CHAPTER

22



The Electric Field I: Discrete Charge Distributions




1* If the sign convention for charge were changed so that the charge on the electron were positive and the
charge on the proton were negative, would Coulomb's law still be written the same?
Yes

2 Discuss the similarities and differences in the properties of electric charge and gravitational mass.


Similarities: The force between charges and masses vary as 1/r
2
. Differences: There are positive and negative
charges but only positive masses. Like charges repel; like masses attract. The gravitational constant G is many
orders of magnitude smaller than the Coulomb constant k.

3 A plastic rod is rubbed against a wool shirt, thereby acquiring a charge of 0.8 C. How many electrons are
transferred from the wool shirt to the plastic rod?
n
e
= q/(e) n
e
= (0.8

10
6
)/(1.6

10
19
) = 5

10
12
.


4 A charge equal to the charge of Avogadro's number of protons (N
A
= 6.02

10
23
) is called a faraday.
Calculate the number of coulombs in a faraday.
1 faraday = N
A
e 1 faraday = 6.02

10
23

1.6

10
19
C = 9.63

10
4
C


5* How many coulombs of positive charge are there in 1 kg of carbon? Twelve grams of carbon contain
Avogadro's number of atoms, with each atom having six protons and six electrons.
Q = 6

n
C
e; n
C
= N
A
(m
C
/12) Q = (6

6.02

10
23

10
3

1.6

10
19
/12) C = 4.82

10
7
C


6 Can insulators be charged by induction?
No

7 A metal rectangle B is connected to ground through a switch S that is initially closed (Figure 22-28). While
the charge +Q is near B, switch S is opened. The charge +Q is then removed. Afterward, what is the charge
state of the metal rectangle B? (a) It is positively charged. (b) It is uncharged. (c) It is negatively charged.
(d) It may be any of the above depending on the charge on B before the charge +Q was placed nearby.
(c)

8 Explain, giving each step, how a positively charged insulating rod can be used to give a metal sphere (a) a
negative charge, and (b) a positive charge. (c) Can the same rod be used to simultaneously give one sphere a
positive charge and another sphere a negative charge without the rod having to be recharged?
(a) Connect the metal sphere to ground; bring the insulating rod near the metal sphere and disconnect the sphere
from ground; then remove the insulating rod. The sphere will be negatively charged.
(b) Bring the insulating rod in contact with the metal sphere; some of the positive charge on the rod will be
Chapter 22 The Electric Field I: Discrete Charge Distributions



transferred to the metal sphere.
(c) Yes. First charge one metal sphere negatively by induction as in (a). Then use that negatively charged
sphere to charge the second metal sphere positively by induction.

9* Two uncharged conducting spheres with their conducting surfaces in contact are supported on a large
wooden table by insulated stands. A positively charged rod is brought up close to the surface of one of the
spheres on the side opposite its point of contact with the other sphere. (a) Describe the induced charges on the
two conducting spheres, and sketch the charge distributions on them. (b) The two spheres are separated far
apart and the charged rod is removed. Sketch the charge distributions on the separated spheres.
(a) On the sphere near the positively charged rod, the induced
charge is negative and near the rod. On the other sphere, the net
charge is positive and on the side far from the rod. This is shown in
the diagram.

(b) When the spheres are separated and far apart and the rod
has been removed, the induced charges are distributed uniformly
over each sphere. The charge distributions are shown in the
diagram.



10 Three charges, +q, +Q, and

Q, are placed at the corners of an equilateral triangle as shown in Figure 22-

29. The net force on charge +q due to the other two charges is (a) vertically up. (b) vertically down. (c) zero.
(d) horizontal to the left. (e) horizontal to the right.
(e)

11 A charge q
1
= 4.0 C is at the origin, and a charge q
2
= 6.0 C is on the x axis at x = 3.0 m. (a) Find the
force on charge q
2
. (b) Find the force on q
1
. (c) How would your answers for parts (a) and (b) differ if q
2
were
6.0 C?
(a) Use Equ. 22-2
(b) Use Newtons third law
(c) In this case the forces are in opposite directions
F12
= (8.99

10
9

10
12
/9) N i = 2.4

10
2
N i
F21
= F12
= 2.4

10
2
N i
F12
= 2.4

10
2
N i; F21
= 2.4

10
2
N i


12 Three point charges are on the x axis: q
1
= 6.0 C is at x = 3.0 m, q
2
= 4.0 C is at the origin, and q
3
=
6.0 C is at x = 3.0 m. Find the force on q
1
.
Use Equ. 22-2 to find F21
and F31

F1
= F21
+ F31

F21
= 2.4

10
2
N i; F31
= 0.9

10
2
N i
F1
= 1.5

10
2
N I


13* Two equal charges of 3.0 C are on the y axis, one at the origin and the other at y = 6 m. A third charge q
3
= 2 C is on the x axis at x = 8 m. Find the force on q
3
.
Use Equ. 22-2 to find F13
and F23

F3
= F13
+ F23

F13
= 8.43

10
4
N i; F23
= (5.39

10
4
N)(0.8 i 0.6 j)
F3
= 1.27

10
3
N i 3.24

10
4
N j


14 Three charges, each of magnitude 3 nC, are at separate corners of a square of side 5 cm. The two charges
at opposite corners are positive, and the other charge is negative. Find the force exerted by these charges on a
Chapter 22 The Electric Field I: Discrete Charge Distributions



fourth charge q = +3 nC at the remaining corner. The configuration of the charges and the forces on the fourth
charge are shown in the figure. From the figure it is evident that the net force on q
4
is along the diagonal of the
square and directed away from q
3
.
1. Use Equ. 22-2 to find F14
and F24


2. Find i and j components of F34

3. F4
= F14
+ F24
+ F34


F14
= 3.24

10
5
N j
F24
= 3.24

10
5
N i
F34
= -1.14

10
5
N (i + j)
F4
= 2.1

10
5
N (i + j)


15 A charge of 5 C is on the y axis at y = 3 cm, and a second charge of 5 C is on the y axis at y = 3 cm.
Find the force on a charge of 2 C on the x axis at x = 8 cm.
From the geometry it is evident that the net force on the 2 C charge is along the y axis.
1. Use Equ. 22-2 to find the y component of the
force on the 2 C exerted by the 5 C charge.
2. F2
= 2F
52y
j
F
52y
= (10
11

8.99

10
9
/73)(3/
73
) N = 4.32

10
4

N

F2
= 8.64

10
4
N j


16 A point charge of 2.5 C is located at the origin. A second point charge of 6 C is at x = 1 m, y = 0.5 m.
Find the x and y coordinates of the position at which an electron would be in equilibrium.
The positions of the charges are shown in the diagram.
It is apparent that the electron must be located along
the line joining the two charges. Moreover, since it is
negatively charged, it must be closer to the 2.5 C
than to the 6.0 C charge, as is indicated in the figure.



