Tractor innovations and sustainability
CLUBOFBOLOGNA 2009 Renius 2009
Sustainability
• Resources
• Environment
• Human factors
CLUBOFBOLOGNA 2009 Renius 2009
Sustainability: Resources
Saving material
• Load-stress analysis
• Representative load spectra
• Random load fatigue analysis
• Accelerated design verification
CLUBOFBOLOGNA 2009 Renius 2009
Transmission input load spectrum
Vahlensieck
1999
Renius 1976
CLUBOFBOLOGNA 2009
ASAE Lecture 29/2005
Innovations for energy savings
• Higher power density for 4-cylinder engines
• SCR Selective Catalytic Reduction
• Electro-hydraulic valve timing
• Variable displacement engine oil pumps
• Turbo-compound systems
• Electric powered engine aggregates
• High voltage energy supply for implements
• Electric power steering (small tractors)
• Oil level management for transmissions
• Synthetic oils for engine & transmissions
• Electronic control of load sensing hydraulics
• Real time control of tire inflation pressures
• Real time control of traction efficiency
• Real time process „implement controls tractor“
CLUBOFBOLOGNA 2009 Renius 2009
Sustainability: Resources
Saving energy - components
• Engine
• Transmission
• Hydraulics
• Ground drive
• Tractor-implement
CLUBOFBOLOGNA 2009 Renius 2009
Diesel engine fuel economy
best point within efficiency map:
Actually ≥ 200 g/kWh (η = 42%)
Vision: 190 g/kWh (η = 44%)
CLUBOFBOLOGNA 2009 Renius 2009
VTG Turbo charger
Adjustable
vanes
CLUBOFBOLOGNA 2009 Courtesy John Deere
Renius
TUM 2009
Benefits of an intelligent engine turbo charger control
Diesel engine DEUTZ BF 6 M 1013 FC, 200 kW @ 2300 rpm, NOx level about 6 g/kWh
CLUBOFBOLOGNA 2009 Deutz AG
Yearbook VDI-MEG 2004
Renius
TUM 2009
Selective Catalytic Reduction of
NOx can favor fuel economy by
accepting higher NOx generation in
the burning process.
CLUBOFBOLOGNA 2009 Renius
Energy saving by el. aggregates, J. Deere 7030 (2008)
® Renius
Renius/Knechtges
CLUBOFBOLOGNA 2009 Renius
Yearbook VDI-MEG 2008
TUM 2009
Sustainability by CVT efficiency targets (≥ 100 kW)
Renius Seoul 1993
CLUBOFBOLOGNA 2009
CIGR Handbook III 1999
Full load efficiencies of electric generators/motors
Tarasinski
CLUBOFBOLOGNA 2009 Renius
J. DeereTUM
2004
2009
Tractor hydraulics: load-sensing circuit
Symbols ISO 1219
Renius 1999
CLUBOFBOLOGNA 2009 ReniusIII
CIGR Handbook
TUM 2009
Electric energy for implements, J. Deere 7030 (2008)
® Renius
Renius 2008
CLUBOFBOLOGNA 2009 Renius
John Deere
TUM 2009
Ground drive: Efficiency improvements
CLUBOFBOLOGNA 2009 Renius Renius
2004
TUM 2009
FENDT concept study TRISIX 2007
CLUBOFBOLOGNA 2009 Fendt-TUM
Tractor-implement: The H. Auernhammer Vision
Renius
CLUBOFBOLOGNA 2009 Renius TUM
20092009
Data-BUS II for process automation and tractor-implement communication
Impactor Virtual terminal Task controller Rot. harrowSawing machine
GPS
ISO 11 783
Tractor
ECU
Data-BUS I for tractor guiding and internal communication
Axles Transmiss. Interface 3 point lift
Engine Displays Hydraulics Brakes
CLUBOFBOLOGNA 2009 Freimann/Renius TUM 2002
Sustainability: Resources
Alternative fuels and working fluids
• Bio-fuels
• Hydrogen (fuel cells)
• Working liquids
• Condition monitoring
CLUBOFBOLOGNA 2009 Renius 2009
Bio fuels and hydrogen
• Bio-diesel in crisis (tax, oil prices)
• Waiting for BtL (still too expensive)
• Fuel cells for tractors 2022?
• On-board H2 generation?
CLUBOFBOLOGNA 2009 Renius 2009
The CNH fuel cell tractor study NH2 - 2009
CLUBOFBOLOGNA 2009 Courtesy CNH-Fiat 2009
Alternative working fluids:
Sustainable working fluids are available
but not verry popular.
Vegetable oils lubricate well, but are
weak in chemical stability.
Vision: Sysnthetic fluids based on
sustainable resources.
