CHAPTER V Sikh Coins as a Symbol of sikh Sovereignty: An Assessment rained buried nde o broad features of Sikh coinage that have long rem ie Te boa Feats ee ave been unraveled in thi sud. Tete a ats eceived the attention tha: it 8s often not based On Bt is, The comp from " spport by slic suppo Sion and analysis of ven those eet he native states which were inl ae carved out by capable I "one eal rs dunng coinage during re thus not forme The native states were the Mughal Empire. pation of the peopl sl chiefs, most Of Who# downlall of Mughal rulers sikhs lasing onth-wesern India t Invaders, The currencies of t the comm Sy, whereas for The Sikh state was the result ruries till they sec almost #0 cent f ‘Mughal governors and for the Sikhs their coins Wet ry Sikh held in gre sovereignty of thelr lr ol Saat of te sovereignty oft sey Sh lg Sree women Sih cone at ar of 2 eng of he uve nae of Sikh cota ial hd reverence ative sates has nce This baie misunderstanding In disor mr sikh history, both European and India, Bag Many scl te puna, Chronicles of Mughal and AE Sifts spd thet roe abet in be ty ec bout Sikh coins without actual ng have writen about Si aly cal z's in wal violation of the requisite norms 0 Gandy Singh, Bhagat Singh, Gopal Singh, and ik sit, wil wht bow them. They have also not given any contemporary see ns wns ee, saturate, these accouns have been taken by intr, Noreen Seeentic historical evidence. Thus, the writings on Sikh gee Corns Baie absence ofthe acu examination a these rn yay SY Pilea correct and proper understanding of sikh coins and thee ae et Mette nother aspect of Sikh history, ie, concey kh som Bees not been given due attention by its ise’: See fant and primary symbol of sox nt Semmes el Grif, CJ. Rodgers, G.L. Choy it ara Keno Dron sits Been established from a detaled analysis of the mee me usmatic investigation Of the coins in quest h pani Z trick in the name of Moran en aes ee face ge aa on aon eo ne te can Hens cS ane fl eyo tn Be ats ea atspazaar gossip. Unfortunately In 8 second instance of See Niencane and “id not follow the eminent Indi fess schotar Sl mew eer MR ge, se, te en So sory reine a eet aM Be heen re aa ac eo a, Te ire en od ty Cone eee te Sanat rane in ap 1820-1, ad smugegNB exaining th sit the concurrence of Rent Sg The existence of diferem historical Bn on eo Gngh Ho, AS. sand, SS. Jhae, NAMM Cxwings ofthe coins have created am fing hee sian ae re Sing, HA ic ia, kari HARUM om antang whe cone: poate eo ss EH hanged ial CMD. Sufi, Ghula sin, Shahattat lly GOMMMMMNNBaIES so far were frst mentioned by Cy Ree, ne Pictorial Sikh coin Sagat Singh, -T. Vigne, RK. Farms, historians hav a Ses ees = én ie have AMIS swine. The drawings show Guru Nanak aed eee He as. iven their (Gift Nanak. The pictures created doub dana, sitting wt atone AtUe® ested some doubts in my mind as thease fl a a is Neving collected all the revat matral, 1 jocned. where find the aye Rodgers, Sohan Lal Suri, William So io axe ee ed ae Be sobng ee pus no ip, Parmeshwari Lal Gupea, a that the entire subje tute of Rea a flay of seasoned and easned ‘restablished conventions of histor Gupta hi lmself examining the the fuiey bazaar gossip tthe unerilal accep os Dyell a5 the source Without examining ma somewhat sit ae S rwn thelr conclusions singh Nala, while governor be n his own authority diferent imprisss and estigation led pictorial coin, ralytieal study of the historical facts si i ins have been ci the relevant © Singh Nalwa did not sre idopted the met Pieces of information in th ind whole picture Bar, the drawings of the British Museum a on th et ee 1g the blessings of Guru Nanak. er Fr otic, Ina stg tei Ga walable where 1 Bes natal 3 ni he eh, gh anh o reac yeas are realy. svalsbe, The, oath 9 BE Pina, ty the Suh