Use Equ. 22-2 to find the magnitude of the force on e
acting along the line.
Set F = 0 and solve for r
r < 0 is unphysical. Find x and y components.
F = ke[2.5/r
2
6.0/(r + 1.25
1/2
)
2
] N

3.5r
2
5.59r 3.125 = 0; r = 2.09 m, 0.438 m
x = (2.09/1.25
1/2
) m = 1.87 m; y = 1/2x = 0.935 m


17* A charge of 1.0 C is located at the origin, a second charge of 2.0 C is located at x = 0, y = 0.1 m, and a
third charge of 4.0 C is located at x = 0.2 m, y = 0. Find the forces that act on each of the three charges.
Let q
1
= 1.0 C at (0, 0), q
2
= 2 C at (0, 0.1), and q
3
= 4 C at (0.2, 0).
1. Use Equ. 22-2 to find F21
, F31
, and F32


F21
= 1.8 N j, F31
= 0.899 N i,
F32
= 0.643 N j 1.29 N i
Chapter 22 The Electric Field I: Discrete Charge Distributions



2. F1
= F21
+ F31
; F2
= F12
+ F32

3. F3
+ F1
+ F2
= 0; F3
= -(F1
+ F2
)
F1
= 0.899 N i + 1.8 N j; F2
= 1.29 N i 1.16 N j
F3
= 0.391 N i 0.643 N j


18 A charge of 5.0 C is located at x = 0, y = 0 and a charge Q
2
is located at x = 4.0 cm, y = 0. The force on a

2-C charge at x = 8.0 cm, y = 0 is 19.7 N, pointing in the negative x direction. When this 2-C charge is
positioned at x = 17.75 cm, y = 0, the force on it is zero. Determine the charge Q
2
.
Write F on 2 C and set it equal to 0 when
x(2 C) = 17.75 cm. Solve for Q
2

10

10
12
/(0.1775)
2
+ 2

10
6
Q
2
/(0.1375)
2
= 0
Q
2
= 3.0 C


19 Five equal charges Q are equally spaced on a semicircle of radius R as shown in Figure 22-30. Find the
force on a charge q located at the center of the semicircle.
By symmetry, the y component of the force on q is zero. The x components of the forces on q are kqQ/R
2
for
the charge Q on the x axis and
2 /
2
R kqQ
for each of the two charges at 45

from the x axis. The total force

on the charge q is therefore F =
) 2 1 )( / (
2
+ R kqQ
i.

20 The configuration of the NH
3
molecule is approximately that of a regular tetrahedron, with three H
+
ions
forming the base and an N
3
ion at the apex of the tetrahedron. The length of each side is 1.64

10
10
m.
Calculate the force that acts on each ion.
Let the H
+
ions be in the x-y plane with H
1
at (0, 0, 0), H
2
at (a, 0, 0), and H
3
at (a/2,
2 / 3 a
, 0). The N
3
ion
which we shall label 4, is then at
) 3 / 2 , 3 2 / , 2 / ( a a a
. Here a = 1.64

10
10
m. To simplify the calculation
we shall set ke
2
/a
2
= C = 8.56

10
9
N.
1. Use Equ. 22-2 to find F21
, F31
, F41


2. F1
= F21
+ F31
+ F41

3. By symmetry, F2
= F3
= F1

4. F1
+ F2
+ F3
+ F4
= 0; solve for F4

F21
= -C i; F31
= -C[(1/2) i +
) 2 / 3 (
j];
F41
= 3C[(1/2) i + (
3 2 / 1
) j + (
3 / 2
) k]
F1
= C
6
k
F2
= F3
= C
6
k
F4
= 3C
6
k


21* A positive charge that is free to move but is at rest in an electric field E will
(a) accelerate in the direction perpendicular to E.
(b) remain at rest.
(c) accelerate in the direction opposite to E.
(d) accelerate in the same direction as E.
(e) do none of the above.
(d)

22 If four charges are placed at the corners of a square as shown in Figure 22-31, the field E is zero at
(a) all points along the sides of the square midway between two charges.
(b) the midpoint of the square.
(c) midway between the top two charges and midway between the bottom two charges.
(d) none of the above.
(b)

Chapter 22 The Electric Field I: Discrete Charge Distributions



23 At a particular point in space, a charge Q experiences no net force. It follows that
(a) there are no charges nearby.
(b) if charges are nearby, they have the opposite sign of Q.
(c) if charges are nearby, the total positive charge must equal the total negative charge.
(d) none of the above need be true.
(d)

Note: In the first printing of the textbook the problem statement reads, At

experiences no force.

In that
case, the correct answer is (a).

24 A charge of 4.0 C is at the origin. What is the magnitude and direction of the electric field on the x axis at
(a) x = 6 m and (b) x = -10 m? (c) Sketch the function E
x
versus x for both positive and negative values of x.
(Remember that E
x
is negative when E points in the negative x direction.)
(a) Use Equ. 22-7
(b) At x = 10 m, E points in the i direction
E = (8.99

10
9

4.0

10
6
/36) N/C i = 999 N/C i
E = 360 N/C i
(c) A plot of E
x
is shown.



25* Two charges, each +4 C, are on the x axis, one at the origin and the other at x = 8 m. Find the electric field
on the x axis at (a) x = 2 m, (b) x = 2 m, (c) x = 6 m, and (d) x = 10 m. (e) At what point on the x axis is the
electric field zero? (f) Sketch E
x
versus x.
(a) Use Equ. 22-7

(b) Here the fields due to the two charges are
oppositely directed
E = 8.99

10
9

10
6
(1/2
2
+ 1/10
2
) N/C i
= 9.35

10
3
N/C i
E = 3.596

10
4
(1/2
2
1/6
2
) N/C i = 7.99

10
3
N/C i

(c) By symmetry, E(6) = E(2)
(d) By symmetry, E(10) = E(2)
(e) Use symmetry argument
(f) E
x
versus x is shown
E = 7.99

10
3
N/C i
E = 9.35

10
3
N/C I
E = 0 at x = 4 m



Chapter 22 The Electric Field I: Discrete Charge Distributions



26 When a test charge q
0
= 2 nC is placed at the origin, it experiences a force of 8.0

10
4
N in the positive y
direction. (a) What is the electric field at the origin? (b) What would be the force on a charge of 4 nC placed
at the origin? (c) If this force is due to a charge on the y axis at y = 3 cm, what is the value of that charge?
(a) Use Equ. 22-5
(b) F = qE
(c) Use Equ. 22-2
E = (8

10
4
/2

10
9
) N/C j = 4

10
5
N/C j
F = -16

10
4
N j
q = (16

10
4

0.03
2
/8.99

10
9

10
9
) C = 40 nC


27 An oil drop has a mass of 4

10
14
kg and a net charge of 4.8

10
19
C. An upward electric force just
balances the downward force of gravity so that the oil drop is stationary. What is the direction and magnitude of
the electric field?
Eq = mg; Eq must point up E = (4

10
14

9.81/4.8

10
19
) N/C = 8.18

10
5
N/C up


28 The electric field near the surface of the earth points downward and has a magnitude of 150 N/C. (a)
Compare the upward electric force on an electron with the downward gravitational force. (b) What charge
should be placed on a penny of mass 3 g so that the electric force balances the weight of the penny near the
earth's surface?
(a) Ee/mg = 150

1.6

10
19
/9.1

10
31

9.81 = 2.69

10
12
. The electric force is very much larger.
(b) q = mg/E = 1.96

10
4
C.

