CONSTRUCTION OF COLOUMNS AND PILES OF

RESIDENTIAL AND COMMERICAL BUILDING IN AL-ASAR

MALL OF MANDI BAHAUDDIN

Author

Safi Ullah 70070224

Project Advisor
Engr. Naveed Ahmad

Assistant Professor

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

TECHNOLOGY
THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE,

GUJRAT CAMPUS
This Report is submitted to the Department of Civil Engineering & Technology, The University
of Lahore, Gujrat Campus, for the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Bachelor’s
degree in Civil Engineering.

PROJECT ADVISOR HEAD DEPARTMENT

Engr. Naveed Ahmad Prof. Dr. Zulfiqar

Assistant professor

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 DEDICATION
I dedicate this project to Allah Almighty my creator, my strong pillar, my source of inspiration,
wisdom, knowledge and understanding. He has been the source of my strength. I also dedicate
this report to our Parents and Teachers Specially my respected teacher Engr. Naveed Ahmad.

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 ACKNOWLDGEMENT

We wish to convey our appreciation and wholehearted sense of gratitude to Engr. Naveed
Ahmad for his enthusiastic and expert guidance, valuable suggestions, constructive criticism,
friendly discussions, and persistent supervision during our training. We are indebted to him
for his constant encouragement and meticulous efforts in correcting faults and suggesting
improvements.
I am also thankful to MHU builders for giving me the opportunity to do training program at
their site. It was a very good learning experience for me. This project has been kept on track
and been seen through to completion with the support and encouragement of numerous people
including my well- wishers, my friends, colleagues and our department.

I would like to thank all those people who made this training possible and an unforgettable
experience for me. I also express my thanks to all who contributed in many ways to the
success of this study.

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 ABSTRACT
The name of my project is CONSTRUCTION OF COLOUMNS AND PILES OF
COMMERCIAL AND RESIDENTIAL BUILDING IN AL ASAR MALL OF MANDI
BAHAUDDIN. This project is a double basement and G + 14 building being constructed in
Mandi Bahauddin. Home and offices are the basic need of all people. MHU builders built this
building to fulfil the need of people. It is a frame structure building. This is a modern style
home. The owner and contractor of the residential and commercial building is MHU builders.

The substructure of building is defined as the structural work below ground level used to
support the structure above. Foundations, basement, subfloor are some components of this
area. Foundation are classified on the basis of load transmission to the ground into two sub-
categories i.e. shallow foundation and deep foundation There are three types of shallow
foundations used for the building structures depending upon the load structure and design.

Construction dewatering are terms used to portray the act of removing groundwater or surface
water from a construction site. Usually the dewatering process is done by pumping or
evaporation and is generally done prior to excavation for footings or to lower water table that
might be causing troubles during excavations.

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
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LIST OF FIGUERS

Figure 1: 3D- ELEVATION VIEW............................................................................................................1

FIGUER 2: LOCATION OF THE PROJECT.............................................................................................1
FIGUER 3: 40 & 60 GRADE STEEL.........................................................................................................3
FIGUER 4: SHALLOW FOUNDATION...................................................................................................5
FIGUER 5: SPREAD FOUNDATION........................................................................................................6
FIGUER 6: RAFFAT FOUNDATION........................................................................................................7
FIGUER 7: DEEP FOUNDATION.............................................................................................................7
FIGUER 8: PILE FOUNDATION..............................................................................................................8
FIGUER 9: FRICTION PILE......................................................................................................................8
FIGUER 10: END BEARING PILE............................................................................................................9
FIGUER 11: LAY OUT OF GROUND FLOOR.......................................................................................10
FIGUER 12: LAY OUT OF 1ST FLOOR.................................................................................................10
FIGUER 13: LAYOUT OF 2ND FLOOR.................................................................................................11
FIGUER 14: RECTANGULAR COLUMN..............................................................................................11
FIGUER 15: CIRCULAR COLUMN........................................................................................................12
FIGUER 16: DETAIL OF NORMAL BEAM...........................................................................................12
FIGUER 17: DETAIL OF CONCEALED BEAM....................................................................................13
FIGUER 18: DETAIL OF DOWN BEAM................................................................................................13
FIGUER 19: DETAILS OF SLAB............................................................................................................14
FIGUER 20: DRAWING OF COLUMNS................................................................................................15
FIGUER 21: DRAWING OF COLUMN..................................................................................................15
FIGUER 22: DETAIL DRAWING OF COLUMN...................................................................................15
FIGUER 23: FIXING OF FORMWORK..................................................................................................16
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
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FIGUER 24: FIXING OF FORMWORK..................................................................................................16
FIGUER 25: WET GUNNY BAGS FOR CURING..................................................................................17
FIGUER 26: FORMWORK OF COLUMN..............................................................................................17
FIGUER 27: FARM WORK OF SLAB....................................................................................................18
FIGUER 28: STEEL FIXING OF SLAB..................................................................................................18
FIGUER 29: MIXTURE FOR PORING...................................................................................................19
FIGUER 30: PORING OF SLAB..............................................................................................................19
FIGUER 31: CURING OF SLAB.............................................................................................................20

LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: CLEAR COVER...........................................................................................................................4

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
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CHAPTER # 1 INTRODUCTION

This project is an introduction to data, principles, and methods for use in planning, design,
and construction of deep foundations. Deep foundations are braced column elements (piles)
transmitting structure loads down to the subgrade supporting medium.

A single drilled shaft or a group of driven piles is typically designed to support a column load.
The number of driven piles in a group is determined by dividing the column load by the
design load of a single pile. The piles should be arranged in the group to provide a spacing of
about three to four times the pile diameter B up to 6B. The diameter of the piles may be
increased to reduce the size of the pile cap if appropriate.

Figure 1: 3D- ELEVATION VIEW

1.1 LOCATION OF THE PROJECT

The Project AL-ASR MALL OF MANDI BAHAUDDIN is located at Cheema Chock Opposite
Tarar Hospital, Mandi Bahauddin

FIGUER 2: LOCATION OF THE PROJECT

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
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1.2 OBJECTIVE:
The main objective of building is following:

• Pertains to building elements, heights and clearances implemented to address the

specific needs of disabled people.
• Pertains to the physical appearance and image of building elements and spaces as well
as the integrated design process.
• Pertains to selecting building elements on the basis of life-cycle costs (weighing
options during concepts, design development, and value engineering) as well as basic
cost estimating and budget control.
• Pertains to functional programming—spatial needs and requirements, system
performance as well as durability and efficient maintenance of building elements.
• Pertains to occupants' well-being—physical and psychological comfort—including
building elements such as air distribution, lighting, workspaces, systems, and
technology.

1.3 GENERAL SPECIFICATION

The general specifications of the project are given below in detail

1.4 BUILDING DESCRIPTION AND DESIGN

Designed as frame structure for zone 2B. Design of structure is based on Pakistan building code

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
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(S.P.2007), ACI1318-2005 and UBC 97. Design analysis/calculations show normal loads are

critical governs for design of columns and beams. Beam stirrups and columns ties who ever

provided as IRMF (Integrated Risk Management Framework).

1.4.1 REINFORCEMENT STEEL

• Design of structure is based on steel deformed main steel for ASTM A 706
• Found, cols, beam, and slab Grade 60
• Stirrups, ties, W. tanks Grade -40
• Samples of steel be got tested before use.

FIGUER 3: 40 & 60 GRADE STEEL

1.5 CONCRETE MIXING AND PLACING

Concrete be well mixed, vibrated, compacted, cured, tested and record to be maintained as per
ACI 318 and UBC 1997 Chapter 19. Mixed concrete be placed in position within 15 min.
Mineral water is used in Concrete that gives more strength. 5-6 gallons of water/ bag of
cement. Mixing time of concrete per batch 1.5 minutes after adding water. Add sika/Berger
admixture foe workability and less w/c ratio.

1.6 CONCRETE STRENGTH

Concrete be tested at important places and strength be as Found, walls, beams, slab 3000psi
28 days cylinder strength Columns min 1:1:2 and 4000psi 28 days cylinder strength.

1.7 CONCRETE PROJECTION AND LAP OF STEEL

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
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Min cover to bars shall be as useless given on drawing. Laps in columns be preferred at mid
(comp. zone). Lap be as tension splice UBC 1997, ACI 2005 and B. code of PAK. SP 2007.
FY = yield strength of steel. Fc=CONCRETE strength

Table 1: CLEAR COVER

Foundation 2”
Slab, Rc wall ¾”
Columns & Beams 1.5”
Water tank 1.5”

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CHAPTER 2 SUB STRUCTURE

CHAPTER # 2 SUB-STRUCTURE

TYPES OF FOUNDATION USED FOR THE PROJECT

 Shallow foundation
 Deep foundation
 Pile foundation

2.1 SHALLOW FOUNDATION

A shallow foundation is a type of building foundation that transfers building loads to the earth
very near to the surface, rather than to a subsurface layer or a range of depths as does a deep
foundation. Shallow foundations include spread footing foundations, mat-slab foundations,
slabon-grade foundations, pad foundations, rubble trench foundations and earthbag
foundations.

