Growth and Yield Performance of Bell Pepper (Capsicum annuum)

using Different Organic Manure

A Proposal

Presented to the Faculty of the College of Agriculture and Forestry

PRESIDENT RAMON MAGSAYSAY STATE UNIVERSITY
Botolan Campus

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Agriculture Major in Crop Science

By
Marita M. Merced
Angilyn B. Maten
 CHAPTER I

Introduction

Bell pepper (Capsicum annuum), are fruits belong to the nightshade family.
Peppers are native to central and south America. Pepper seeds were later carried to Spain in
1493 and from the spread to other European and Asian Countries Cultivars of the plant
produce fruits in a variety of colors, including red, yellow, orange, green, white, chocolate,
candy cane striped, and purple. Bell pepper is also known as paprika, sweet pepper, pepper,
or capsicum. Bell peppers are frequently categorized as “sweet peppers” along with less hot
kinds of chili. Despite being berries, they are botanically classified as fruits. When cultivated
for their pungency, other varieties of the genus Capsicum, such as some Capsicum annuum
varieties, are referred to as chili peppers.

It is one of the popular and high valued crops worldwide and especially grown in
tropical and sub-tropical parts of the world (Lim et al., 2017). In the Philippines, production
of organic bell pepper is on limited quantities. The major producers of bell pepper in the
country are the Cordillera Administrative Region, 45%; Northern Mindanao, 17%; and the
Ilocos region, 13%. These regions have cool areas suitable for bell pepper production. In low
elevations, planting is ideally done in October to December. In mid and high elevations, it
can be grown throughout the year.

Organic fertilizers are naturally available mineral sources that contain moderate
amount of plant essential nutrients. They are capable of mitigating problems associated with
synthetic fertilizers. They reduce the necessity of repeated application of synthetic fertilizers
to maintain soil fertility. They gradually release nutrients into the soil solution and maintain
nutrient balance for healthy growth of crop plants. They also act as an effective energy source
of soil microbes which in turn improve soil structure and crop growth. Organic fertilizers are
generally thought to be slow releasing fertilizers and they contain many trace elements. They
are safer alternatives to chemical fertilizers. However, the improper use of organic fertilizers
leads to over fertilization or nutrient deficiency in the soil. Hence, controlled release of
organic fertilizers is an effective and advanced way to overcome these impacts and maintain
sustainable agriculture yield.
Objectives

The general objective of this study is to determine which of the different organic
manure can give the best for growth and yield performance of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum
L.).

Specifically, the study will aim:

1. To evaluate the response of Bell pepper to various organic manure on the growth
performance,
2. To determine the yield and development of Bell pepper at different organic manure, and
3. To evaluate which organic manure will be best recommended for Bell pepper production.

Scope and Limitations

This study will be conducted at President Ramon Magsaysay State University-Botolan

Campus, under net house condition from October –December. The area has enough space for
large-scale production which can cater the needs in the study anchored on Completely
Randomized Design (CRD).

This study will be focused on evaluating the effects of different organic manure on the
growth and yield performance of California Wonder Bell Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) on
the following parameters; Plant height, number of leaves, Leaf area index, number of days to
flowering, number of days to first harvest, fruit size, fruit weight and final root length.
 CHAPTER II

Review of Related Literature

Bell pepper plant Capsicum annuum L., belongs to the Solanaceae family, and is a
crucial crop among the vegetable crops worldwide including Iraq. Pepper fruits can be use as
fresh vegetables, pickles, spices, canning foods, and medicinal uses (Bosland and Votava,
2012). Pepper fruits have important nutritional value and phytochemical source necessary for
human diet such as carbohydrates, proteins and fats (Taheri-Garavand et al., 2013), in
addition to significant source of A and C vitamins and phenolic compounds plus minerals like
iron, calcium and phosphorous (Lee et al., 2018).

Several studies have confirmed the need to use vigorous seedlings to ensure high
productivity, this can improve the quality of seedlings through the use of the appropriate
planting medium (Havlin et al., 2015). Recent trends have employed to use different media
for producing seedlings under plastic/net house conditions. Moreover, quality of planting
media varies among countries based on the availability of raw material manufacturing, media
components and their costs. Usually, organic fertilizers are involved in agricultural practices
due to containing organic matter and humid acid that both improve soil structure (Dauda et
al., 2017) as a result of hamates and fulvates, and help in reducing bulk density, increasing
ion exchange capacity, preserving moisture, improving planting media pH and temperature
(Mitchell et al., 2014; Evanylo et al., 2018) .Nevertheless, animal manure plays a crucial key
in improving soil fertility, particularly in regions that organic fertilizers are unavailable or
inaccessible to farming community (Malomo, et al., 2018). Plant height, number of leaves,
number of branches and leaf increased significantly with increased levels of goat manure
(Ansa J. 2020). In terms of carabao manure (Tuan L. 2019) significantly, showed that the
leaves of the crop (Cauliflower) were significantly influenced by dried carabao manure
applications boosted with manure tea application. He proves that carabao manure can be bio-
organic fertilizer. As per (Yadav RD,et al 2012) cowdung might have positive role in the soil
moisture content, soil porosity and other plant growth characters and for that reason
increasing dose of cow dung increased plant height. Contrarily, other researchers indicated
the potential benefit of fermentation of animal manure in obtaining a dry matter, stable,
homogeneous compounds that are easy to store and use as a fertilizer (Plaster, 1997). Further,
aerobic composting could be powerful in removing or killing some pathogens growing in
manure in comparison to non-composted manure (Malomo et al., 2018).

