UNIT 1 - CHANGING WORLD tourists are causing problems.

The paths leading up to the ruins are becoming

Reading worn away and are in serious danger of collapse. Bad weather is making the
3 Read the article quickly. What two problems caused by the large number problem worse.
of tourists at Machu Picchu are mentioned in the text? 6
Machu Picchu Peru expert, Dr John Hemming, agrees that there is a problem. And he says
1 that a cable car which is completely out of sight could be a great help. But he
High in the Andean mountains, the Inca city at Machu Picchu is Peru's most also says that the plans to build a cable car in full view of the lost city are
famous tourist destination. The views are fantastic and the isolated feeling of totally unacceptable. You shouldn't see man-made things there,' he says. A
the whole area is incredible. More and more people are coming from all over lot of the wonder of Machu Picchu is its isolation.'
the world to experience its secrets. At the height of the season (in June), 5 Look at the headings (A-E). Read each paragraph of the text carefully
around 1,000 people visit the ruins every day. and choose the most suitable heading for each paragraph (1-6) of the
2 article.
To reach Machu Picchu from the nearby town of Cuzco, you can either take A Getting there
a four-hour train journey or you can go on a three-day trek, sleeping in tents B Much is still unknown
on the way. You won't be alone on the Inca Trail, however. There are so many C Problems caused by tourists
tourists nowadays that it is becoming difficult even to find somewhere to put D The discovery of Machu Picchu
your tent. Many tourists find the walking difficult, too, because the paths are E Machu Picchu should be preserved
very high (around 4,000 metres) and the air has little oxygen. F Major Tourist attraction
3 GRAMMAR 1 – Present Simple and continuous
When American explorer Hiram Bingham discovered Machu Picchu in 1911, 1 For each of these sentences, choose the correct alternative, present simple
it was far more difficult. Bingham heard about the ruins by chance and was or present continuous.
determined to find them. But there were no trains, there were many poisonous 1 About 1,000 people visit/are visiting Machu Picchu every day.
snakes and it was difficult to get through the dense jungle. When he finally 2 The mountains in Peru are/are being over 4,000 metres high.
found the ruins, however, he was amazed and said. It seemed like an 3 I don't understand/am not understanding why people like camping.
unbelievable dream. What could this place be?' 4 We spend/are spending 3 days camping in the mountains next week.
4 5 The paths become/are becoming worn away by tourists.
Machu Picchu was probably built in the 1400s. But many questions remain 6 Do people drop/Are people dropping litter in your street?
about why it was built. One theory is that it was a religious centre. Another 7 She studies/is studying microbiology at university at the moment.
theory is that it was a place for observing the sun. Nobody knows, either, 8 I think/am thinking the sea is too dirty to swim in.
what happened to the population of Machu Picchu, or why the Spanish never 9 The River Amazon flows/is flowing into the Atlantic Ocean.
discovered this city. But perhaps part of the pleasure of the place is that so 10 The number of tourists increases/is increasing fast.
many questions are still unanswered. 2 Look at the rules and match each rule with two sentences from Ex. 1.
5 We use the present simple:
There is already a lot of litter left by tourists. It also seems that the pleasure A. when we are talking about permanent situations ……
and the beauty of the place may be spoilt further. Some people are making B. when we are talking about habits ……
plans to build a cable car up the side of the mountain and a huge hotel at the C. when we are using 'state' verbs……
top. They say that a cable car is necessary because the increasing numbers of We use the present continuous:
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 D. when we are talking about temporary situations ….. 8 I went to a really wonderful place on holiday last year.
E. when we are talking about changing or developing situations……. 9 Bringing a waterproof coat is an absolute necessity.
Complete these rules by writing simple or continuous. 10 I want to get married in Barbados, but it's problematic.
A. The present is …..….. usually concerned with regular, unchanging things. 4 Complete this text with the correct words from the table in Exercise 1.
B. The present is …….... usually concerned with short term, changing things. We have great (1) …..….. in enclosing the information you requested
3 Nine of these sentences contain mistakes with the form of the verbs. Find for the Working Holidays scheme.
the mistakes and correct them. On a working holiday, you spend your time with a group of people
1 They are makeing a lot of exciting plans for the future. who you probably don’t know. Instead of spending your holiday doing
2 Linda and Bob is staying with us for a few days. nothing, however; you can spend your time doing something to look after the
3 The world's climate is getting warmer. environment, such as picking up litter on beaches. You don’t get paid; in fact,
4 He don't believe anything I tell him. you have to pay for the holiday, but it’s cheap and, more importantly,
5 More and more people is using cars these days. extremely worthwhile.
6 Your town is clean or dirty? The location where most of our holidays take place is (2)…….... as
7 I'm travelling around Europe for two weeks. an area of outstanding natural (3) ………. However the number of tourists in
8 We are developping a new system for paying by credit card the area is creating (4) ………. such as increased litter and worn out paths.