amc, Tas Ion anes rae of aoe he a Se Pasay in the collections of some pa Sycted Tegends could be 3 ave considered and historians and nurismatsts Te Gbverse and the reverse of 2p he coins. from oe of some historian and thi eulated, the coin would have bee i srrot was repeat coins of : iting of Sikh coins by Hat ae 's fictions were invented to justif saing ums nla imamate investigations. They Have eee of disinformation instead of highlighting Joba Dyel, a num the coin sick by tees his main a cy an a . ee ata rghtapa by Hack Kava Kat, IE ee Grainng he ane te doce te a Shin that manoscit ee nea from Guru Nanak to Gi he BStlpients are of course th i ue a a ed fom Gort Nana However tae mead x onan ‘ising cna Fo sare, Copies of ‘and a senutiny revealsith Grom rn, clone! Sean) such 8 Ha rae ey others have called the coins suck wt Bhagat Singh, ae Oy shah coins and those sruck with the ob, Fate, the Going al Sich coin, a5 the Nanak Sha Ala on i ats bave drawn this distinction rsth the legends which appeat of bet Nan coinage and) the Sih ethos 2 against the Sit be! ch Guru see insetatin of te ented. wit the he cane fo the first distortion in rendering mest meni singh . want Sing g of the Hex the correct 5 of wa Tsp Teg Fab as being the atietes Iso desebs the send 2 8 ge chet whe SS ‘atogether difle-ent mea scant Singh gives an altoget ato nese, my Me ang ‘Deg Teed Fa ay ing ‘Dah Tr Guru Gobind Singh’. He'd pe of any her Gum i rel nenclaure of Sikh oi ie legend whi re Myho succeeded in nde Sirah, a recent wrter on. Sik i putes asc h en two Wiel iil explain why he has giver ng oF evidence to explain any reasoning itorprtat ¥ legend evil fegend. He does not appreciate thal O61 the Sikh coins were careful Seer creataly designed by the Sis coins century and were the tue exPre won of the Shh OF dixon Sikh. ito Wigs of fancy tat not only dso Sf re oe eae Marie Lafont in their rece repeated by JS: Crm e cared out by the Sikhs unde ‘Bandi : Tara era tensive dive to literally wine our 7 a gens took to the nels si 25 2 poerfl fr are were dese a a and Ahan flores, they wou SCOP) eg ie Dura ave for Afghanis. Th SING 1761 for a euder aoa Singh AbLuwala ok wih ‘of Akal (the timeless) 3 a go seh ol ba ny estan by 17 ‘gal munity was camied out See eeevery Sikh head, dead or alive, pation ; fs practi goer hoy reemerged 28 8 ‘api 5 Stas from Musa ive them dung te Of the Daan a arson an the same of bern heen struck with the grace feng “coin has ssa Kala, Akhowgh Of Abad i in the grip of J Sess the lege In suppor of the w forthcoming, various accounts aa eas . both in suppor of and’ ps emerged. The eminent Sikh historian Hk Ge the lS oF the said coins wal cane me Shel coe wh ato ev argues th Sat ne se 28 only tebutted by Ni. Sit tat so be a = by any sardar how strong he may be. The dem Saar Siete he Kala by Guru Gobind Singh was very aes Pat Sich communty and they ig (Gor Gobind Singh as a sired tit snd would So or eae 9 them by Header, hold any claim go: sorex y wereignty. In the absence of any au ent ¥y such coin, the fentiroversy Is like fogging a de this controversy is that the Sik emerges fom feierence the concept of Si During the lte eighteenth century, Sik Sirdts from Lahore, Amritsar, and Mn, Jone seene ofee Sec and Mulan. fssa Singh An Her of « guatencenun-iong Sikh mga Bagh Ahluwalia died in cops Kroidnaxing authority ov Hit internecine warfare Bider his control and Bil orie at Anandgarh Incident been ainst ts minting have Pt has vigorously supported the tem por the most impor portant conclusion thet hs cherished with great fidelity red h sovereigny as a sacred trust bequeathed ta then od by the Bhang wall, the veteran trol over the sch other. Jassa red the hold ofthe hers independent of ber 1789 an his deme wenke ie Waring Sikhs, and minor guancs