
a river or other outlet, it is by evaporation the lake is Others owe their existence to obstruction of drainage
said to be open. closed. courses by landslides, lava flows and by fragmental
All freshwater Closed lakes usually volcanic ejecta
lakes are open become saline, or salty.
Open lakes form in areas Closed lakes typically form Laguna de Bay
where precipitation is in areas where
greater than evaporation. evaporation is greater - It is the largest lake in the Philippines located
than rainfall. east of Metro Manila between the provinces
Importance of Lake of Laguna to the south and Rizal to the north.
- The lake is one of the primary sources of
Resources – Through the centuries, lakes have provided freshwater fish in the country.
routes for travel and trade. - Its water drains to Manila Bay via the Pasig
River.
Irrigation – Farmers use lake water to irrigate crops.
Lake Lanao
Water – Lakes supply many communities with water.
Artificial lakes are used to store water for times of drought. - It is a large ancient lake located in Lanao del
Sur.
Energy - Lakes formed by dams also provide hydroelectric
- It is the largest lake in Mindanao second
energy. The water is channeled from the lake to
largest lake in the Philippines counted as one
drive generators that produce electricity.
of the 15 ancient lakes in the world.
Vacation Spots - People seek out their sparkling waters to
Taal Lake
enjoy boating swimming, water-skiing, fishing, sailing, and,
in winter, ice skating, ice boating, and ice fishing - It located in Batangas
- It is the country’s third largest lake.
Home - For some people, lakes are permanent homes.
- Within the lake rises Volcano Island (984 feet),
They can catch fish.
which itself contains another small crater
Caspian Sea (lakes vary greatly in size) called Yellow lake.
- It has erupted 25 times since 1572, most
• The Caspian Sea or Mazandaran Sea is a recently in 1970.
landlocked sea between Asia and Europe

• It is the world’s largest lake, with an area of more

than 370,000 square km RIVER LAKE
Flowing body of water Immobile body of water
• It is often listed as the world's largest lake, though Looks like a snake Looks like a huge pond
it is not a freshwater one. They have a source and a
Inland, does not communi
mouth where the water is
• It is bordered by Russia to the northwest, cate with other
poured into an ocean, se
Azerbaijan to the west, Iran to the south, water bodies
a, lake or river.
Turkmenistan to the southeast and Kazakhstan to A freshwater source A freshwater source
the northeast. Can help create hydro-en Can help create hydro-en
ergy ergy
• Ownership of the sea's resources is a contentious
issue among its surrounding countries because it is
rich with oil and natural gas.