29* Two equal positive charges of magnitude q
1
= q
2
= 6.0 nC are on the y axis at y
1
= +3 cm and y
2
= 3 cm.
(a) What is the magnitude and direction of the electric field on the x axis at x = 4 cm? (b) What is the force
exerted on a third charge q
0
= 2 nC when it is placed on the x axis at x = 4 cm?
(a) By symmetry, E
y
=0. Find E due to q
1
at x = 4cm
Total E
x
= 2E

4/5
(b) F = qE
E = kq
1
/25

10
4
= 2.158

10
4
N/C
E
x
= 3.45

10
4
N/C; E = 3.45

10
4
N/C i
F = 6.9

10
5
N I


30 A point charge of +5.0 C is located at x = 3.0 cm, and a second point charge of 8.0 C is located at x =
+4.0 cm. Where should a third charge of +6.0 C be placed so that the electric field at x = 0 is zero?
1. Set E = 0 at x = 0; note that E due to +5 C and
8 C point in the i direction
1. Solve for x
(5/9) + (8/16) (6/x
2
) = 0

x = 2.38 cm


31 A point charge of 5 C is located at x = 4 m, y = 2 m. A second point charge of 12 C is located at x =
1 m, y = 2 m. (a) Find the magnitude and direction of the electric field at x = 1 m, y = 0. (b) Calculate the
magnitude and direction of the force on an electron at x = 1 m, y = 0.
Chapter 22 The Electric Field I: Discrete Charge Distributions



The diagram shows the electric field vectors at the
point of interest due to the two charges. Note that the
E field due to the +12 C charge makes an angle of
225

with the x axis; the E field due to the 5 C

charge makes and angle tan
1
(0.4) = 21.8

with the
x axis.


(a) 1. Find the magnitude of the two fields

2. Find the x and y components of the fields



3. Find E

(b) F = 1.6

10
19
E
E
12
= 12

10
6
k/8
E
-5
= 5

10
6
k/29
E
x12
= 1.06

10
6
k
E
x-5
= 1.6

10
7
k
E
y12
= 1.06

10
6
k; E
y5
= 0.64

10
7
k
E = 8.09

10
3
N/C i 10.1

10
3
N/C j
E = 12.9

10
3
N/C at ? = 231.3

F = 2.06

10
15
N at ? = 51.3

32 Two equal positive charges q are on the y axis, one at y = a and the other at y = a. (a) Show that the
electric field on the x axis is along the x axis with E
x
= 2kqx(x
2
+ a
2
)
3/2
. (b) Show that near the origin, when x is
much smaller than a, E
x
is approximately 2kqx/a
3
. (c) Show that for values of x much larger than a, E
x
is
approximately 2kq/x
2
. Explain why you would expect this result even before calculating it.
(a) The distance between each charge and a point at (x, 0) is (a
2
+ x
2
)
1/2
. Thus, E due to each charge at that
point is given by E = kq/(a
2
+ x
2
). By symmetry, the y components of the E fields cancel. The x component of E
due to one charge is given by E
x
= Ex/(a
2
+ x
2
)
1/2
. The total field at (x, 0) is therefore E = 2kqx/(a
2
+ x
2
)
3/2
i.
(b) For x << a, (a
2
+ x
2
)
3/2

a
3
, and E
x

2kqx/a
3

(c) Similarly, for x >> a, E
x

2kq/x
2
. This is to be expected; for x >> a, the system looks like a single charge of
q.

33* A 5-C point charge is located at x = 1 m, y = 3 m, and a 4-C point charge is located at x = 2 m, y = 2
m. (a) Find the magnitude and direction of the electric field at x = 3 m, y = 1 m. (b) Find the magnitude and
direction of the force on a proton at x = 3 m, y = 1 m.
The diagram shows the electric field vectors at the
point of interest due to the two charges. Note that the
E field due to the +5 C charge makes an angle tan

1
(0.5) = 206.6

with the x axis; the E field due to the

4 C charge makes an angle tan
1
(0.6) = 31

with
the x axis


Chapter 22 The Electric Field I: Discrete Charge Distributions



(a) 1. Find the magnitude of the two fields.

2. Find the x and y components of the fields

3. Find E

(b) F = 1.6

10
19
E
E
5
= 5

10
6
k/20
E
4
= 4

10
6
k/34
E
x,5
= 0.224

10
6
k, E
x,4
= 0.101

10
6
k
E
y,5
= 0.112

10
6
k; E
y,5
= 0.061

10
6
k
E = 1.11

10
3
N/C i 1.55

10
3
N/C j
E = 1.91

10
3
N/C at ? = 234.4
o

F = 3.06

10
16
N at ? = 234.4
o



34 (a) Show that the electric field for the charge distribution in Problem 32 has its greatest magnitude at the
points x = a/
2
and x = a/
2
by computing dE
x
/dx and setting the derivative equal to zero. (b) Sketch the
function E
x
versus x using your results for part (a) of this problem and parts (b) and (c) of Problem 32.
(a) Take the derivative of E
x
of Problem 32.

dE
x
/dx = 2kq/(a
2
+ x
2
)
3/2
6kqx
2
/(a
2
+ x
2
)
5/2

=
2kq(a
2
2x
2
)/(a
2
+ x
2
)
5/2
.
We see that dE
x
/dx = 0 when x =
2 / a t
.
(b) A plot of E
x
is shown



35 For the charge distribution in Problem 32,

the electric field at the origin is zero. A test charge q
0
placed at
the origin will therefore be in equilibrium. (a) Discuss the stability of the equilibrium for a positive test charge by
considering small displacements from equilibrium along the x axis and small displacements along the y axis. (b)
Repeat part (a) for a negative test charge. (c) Find the magnitude and sign of a charge q
0
that when placed at
the origin results in a net force of zero on each of the three charges. (d) What will happen if any of the charges
is displaced slightly from equilibrium?
(a) Since E
x
is in the x direction, a positive test charge that is displaced from (0, 0) in the x direction will
experience a force in the x diretion and accelerate in the x direction. Consequently, the equilibrium at (0, 0) is
unstable for a small displacement along the x axis. If the positive test charge is displaced in the y direction, the
charge at +a will exert a greater force than the charge at a, and the net force is then in the y direction; i.e., it
is a restoring force. Consequently, the equilibrium at (0, 0) is stable for small displacements along the y direction.
(b) Following the same arguments as in part (a), one finds that, for a negative test charge, the equilibrium is
stable at (0, 0) for displacements along the x direction and unstable for displacements along the y direction.
(c) Since the two +q charges repel, the charge Q at (0, 0) must be a negative charge. Since the force between
charges varies as 1/r
2
, and the negative charge is midway between the two positive charges, Q = q/4.
(d) If the charge Q is displaced, the equilibrium is as discussed in part (b). If either of the +q charges are
displaced, the system is unstable.

36 Two positive point charges +q are on the y axis at y = +a and y = a as in Problem 32. A bead of mass m
carrying a negative charge q slides without friction along a thread that runs along the x axis. (a) Show that for
small displacements of x << a, the bead experiences a restoring force that is proportional to x and therefore
Chapter 22 The Electric Field I: Discrete Charge Distributions



undergoes simple harmonic motion. (b) Find the period of the motion.
(a) For x << a, (a
2
+ x
2
)
3/2

a
3
, and E
x

2kqx/a
3
(see Problem 32(b)). Since m carries a
negative charge, the force on m is directed opposite to the displacement in the x direction; i.e., it
is a restoring force, proportional to x. For small displacements from equilibrium, the mass m will exhibit simple
harmonic motion.
(b) Writing F =

x, we see that k

= 2kq
2
/a
3
. The period of the oscillation is T = 2p/? = 2p
2
3
2kq
ma



37* Which of the following statements about electric field lines is (are) not true?
(a) The number of lines leaving a positive charge or entering a negative charge is proportional to the charge.
(b) The lines begin on positive charges and end on negative charges.
(c) The density of lines (the number per unit area perpendicular to the lines) is proportional to the magnitude of
the field.
(d) Electric field lines cross midway between charges that have equal magnitude and sign.
(d)

38 Figure 22-32 shows the electric field lines for a system of two point charges. (a) What are the relative
magnitudes of the charges? (b) What are the signs of the charges? (c) In what regions of space is the electric
field strong? In what regions is it weak?
(a) There are 32 lines emanating from the positive charge and 8 lines terminating on the negative charge. The
relative magnitudes of the charges are 4:1.
(b) The charge on the left is positive; that on the right is negative.
(c) The field is strong near the positive charge. It is weak to the right of the negative charge.

