CONTENTS
Abbreviations
List of Cases
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ...................................................... 1-20
1.1 BACKGROUND AND RELEVANCE ..................................................1
1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY ............................................................15
1.3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ..........................................................16
1.4 HYPOTHESES OF THE STUDY ........................................................17
1.5 FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY .........................................................17
Chapter II THE CHILD: CONCEPT, DEFINITION AND
RIGHTS ................................................................... 21-52
2.1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................21
2.2 THE DILEMMA OF THE LEGAL AGE OF THE CHILD ..................21
2.3 INADEQUACY OF THE DEFINITION OF CHILD ...........................25
2.4 CONCEPT OF CHILD RIGHTS ...........................................................33
2.5 EXPLOITATION OF CHILD AND VIOLATIONS OF CHILD
RIGHTS ..........................................................................................35
2.6 CONTRASTS BETWEEN CHILD ABUSE, CHILD NEGLECT
AND CHILD RIGHT VIOLATIONS....................................................41
2.7 COMPONENTS OF THE DEFINITION OF CHILD
EXPLOITATION ..................................................................................48
2.7.1 Victims ........................................................................................49
2.7.2 Exploiters ....................................................................................51
2.7.3 Forms of Exploitation..................................................................51
Chapter III INTERNATIONAL CONCERN FOR
PROTECTING CHILD RIGHTS ........................ 53-100
3.1 GENERAL ..........................................................................................53
3.2 INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENT FOR PROTECTION OF
CHILDREN BEFORE 1989 ..................................................................54
3.2.1 Declaration of the Rights of Child, 1924 ....................................54
3.2.2 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), 1948 ............55
3.2.3 European Convention on Human Rights, 1950...........................57
3.2.4 United Nation Declaration on the Rights of Child (DRC),
1959 ..........................................................................................57
3.2.5 International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural
Rights (ICESCR), 1966 ...............................................................58
3.2.6 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
(ICCPR), 1966 .............................................................................59
3.2.7 Minimum Age Convention, 1973 ...............................................60
3.2.8 United Nation Standard Minimum Rules for the
Administration of Juvenile Justice, 1985 ....................................61
3.3 INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENT FOR PROTECTION OF
CHILDREN AFTER 1989 .....................................................................61
3.3.1 Convention on the Rights of the child, 1989 (CRC) ...................61
3.3.2 U.N. Guidelines for the Prevention of juvenile
Delinquency: The ‘Riyadh Guideline, 1990 ...............................63
3.3.3 United Nations Rules for the Protection of Juveniles
Deprived of their Liberty ‘Havana Guidelines’ 1990 .................64
3.3.4 International Convention Concerning the Prohibition and
Immediate Action or The Elimination of the Worst Form
of Child Labour, 1991 .................................................................65
3.3.5 Convention on Protection of Children and Co-Operation in
Respect of inter-Country Adoption, 1993 ...................................66
3.3.7 Guidelines for Action On Children In The Criminal
Justice, System ‘Vienna Guidelines’, 1997.................................66
3.3.8 Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 .......................67
3.3.9 United Nations Millennium Declaration, 2000 ..........................68
3.3.10 Optional Protocols to the CRC on Sex Trafficking,
Armed-Conflict, 2000 .................................................................71
3.3.11 Optional Protocol to the Convention on The Rights of The
Child on The Sale Of Children, Child Prostitution and
Child Pornography, 2000 ............................................................72
3.3.12 The UN-Guidelines on Justice in Matters Involving Child
Victims and Witnesses of Crime Adopted by the
Economic and Social Council in its Resolution, 2005 ................72
3.3.13 International Convention for the Protection of All Persons
from Forced Disappearance, 2006 ..............................................73