neon Eich sanar tied 1 srengthen his hold oe ence Se x treed But a special feature of these mints © ofthe Sikh Gurus as hed b as Pith HEE This shows tha the Sis held the sorcerers ot leaf motif for the firs e Struck in the name J roman at, Le. a0 1754 : ruck By all in the nam th changed oftheir Gurus in tery aa on the reverse of the sikh Sik Gurus from the Ame and thereater was univerall iProduiced by the various Sikh saben Ne Bish. All effors to Boved futle, and wl BE eating wih Unresoived BE Tere appeared ar mint in 1841 h mints il the aboltion of sith euneece St locate some’ co Cunnitighant Hae reosle ofthe Sikhs effectually roused the dormant encxpes of hom witha lfty though fitful longing for sal ilages which eae emperor, giving his point of vieg av ™ 6 fothe a het Mughal forces from the aes hill rajas. Thus, a formidabl ina hgh in this tal of strength between ve tade 2 persona emphasizing the Khan, fawidar of tend full assistance agains Guru Gobind ys. about 80,000 peo his feelings about t by ateas to ext ination was Formed Ae ates have won as yy ni a sin a te swe dove acing of tee people ‘ Boon and et {2S fled to tke Anandpur the Saget! Eee > bestow ‘ et Pa siege. The allies Through them only have 1 been bl Through thet help 1 have escaped roa harms we and generosity of these Sikhs 3 on imposing a complete bi vied my heat and hose. Hee fd oscame eve atne al eaming ering tomate ack. Arandpur was fc a i les Sneed a Tigh hee grace ro ty gave them, through them t reached eminence All sons of assurances, even cob an offer of a safe passone ‘What would I have been without their kind and ready help? a Maced pressure from his own oped of the emperor.” cate — Beil forces under Want Khan som ex ayes, not es azir Khan soon caught up with cea Al possess and carry, I dedicate to these people: ‘ Goh ota 4 rene m Mata Gujari, hi at ice of these people From top to toe, whatever Tel The is mother, and his two ia Sundari, his wife, was Guru Gobind singh lost an unequal fight with the Ropar. The few Pe. Bowing to thee wu 8 By insiiuting the Khalsa, Guru Gobind Si Ti, thus reaming the fath promulgated by Nana ct ar hepired the Sikhs to defend ther faith and stand on thelr Own argpuations were likely 0 invite the intervention of the Mughal prepartjaiter fom the imperial court to the faujdar of Sihind adaim emily 1705, Gury Gobind wandered from place 10 place in ts, MANE ea at Ure with few Follower, withthe, Sthlad) Cope te ae er ham A usp Ga. present-day Uudlans, ao) received the pursuit fe Seon of is wo Younger sons by az Khan an of ne ft ele of ge Bren tROUBh Be Mat Good of severe set backs and defeat, om oto im ded it & hopeless Peeler Hip immediate neod was (0 esabllsh COON, th the romana ncually sated ning bim and moved fom Pre, place in hal, who Baer caton fo eublish a stlement, Wank sn, at seach ofS Ga enme to now the Gun’ orton and tacks ‘hal at chasing tha ought th such reat determination and oan he Reece of Wari Khan vas severely defeated and Vaz ‘Khan recat raat any farther bare wit the Gunw a vind Singh now sewed down at Talwandl S80 ac acon rxumng to hi ad 4 sal force was abies ring about discpes sae arty Sabo the Cure dicated a new een Ap Hal a years yo cana Gobind received Aurangd’s messages SAY the enthe emperor, who was 10% anxial slomly his ol Zafarnamas wich the Gara had wate Zafar Sgne Decean. Guru Gobind, wih a large member of fellowes to meet him ihe Deccan via Rajasthan. Near Baghaut, he Sear the deal moved wa and. panned (0 retur 10 the Punb. Pines Nea had ls of Aang? far to. Deth to sake is claim 10 the Sr nase fn end Singh, who was Beading towards Dell 6 brothers, Gant fie butte of jap. Gor Gobind Singh as BCT 20 Aa or ur Sh, che new emperor, He was allowed 0 8 ly reception by oe, presence and wae given lash