39 Two charges +4q and 3q are separated by a small distance. Draw the electric field lines for this system.

A sketch of the electric field lines is shown.
We assign 2 lines per charge q.




40 Two charges +q and 3q are separated by a small distance. Draw the electric field lines for this system.

Chapter 22 The Electric Field I: Discrete Charge Distributions



A sketch of the field lines is shown.
We assign 2 lines per charge q.




41* Three equal positive point charges are situated at the corners of an equilateral triangle. Sketch the electric
field lines in the plane of the triangle.

A sketch of the field lines is shown.
Here we have assigned 7 field lines
to each charge q.



42 The acceleration of a particle in an electric field depends on the ratio of the charge to the mass of the
particle. (a) Compute e/m for an electron. (b) What is the magnitude and direction of the acceleration of an
electron in a uniform electric field with a magnitude of 100 N/C? (c) When the speed of an electron approaches
the speed of light c, relativistic mechanics must be used to calculate its motion, but at speeds significantly less
than c, Newtonian mechanics applies. Using Newtonian mechanics, compute the time it takes for an electron
placed at rest in an electric field with a magnitude of 100 N/C to reach a speed of 0.01c. (d) How far does the
electron travel in that time?
(a) See textbook endpaper
(b) a = F/m = eE/m
(c) t = v/a
(d) x = v
av
t
e/m = (1.6

10
19
/9.11

10
31
) C/kg = 1.76

10
11
C/kg
a = 1.76

10
13
m/s
2
, directed opposite to E.
t = (3

10
6
/1.76

10
13
) s = 1.71

10
7
s = 0.171 s
x = 1.5

10
6

1.71

10
7
m = 0.257 m = 25.7 cm


43 (a) Compute e/m for a proton, and find its acceleration in a uniform electric field with a magnitude of 100
Chapter 22 The Electric Field I: Discrete Charge Distributions



N/C. (b) Find the time it takes for a proton initially at rest in such a field to reach a speed of 0.01c (where c is
the speed of light).
(a), (b) Proceed as in Problem 42. One obtains e/m
p
= 9.58

10
7
C/kg; a = 9.58

10
9
m/s
2
, in the direction of E;
t = 3.13

10
4
s = 313 s.

44 An electron has an initial velocity of 2

10
6
m/s in the x direction. It enters a uniform electric field E =
(400 N/C)j, which is in the y direction. (a) Find the acceleration of the electron. (b) How long does it take for
the electron to travel 10 cm in the x direction in the field? (c) By how much and in what direction is the electron
deflected after traveling 10 cm in the x direction in the field?
(a) a = eE/m
(b) t = x/v
x

(c) y = 1/2a
y
t
2

a = (1.76

10
11

400) m/s
2
j = 7.04

10
13
m/s
2
j
t = 0.1/2

10
6
s = 0.05 s
y = (7.04

10
13

25

10
16
/2) m = 8.8 cm


45* An electron, starting from rest, is accelerated by a uniform electric field of 8

10
4
N/C that extends over a
distance of 5.0 cm. Find the speed of the electron after it leaves the region of uniform electric field.
v
2
= 2ax; a = eE/m;
m eEx v / 2
05 . 0 10 76 . 1 10 8 2
11 4
v
m/s = 3.75

10
7
m/s


46 An electron moves in a circular orbit about a stationary proton. The centripetal force is provided by the
electrostatic force of attraction between the proton and the electron. The electron has a kinetic energy of
2.18

10
18
J. (a) What is the speed of the electron? (b) What is the radius of the orbit of the electron?
(a)
m K v / 2

(b) mv
2
/r = ke
2
/r
2
; r = ke
2
/2K
31 18
10 11 . 9 / 10 18 . 2 2

v
m/s = 2.19

10
6
m/s
r = 8.99

10
9

(1.6

10
19
)
2
/(2

2.18

10
18
) m
= 5.28

10
11
m = 52.8 pm


47 A mass of 2 g located in a region of uniform electric field E = (300 N/C)i carries a charge Q. The mass,
released from rest at x = 0, has a kinetic energy of 0.12 J at x = 0.50 m. Determine the charge Q .
K = QEx Q = 0.12/150 C = 8

10
4
C = 800 C


48 A particle leaves the origin with a speed of 3

10
6
m/s at 35

to the x axis. It moves in a constant electric

field E = E
y j. Find E
y
such that the particle will cross the x axis at x = 1.5 cm if the particle is (a) an electron,
and (b) a proton.
(a) 1. Write expressions for x and y
2. Set y = 0 and solve for t

0
3. Solve for E
y
and evaluate
(b) For the proton, change sign of e and mass m
x = (v cos ?)t; y = (v sin ?)t 1/2(eE
y
/m)t
2

t = (2mv sin ?)/eE
y
= x/(v cos ?)
E
y
= (2mv
2
sin ? cos ?)/ex = 3.21

10
3
N/C
E
y
= 5.88

10
6
N/C


49* An electron starts at the position shown in Figure 22-33 with an initial speed v
0
= 5

10
6
m/s at 45

to the x
axis. The electric field is in the positive y direction and has a magnitude of 3.5

10
3
N/C. On which plate and at
what location will the electron strike?
1. Note that a = eE/m downward. Use Equ. 3-22
2. Find y
max
; y
max
= m(v
0
sin ?)
2
/2eE
y

x = (mv
0
2
/eE)sin 2? = 4.07 cm on the lower plate
y
max
= 1.02 cm; electron does not hit the upper plate


Chapter 22 The Electric Field I: Discrete Charge Distributions



50 An electron with kinetic energy of 2

10
16
J is moving to the right along the axis of a cathode-ray tube as
shown in Figure 22-34. There is an electric field E = (2

10
4
N/C)j in the region between the deflection plates.
Everywhere else, E = 0. (a) How far is the electron from the axis of the tube when it reaches the end of the
plates? (b) At what angle is the electron moving with respect to the axis? (c) At what distance from the axis will
the electron strike the fluorescent screen?
(a) 1. Find the time between plates
2. Find y(t) = 1/2a
y
t
2
= 1/2(eE
y
/m)t
2


(b) ? = tan
1
(v
y
/v
0
) = tan
1
(eE
y
x/2K)
(c) For stright line motion, y/x = v
y
/v
x

t = x/v
0
= x/(m/2K)
1/2

y = eE
y
x
2
/4K = 1.6

10
19

10
4

16

10
4
/4

10
16

= 6.4

10
3
m = 6.4 mm
? = tan
1
(0.32) = 17.7
o

y = 12

0.32 cm = 3.84; y
total
= (3.86 + 0.64) cm
= 4.48 cm


51 Two point charges, q
1
= 2.0 pC and q
2
= 2.0 pC, are separated by 4 m. (a) What is the dipole moment of
this pair of charges? (b) Sketch the pair, and show the direction of the dipole moment.


(a) p = qa = 2

10
12

10
6
C
.
m = 8

10
18
C
.
m
(b) The dipole moment is shown in the figure.




52 A dipole of moment 0.5 e

nm is placed in a uniform electric field with a magnitude of 4.0

10
4
N/C. What is
the magnitude of the torque on the dipole when (a) the dipole is parallel to the electric field, (b) the dipole is
perpendicular to the electric field, and (c) the dipole makes an angle of 30

with the electric field? (d) Find the

potential energy of the dipole in the electric field for each case.
(a), (b), (c) t = p E; t = pE sin ?