CLUBOFBOLOGNA 2009 Renius 2009
Condition monitoring
• Working fluid change on demand
• Information carrier „system health“
• Information carrier for future design
CLUBOFBOLOGNA 2009 Renius 2009
Sustainability: Environment
Subjects
• Exhaust gas emissions
• Other emissions
• Physical soil protection
CLUBOFBOLOGNA 2009 Renius 2009
Exhaust gas emissions
CLUBOFBOLOGNA 2009 Renius 2009
Tractors & mobile
machinery
Limits for Europe
acc. 97/68/EG.
Additional CO limits
about const. 5 g/kWh.
Cycle C1, ISO 8178-4
Renius & VDMA
Renius
CLUBOFBOLOGNA 2009 2009
TUM 2009
Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) - external - cooled
Renius/Dreher
CLUBOFBOLOGNA 2009 Renius
2009
TUM 2009
Sustainability needs new tractor design – example cooler
CLUBOFBOLOGNA 2009 Renius
Courtesy Steyr
TUM 2009
Selective Catalythic Reduction – SCR
Geimer/Renius
CLUBOFBOLOGNA 2009 Renius
2007
TUM 2009
Other emissions
CLUBOFBOLOGNA 2009 Renius 2009
CLUBOFBOLOGNA 2009
Spill container
prevents soil
pollution
Renius
Courtesy FENDT
TUM 2009
Physical soil protection
CLUBOFBOLOGNA 2009 Renius 2009
The conflict of sustainable tire inflation pressures
Renius 1999
CLUBOFBOLOGNA 2009 ReniusIII
CIGR Handbook
TUM 2009
Parameters as affacting soil compaction
Renius 1999
CLUBOFBOLOGNA 2009 Renius
CIGR Handbook III
TUM 2009
Sustainable traffic ability of soils, VDI Guideline 6101 (2007)
VDI Guideline 6101
CLUBOFBOLOGNA 2009 Renius
VDI-MEG 2007
TUM 2009
Control of soil pressures by tire inflation pressure
Schwanghart 1994
CLUBOFBOLOGNA 2009
CIGR Handbook III 1999
Galileo Galilei statet in his „Discorsi“ (1638):
if all dimensions of a system are enlarged by
the same factor, all supporting elements seem
to be overloaded.
This is the problem of large ag machinerey:
- A scale factor λ influences the weight by λ3
but the tire contact only by λ2
- If a tractor is enlarged by λ, tire dimensions
must be enlarged by λ1,5 to keep the tire-soil
contact pressure constant.
Galileo Galilei 1638
CLUBOFBOLOGNA 2009
Söhne, Bekker, Renius et. al.
Sustainable soil contact pressure and ruth depth
CLUBOFBOLOGNA 2009 Courtesy Deutz-Fahr
Renius
TUM 2009
On-land ploughing can reduce subsoil compaction
conventional on-land
VDI Guideline 6101
CLUBOFBOLOGNA 2009 Renius
VDI-MEG 2007
TUM 2009
Sustainability
Human factors
CLUBOFBOLOGNA 2009 Renius 2009
Fatal tractor overturns in GER – a sustainable reduction
ReniusRenius
2009
CLUBOFBOLOGNA 2009
BLBTUM
2008
2009
Sustainable noise reducion within tractor cabs
kW dB(A)
Knechtges
CLUBOFBOLOGNA 2009
2009Renius
TUM 2009
Bystander noise level of commercial tractors 1998
Schauer Renius
CLUBOFBOLOGNA 2009 Renius
VDMA 1998 TUM 2004
TUM 2009
Munich Research Tractor,
developed at TUM 1983 -1988
Renius/Kirste
TUM 1988
Tractor cab: arm rest control and instructor seat
Renius
CLUBOFBOLOGNA 2009 Courtesy CNH 2009
TUM 2009
Sustainability increases first costs
Tractor costs per kW
Grade of sustainability
Renius
CLUBOFBOLOGNA 2009
TUM 2009
Renius TUM
2009
Summary and conclusions
• Sustainability generates higher tractor first costs
• Regulations can push those sustainable technologies
which are not driven by the market
• High level sustainability is reality in the high tech
markets with however further refinements
• Low level sustainability is reality in the lower developed
countries with more or less large deficits
• Countries with a lower tech level should adopt proved
technologies. I see high priorities for ROPS,
reduced engine emissions, noise reductions, energy
savings and „material saving durability“.
CLUBOFBOLOGNA 2009 Renius
TUM 2009
CLUBOFBOLOGNA 2009 Renius
TUM 2009
First commercial double clutch power split CVT, CNH 2009
CLUBOFBOLOGNA 2009 Geimer/Renius
VDI-MEG Yearbook Ag Eng 2010
Pump Flow
Engine speed
Energy saving
for power steering
CLUBOFBOLOGNA 2009 Renius 1980 and Renius
2009
TUM 2009