and) xPenere its Be ete deed is Khalsa that is her mates Ne OO Gobind St ce ne intended to go 10 Kalu and ne the Poet 2 nad Guru Gobind moved receptic Spears that no final decision was raken, tnperor to Nandet, Cat Sigh had become aware ofthe host ofthe Sour g ee a bin a ae han of Sind, At ts rc, MS ces he became is ardent disciple, and who was, te named Daag who nu chose im asthe commander ofthe Sh Omg Bahadur ead others How Bands came in contact wil, oot Gob wr Kas abe (0 ascenain is capablties, whether Hoy the, Gort ach other are questions shrouded in mystery 200 1 auhentle ordi their veraty is avaiable, But what sands ablshed 285 seer ould not bave been a better choice for ie i that thee com sent. shor afer Dana's dep 6 ‘reny by some hired assisins and Was BAG was attacked, ne announced tat asa dl nt heal and after some days, the G Gury Gobind co Instructions. He opene before it ‘his Sikhs around . ‘Opened th oa 8 te deed hat hence composed the folk Beat placed 5 paisa and eoconeh 2 abolished the eres owing verse da coconut, and bowed ould be the Gon for a stitution of personal Guruship. He ale A bb A bb ha Sab Sian ho bm ba Guru Ma {Gen Grant jx mango para iru habe bof shaded. ed t0 accept the Granth as the the Guru's body ree as their Guru. Consider th Granth as repres -presenting 1 Those who desire to cont Find Him, m in its hymns." Guns Gobind Singh had earier ld on Nanak’ thone as G Install in the Bibi tar Natale lo ent, he Scrpture of my sovereign 00 othe best of "ay power an Ca Sob Sigh sates tha so sates, ind Sig when he the piri aspect, i Sore he it ape, the arma, with als donee é fhe Guns remarks, un" He 1 Granth i The Granth sy seconde Should be then AASi wo wans tose me Stele te Gt Stould eed the Gunt snd Granth and Wink over Guy Gobind pi iy Gobind placed se tempor Khal: his goal had already 1 als and hi od the ind when he had sc Wiando pabul‘Thercater he hes Bhosen ones, 1 aspect of his sovereign dy een parilly achieved Wh the Gea of wed ones and had biven then tl ts Iv lob es a hed eth Be the Nis 88 his Guru person pg ae alsa thalsa became the one cael se Sy (0 take a decision | ee vel Dill ofthe ge | Am present in spice Nien He haa oa oe ee with them.’ He had ted Sen heat edt inion to give sanctity to na alse Bis Own dere wb i ne of the Khalsa on 10 the will of (0 lay down his iea we 45 4 stBo1 oF 93 ing his monal frame, he placed his The folowirg verse i + by Bhai Nand Lal on the Granth, The Panth Gurse Grant, = ty in the hands of the entire Khalsa. ‘Composed by either Guru Gobind Singh power ee © room for any physica/corporeal Gur we i ss struggle aguinst the sate. It also vee we Cont Cone authority of the Guru Panth a followers. His death triggered such payee Bist sovereign Sith sate case xs Sirhind and the a ‘d a8 the etemal ur in Sikh society." The temporal sove said 10 have ay harap Biase arabe na hoe, ‘phewrer boo sab miilen ge hace sbaran jo bo. ¥, cohesion, ubmission to the al rule, and its opponent will be no. more ra wg that the Khalsa sh the united and the devotees shall be saved igny in the Krishan Avtar separated wil ® ‘Guru Gobind Singh defines his temporal sovere mcf the mas imagination of his popular response that the funding tetorcs. The coins stuck and the eek oooh reflect the Sikh conse let the Sikh concept of sovereignty. ay ‘Great death be thou my protector fll see Lama thy slave Deming me thy oF, preserve me Single ut and destroy any enemies, Te bos my free hitcen and my sword. Preval the wot Be thou my cheishes"™ Bish Bilike the selfish anc disi andars wh *elgnty of the Sikh state) bequeathed by si Panth at the time of his demise ie trample me tin October In defeat. During the Fine ting (reaty in March 1846 loyal Sikh sardars who had all ea ly t0 their Gn ane oo Ahluwalia sates; on