(d) U = p
.
E = pE cos ?
? = 0

, t = 0; ? = 90

, t = 3.2

10
24
N
.
m;
? = 30

, t = 1.6

10
24
N
.
m
? = 0

, U = 3.2

10
24
J; ? = 90
o
, U = 0;
? = 30

, U = 2.77

10
24
J


53* For a dipole oriented along the x axis, the electric field falls off as 1/x
3
in the x direction and 1/y
3
in the y
direction. Use dimensional analysis to prove that, in any direction, the field far from the dipole falls off as 1/r
3
.
Dimensionally, we can write [E] = [kQ]/[L]
2
and [p] = [Q][L], where p represents the dipole. Thus the
dimension of charge [Q] is [p]/[L], and the electric field has the dimension [kp]/[L]
3
. This shows that the field E
due to a dipole p falls off as 1/r
3
.

54 A water molecule has its oxygen atom at the origin, one hydrogen nucleus at x = 0.077 nm, y = 0.058 nm
and the other hydrogen nucleus at x = 0.077 nm, y = 0.058 nm. If the hydrogen electrons are transferred
completely to the oxygen atom so that it has a charge of 2e, what is the dipole moment of the water molecule?
Chapter 22 The Electric Field I: Discrete Charge Distributions



(Note that this characterization of the chemical bonds of water as totally ionic is simply an approximation that
overestimates the dipole moment of a water molecule.)
From the symmetry of the system, it is evident that the x component of the dipole moment is zero. The y
component is 2e

0.058

10
9
C
.
m = 1.86

10
29
C
.
m.

55 An electric dipole consists of two charges +q and q separated by a very small distance 2a. Its center is on
the x axis at x = x
1
, and it points along the x axis in the positive x direction. The dipole is in a nonuniform electric
field, which is also in the x direction, given by E = Cxi, where C is a constant. (a) Find the force on the positive
charge and that on the negative charge, and show that the net force on the dipole is Cpi. (b) Show that, in
general, if a dipole of moment p lies along the x axis in an electric field in the x direction, the net force on the
dipole is given approximately by (dE
x
/dx)pi.
(a) The force on the negative charge is Fq
= Cq(x
1
a) i, that on the positive charge is Fq
= Cq(x
1
+ a) i.
The net force is F = Fq
+ Fq
= 2Cqa i = Cp, where p = 2qa i.
(b) F
x
= dU/dx; U = p
x
E
x
. So F
x
= p
x
(dE
x
/dx).

56 A positive point charge +Q is at the origin, and a dipole of moment p is a distance r away and in the radial
direction as in Figure 22-26. (a) Show that the force exerted by the electric field of the point charge on the
dipole is attractive and has a magnitude of approximately 2kQp/r
3
(see Problem 55). (b) Now assume that the
dipole is centered at the origin and that a point charge Q is a distance r away along the line of the dipole. From
your result for part (a) and Newton's third law, show that the magnitude of the electric field of the dipole along
the line of the dipole a distance r away is approximately 2kp/r
3
.
(a) Let p = p r, where r is the unit vector in the radial direction. Then U = pE
r
and F = dU/dr = p(dE
r
/dr).
The field E
r
= kQ/r
2
and dE
r
/dr = 2kQ/r
3
. So the force on the dipole is F = 2kQp/r
3
r.
(b) By Newtons third law, the force on the charge Q is equal and opposite to the force on the dipole. But the
force on a charge Q is given by EQ. From the result of part (a) it follows that the magnitude of the field is E =
2kp/r
3
.

57* A quadrupole consists of two dipoles that are close together, as shown in Figure 22-35. The effective charge
at the origin is 2q and the other charges on the y axis at y = a and y = a are each +q. (a) Find the electric
field at a point on the x axis far away so that x >> a. (b) Find the electric field on the y axis far away so that y
>> a.
(a) We have, in effect, three charges: +q at (0, a), +q at (0, a), and 2q at (0, 0). From the symmetry of the
system it is evident that the field E along the x axis has no y component. The x component of E due to one of
the charges +q is

2 / 3 2 2
2 2
2 2
) ( a x
kqx
a x
x
a x
kq
E
qx
+

+
+

+
. For the 2q charge,
2
2
2
x
kq
E
qx

. The total
field along the x axis is E
x
= 2E
+qx
+ E
2qx
. For x >> a, (x
2
+ a
2
)
3/2

(1 3a
2
/2x
2
)/x
3
, and E
x
= 3kqa
2
/x
4
.
(b) Along the y axis, E
x
= 0 by symmetry. E
y
= kq/(y a)
2
+ kq/(y + a)
2
2kq/y
2
. Again using the binomial
expansion one finds that for y >> a, E
y
= 6kqa
2
/y
4
.

58 A charged insulator and an uncharged metal
(a) always repel one another.
(b) exert no electrostatic force on one another.
(c) always attract one another.
(d) may attract or repel, depending on the sign of the charge on the insulator.
Chapter 22 The Electric Field I: Discrete Charge Distributions



(c)

59 Which of the following statements are true?
(a) A positive charge experiences an attractive electrostatic force toward a nearby neutral conductor.
(b) A positive charge experiences no electrostatic force near a neutral conductor.
(c) A positive charge experiences a repulsive force, away from a nearby conductor.
(d) Whatever the force on a positive charge near a neutral conductor, the force on a negative charge is then
oppositely directed.
(e) None of the above is correct.
(a)

60 The electric field lines around an electrical dipole are best represented by which, if any, of the diagrams in
Figure 22-36?
(d)

61* A molecule with electric dipole moment p is oriented so that p makes an angle ? with a uniform electric field
E. The dipole is free to move in response to the force from the field. Describe the motion of the dipole. Suppose
the electric field is nonuniform and is larger in the x direction. How will the motion be changed?
The dipole experiences a torque t = pE sin ?. In a uniform electric field, it will oscillate about its equilibrium
orientation, ? = 0. If the field is nonuniform and dE/dx > 0, the dipole will accelerate in the x direction as it
oscillates about ? = 0.

62 True or false:
(a) The electric field of a point charge always points away from the charge.
(b) All macroscopic charges Q can be written as Q = Ne, where N is an integer and e is the charge of the
electron.
(c) Electric field lines never diverge from a point in space.
(d) Electric field lines never cross at a point in space.
(e) All molecules have electric dipole moments in the presence of an external electric field.
(a) False (b) True (c) False, if that point does not carry a charge; True, if it carries a positive charge
(d) True (e) True

63 A small, nonconducting ball with no net charge is suspended from a thread. When a positive charge is
brought near the ball, the ball is attracted toward the charge. How does this come about? How would the
situation be different if the charge brought near the ball were negative instead of positive?
The charge induces a dipole in the nonconducting ball. Since the field of the charge is nonuniform, the dipole is
attracted to the charge. The same effect is observed for either sign of the charge.

64 Two metal balls have charges +q and q. How will the force on one of them change if (a) the balls are
placed in water, the distance between them being unchanged, and (b) a third uncharged metal ball is placed
between the first two? Explain.
(a) The force between the balls is diminished because the field produced by the two charges creates a dipolar
field that opposes that of the two charges when they are out of the water (see Section 25-5).
(b) The force is again reduced because a dipole is induced on the third metal ball.

65* A metal ball is positively charged. Is it possible for it to attract another positively charged ball? Explain.
Yes. A positively charged ball will induce a dipole on the metal ball, and if the two are in close proximity, the net
force can be attractive.