9 His phone is no working at the moment. Most of our participants work hard, make friends and have a (5) ………. and
10 My brother studys for three hours every evening. worthwhile holiday. You need to take care, however because there are a
11 My parents go to the cinema at least once a week number of potential (6)…….... These include severe weather conditions and
12 What you are doing while you're in Lisbon? several species of (7) …….... snake. Please look at the enclosed list of
Vocabulary WORD FAMILIES things to bring. If you have any (8) …..….. in buying any of the (9) ……....
1 The words in each pair of sentences below are from the same word family. clothes or equipment, please do not hesitate to contact us. If you cannot eat
- The Andes Mountains in Peru are over 4,000 metres high. certain foods for health or (10) …….... reasons, please write the details on
- At the height of the season, thousands of tourists come every day. the application form.
- We stayed in an isolated cottage in the countryside. LISTENING
- Because of its isolation, the island developed its own culture. 1 You will hear four people talking about different aspects of Antarctica.
Which of the highlighted words are: First, look at the list of subjects (A-D) and the words in the box below. For
1 nouns (words that are the name of a person, place, thing or idea)? each subject, which two words do you expect to hear?
2 adjectives (words that describe a noun)? A Trips for tourists
2 Look at the underlined words in these sentences. Are they nouns or B Skiing in Antarctica
adjectives? Write them in the correct column in the table in Exercise 1. C Eating enough
1 I think that Florence is a really beautiful city. D A cold but important place
2 It was a pleasure to meet you! Boat, calories, diet, ecosystem, mountain, sports, temperature, tour
3 It's dangerous to drive without a seatbelt. 3 Listen and match each speaker (1-4) with the correct subject in the list
4 She doesn't eat meat for religious reasons. (A-D). Use each letter once only.
5 I had great difficulty opening the train window. Speaker 1:
6 Don't eat those mushrooms. They are really poisonous. Speaker 3:
7 There are positive and negative things about fame. Speaker 2:
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Speaker 4: 6 The next tour boat leaves/will leave at 10 a.m. next Monday.
4 Listen again and answer these questions. 3 The numbered verbs in this interview are incorrect. For each one, decide
1 How many people live in Antarctica permanently? which form is better.
2 In the winter, what can the lowest temperature be? Do you do any classes in the evenings or at weekends? What classes
3 What happens when the ice melts in Antarctica? do you do and what time are they?
4 What are two dangers of falling into the sea in Antarctica? 'Yes. I (1)’ll have guitar lessons on Mondays at 7.30. I (2)’ll do karate on
5 How high is the highest mountain in Antarctica? Saturday mornings. The class (3) is starting at 8.30 in the morning. As soon
6 On the pyramid diet, how many calories should you start by eating? as I (4)’ll get up, I have to go usually without any breakfast!’
7 On the pyramid diet, mostly what kind of food should you eat? Have you made any plans or arrangements for this weekend?
GRAMMAR 2 Future Forms 'Yes, I’ve arranged to see my best friend on Saturday. We (5) meet at 2 o'clock
1 Look at the examples below and complete the rules by writing will, going and then we (6) go to the cinema. After that I’m not sure, we (7) probably go
to, the present simple or the present continuous. for something to eat.'
1 Oh, I know! I’ll/ buy him a book about Antarctica. Have you decided what to do for your next holiday?
2 Don't worry. I'm sure you'll have a great time. 'No. I haven’t thought about it yet ... umm ... I think I (8) ’m getting some
3 Her train arrives at 5.30 in the morning! information about different places. Perhaps I (9) go to my local travel agent
4 Oh no! Look! He's going to fall in the water. later or maybe I (10) 'm going to look on the Internet.'
5 I'm going to get up early and pack my suitcase then. How do you think your life will be different in five years’ time?
6 As soon as I arrive, I'll phone you. ‘I don’t know what job I (11) have then. I think I (12) 'm living in the same
7 We're meeting at 10.00 on Saturday morning. city and I (13) 'm definitely still playing football!’
Decisions, plans and arrangements UNIT 2 - TURN UP THE MUSIC
A. We use ….. to talk about decisions made at the moment of speaking. Reading
B. We use ….. to talk about decisions made before the moment of speaking. 2 Read the article quickly. When was music first sent into space?