FIGUER 4: SHALLOW FOUNDATION

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CHAPTER 2 SUB STRUCTURE

TYPES OF SHALLOW FOUNDATION

2.1.1 SPREAD FOUNDATION

The design and layout of spread footings is controlled by several factors, foremost of which is
the weight (load) of the structure it must support, penetration of soft near-surface layers, and
penetration through near-surface layers likely to change volume due to frost heave or shrink-
swell. These foundations are common in residential construction that includes a basement,
and in many commercial structures. But for high rise buildings they are not sufficient. A
spread footing that changes elevation in a series of vertical steps so that it follows the
contours of a sloping site or accommodates changes in soil strata, is called a stepped footing.

FIGUER 5: SPREAD FOUNDATION

2.1.2 RUBBLE TRENCH FOUNDATION

The rubble trench foundation, a construction approach popularized by architect Frank Lloyd
Wright, is a type of foundation that uses loose stone or rubble to minimize the use of concrete
and improve drainage. It is considered more environmentally friendly than other types of
foundation because cement manufacturing requires the use of enormous amounts of energy.
However, some soil environments (such as particularly expansive or poor load-bearing (< 1
ton/sf) soils) are not suitable for this kind of foundation.
A foundation must bear the structural loads imposed upon it and allow proper drainage of
ground water to prevent expansion or weakening of soils and frost heaving. While the far
more common concrete foundation requires separate measures to ensure good soil drainage,
the rubble trench foundation serves both foundation functions at once.

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CHAPTER 2 SUB STRUCTURE

FIGUER 6: RAFFAT FOUNDATION

2.2 DEEP FOUNDATION

A deep foundation is a type of foundation that transfers building loads to the earth farther
down from the surface than a shallow foundation does to a subsurface layer or a range of
depths.

FIGUER 7: DEEP FOUNDATION

2.3 PILE FOUNDATION

Foundations relying on driven piles often have groups of piles connected by a pile cap (a
large concrete block into which the heads of the piles are embedded) to distribute loads that
are larger than one pile can bear. Pile caps and isolated piles are typically connected with
grade beams to tie the foundation elements together; lighter structural elements bear on the
grade beams, while heavier elements bear directly on the pile cap.

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CHAPTER 2 SUB STRUCTURE

FIGUER 8: PILE FOUNDATION

TYPES OF PILE FOUNDATION

 Bored Piling.
 Driven Piling.
 Screw Piling.
 Mini Piling.
 Sheet Piling.

2.3.1 FRICTION PILE

Friction pile is a kind of pile foundation. This type of pile utilizes the frictional resistance
force between the pile surface and adjacent soil to transfer the superstructure load. Depending
on the subsoil strata condition, resistance force due to friction can develop in a definite pile
length of on the full length.

FIGUER 9: FRICTION PILE

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CHAPTER 2 SUB STRUCTURE

2.3.2 END BEARING PILE

End-bearing piles develop most of their load-bearing capacity at the toe of the pile, bearing on
a hard layer of rock or very dense soil and gravel. The pile transmits the load through soft,
compressible strata directly onto firm strata. This type of pile therefore acts in the same way
as a column.

FIGUER 10: END BEARING PILE

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CHAPTER 3 SUPER STRUCTURE

CHAPTER # 3 SUPER STRUCTURE

3.1 LAY OUT OF GROUND FLOOR

The floor at ground or street level is called the "ground floor" (i.e. it has no number, the floor
below it is called "basement", and the floor above it is called "first") in many places. In other
places, ground floor and first floor are synonymous, leading to conflicting numbering of
floors depending between different national varieties of English. The words story and floor
exclude levels of the building that are not covered by a roof, such as the terrace on the
rooftops of many buildings.