3.3.14 Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities,
2006 ..........................................................................................73
3.3.15 Children’s Rights in Juvenile Justice Policy Adopted by
United Nations General Assembly, 2007 ....................................74
3.3.16 Council of Europe Rules on Sanctions and Measures, 2008
3.3.17 Common Approach to Justice for Children, 2008 ......................75
3.3.18 Crime Prevention for Children: Developments and Good
Practices, 2009 ...........................................................................76
3.3.19 Report on the application of the EU-Charter of
Fundamental Rights, 2010 ..........................................................76
3.3.20 Implementation of SAARC Convention: The Way
Forward, 2010 .............................................................................77
3.4 INTERNATIONAL NON-GOVERNMENTAL
ORGANIZATIONS (NGO) ...................................................................78
3.4.1 Amnesty ......................................................................................78
3.4.2 Red Cross and Red Crescent .......................................................80
3.4.3 Save the Children ........................................................................83
3.5 SPECIALIZED AGENCIES ..................................................................85
3.5.1 World Health Organization (WHO) ............................................86
3.5.2 International Labour Organization (ILO)....................................88
3.5.3 ILO Convention on the Minimum Age for Admission to
Employment and Work, 1973 (No 138) ......................................91
3.5.4 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization (UNESCO) ............................................................94
3.5.5 Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) .................................95
3.5.6 The United Nations International Children’s Emergency
Fund (UNICEF)...........................................................................98
Chapter IV CONSTITUTIONAL AND STATUTORY
PROVISION FOR PROTECTION OF
CHILDREN’S RIGHTS IN INDIA .................... 101-178
4.1 GENERAL ........................................................................................101
4.2 PROTECTION UNDER INDIAN CONSTITUTION .........................102
4.3 PROTECTION UNDER THE CODE OF CIVIL PROCEDURE,
1908 ........................................................................................106
4.4 THE CHILD MARRIAGE RESTRAINT ACT, 1929 ........................106
4.5 PROTECTION UNDER THE CODE OF CRIMINAL
PROCEDURE, 1973 ............................................................................107
4.6 PROTECTION UNDER INDIAN PENAL CODE, 1860 ...................107
4.6.1 Kidnapping from Lawful Guardianship ....................................107
4.6.2 Kidnapping, Abducting or Inducing woman to compel her
Marriage etc...............................................................................108
4.6.3 Procuration of Minor Girl .........................................................109
4.6.4 Importation of Girl from Foreign Country ................................109
4.6.5 Selling or Buying Minor for Purpose of Prostitution etc. .........109
4.6.6 Child Labour .............................................................................110
4.6.7 Child Abuse ...............................................................................110
4.6.8 Female Foeticide and Infanticide ..............................................112
4.6.9 Child Pornography ....................................................................113
4.7 GUARDIANSHIP AND WARDS ACT, 1860 ....................................113
4.8 FACTORIES ACT, 1948 ....................................................................114
4.9 MINIMUM WAGES ACT, 1948 ........................................................115
4.10 THE MINES ACT, 1952 .....................................................................115
4.11 HINDU ADOPTION AND MAINTENANCE ACT, 1956 ...............116
4.12 GUARDIANSHIP AND ADOPTION LAWS AND CHILD
RIGHTS AND THE HINDU ADOPTION AND
MAINTENANCE ACT, 1956 ..............................................................118
4.13 IMMORAL TRAFFIC PREVENTION ACT, 1956 ...........................119
4.14 BOMBAY PREVENTION OF BEGGING ACT, 1959 .....................120
4.15 THE MOTOR TRANSPORT WORKERS ACT, 1961 ......................121
4.16 THE APPRENTICE ACT, 1961 .........................................................122
4.17 ATOMIC ENERGY ACT, 1962 .........................................................122
4.18 BIDI AND CIGAR WORKERS (CONDITIONS OF
EMPLOYMENT) ACT, 1966 .............................................................122
4.19 THE MEDICAL TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY ACT,
1971 ........................................................................................123