Lake Baikal (lake vary greatly in depth) Fjords

I. Introduction (Icebreaker)
• The world’s deepest lake is Lake Baikal, in Russia.
a. “der man ferder over”
Its bottom is nearly 2 kilometers (more than 1 mile)
b. Fjord, from the norse “fjörðr”, means “der
below the surface in places.
man ferder over” (English “where you
• It is about four times deeper and holds nearly as travel across”) or “å sette over på den
andre siden” (english “put across to the
much water as all five of the Great
other side”).
Lakes combined.
II. Definition of Terms [insert video]
• Other lakes are so shallow that a person could a. A narrow inlet of the sea between cliffs or
easily wade across them. steep slopes (Merriam-Webster, 2019)
b. A deep, narrow and elongated ocean
Lakes exist at many different elevations: inlet, cut into the landscape, with steep
mountains on three sides.
One of the highest is Lake Titicaca, in the Andes Mountains (Hurtigruten.com, 2019) (Norway)
between Bolivia and Peru. It is about 3,810 meters (12,500 III. How are Fjords formed?
feet) above sea level. a. Formation of Glaciers
 b. Glacier (Nature’s Bulldozer) [insert video] ▪ Sawyer Glacier empties into the
▪ Plucking – removal of debris Tracy Arm Fjord, south of Juneau,
▪ Abrasion – sliding of debris whilst Alaska.
scraping other debris ▪ Length: 48 km
▪ Ablation – loses mass; melts d. Arnarfjordur
▪ Accumulation – more snow falls ▪ The cloudy sky mirrors the icy fjord of
▪ Transportation – sliding of debris Arnarfjordur, Iceland.
c. The Formation of Fjords ▪ Arnarfjordur is one of dozens of fjords
▪ Fjords were created by glaciers. In in a region of Iceland called the
the Earth's last ice age, glaciers Westfjords.
covered just about everything. ▪ The Westfjords is actually a large
Glaciers move very slowly over time, peninsula in the northwestern part of
and can greatly alter the landscape the island.
once they have moved through an ▪ Length: 30 km
area. This process is called e. Boka Fjord
glaciation. ▪ Boka Fjord, in Montenegro, is one of
▪ Glaciation carves deep valleys. This the southernmost fjords in Europe.
is why fjords can be thousands of ▪ Boka Fjord is an inlet of the Adriatic
meters deep. Fjords are usually Sea.
deepest farther inland, where the ▪ Length: 20 km
glacial force was strongest.
f. Norang Fjord
▪ The fjords were formed by the giant
▪ The National Geographic Society's
glacier tongues that through several
Center for Sustainable Destinations
ice ages have shaped the
has listed Norway's fjords as one of
landscape. A fjord is thus a U-
the top-rated vacation spots in the
shaped undersea valley, and on the
world.
west coast, this valley is often
▪ The Norang Fjord, above, is in the
surrounded by dramatic mountain
southwestern part of the country.
scenery.
▪ A fjord is formed when a glacier g. Scoresby Sund
retreats, after carving its typical U- ▪ Largest Fjord in the world
shaped valley, and the sea fills the ▪ Greenland—350 km (217 mi)
resulting valley floor. This forms a h. Skelton Inlet
narrow, steep sided inlet (sometimes ▪ Antarctica’s Ross Ice Shelf is home
deeper than 1300 metres) to the world’s deepest fjord, known
connected to the sea. The terminal as the Skelton Inlet, which is 6,342
moraine pushed down the valley by feet below sea level at its deepest
the glacier is left underwater at the point. It has an entry point that is 10
fjord’s entrance, causing the water miles wide between Cape
at the neck of the fjord to be Timberlake and Fishtail Point. The
shallower than the main body of the Skelton Inlet gets its name from
fjord behind it. British Lt. Reginald W. Skelton, the
IV. Most Famous Fjords chief engineer of the ship and crew
a. The Geirangerfjord who discovered the fjord during the
▪ The deep blue fjord is surrounded by Discovery Expedition that lasted
majestic mountain peaks, wild from 1901 to 1904.
waterfalls and lush, green V. How Do You Decipher a Fjord?
vegetation. One of the reasons Variations and Features
Geirangerfjord is UNESCO- Hydrology
protected is to preserve the way - Distribution of ice (white) in Europe during the
farmers live and work on its last glacial period
incredibly steep mountain slopes. Coral Reefs
▪ Akerneset, the largest mountain in - marine life on the reefs is believed to be one
the area, will eventually erode into of the most important reasons why the
the fjord, producing a tsunami that Norwegian coastline is such a generous fishing
will devastate nearby towns. ground.
Norway is also considering Skerries
constructing a larger power grid in - In some places near the seaward margins of
the area, including visible power areas with fjords, the ice-scoured channels
lines. are so numerous and varied in direction that
▪ Location: West coast, in Stranda the rocky coast is divided into thousands of
Municipality (Møre & Romsdal island blocks, some large and mountainous
county), Norway (1,000 Fjords) while others are merely rocky points or rock
▪ Length: 15 kilometers reefs, menacing navigation.
b. Sognefjord - most commonly formed at the outlet of fjords
▪ The Sognefjord or Sognefjorden where submerged glacially formed valleys
(English: Sogn Fjord), nicknamed the perpendicular to the coast join with other
King of the Fjords, is the largest and cross valleys in a complex array.
deepest fjord in Norway. Epishelf Lakes
▪ Located in Sogn og Fjordane - forms when meltwater is trapped behind a
county in Western Norway, it floating ice shelf and the freshwater floats on
stretches 205 kilometres (127 mi) the denser saltwater below. Its surface may
(second-longest in the world) inland freeze forming an isolated ecosystem.
from the ocean to the small village
of Skjolden in the municipality of VI. Why Norway?
It essentially shaped the landscape of Scandinavia. While
Luster.
Sweden, Finland and Denmark were essentially pressed
c. Tracy Arm Fjord down to under the sea-level by the massive ice-sheet, the
Norwegian mountains were being slowly shredded… the How Geysers erupt?
soft earth located in between harder peaks was simply
flattened or scooped away by the ice, especially during Water in the lower part of the tube, closes to magma
the melting period when the glaciers slowly, but surely becomes superhot.
unleashed lots of ice through the valleys, lakes, and fjords The water will begin to boil and it will begin to steam
that they weight and movement has created. or turn to gas.
A similar process did not take place in the rest of Northern The steam jets toward the surface and the steam
Europe (bar Scotland and Iceland) because the rocks ejects the column of water to it.
were much softer and the land shallower. You can see the The water rushes through the tube and into the air.
same exact process today in parts of Iceland, Greenland The eruption will continue until all the water is forced
and Spitsbergen: (Kongsfjorden Kruise) out the tube or until the temperature will drop to
As the ice retreats, it reveals large sea-arms digging deep below boiling to 100 degrees Celsius.
into the land, filled with less-salted water stemming from Water slowly seeps back into the tube after eruption
the melting freshwater glaciers. That’s what a fjord is, and and process begins again.
that’s why Norway has so many. In some small geysers, the process can take a few minutes
VII. The Importance and Significance of Fjords to but for larger geysers can take days.
the Environment
Regulates Earth’s Climate Types of Geysers:
- where current or past glaciations extended
below current sea level. Steam-Driven: Can be further into two different types –
- make up just 0.1% of the world’s oceans, no cone and fountain. Cone geysers consists of minerals, it
one realized just how important they were. may erupt for several minutes and some may erupt for
- absorb approximately 18 million tons of more than hour at a time.
organic carbon each year, equivalent to 11
percent of annual marine carbon burial Fountain geysers erupt beneath pools of water – usually in
globally. short burst of a few seconds each.
- Carbon Burial – important natural process that
provides the largest carbon sink on the planet Cold Water: Instead of heat driving from the ground,
and influences atmospheric carbon dioxide carbon dioxide collects underground lakes called
levels at multi-thousand-year time scales. aquifers. Only a few of this type of cold-water geyser
- “In essence, fjords appear to act as a major exist.
temporary storage site for organic carbon in
between glacial periods. This finding has The weight of the water contains the carbon dioxide
important implications for improving our bubbles until the rock layer above weakens and forms a
understanding of global carbon cycling and fissure, or crack, or when humans drill through the rock. The
climate change,” Dr. Candida Savage said. bubbles then expand and propel the water upwards with
- Akerneset, the largest mountain in the area, great force.
will eventually erode into the fjord, producing
a tsunami that will devastate nearby towns. Where can we find geysers?
Norway is also considering constructing a
larger power grid in the area, including visible - Some geysers field sites are located near
power lines. active volcanic areas.
Provides Agricultural Opportunities - We can also find geysers on moons, and other
- The deep blue fjord is surrounded by majestic planets. On other planets, they release
mountain peaks, wild waterfalls and lush, chemical vapors, dust and ice.
green vegetation. - They were named as “cryogeysers” or
“cryovolcanoes” (icy cold), because of low
boiling point of the contents in the ejected
Geyser material. Chemicals such as ammonia were
mixed that lowering the freezing point of the
A geyser is a vent in the Earth’s surface and ejects a hot
mixture.
water or steam. Some geysers, even if it is small, is an
- There are thousands of geysers that are active
amazing phenomenon. Some eruptions blast to thousands
around the world. Tourists often visit geysers to
of gallons of boiling-water up to hundred feet in the air.
see the water spray high to the air because it
There are not many geysers in the Earth, it is a rare geologic is a rare phenomenon.
features. In fact, geysers are temporary features of the
Earth that may last up to several thousand years only.