Chapter 22 The Electric Field I: Discrete Charge Distributions



66 In interstellar space, two charged point-like objects, each of mass m and charge q, are separated by a
distance d and released. They remain motionless at that separation. Find an expression for q in terms of m, G,
and k.

F = kq
2
/d
2
- Gm
2
/d
2
= 0. Solve for q
k
G
m q



67 Point charges of 5.0 C, +3.0 C, and +5.0 C are located along the x axis at x = 1.0 cm, x = 0, and x =
+1.0 cm, respectively. Calculate the electric field at x = 3.0 cm and at x = 15.0 cm. Is there some point on the x
axis where the magnitude of the electric field is zero? Locate that point.
The location of the three charges and points
of interest are shown in the diagram.
From the diagram it is evident that E along the
x axis has no y component.


1. Find E
x
at x = 3 cm; use Equ. 22-8
2. Find E
x
at x = 15 cm; use Equ. 22-8

3. There are two points where E = 0. One is
between x = 0 and x = 1 cm, one is at x < 1 cm.
4. For x < 1 cm, let y = x. Set E = 0
E
x
= (5/16 + 3/9 + 5/4)(8.99

10
7
) N/C = 1.14

10
8
N/C
E
x
= (5/256 + 3/225 + 5/196)(8.99

10
7
) N/C
= 1.74

10
6
N/C
For 0 < x < 1, E = 0 if 3/x
2
5/(1+x)
2
5/(1x)
2
= 0.
7x
4
+ 16x
2
3 = 0; x = 0.417 cm.
5/(y1)
2
3/y
2
5/(y+1)
2
= 0; 20y
3
= 3(y
2
1)
2
. Solve
for y numerically: y = 6.95 cm; x = 6.95 cm


68 For the charge distribution of Problem 67, find the electric field at x = 15.0 cm as the vector sum of the
electric field due to a dipole formed by the two 5.0-C charges and a point charge of 3.0 C, both located at the
origin. Compare your result with the result obtained in Problem 67 and explain any difference between these
two.
For the two 5 C charges, p = 10
8
C
.
m.
1. Find E
x
at x = 15 cm, using E
px
= 2kp/x
3


E
x
= k(2

10
8
/0.15 + 3

10
6
)/0.0225 = 1.25

10
6
N/C

This result is only a rough approximation because the separation between the two charges of the dipole is more
than 10% of the distance to the point of interest, i.e., x is not much greater than a. The correct result is that of
Problem 67, namely E
x
= 1.74

10
6
N/C.

69* In copper, about one electron per atom is free to move about. A copper penny has a mass of 3 g. (a) What
percentage of the free charge would have to be removed to give the penny a charge of 15 C? (b) What would
be the force of repulsion between two pennies carrying this charge if they were 25 cm apart? Assume that the
pennies are point charges.
(a) Find the number of free electrons, N = N
a

Find n
e
for a charge q = 15 C
Fraction to be removed = n
e
/N
(b) Use Equ. 22-2
From Example 22-1, N = 2.84

10
22

n
e
= 15

10
6
/e
n
e
/N = 15

10
6
/(2.84

10
22

1.6

10
19
) = 3.3

10
7
%
F = 225

10
12

8.99

10
9
/0.0625 N = 32.4 N
Chapter 22 The Electric Field I: Discrete Charge Distributions





70 Two charges q
1
and q
2
have a total charge of 6 C. When they are separated by 3 m, the force exerted by
one charge on the other has a magnitude of 8 mN. Find q
1
and q
2
if (a) both are positive so that they repel each
other, and (b) one is positive and the other is negative so that they attract each other.
(a) Given: q
1
+ q
2
= 6 C; kq
1
q
2
/9 = 8

10
3
N

Solve quadratic equation for q
1

(b) Now q
1

|
q
2|
= 6 C; proceed as in (a)
Solve for q
1
and q
2

q
2
= 6

10
6
q
1
; 8.99

10
9
q
1
(6

10
6
q
1
)/9 = 8

10
3
q
1
2
6

10
6
q
1
+ 9

10
3
/8.99

10
9
= 0
q
1
= 4 C, q
2
= 2 C; or q
1
= 2 C, q
2
= 4 C
q
1
2
6

10
6
q
1
9

10
3
/8.99

10
9
= 0
q
1
= 7.12 C, q
2
= 1.12 C


71 Three charges, +q, +2q, and +4q, are connected by strings as shown in Figure 22-37. Find the tensions T
1

and T
2
.
1. Find T
2
= sum of Coulomb forces on +4q
2. Find T
1
= sum of Coulomb forces on +q
T
2
= k(8q
2
/d
2
+ 4q
2
/4d
2
) = 9kq
2
/d
2

T
1
= k(2q
2
/d
2
+ 4q
2
/4d
2
) = 3kq
2
/d
2


72 A positive charge Q is to be divided into two positive charges q
1
and q
2
. Show that, for a given separation D,
the force exerted by one charge on the other is greatest if q
1
= q
2
=
Q
2
1
.
Write F = kq
1
q
2
/D
2
= kq
1
(Q q
1
)/D
2
. Take the derivative of q
1
(Q q
1
) with respect to q
1
and set it equal to
zero to determine the value of q
1
for which F is a maximum: Q 2q
1
= 0, or q
1
= 1/2Q = q
2
.

73* A charge Q is located at x = 0 and a charge 4Q is at x = 12.0 cm. The force on a charge of 2 C is zero if
that charge is placed at x = 4.0 cm and is 126.4 N in the positive x direction if placed at x = 8.0 cm. Determine
the charge Q.
1. Write F on the 2 C charge when at x = 4 cm
2. Solve for Q
126.4 N = Q

10
6

8.99

10
9
(4/16

10
4
1/64

10
4
)
Q = 3 C


74 Two small spheres (point charges) separated by 0.60 m carry a total charge of 200 C. (a) If the two
spheres repel each other with a force of 80 N, what are the charges on each of the two spheres? (b) If the two
spheres attract each other with a force of 80 N what are the charges on the two spheres?
Except for a change in the data, this problem is identical to Problem 70. Using the same procedure as in Problem
70 one finds the following results; (a) q
1
= 17.5 C, q
2
= 182.5 C. (b) q
1
= 15 C, q
2
= 215 C.

75 A ball of known charge q and unknown mass m, initially at rest, falls freely from a height h in a uniform
electric field E that is directed vertically downward. The ball hits the ground at a speed
gh v 2
. Find m in
terms of E, q, and g.
1. Use conservation of energy
2. Solve for m
1/2mv
2
= 2mgh = mgh + qEh
m = qE/g


76 Charges of 3.0 C are located at x = 0, y = 2.0 m and at x = 0, y = 2.0 m. Charges Q are located at x =
4.0 m, y = 2.0 m and at x = 4.0 m, y = 2.0 m (Figure 22-38). The electric field at x = 0, y = 0 is (4.0

10
3
N/C)i.
Determine Q.
Note that the electric field due to the two 3 C charges at (0, 0) is zero.
Chapter 22 The Electric Field I: Discrete Charge Distributions



1. Write E
x
due to the charges Q
2. Solve for Q with x = 4, y
2
= 4
E
x
= 2kQx/(x
2
+ y
2
)
3/2
= 4

10
3
N/C
Q = 4.97 C


77* Two identical small spherical conductors (point charges), separated by 0.60 m, carry a total charge of 200
C. They repel one another with a force of 120 N. (a) Find the charge on each sphere. (b) The two spheres are
placed in electrical contact and then separated so that each carries 100 C. Determine the force exerted by one
sphere on the other when they are 0.60 m apart.
(a) Given: q
1
+ q
2
= 200 C; kq
1
q
2
/0.36 =120 N