C. We use ….. to talk about plans and arrangements. Is there music on Mars?
Predictions POP BAND BLUR IS GOING INTO SPACE. Their music, at least,
D. We use ….. to predict future events based on what we know or believe is going to the planet Mars. The idea came from Blur's drummer Dave
E. We use ...... to predict future events based on what we can see or hear now. Rowntree and bass player Alex James. When they heard about a new space
Timetables expedition to Mars, they decided they wanted to be part of it too. And thanks
F. We use ….. when we are talking about timetables. to project director, Colin Pillinger, they now are.
After some time phrases Pillinger is director of the Mars Express Mission and he decided to
G. We use ….. after some time phrases (when, as soon as, etc.). send Beagle 2 into space as part of the project. Beagle 2 is a small 'lander'
2 Choose the best verb form in each sentence. which is put down on the surface of Mars to look for signs of life. It also
1 I have/'m having a holiday in Antarctica next month. sends a message back to Earth to tell the scientists that it has arrived.
2 He goes/'s going to go on a working holiday next year. Blur wanted their music to provide this message and Pillinger was
3 Look at the sky. It will snow/'s going to snow today! very pleased to accept their offer. The media interest in the band would mean
4 In the next few years, the sea level rises/will rise faster and faster. good publicity and more money for the project. Blur wrote and recorded a
5 Would you like a drink? Oh yes, I’ll have/'m going to have water with track especially for the project. Alex James of Blur said that the music was
ice, please.
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based on a mathematical sequence and a mixture of tracks from Blur's '13' D They wanted to write a song called 'Planet Mars'.
album, including 'No Distance Left to Run'. 2 What is Blur's music going to be used for?
This isn't the first time that music has been sent into space. In 1977, A to tell scientists that the 'lander' has reached the planet
the (Americans launched spacecraft Voyager I and Voyager 2. They wanted B to entertain any life forms on the planet
to send something into space in order to help aliens understand what it was C to keep scientists happy
like to be a human being on planet Earth. The experts decided that the best D to create publicity material for the project
way to communicate with aliens was with music. They compiled a disc of 3 Why did the Americans send music into space on Voyager 1 and 2?
87.5 minutes of 'Earth's greatest hits'. A to create a friendly atmosphere for the aliens
There were a number of reasons why music was chosen, and not B to help locate any alien life forms
words or pictures. Firstly, music is based on numbers and it is easy to analyse C to communicate with life on other planets
in mathematical terms. Because mathematics is the most universal of D to test how far away you can hear music
languages, aliens would probably understand maths (and therefore music). 4 Why did scientists choose music to send to aliens?
Secondly, the experts felt that music expressed human feeling better than A because they thought they would like it
anything else. It could also represent every human culture on Earth. Every B because it is easier to understand than maths
society has its own distinctive music to express its happiness, sadness and C because they thought they could hear it better than words
pain. D because it is probably the easiest way of communicating
Variety was the main criterion for choosing what music should be 5 What does It refer to in line 47?
included. The committee chose songs from all over the world. Different A human feeling B human culture C maths D music
instruments were included, such as pipes and drums. From the Western 6 What does the writer say about the music on the disc?
classical tradition, they chose music by Beethoven, Mozart and Stravinsky. A It definitely contains the greatest music on Earth.
Were these really Earth's greatest hits? The answer is, of course, a matter of B Different people will feel differently about the music.
opinion. They will at least be the longest- lasting hits from Earth. The disc is C Not enough different instruments were included.
made of very strong metal so that it will last an extremely long time - D It won't stay in space for long enough.
probably up to 1,000 million years. 5 Find these words in the text and choose the correct definition.
3 Read and answer these questions. 1 track (noun)
1 What did the two members of Blur want to do' a) one piece of music on a CD (or tape) containing many pieces of music
2 What is Blur's music going to be used for? b) a whole CD (or tape) of different pieces of music
3 Why did the Americans send music into space on Voyager 1 and 2? 2 to compile (verb)
4 Why did scientists choose music to send to aliens? a) to finish making something
5 What does It refer to in line 47? b) to make something using many different parts
6 What does the writer say about the music on the disc? 3 to express (verb)
4 Read the questions and the options below. For each question, choose the a) to show your feelings b) to talk about how you feel
correct answer, A, B, C or D. 4 distinctive (adjective)
1 What did the two members of Blur want to do? a) traditional and old-fashioned b) unique and different from the others
A They wanted to go into space. 5 criterion (noun)
B They wanted to send their music into space. a) a group of people who make decisions
C They wanted to become directors of a new space project. b) the reason for deciding something
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