Geyser has its root word from Old Norse (Germanic East Asia
language) geysa which means to gush or rush forth.
China
History
Danxia Rainbow Mountains
Long ago, the world knew Yellowstone Old Faithful, and it
- Cretaceous sandstones and siltstones that were
is used to wash clothes. Europeans marveled thermal
deposited in China before the Himalayan
wonders of Iceland – the greatest of these wonders was
Mountains were formed. The sand and silt was
the mighty Great Geyser.
deposited with iron and trace minerals that
The earliest reference of Geysers was 1294. Explorers, provided it with the key ingredient to form the
naturalists, and travelers made drawings, and paintings to colors we see today.
convey the power of natural wonder of the fountain of
- Layers of different colored sandstone and
volcanoes and geysers.
minerals were pressed together over 24 million
By the year 1800s, the geysers was great attraction in the years and then buckled up by tectonic plates
Iceland. By 19th century tourists, marveled at its 240 feet
Huang He River (Yellow River)
high eruption. By the end of 19 th century, the eruption
slowed down to about 3 eruptions a day. • 2nd longest river in China
 • 6th longest river system in the world - The Continent of Africa is located at the
• Sediments/silt from northern region (desert) equator, tropic of cancer, tropic of Capricorn.
• Cause of one of the seven deadly floods - The absolute location of Africa is 30.5595° S,
22.9375° E
- Africa is a continent located to the south of
1887, 1931, 1938 Yellow River Flood Europe across the Mediterranean Sea and to
the east of South America across the Atlantic
• Killed millions every year Ocean.
• “China’s Sorrow” - Africa is consists of savannahs, desserts,
• Caused by the elevated nature of the river rainforests.
- Africa is the world's second largest and
Hong Kong second most-populous continent.
Chek Chau (Red Island) - The landmass of Africa is about 30.3 million
km2 (11.7 million square miles) including
- About a hundred million years ago, climate in Port adjacent islands.
Island became extremely dry and hot, and the
iron in sedimentary rocks oxidized into red iron
oxide, which a rocks a red appearance.