Solve quadratic equation for q
1

(b) Now q
1
= q
2
= 100 C; find F
q
2
= 2

10
4
q
1
; 8.99

10
9
q
1
(2

10
4
q
1
)/0.36 = 120
q
1
2
2

10
4
q
1
+ 43.2 /8.99

10
9
= 0
q
1
= 28 C, q
2
= 172 C; or q
1
= 172 C, q
2
= 28 C
F = 8.99

10
9

10
8
/0.36 N = 250 N


78 Repeat Problem 77 if the two spheres initially attract one another with a force of 120 N.
(a) The problem is identical to Problem 70(b) except that the data are different. Following the same procedure,
one obtains q
1
= 21.7 C, q
2
= 221.7 C.
(b) Since the final system configuration is the same as in Problem 77(b) the result is the same, i.e., F = 250 N

79 A charge of 3.0 C is located at the origin; a charge of 4.0 C is located at x = 0.2 m, y = 0; a third charge
Q is located at x = 0.32 m, y = 0. The force on the 4.0-C charge is 240 N, directed in the positive x direction.
(a) Determine the charge Q. (b) With this configuration of three charges, where, along the x direction, is the
electric field zero?

The charge configuration is shown in the diagram.
Here we also indicate the approximate locations,
labeled x
1
and x
2
, where the electric field is zero.


(a) 1. Write the force on charge +4 C
2. Solve for Q
(b) By inspection, the points where E = 0 must be
between the 3 C and +4 C charges. Write the
condition for E = 0 and solve numerically for x.
240 = k(Q

10
6
/0.12
2
12

10
12
/0.2
2
)
Q = 97.2 C
0
3
) 2 . 0 (
4
) 32 . 0 (
2 . 97
2 2 2

x x x

x
1
= 0.0508 m, x
2
= 0.169 m

80 Two small spheres of mass m are suspended from a common point by threads of length L. When each
sphere carries a charge q, each thread makes an angle ? with the vertical as shown in Figure 22-39. (a) Show
that the charge q is given by

k
mg
L q

tan
sin 2

where k is the Coulomb constant. (b) Find q if m = 10 g, L = 50 cm, and ? = 10

.
(a) The forces acting on one sphere are mg acting downward, F
E
= kq
2
/(2L sin ?)
2
acting horizontally, and the
tension T in the string. The angle ? is therefore given by tan ? = F
E
/mg = kq
2
/(2L sin ?)
2
mg. Solving for q,
one obtains the result given in the problem statement.
Chapter 22 The Electric Field I: Discrete Charge Distributions



(b) Substitute m = 0.010 kg, L = 0.5 m, ? = 10

, q = 0.241 C.

81* (a) Suppose that in Problem 80, L = 1.5 m, m = 0.01 kg, and q = 0.75 C. What is the angle that each string
makes with the vertical? (b) Find the angle that each string makes with the vertical if one mass carries a charge
of 0.50 C, the other a charge of 1.0 C.
(a) 1. Use the expression given in Problem 80

2. Since sin
2
? tan? << 1, sin?

tan?

?
Solve for ?
(b) Repeat part (a) replacing q
2
by q
1
q
2

sin
2
? tan? =
81 . 9 01 . 0 25 . 2 4
) 10 75 . 0 ( 10 99 . 8
4
2 6 9
2
2

mg L
kq

= 5.73

10
3

?
3
= 5.73

10
3
; ? = 0.179 rad = 10.25
o

? = 9.86
o


82 Four charges of equal magnitude are arranged at the corners of a square of side L as shown in Figure 22-40.
(a) Find the magnitude and direction of the force exerted on the charge in the lower left corner by the other
charges. (b) Show that the electric field at the midpoint of one of the sides of the square is directed along that
side toward the negative charge and has a magnitude E given by

,
`

.
|

25
5
1
8
2
L
q
k E
Let the origin be at the lower left-hand corner
(a) Find the forces acting on the charge
F = F-q,+q
+ F+q,+q

(b) Consider the midpoint along the y axis; write
E(0, L/2); note that the x components due to the
charges at (0, L) and (L, L) cancel
Fq,+q
= kq
2
/L
2
(i + j); F+q,+q
= kq
2
/2
2
L
2
(i j)
F = (kq
2
/L
2
)(1 1/2
2
)(i + j)
E+q
= Eq
= 4kq/ L
2
j for charges along y axis
E
qy
= E
+qy
= kq/(5L
2
/4)(1/
5
) for charges at x = L.
E
y
= (8kq/L
2
)(1
5
/25)


83 Figure 22-41 shows a dumbbell consisting of two identical masses m attached to the ends of a thin
(massless) rod of length a that is pivoted at its center. The masses carry charges of +q and q and the system is
located in a uniform electric field E. Show that for small values of the angle ? between the direction of the
dipole and the electric field, the system displays simple harmonic motion, and obtain an expression for the period
of that motion.
Note that the torque acting on the system is a restoring torque. For ? << 1, t = pE sin ?

pE? = qaE?.
Apply Equs. 9-20, 9-3, and 9-17. qaE? = (ma
2
/2)(d
2
?/dt
2
), d
2
?/dt
2
= (2qE/ma)?. This is the differential
equation for a harmonic oscillator with angular frequency ? = (2qE/ma)
1/2

and period T = 2p(ma/2qE)
1/2
.

84 For the dumbbell in Figure 22-41, let m = 0.02 kg, a = 0.3 m, and E = (600 N/C)i. Initially the dumbbell is at
rest and makes an angle of 60

with the x axis. The dumbbell is then released, and when it is momentarily
aligned with the electric field, its kinetic energy is 5

10
3
J. Determine the magnitude of q.
1. Write the change in potential energy, ?U
2. Use energy conservation; K + ?U = 0
?U = pE(cos 60

1) = q(0.3

600

0.5)
90q = 5

10
3
; q = 55.6 C


85* An electron (charge e, mass m) and a positron (charge +e, mass m) revolve around their common center of
mass under the influence of their attractive coulomb force. Find the speed of each particle v in terms of e, m, k,
and their separation r.
Chapter 22 The Electric Field I: Discrete Charge Distributions



The force on each particle is ke
2
/r
2
. The centripetal acceleration of each particle is v
2
/(r/2). Using F = ma one
obtains v = (ke
2
/2mr)
1/2
.

86 The equilibrium separation between the nuclei of the ionic molecule KBr is 0.282 nm. The masses of the two
ions, K
+
and Br

, are very nearly the same, 1.4

10
25
kg, and each of the two ions carries a charge of
magnitude e. Use the result of Problem 83 to determine the frequency of oscillation of a KBr molecule in a
uniform electric field of 1000 N/C.
From Problem 83, f =
ma
qE 2
2
1

. Inserting the values q = 1.6

10
19
C, m = 1.4

10
25
kg, and a = 2.82

10
10
m,
one obtains f = 4.53

10
8
Hz.

87 A small (point) mass m, which carries a charge q, is constrained to move vertically inside a narrow,
frictionless cylinder (Figure 22-42). At the bottom of the cylinder is a point mass of charge Q having the same
sign as q. (a) Show that the mass m will be in equilibrium at a height y
0
= (kqQ/mg)
1/2
. (b) Show that if the mass
m is displaced by a small amount from its equilibrium position and released, it will exhibit simple harmonic motion
with angular frequency ? = (2g/y
0
)
1/2
.
(a) Use SF = 0 and solve for y
0

mg = kqQ/y
0
2
;
mg
kqQ
y
0


(b) Let y = y
0
+ ?y; then
0
4
0
2
0 0
2
0
/ 2
2
2
y y mg
y
y kqQ
y
kqQ
yy y
kqQ
F

to lowest order in ?y.

