REVIEWER IN GENERAL ZOOLOGY
TOPIC: INTRODUCTION OF GENERAL ZOOLOGY
I. General zoology -Study how animals have evolved adaptions that
allows representatives to occupy all aquatic ecosystem
ZOO (zoon means animal)
LOGY (logos means to study)
3 common characteristic
-Heterotrophic
-Eukaryotic
-Multicellular
II. ZOOLOGY: SUBDISCIPLINES (based on aspect or method of study)
ANATOMY – Study of the entire organisms and its part (also study of the
structure of living things in the microscope)
CYTOLOGY – Study of the structure and function of cell (also known as cell
biology)
COMPARATIVE GENOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS – Study of the structure,
functions and evaluation of genetic composition of groups of animal.
ECOLOGY- Study of interaction of organism with their environment
EMBROLOGY -Study of development of animals from the fertilized egg to
birth or hatching.
GENETICS- Study of the mechanisms of the transmission of traits from the
parents to off spring
HISTOLOGY- Study of Tissue
MORECULAR BIOLOGY – Study of subcellular details if the structure and
function.
III. TAXONOMIC CATEGORIES
ENTOMOLGY – Study of insects and their relationship to human
HERPETOLOGY- Study of amphibians (live on water/moist skin) and reptiles
(live on land / scales)
ICHTHYOLOGY – Study of fishes
MAMMALOG – Study of mammals
ORNITHOLOGY – Study of birds
TAXONOMY – IDENTIFICATION
SYSTEMATICS – MORE COMPLEX
IV. FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES OF LIFE (not all moves are living things)
CHEMICAL UNIQUENESS (biomolecules means life) – Living systems
demonstrate a unique and complex mocular organization
COMPLEXITY & HIERARCHICAL ORAGNIZATION (increasing order) – living
system demonstrate a unique and complex hierarchical organization
REPRODUCTION – is fundamental feature of all known life
POSSESION OF GENETIC MATERIAL – a genetic program provides fidelity of
inheritance for animals
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METABOLISM – Living organism maintain themselves by acquiring nutrients
from their environment
DEVELOPMENT – all organism pass through a characteristic life style.
ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTION – all animals interact with their
environment
a) IRRIATABILITY – Is the characteristic of living organisms in being aware
of and being able to respond stimulus.
b) HOMEOTASIS – Any self-regulating process by which biological system
tend to maintain stability
c) ADAPTION- The process by which a species becomes fitted to its
environment
d) MOVEMENT- Living system and their parts show precise and
controlled movements arising from within the system
V. THEORIES OF THE ORIGIN OF LIFE
PANSPERMIA – Unit of life called “SPORES“were transferred the different
planet
ABIOGENESIS / SPONTANEUOS GENERATION – Life a rose from non-living
decaying.
BIOGENES – life’s come from life
CHEMICAL EVOLUTION- First from life originated from pre-existing from
non-living organic molecules such RNA and proteins
CELL – Basic structural and functional unit of living things
VI. LEVELS OF BIOLOGICAL ORAGANIZATION
Biosphere – ecosystem- community – population – individual- organ system-
organ- tissue- cell
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TOPIC: ANIMAL CELL
PLASMA/CELL MEMBRANE/PLASMALEMMA (complex part and can
communicate after cells)
-Lipid bilayer in which proteins embedded
- regulates what passes into and but of the cell to cell recognition
ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
-network of internal membranes with ribosomes
-Protein synthesis
SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (store calcium)
-Network of internal membranes without ribosomes
- Lipid synthesis
RIBOSOMES (smallest sub cecullar)
-Smallest and most abundant cells
- Protein synthesis
NUCLEUS (located at the center of the cell but not all the time)
-Structure usually spherical surrounded by double membrane;
contains genetic
-control center of the cell direct protein synthesis
GOLGI APPARATUS/GOLGI COMPLEX (distribution)
-stacks of flattened resides
-modifies and package protein for export from the cell forms secretory
vesicles.
LYSOMES (bigger responsible for digesting the cell)
-Vesicles derived from Golgi complex that contain hydrolytic enzymes
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PEROXISOMES (smaller serves of sites liquid)
-Vesicles formed from ER containing oxidate and several enzymes
PROTEASOMES (breakdown proteins helps regulates the parts of protein)
-Regulation of proteins that control cell cycle
MITOCHONDRION (provides energy in ATP)
- Sites of oxidative metabolism provides ATP for cellular energy
CENTRIOLES
- Paired barrel- shaped organelles composed of microtubules
- Forms spindle fibers during cell division
CYTOSKELETON
- Network of protein: filaments/ fibers
- Structural support and cell movement
CILIA (shortest)
- Can swift the dirt from lungs
FROGELLUM (longest)
- Sperm cell
MICRO VILLI (tiner/shorter than cilia)
- Increase surface area
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TOPIC: CELL CYCLE
Notes!!