FIGUER 11: LAY OUT OF GROUND FLOOR

3.2 LAY OUT OF 1ST FLOOR

FIGUER 12: LAY OUT OF 1ST FLOOR

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CHAPTER 3 SUPER STRUCTURE

3.3 LAYOUT OF 2ND FLOOR

FIGUER 13: LAYOUT OF 2ND FLOOR

3.4 TYPES OF COLUMN WHICH IS USED IN PROJECT

 Rectangular column
 Circular column

3.4.1 RECTANGULAR COLUMN

They are generally used in the construction of buildings. Which are common in practice; these
types of column are provided only if the shape of the room is a square or rectangular shape. It
is way much easier to construct and cast rectangular or square columns than circular ones.

FIGUER 14: RECTANGULAR COLUMN

3.4.2 CIRCULAR COLUMN

The circular columns are used when there is no need to construct walls on either side of the
column. Circular columns are also preferred when built at more traffic areas such as bridges due
to their less cross-sectional area.

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CHAPTER 3 SUPER STRUCTURE

FIGUER 15: CIRCULAR COLUMN

3.5 TYPES OF BEAM WHICH IS USED IN PROJECT

 Normal Beam
 Hidden Beam / Concealed Beam
 Down Beam

3.5.1 NORMAL BEAM

A beam is a structural element that primarily resists loads applied laterally to the beam's axis.
Its mode of deflection is primarily by bending. The loads applied to the beam result in
reaction forces at the beam's support points. The total effect of all the forces acting on the
beam is to produce shear forces and bending moments within the beam, that in turn induce
internal stresses, strains and deflections of the beam. Beams are characterized by their manner
of support, profile (shape of cross-section), equilibrium conditions, length, and their material.

FIGUER 16: DETAIL OF NORMAL BEAM

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CHAPTER 3 SUPER STRUCTURE

3.5.2 HIDDEN BEAM / CONCEALED BEAM

Hidden beam is defined as the beam whose depth is equal to the thickness of the slab. They
are also known as “Concealed beam”. The Hidden beam is a virtual beam that was originated
by someone to make use of the BEAM free head room.

FIGUER 17: DETAIL OF CONCEALED BEAM

3.5.3 DOWN BEAM

It’s a structural element used to support slabs, or staircase. From the top surface of the slab
measured downwards is a down-stand beam on the other hand, the bottom surface of the slab,
measured upwards is an up-stand beam.

FIGUER 18: DETAIL OF DOWN BEAM

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CHAPTER 3 SUPER STRUCTURE

3.6 DETAIL OF SLAB

Slabs are constructed to provide flat surfaces, usually horizontal in building floors, roofs,
bridges, and other types of structures. The slab may be supported by walls or by reinforced
concrete beams usually cast monolithically with the slab or by structural steel beams or by
columns, or by the ground.

FIGUER 19: DETAILS OF SLAB

3.7 EXECUTION OF SUPER STRUCTURE WORKS.

Design of the building is frame structure, Frame structure is the combination of the beams &
columns. Every structure is divided into two structure, sub structure & Super structure. Sub
structure was under the ground, it consists of foundation, columns up to plinth level & plinth
beam. Super structure is the upward extension of the sub structure. After the execution of the
sub structure, super structure is started. Super structure is started from the columns of the
building, after the casting of the columns, brick work is started after that the formwork for
slab is started.

3.8 COLUMNS.
There are 40 columns in the structure. 2 different types of columns were used w.r.t design of
the structure & intensities of load. Every column has unique location on the foundations; also
have combination with other type of column on the same foundation.

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CHAPTER 3 SUPER STRUCTURE

FIGUER 20: DRAWING OF COLUMNS

FIGUER 21: DRAWING OF COLUMN

Plywood Form work was used for the casting of the columns, plywood give nice finish to
concrete for the alignment of the steel cage spacer was provided that can give proper clear
cover.

FIGUER 22: DETAIL DRAWING OF COLUMN

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CHAPTER 3 SUPER STRUCTURE

The alignment of the columns was good some of the columns steel is not on proper place due

to the lack of the spacer between steel and the formwork.

FIGUER 23: FIXING OF FORMWORK

FIGUER 24: FIXING OF FORMWORK

After the fixing of the form work casting was started, design mix was 1:1:2, the design
strength was 4000psi (28 days) for the columns. But 1:1.5:3 was used no chemical was used
for the workability; normal Portland cement was used. Internal vibrator was used for the
compaction of the concrete. After one day of pouring of the columns, formwork was
removed.