yal sovereignty to his Kal F Fe presene Sikh deny 0s UnUenes stated in the Sarblob Granth fed with the Bridal for the preservation Man ma harun in he part Boar, 21 7PES which the Beish were aceon eee 2 Making up the amount of Hi ce, 7 rom Raja Gulab Singh 1 the said Proposal of the Date’ Khalsa shall continue to be blessed with all my POWER BP shows that e te identity and uniqueness. But when the Khalst Sas Bee for the princple ef ta ahore Darbar ~ Bbonal gains, the dediconc ne eSeeBY In their seer de ence for Sikh sovere is in existence "amongst the Sikh soldiers, even tn deen This means that th though the Sikh rulers of the 2 had los their ing pursuit of their lanky was sill very it pcs i and OO a ra a ay rightly sats tat the tegration of te tonenel al ei ye ignentconrbtlon of Cure Gobind Sl : eet ce Skhs!® Gort Hargbind 1nd ofthe Sih fat they would ee ine Gram say oe ee efor Tagen the manyon of eee hedging the orchard of the Sikh faith with hardy and thomy Aisii BE Gi nt nd tase roe ‘death bestowed the temporal sovereignty on mere Notes i Gopal Singh, 4 v0 the Panth and the spit 7 dor elem Ind, Cambridge, opal Singh op. ct vel. 50 1921, p71,194 sont comace gion, 6 vols, New Dei: S.C 1. Mase Anus Macalfle, The Sit Reon, a Tea PS Cope, mina of sith Gunns, New De: UC Kanaoe © i Re obs sth oa op 15, 1b. Cannnghar, A Ht of is Tne, op cl, 0. 389. Tipe St Region, Oxo: a a ga, New New Book Society band & «Pi 18 Sons, 1973 pp. 1315 Ss Sis, London, 1960 p. 8 1945, p31 sure, Va 1, Pat set, 197 pp 368 Carendon Pres 188 jb Univers, 1589, 9p 168 schon Mano 45. Bid, pies 46. tid, pas 49" lads Bhushan Benes, 50. bi, p. Tea 52, tbid., pp. 181-2, 3, Macrlite, Tbe Sb Ragin ak 55. AC. Baneree,The-Stb Cops $6, p18. §f, Molin Fan, Debnam ace $8. © AC Bicenee, he sa Guna id tada Bhushan Baar’ Soy Of Sib Guns, op. ct and Sib Relgion, op. Gt, p. 62, Rag Sob, pp. 1678 on, opp. 182 and Sb Reon, op. ct (Gi AC. Baneee, The Sb 1963, pp. 923. nd Sshan Bane 190, vol. 1p = (Go Macalife, Toe Si Relgon 0. SP. 7 19.5% abowala, Tor Soveetgnty af Sit» Do 20, Ibid, p43 2 tp 22, sacs 23, Tid SO ea and Ties, ip 1 oa bled by ML. Pace, nba kos, 2 vos, Calcuta: A. Mutheroe & Gil 5 sation of Sie baths Bal Pubcon, Ip pe, vl Mp. 26. The Sih Religion, op. 2 fe maha ep % acs p ye sith Gurus and Si Raton, op. 352 vs Nanal and His Tae, op. Sty p32 8 Banere, Erion of Raa, op Pk 19 BB Macalife, The Sb ngs, oe @ Ha tam Gop, dns of Sab By acne te ss rect tos. vot mp oe ° I. AC. Binoche Sb Guns and Scheu. Datos Sucsas a I et, pn. 25 ana nsy OP 66: ian Ram Gupen, The tsar of ie 1 of Sb ras, 5 och Blashan pea? 12 Beeson Dna, seta of Kha, oc GS, fan. Pjrmaon of bsaney Ce Beis Rm Cir Hoy ofthe Sab cna op ch? 9 BEGG Nee. Tanjermaion of ore EB BH B ce sn of Stam op. 97 ae Bad, on 22 ME RPh. Me 6 ures and Sb 1 Shane fowsce by Rodgers and Beveridge), 1956 eda , tion, op. ct, p. 20s Supa, Fo of Sis Gra ah, sory af Punjab, dena Kayan Publisher, Bas Biucisn Ben pt Bs2ete,Eeltion of Rea, vo ey Ps ppteead Tat, Ato of Prjab, op. ck GEG, N2. Tronsermaon of neh, nett. Aart ope bak Bis, 20 tte op. cel We Mg anne tno Sik py a Bam cut ry of Sts ana oe stk 1 1989, p. 254x Macalif,StbRolgion ve I 0p. 50 Js ile of Sik Doctrine, op. cit, P. 91 iva, me of Pi 2 Nar tan fay, Te 98 Cure 5 aoe, Te Sith Gus and Sih Reon, oP 86 TP sary f Sth Gus, O. chy 100 fa. i, pO 2. id, p. 0 elmeo, 89. TI, Te Soe of Sb Drie, oP sD 91 Tl pa, itr of Sb Gurus, op ck: 16 95. wid. p- 3 36 id 97. hid. p19. oy sikh Religion, Punjab: Languages Departmers, #t) 29. Ind Bi arty a ae ces oo PB. 402. Ibid, p. 24. WOE tad Busha Baneqee, Evolution of Koa, vot 108, ibid. p. 58. ee Teoh Babadur, Patiala: Punjabi University M10. Ta Sib Cs ad Stb Ragan, Op. cts P24 112 Ma Ram Our, 227 Coon ig, Canc: Fash Tab JS Grewal and SS. Bal, Gar Gobind Singh, op. cs PP iy 190 Hac Ram Gupte, ‘ory of Sib Gurus, om cp. 15, HEB JS Greve and 3S. Bal, Gur Gobind Sigh 130, Geval and Bal, Gam conind Seg nea 37 131 Tid, pp. pegigies 132, Had am Gupta, soy of Sk 428, Greval and Ba Guru Gobtad Sag ope B® 4, Abthars-Derbarstale aS vo, Sorsgge oh ec al RAS vol, 16751685, 29 November 1, news fom Sins Coin ci ie Guru Nanak, faulty ontred ‘ b. 6t fotnote 4 fh and Ganda Singh, Sone IB6 Mase, Tbe Sb mega way ee 30 26 Meclile, The Si lion, val, op cto, b pp. 3223. 