TWO TYPES OF CELL *CHROMOSOMES
a) HAPLOID (PLOID refers of no. of – is pair 1 to 23.
chromosomes) *Zygote -single cell
- One set of chromosomes
*CENTRIOLES – produce
- In humans, no. 23
spindle fibers
- In human, gametes
b) DIPLOID *Only the cytoplasmic
- Two set of chromosomes organist can duplicate
- In humans, no. 46 (normal number) *20 hrs is the waiting time
- Somatic cells are diploid for the process
CELL CYCLE ( Every cell has particular period ) -normal number is 46
- Combination of two words hindi pwedeng lalagpas
- Repeating events that make up life of cell
CYTOKINESIS – Is the division of cytoplasm Product of cytokinesis is 2
CARDIAC MUSCLE CELL – they need to contact and
deluck. G0- busy doing important
vitals/ functions
i. INTERPHASE (SUBS PHASES)
G1 – gap/ growth metabolism DNA – carry the all
S- synthesis / duplicate the genetic / DNA nessesary of cell
information
G2 – second gap
CRITICAL -it can affect the
information/product
S PHASE – focus on DNA , genetic material -dapat bawal magkamali sa S
PHASE
G2 phase - produces protein and enzymes Enzymes ay Nireready sa G2
phase para saM Phase
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Two types of CELL DIVISION
A. MITOSIS- Diploid cell (2n) daughter cell
B. MEIOSIS- Haploid cell (4n) daughter cell
*MITOSIS (also known as nuclear division/karyokinesis)
SUB PHASES:
- PROPHASE (Beginning) * chromosomes become visible*
- METAPHASE (middle)
- ANAPHASE (apart)
- TELOPHASE (last)
PHROPHASE – The chromatin condenses into chromosomes
MATAPHASE – Where the duplicated chromosomes from in their line
ANAPHASE – Sister chromatids separate each chromatid
TELOPHASE – Can see the Cleavage furrow
SIGNIFICANCE OF MITOSIS
- Maintains the number of chromosomes
- Result in growth/Development
- Repair of damage tissues
*MEIOSIS
- Produces sex gametes
- Is like mitosis (PMAT SUBPHASE)
- More complex
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MEOSIS 1
- Diploid convert in Haploid (haploid cells divide into 4)
- Reduction phase
- Not identical to the parent cell
MEOSIS 2
- Division
- Haploid parent – haploid daughter
PHROPHASE 1 SUBS STAGES
• LEPTOTENE
• ZYGOTENE- you can see the presence of protein
• PACHYTENE-crossing over, combination of genes
• DIPLOTENE-chiasma is visible
• DIAKINESIS-Bivalent ready for metaphase (23 bivalents from In
Diakinesis)
METAPHASE 1
- They random arrange their self
- By pair
ANAPHASE
- Separate the bivalent
METAPHASE 2
- Single line
SIGNIFICANCE OF MEOSIS
- Production of sex gametes
- Maintain constant number of chromosomes
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TOPIC: ANIMAL TISSUE
Tissue- are collections of specialized cells and the extra cecullar
substances
Extra cecullar – Fluid part and located at outside
4 types of tissue types
• NERVOUS SYSTEM- brain and spinal cord and nerves (internal &
external)
• MUSCLE- contacts to cause movement
• EPITHELIAL-cover and protects our body
• CONNECTIVE -location and function (by connecting to other tissue)
I. ARRANGEMENT OF LAYERS OF EPITHELIAL
▪ SIMPLE- one layer / extending from the membrane of the free
surface (free surface not attached to other cell
▪ PSEUDOSTRATIFIED – one layer ( pseudo is not true / false )
▪ STRATIFIED- more than one layer
▪ TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM – ability to change it shape.
II. CELL SHAPE
▪ SQUAMOUS
-cells are flat
-it can be found in the lining kidney
▪ CUBODIAL
-cells are cube shaped
-several layers
▪ COLUMNAR
-the shape is ilongated
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III. STRATIFIED
▪ SQUAMOS EPITHELIUM
-more than one layer
-non keratinized (moist)
▪ CUBODIAL EPITHELIUM
-salivary gland ducts
-secretion and absorption by cells of the kidney tubules
▪ PSEUDOSTRATIFIED EPITHELIUM
-located at tranchea , bron chos
-synthesize and secrete nervous on the free surface
▪ COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
-located at larynx
-Protect, secretion
IV. CONNECTIVE TISSUE
EMBRYONIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE - is found in the early embryos and
umbilical cord. Chief cells are mesenchymal cells.
ADULT CONNECTIVE TISSUE
(3 subtypes)
• Connective tissue proper
• Supporting connective tissue
• Fluid connective tissue
Aeural connective tissue – loose connective tissue
Reticular tissue
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DENSES TYPES
• Dense Regular Collagenous Connective Tissue
• Dense Regular Elastic Fibers Connective Tissue
• Dense Irregular collagenous Connective Tissue
• Dense Irregular Elastic Connective tissue
SUPPORTING CONNECTIVE TISSUE
CARDIAC MUSCLE- Pheriperal ( voluntary type)
SKELETAL MUSCLE- Central ( Involuntary type)
NERVOUS TISSUE (Neural Tissue)
2 types
NEURONS- structural and functional classification
NEUROGLIA- 6types
INTERNEURON- associative neurons
FUNTIONAL/ NEURONS
3 principal types of neurons
MULTI POLAR – madami
BIPOLAR- retina of the eye
UNIPOLAR- skin
SENSORY NEURONS (usually unipolar)
-from sense organ to neurons
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (motor neuron)
-can stimulated and can control the glands
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V. NEUROGLIA OF THE CNS
ASTROCYTES- extra protection/ regulate the transport of the substance.
EPENDYMAL CELLS
OLIGODENDROCYTES- faster of impulse
MICROGOLIA
NEUROLE MMOCYTES / SCHWANN CELL – protects axon in the PNS
Note!!
Bones and cartilage is both vascular .
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