From F = ma we now have (d
2
?y/dt
2
) = 2g?y/y
0
. This is the SHO differential equation, and comparing it with
the expression for ?, Equ. 14-8, we find ? =
0
/ 2 y g
.

88 A small bead of mass m and carrying a negative charge q is constrained to move along a thin frictionless
rod (Figure 22-43). A distance L from this rod is a positive charge Q. Show that if the bead is displaced a
distance x, where x << L, and released, it will exhibit simple harmonic motion. Obtain an expression for the
period of this motion in terms of the parameters L, Q, q, and m.
The x component of the force on m is
3 2 / 3 2 2
) ( L
kqQx
x L
kqQx
F
x

for x << L. F=ma =m(d

2
x/dt
2
) yields the
SHO equation. Comparison with Equs. 14-2 and 14-12 gives T = 2pL
kqQ
mL
.


89* Repeat Problem 81 with the system located in a uniform electric field of 1.0

10
5
N/C that points vertically
downward.
(a) Note that if the two charges are equal, each mass experiences an equal downward force of qE in addition
to its weight mg. Thus, we may use the expression in Problem 80 provided we replace mg by (mg + qE). As
derived
in Problem 81, sin
2
? tan? =
) 075 . 0 81 . 9 01 . 0 ( 25 . 2 4
) 10 75 . 0 ( 10 99 . 8
) ( 4
2 6 9
2
2
+

qE mg L
kq
= 3.25

10
3
and ? = 8.48

.

(b) The downward forces on the two masses are not equal. Let the mass carrying the charge of 0.5 C be m
1
,
and that carying the charge of 1.0 C be m
2
. Since we already know from part (a) that the angles are small, we
Chapter 22 The Electric Field I: Discrete Charge Distributions



shall make the small angle approximation sin? = tan? = ?.

1. Write the horizontal and vertical forces on m
1

due to g, the charges q
1
and q
2
, and tension T
2. T
2x
and T
2y
are similar except for the subscripts

3. ?1
= T
1x
/T
1y
; ?2
= T
2x
/T
2y
; find ?1
/?2


4. Write the expression for ?1
+ ?2


5. Solve for ?1
+ ?2


6. Substitute numerical values for m
1
= m
2
= m to
determine ?1
+ ?2
, ?1
/?2
, and ?1
and ?2

y y y x
T E q g m F T
L
q kq
F
1 1 1 1 1
2
1
2
2 1
1
;
) (
2
+
+

y y x x
T E q g m F T
L
q kq
F
2 2 2 2 2
2
1
2
2 1
2
;
) (
2
+
+

?1
/?2
= (m
2
g + q
2
E)/(m
1
g + q
1
E)

,
`

.
|
+
+
+ +
+
E q g m E q g m L
q kq
2 2 1 1
2
2 1
2
2 1
2 1
1 1
) (


3 / 1
2 2 1 1
2
2 1
2 1
1 1
]
]
]

,
`

.
|
+
+
+
+
E q g m E q g m L
q kq



?1
+ ?2
= 0.287 rad = 16.4

; ?1
/?2
= 1.34
?1
= 9.4

, ?2
= 7.0

.


90 Suppose that the two masses in Problem 80 are not equal. One mass is 0.01 kg, the other is 0.02 kg. The
charges on the two masses are 2.0 C and 1.0 C, respectively. Determine the angle that each of the strings
supporting the masses makes with the vertical.
See Problem 89 for the general solution. Substitute the numerical values for m
1
, m
2
, q
1
, q
2
, and L into the
expressions for ?1
+ ?2
and ?1
/?2
given in Problem 89, setting E = 0. One obtains ?1
+ ?2
= 0.496 rad = 28.4

,
?1
/?2
= 1/2, and ?1
= 9.47

, ?2
= 18.9

. ( Note: The small angle approximation is not as good here as in the

preceding problems; however, the error introduced is less than 3%.)

91 A simple pendulum of length L = 1.0 m and mass M = 5.0

10
3
kg is placed in a uniform, vertically directed
electric field E. The bob carries a charge of 8.0 C. The period of the pendulum is 1.2 s. What is the
magnitude and direction of E?
1. Write the force on the mass M due to g and E
2. Use Equ. 14-27, replacing g by g

3. Solve for E with q = 8 C
F = Mg + qE = M(g + qE/M) = Mg

g

= 4

2
L/T = 27.4 m/s
2
; qE/M = 17.6 N/kg downward
E = 1.1

10
4
N/C upward


92 Two neutral polar molecules attract each other. Suppose that each molecule has a dipole moment p and that
these dipoles are aligned along the x axis and separated by a distance d. Derive an expression for the force of
attraction in terms of p and d.
The potential energy of the dipole p
1
is U
1
= p
1
E
1
, where E
1
is the field at p
1
due to p
2
. E
1
= 2kp
2
/x
3
, where x
is the separation between the two dipoles. So U
1
= 2kp
1
p
2
/x
3
. F = dU/dx = 6kp
1
p
2
/x
4
. For p
1
= p
2
= p and x
= d we have F = 6kp
2
/d
4
.

93* A small bead of mass m, carrying a charge q, is constrained to slide along a thin rod of length L. Charges Q
are fixed at each end of the rod (Figure 22-44). (a) Obtain an expression for the electric field due to the two
charges Q as a function of x, where x is the distance from the midpoint of the rod. (b) Show that for x << L, the
magnitude of the field is proportional to x. (c) Show that if q is of the same sign as Q, the force that acts on the
object of mass m is always directed toward the center of the rod and is proportional to x. (d) Find the period of
Chapter 22 The Electric Field I: Discrete Charge Distributions



oscillation of the mass m if it is displaced by a small distance from the center of the rod and then released.
(a) Write the expression for E
x

(b) For x << L, neglect x in denominator of (a)
(c) F
x
= qE
x

(d) d
2
x/dt
2
= (16kQq/mL
3
)x; use Equs. 14-8, 14-
12
E
x
= kQ/(1/2L + x)
2
kQ/(1/2L x)
2

E
x
= 32kQx/L
3

F
x
= 32kQqx/L
3
; note that F
x
is proportional to x.
T = (p/2)
kQq mL 2 /
3



94 Two equal positive charges Q are on the x axis at x =
L
2
1
and x =
L
2
1

(a) Obtain an expression for the

electric field as a function of y on the y axis. (b) A ring of mass m, which carries a charge q, moves on a thin
frictionless rod along the y axis. Find the force that acts on the charge q as a function of y; determine the sign of
q such that this force always points toward y = 0. (c) Show that for small values of y the ring exhibits simple
harmonic motion. (d) If Q = 5 C, |q| = 2 C, L = 24 cm, and m = 0.03 kg, what is the frequency of the
oscillation for small amplitudes?
(a) Find E
y
; see Problem 32(b)

(b) F
y
= qE
y
; to point in -y direction, the charge q
must be negative.
(c) Write equation of motion for y << a = L/2

(d) Use Equs. 14-8 and 14-11 with numerical
values
2 / 3 2 2
) (
2
y a
kQy
Ey
+

, where a = L/2.
2 / 3 2 2
) (
2
y a
kqQy
Fy
+

y
mL
kQq
dt
y d
3 2
2
16

; this is the SHO equation of motion
f = 1.1/L
3/2
= 9.36 Hz