GEOMETRICAL DEVIATIONS

Evaluation methods Symbol* Definition* Indication Implementation Result Permissible Movement

Effects of different evaluation methods on the result of
measurement exemplified for a roundness profile: Roundness
t
Roundness deviation is the distance between two concentric circles touching and
MZC, Minimum Zone Circle: enclosing the extracted circumferential line at the minimum radial distance to each
defines roundness deviation using two concentric circles at minimum radial distance other.
that touch and enclose the extracted circumferential line. The deviation must not exceed the tolerance value.
reference circle center 90° extracted circumferential line

Straightness t
4,88 µm Straightness deviation is the distance between two parallel lines touching and
enclosing the extracted surface line at the minimum distance to each other.
180° 0°
The deviation must not exceed the tolerance value.

Flatness t
Flatness deviation is the distance between two parallel planes touching and
enclosing the extracted plane at the minimum distance to each other. ∅
270°
The deviation must not exceed the tolerance value.
LSC, Least Squares Circle:
defines the reference circle where the sum of the squares of radial deviation of the
extracted circumferential line is a minimum. Roundness deviation is the radial Cylindricity t
difference between the extreme points on the extracted circumferential line. Cylindricity deviation is the distance between two coaxial cylinders touching and
90° enclosing the extracted surface at the minimum radial distance to each other. Filter
Least squares circle The deviation must not exceed the tolerance value. Effects of different cut-off wave numbers [upr = undulations
5,38 µm per revolution] on the result of measurement exemplified for a
∅
Coaxiality ∅t A phase-corrected 50% Gaussian filter
180° 0° Coaxiality deviation is the maximum radial distance between the calculated axis and
the datum axis within the length of the evaluation range. No filter 90°

Twice this amount must not exceed the tolerance value. ∅

A

4,88 µm

Concentricity ∅
∅t A
270°
Concentricity deviation is the maximum radial distance between the calculated
180° 0°
MCC, Minimum Circumscribed Circle: center and the datum element center. ∅
A
defines the reference circle as the minimum circumscribed circle tangent to the Twice this amount must not exceed the tolerance value.
extracted circumferential line. Roundness deviation is the radial difference between
the extreme points on the extracted circumferential line. t A
90° Parallelism (Plane to Plane)
Minimum circumscribed circle
Parallelism deviation of a plane from a datum plane is the maximum difference in 270°
A
distance between the extracted plane and the datum plane.
5,27 µm
The deviation must not exceed the tolerance value. ∅
150 upr 90°

180° 0° Perpendicularity (Plane to Axis)

∅ 4,06 µm
The perpendicularity deviation of a plane from a datum axis is the maximum A
difference in distance between the extracted plane and a plane arranged t A
perpendicularly to the datum axis. 180° 0°
The deviation must not exceed the tolerance value. R
270°

MIC, Maximum Inscribed Circle: Perpendicularity (Axis to Plane) ∅

∅t A
defines the reference circle as the maximum inscribed circle tangent to the
The perpendicularity deviation of an axis from a datum plane is the maximum radial
distance between the calculated axis and an axis arranged perpendicularly to the A
extracted circumferential line. Roundness deviation is the radial difference between
the extreme points on the extracted circumferential line. datum plane. ∅
270°
90° The deviation must not exceed the tolerance value.
Maximum inscribed circle
∅
50 upr 90°
t A
5,49 µm
Run-out
Run-out deviation is the maximum difference in distance of the extracted 3,73 µm
circumferential line perpendicular to the datum axis.
180° 0° The deviation must not exceed the tolerance value. ∅
A
180° 0°

Axial Run-out ∅
A
Axial run-out deviation is the maximum difference in distance of a cylindrical section t A
of the plane surface parallel to the datum axis.
270°
The deviation must not exceed the tolerance value. ∅

270°
Representation of reference circle centers according
to the four evaluation methods for determination of ∅ a
Total Run-out t A a
15 upr 90°
positional deviation
Total run-out deviation is the maximum difference in distance of the extracted
90°
cylindrical surface perpendicular to the datum axis. b b
The deviation must not exceed the tolerance value. ∅
A
2,87 µm

MIC
a a
180°
MZC
0° Total Axial Run-out ∅
A 180° 0°

Total axial run-out deviation is the maximum difference in distance of the extracted t A b
LSC
MCC flat surface parallel to the datum axis. b

© MITUTOYO/D 0907
The deviation must not exceed the tolerance value. ∅

270°
* Following ISO 1101 : 2004 t = tolerance Reference Element Extracted Geometry
270°

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Form_Lage_Form_GB.indd 1 31.08.2007 13:53:11 Uhr