4.20 THE CHILD LABOUR (PROHIBITION AND REGULATION)
ACT, 1986 ........................................................................................124
4.21 BONDED LABOUR SYSTEM (ABOLITION) ACT, 1976 ..............127
4.22 THE PRE-CONCEPTION AND PRE-NATAL DIAGNOSTIC
TECHNIQUES (PROHIBITION OF SEX SELECTION) ACT,
2003 ........................................................................................129
4.23 THE PROHIBITION OF CHILD MARRIAGE ACT, 2006 ...............131
4.24 RIGHT TO EDUCATION AND THE LAW ......................................134
4.25 THE RIGHT OF CHILDREN TO FREE AND COMPULSORY
EDUCATION ACT, 2009 ....................................................................136
4.26 THE JUVENILE JUSTICE (CARE AND PROTECTION OF
CHILDREN) ACT, 2000 (REPEALED) .............................................140
4.27 THE PROTECTION OF CHILDREN FROM SEXUAL
OFFENCES (POCSO) ACT, 2012 ......................................................141
4.28 THE JUVENILE JUSTICE (CARE AND PROTECTION OF
CHILDREN) ACT, 2015 .....................................................................143
4.29 ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN PROTECTION OF CHILD
RIGHTS ........................................................................................151
4.29.1 Child Protection in Five Year Plans ..........................................151
4.29.2 National Policies for the Protection of Children in India ..........156
4.29.3 Schemes and Programmes .........................................................166
4.29.3.1 Balika Samridhi Yojana (BSY) ...................................166
4.29.3.2 Central Adoption Resource Agency (CARA) .............167
4.29.3.3 Child Line Services .....................................................168
4.29.3.4 Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS) ..........169
4.29.3.5 Integrated Child Protection Scheme (ICPS) 2010 ......170
4.29.3.6 Integrated Programme for Street Children ..................170
4.29.3.7 Kishori Shakti Yojana (KSY) .....................................171
4.29.3.8 Mid-day meal scheme .................................................171
4.29.3.9 National Child Labour Project (NCLP) ......................172
4.29.3.10 Nutrition Programme for Adolescent Girls ...............172
4.29.3.11 Operation Black Board ..............................................172
4.29.3.12 Rajiv Gandhi National Creche Scheme for the
Children of Working Mothers ........................................173
4.29.3.13 Reproductive and Child Health Programme
4.29.3.14 Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) ..................................174
4.29.3.15 Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (BBBP), 2015 ...................174
4.29.3.16 Scheme for Working Children in need of care
and Protection.................................................................176
4.29.3.17 Shishu Greha Scheme ...............................................177
4.29.3.18 Wheat Based Nutrition Programme (WBNP) ...........178
4.29.3.19 A programme for Juvenile Justice for Children
in Need of Care and Protection and Children in
Conflict with Law ..........................................................178
Chapter V MAJOR ISSUES RELATING TO
PROTECTION OF CHILD RIGHTS .............. 179-231
5.1 GENERAL ........................................................................................179
5.2 WHO IS A CHILD? .............................................................................180
5.3 WHAT IS CHILD PROTECTION? ....................................................181
5.4 FACTORS THAT MAKE CHILDREN VULNERABLE TO
VIOLENCE ........................................................................................181
5.5 VARIOUS PROTECTION ISSUES ....................................................182
5.5.1 Child Labour .............................................................................183
5.5.2 Child Abuse ...............................................................................192
5.5.3 Child Trafficking .......................................................................201
5.5.4 Female Foeticide and Infanticide ..............................................207
5.5.5 Child Marriage ..........................................................................212
5.5.6 Child Pornography ....................................................................215
5.5.7 Adoption ...................................................................................219
5.5.8 Kidnapping and Abduction .......................................................227
5.5.9 Offences committed on children with disabilities .....................229
CHAPTER VI JUDICIAL RESPONSE ...................................... 232-256
CHAPTER VII CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS ............. 257-276
BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................ i-x
Publications
Paper I, II
riculum Vitae