128. Grewal and Bal, Git Gobind Sing 12) In hs invoduction to Pom Suman oo ca Pe tai nin 2d ec. Of Tbe Hakama by Gane Litt Fath Babar and Guru Gobind Sigh, tans Sook rae, Ci Merging, roa of Patan, and the sagen ef pecivey cake ae En rg of Mach pecvely cle Nanak Dev Universi 1980, Hinds Bishan Baneyee,zerhson HED. Cunningham, a Hor a Sues op Her gost et Bah Gur Gaba sigh, HWS Si kam Sarma, te Gan vent hie fn Sing Te This of Cura Gebind Sings, in Paracanprame, Amttan it, vol, p. 158, PG HALE SAA, The Reto Poey of he Maga Empero, New Deb Mp a tam curs, tary oy san o ig ad Baie Gobind Sing, pe 1982 Me 20d Ba Ca ata Sigh opt 8 Re on ne Nanak 1 hang Sh Ast: Gury Nanak Dev Univesy, HEas tn Cups, cao a ss Ban ote HE HB revs! and ba, cu BBY Gera and tl cu Coops en Bid, sis Bena. in sing, rots loa sins Tari: Siban, Ani ulssnnaras (Pi, Pas re 20 6, ded 2 Oct Tek BBE Bhushan Tanesee sates ip el mar: Mitral Soiey, 1949, p, Punjabi Univesity, 1985, . 186 fhm Kala, vol, p. 145, quetng Ganda 8 Gobind Singh dated that Guru soon exp Pest 10 retuh 10 the Banda Singh taba Sy Ga tnd Sng Babar y Gane Sigh hn aed face} meno may hace es t Saeh snd Inds Bbushan Baneree the easy tate» E ‘University; (pt, 1990, >. 1 sa The Pans Univer Grant, Ph.D thesis, Chang poctrine, op is P . Sor oO aia op. ck BB. a ee pagon, New Delis Munsiarn Manoa soon, Now Dei san oer The Seg itt Doce, "ay pated history sae Haory ‘hed and documet dnl dory (a fully researc Pt 1 i rte ly, ern so Sib Prnces, oreang one e's Tigres oft, Sart Seles Dari, vol, p. 88, National APPENDIX A Sikh Religious Tokens In de to understind the Tempe tokens of tdi, we must fist have an undersanding of the history, religions and mythology ot ake ich ven Ra tokens, ke other temple tokens, ate a fed of exonumia of Tin congue, 5 known and even less i writen, Although the soln foo rear fokens bas been taken up by a number of scholar, exe et Tes of Ye Secu OF Sikh religous tokens, vay A Che neve Shar adit By Brotman, and ‘Observations on Sikh Tokens by fo Pee Singh In both accounts, a fe degree of disegard for and ig Hradtions and ceigious practices is apparent Bie incomplete and incomtect &o To address some of the snonance of the Sikh the inferences dawn by the authors Cettain extent. Hence, an attempt Is made hore ‘ApS in the account of Sikh religious tokens Practices, which are largely aatters of pavate icon or the image isa symbol of ¢ entrate on the divine in order to b large number of Hindu deities Bi fivals and iconography have resuled in the Hens obscure comers and insalled niches In the wen Byer nd. Hin worship, oa lage exten, ee ce POS, An Ber or tooce’ “C,.0 PAY homage to the deity and seek ks blessings wah at Bes rank” This open atitude has resuted in the prolate nd oe Ppaihing: on in epicton of Hindu deties in sone and meal eufpace Pea Psitings on walls and on paper. Temple tokens <2 Bind reisgis livia! Th Hindy religious fater than ind the uninhibited changes in onstruction of lakhs of shines, Is of houses and ns Bie origin of the ac Bc otion of placing the image of a de aj Laskin! was depited on Phi Images of Shiv sf BY cenures* ‘ham lly on a coin i as early fn uninseribed coin from va appear on the colns of Ujain and the Kushong tankas were issued in south Indka by the ress of the