Japan

Mt. Fuji

- Active volcano
- Komitake, Kofuji, Fuji (youngest)
- Distinctive cone shape
- 4 – 8 hours of average climbing
- First person to climb – A monk

Issues concerning Africa:

Mongolia
The Environmental Challenges in Sub Saharan Africa
GOBI DESERT
Sub-Saharan Africa suffers from some serious
- “gobi” meaning waterless place environmental problems, including deforestation, soil
- south of Mongolia and north of China erosion, desertification, wetland degradation, and insect
- Some geologists considered that Mongolian infestation.
Gobi was once a bottom of sea in ancient
Poverty
time and found fossilized coral heads, ‘sea
lilies’ and various shells in the Gobi Altai Poverty in Africa is the lack of provision to satisfy the basic
province. human needs of certain people in Africa. African nations
typically fall toward the bottom of any list measuring small
South Korea
size economic activity, such as income per capita or GDP
JEJU ISLAND per capita, despite a wealth of natural resources.

- Hawaii of Korea due to moderate climate Contributions:

- Mt. Hallasan (biggest mountain in South
Iron Technology:
Korea)
- The Love Park • According to Jared Diamond that copper
smelting had been going on in the West African
Contributions of countries from East Asia:
Sahara and Sahel since at least 2,000 B.C. That
- China (paper, gun, powder, compass, trade) could have been the precursor to an
- Japan (technological advances) independent African discovery of iron metallurgy.
- South Korea (entertainment, food) Strengthening that hypothesis, the iron-smelting
techniques of smiths in Sub-Saharan Africa were so
different from those of the Mediterranean as to
suggest independent development: African
Africa smiths discovered how to produce high
temperatures in their village furnaces over 2,000
Africa is the world's second largest and second
years before the Bessemer furnaces of 19th-
most-populous continent, being behind Asia in both
century Europe and America".
categories. At about 30.3 million km² including adjacent
islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area and 20% Agriculture:
of its land area.
• The World Bank has called traditional plantain and
Africa is sometimes nicknamed the "Mother banana production in West Africa, which utilizes
Continent" due to its being the oldest inhabited continent no chemical fertilizers, pesticides, or
on Earth. Humans and human ancestors have lived in herbicides, “one of the most productive food
Africa for more than 5 million years. production systems known.”

There are 54 countries in Africa.

The Geography of Africa