Given the importance of planting seedlings of the pepper crop with cultivation
management using organic amendments that are not available in large quantities in most
countries, this study aimed to determine the effectiveness of organic manure on the growth
and yield performance of bell pepper. Farmers may utilize manure treatments as substitute
ways in order to avoid excessive chemical fertilizer application, and improve soil health and
characteristics using organic fertilizers as reported in literature.

Cow Manure, also known as cow dung, is mostly digested grass and, depending on
the cattle’s diet, grain, fruits, or vegetables. It’s not just cow droppings, as it contains tracks
of hay, straw, bedding, grains, and other organic matter used to feed the animals. Cow
manure is rich in nutrients and is suitable for plant growth. It has 3% nitrogen, 2%
phosphorus, and 1% potassium -3-2-1 NPK, making it the right type of fertilizer for almost
all type of plants and crops. That’s because it brings back nutrients balance to fields
organically. However, cow manure is also rich in ammonia and, sometimes, can contain
dangerous pathogens and bacteria, such as E Coli. So, an aging or substances before the
manure gets to the fields.

Carabao manure is also economic importance. It’s a good organic fertilizer,

containing 18.5 percent nitrogen, 43.7 percent phosphoric acid, and 9.6 percent potash. It’s
also a good source of fuel either as dried dung, or in generating biogas or methane. When
mixed with clay, the dung serves as building material or as plaster on the ground where
“palay” is threshed.

Goat manure in garden beds can create the optimal growing conditions for your
plants. The naturally dry pellets are not only easy to collect and apply, but are less messy than
many other types of manure. There are endless uses for goat manure. Goat droppings can be
used in nearly any type of garden, including that flowering plants, herbs, vegetables, and fruit
trees. Goat manure can even be composed and used as mulch. (Nikki Tilley.,2022
 CHAPTER III

Methodology

Experimental Design

The study will be composed of 120 bell pepper seedlings divided into four treatments,
replicated three times with 10 experiment samples and will be randomly assigned using
Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The different treatments and replications are shown
below.

T1 – Soil + Recommended Rate

T2 – Soil + Dried Carabao manure

T3 – Soil + Dried Cow Manure

T4 – Soil + Dried Goat manure

T4 R3 T2 R1 T1 R2 T3 R1
T3 R2 T1 R1 T2 R1 T4 R2
T2 R2 T3 R3 T4 R1 T1 R3
Figure 1. Experimental Lay – out

Manure Collection

One hundred twenty (120) kg of organic manure will be buy. Each treatment will be
use 30 kg of cow manure, carabao manure, goat manure.

Test plant

One hundred twenty (120) seeds of Bell Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) California
wonder variety will be used for pot experiment seed will be planted at ¼ inch deep in 8 x 13
holes seedling tray. Seedling will be transplanted in Potting bags.
Preparation of soil media

The sieved soil will be placed in 120 pots. Treatment 1 contains 5kg of pure soil,
treatment 2 contains 5 kg of soil and 1kg of dried Carabao manure, treatment 3 contains 5kg
of soil and 1kg of dried Cow manure and treatment 4 contains 5kg of soil and 1kg of dried
Goat manure.

Soil Analysis

One kilogram of soil sample will be sent at the Provincial Agricultural office (PAO), to
determine the nutrient content of the soil will be using in planting. It is located in Palanginan
Iba, Zambales.

Data Collection

Plant Growth and Yield Performance Parameters.

1. Plant height will be measured weekly from the base to the tip of longest leaf using
meter stick in every ten (10) sample per replication.
2. Number of leaves will be obtained by counting the fully develop leaves weekly.
3. Leaf area index (cm2) will be measured by the small, medium, largest leaf using the
graphing paper with the size of 0.5cm².
4. Final root length (cm) will be determined after harvesting by using ruler, from the
boundary of stem and roots to the tips of the roots.
5. Number of days to flowering will start the counting days right after transplanting.
6. Number of days to fruiting will be start the counting right after the transplanting.
7. Fruit size. This will be measured by measuring the biggest fruit produced by each
plant using caliper.
8. Fruit weight. This will be measured by weighing the harvested fruit per plant.

Data Analysis
The data for each parameter will be subjected to the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
for Completely Randomized Design (CRD) and the significant means will be differentiated
among treatments using Least Significant Difference (LSD) test at 5% and 1% level of
significance.

References

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