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CHAPTER 3 SUPER STRUCTURE

FIGUER 25: WET GUNNY BAGS FOR CURING

Curing of the column was done by normal drinking water. For Curing of columns wet gunny
bags were used. After the casting of the columns of one side of the building brick work was
started, both activities were executed at same time. Both cannot have effect on each other,
man power was available.
For the clear cover of columns, proper spacer was placed, the level of the formwork was
properly done with plumb line therefore the alignment was perfect.

FIGUER 26: FORMWORK OF COLUMN

3.9 EXECUTION OF SLAB

Ground slabs are the newest product offered by Isodoma 2000 Polka and can be successfully
used instead of traditional continuous strip footings and foundation walls. This is a concrete
slab cast on the building site and reinforced with classic steel rods or steel fiber
reinforcement.

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CHAPTER 3 SUPER STRUCTURE

3.10 FARM WORK OF SLAB

Basic formwork components produced by Isodoma are used in its execution. These enable
obtaining varied shapes of slabs - according to the design of the structure being built. The
designer must decide on the class of concrete and the quantity of steel fiber reinforcement.

FIGUER 27: FARM WORK OF SLAB

3.11 STEEL FIXING OF SLAB

Steel fixers use steel bars and mesh in reinforced concrete to strengthen buildings and other
big structures. They work closely with engineering designers, steel erectors and other
construction workers on high rise buildings, on a variety of construction sites or on other
structures

FIGUER 28: STEEL FIXING OF SLAB

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CHAPTER 3 SUPER STRUCTURE

3.12 PORING OF CONCRETE IN SLAB

After the cement damping the pile of the cement was covered with polythene sheet for the
safety due to weather condition the forecast was showing the rain for next two days. When
the material for pouring was complete the machine was fixed on the marked spots around the
building. Next day pouring of slab was started.

FIGUER 29: MIXTURE FOR PORING

For the compaction of concrete in beams vibrator was used, for workability w/c ratio can be
kept high that can reduce the strength; sika/berger was recommended for workability but
cannot use.

FIGUER 30: PORING OF SLAB

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CHAPTER 3 SUPER STRUCTURE

3.13 CURING OF SLAB

After the pouring of the slab curing of the slab was started one day later. Curing was done by
normal drinking water spread the water on the slab two times a day pounds were made for
curing. Pounds were made for curing on top of the slab.

FIGUER 31: CURING OF SLAB

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CHAPTER 4 CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS

CHAPTER # 4 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION

4.1 CONCLUSIONS
The construction industry is traditionally conservative towards new methods of construction
hence many developers and contractors believe it to be a substantial risk to incorporate timber
frame construction into their private housing schemes.

 Steel work was done on schedule but the stool for extra bars was not place properly
and the spacer of the beams & slab steel was made of mortar that can be break when
walk on the steel cage. Due the improper fixing of the stool the conducting was
effected it can take more time to complete.
 Pouring of slab was not manage properly, water for mix was not available at large
scale TMA was bound for the supply of water tank but at the time of use they can slip
from the promise. It can affect the time of the slab pouring, 4 mixers were used for the
pouring of 22000sft slab it was more than enough but the work due to mismanagement
it can take more time due to laziness the one mixer cannot cover the given area but
other one can. This can cause the joints in the slab.
 The compaction of the floor fill was not proper due to the high-water content, after the
backfill water was poured it was forced by the SDO to pour water for the compaction
due to this slush was made moisture content was high after some time the moisture
was removed & PCC was settling therefore the cost of the PCC was increase.
 In the brick work, major fault was that the brick was not soaked in the water before
one day of the work, the mortar was made at the start of the work and use until the
afternoon that can reduce the strength of the mortar, for the workability of the mortar
water was added that can reduce the strength.
From this project I can learn very things that can be helpful in my field life in future very
deep things that can’t be learn from the books / in the class room.

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CHAPTER 4 CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS

4.2 RECOMMENDATION
i. To provide the proper safety in construction site for the employer and workers.

ii. Train and inform employs effectively of their collective roles and responsibilities in the
execution and sustainability of the company’s set goals and objectives.
iii. Ensure that all employees and others involved on over project work in a safe and
healthy environment to prevent injuries and sickness and other adverse impacts to the
environment.
iv. The connection of electrical cables with the uses the industrial power sockets.
v. If there are any problems on the site, you should correct it before the fine. Like damage
of fencing, safety problems.
vi. Using sign boards for the awareness of people about any construction work in
construction site.
vii. Company should conduct the training of health and safety for their employer and
workers.
viii. On the site should be first Aid kit for emergency conditions.

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