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ae

Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, 2018, 19, 1122-1134

REVIEW ARTICLE
ISSN: 1389-2010
eISSN: 1873-4316

Current
Pharmaceutical
Biotechnology
Status of Selinum spp. L. a Himalayan Medicinal Plant in India: A Review Impact
Factor:
1.819

of Its Pharmacology, Phytochemistry and Traditional Uses The international

journal for timely

in-depth reviews in

Pharmaceutical

Biotechnology

BENTHAM
SCIENCE

Ravi Prakash Srivastava1, Pooja Dixit1, Lav Singh1, Praveen C. Verma2 and Gauri Saxena1,*

1
Department of Botany, University of Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226007, India; 2CSIR-National Botanical Research Insti-
tute, Lucknow 226001, India

Abstract: There is a growing trend of herbal medicines in India as well as other parts of the world.
The use of herbal medicines alone or alongside prescription drugs for disease management is quite
common now. We hereby carry out a review of dominant species of Selinum mainly S. vaginatum C.B.
Clarke and S. wallichianum (DC.) Raizada & H.O. Saxena which are potent source of herbal medicine

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Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology

ARTICLE HISTORY and whose potential is still not exploited. They are found in Northern Himalayas in the states of Kash-

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mir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand in India, and also distributed in adjoining countries like China,

n
Received: August 20, 2018
Nepal, and West Pakistan. It is a perennial, primitive, high altitude, therapeutic herbal plant belonging

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Revised: November 29, 2018 to family Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) traditionally used for various diseases like epilepsy, seizures, and
Accepted: December 03, 2018
hysteria, etc. The aim of this review was to provide a summary on botanical characterization, tradition-
al uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological activity of Selinum spp. The available information will be
DOI:
is e
10.2174/1389201020666181227150829 further tapped for commercial use of this plant without endangering its status. Based on the available
s
evidence on the species pharmacology and chemistry, we highlight in which their therapeutic potential
can be properly harnessed for possible integration into the country’s healthcare system and be further
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passed on globally.
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Keywords: Coumarins, chemical composition, phytoconstituents, pharmacological, volatile oil, herbal medicines.
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1. INTRODUCTION [3]. It is an endemic, high altitude, perennial, hairy, rhizoma-

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tous, endangered and primitive herb. Few species of Selinum

The traditional medicine practice is widespread in coun-
have been reported from Kumaun and Garhwal region of
tries like China, India, Japan, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Thai-
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Uttarakhand, India viz, S. tenuifolium, (synonym S. can-

land. About 40% of the total medicinal consumption is at-
dollei), and S. vaginatum [4]. It is found growing wild in
tributed to traditional tribal medicines alone by China. In this Rohtang pass (Himachal Pradesh) and Tungnath, Milam
regard, we review an important medicinal and aromatic plant
glacier and Niti (Chamoli) in Uttarakhand [5]. However,
Selinum which belongs to family Apiaceae. The plants of
according to the IUCN Red List 2001, the species Selinum
this family are mainly herbs, rarely woody at base, with
carvifolia, was designated as endangered in the United
hollow stems. The family includes 250-440 genera includ-
Kingdom [6]. Furthermore, another Red List by the IUCN in
ing 3300-3700 species which are widely distributed over
2009 indicated Selinum vaginatum as threatened species and
the temperate zones of both the hemispheres. Selinum sp. is is considered to be in low-risk category [7]. Since then, the
an important medicinal and aromatic plant [MAPs] that
taxon has not yet been assessed by the IUCN Red List. There
grows in temperate regions of the Western Himalayas, Chi-
is however, no information on the IUCN list for other
na, South Africa and Andean mountains between 6000-
Selinum species due to lack of research and knowledge gap.
14000 ft. above the sea level [1]. There are several species
Presently the species of Selinum fall under the Catalogue of
of Selinum however, S. vaginatum C. B. Clarke, S.
Life list by Catalogue of Life Indexing [8]. Khare (2007)
wallichianum (DC.) Raizada & H.O. (synonyms S. candollei mentioned two species of genus Selinum named
Edgew, Selinum tenuifolium Salisb.) and S. carvifolia (L.) L.
S. tenuifolium, and S. vaginatum in India. The plant parts
are accepted names while other species still have unresolved
mainly root and leaves are used in treatment of different
status [2]. The genus commonly referred to as Bhutkeshi,
kinds of ailments like diarrhea, cuts, wounds, swelling and
in India, is known for its medicinal and aromatic values
vomiting [9]. The Selinum spp. also has a very long history
of use as medicine in Unani and Ayurvedic system and has
*Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Botany, Uni- been used as an insecticide, nervine sedative with anti-
versity of Lucknow, 226007, India; Tel: +91 9415182051; Fax-+91 (522) spasmodic and stimulant properties, in constipation, men-
2740467; E-mail: gaurigupta72@yahoo.com

1873-4316/18 $58.00+.00 © 2018 Bentham Science Publishers

Status of Selinum spp. L. A Himalayan Medicinal Plant in India Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, 2018, Vol. 19, No. 14 1123

struation and digestion. This study aims to explore the status Selinum candollei Edgew, Selinum tenuifolium Salisb.),
of Selinum spp. for their therapeutic and industrial applica- Selinum vaginatum C.B. Clarke and Selinum carvifolia (L.)
tions on a sustainable basis not only in India but worldwide. L. are the accepted ones in the genus Selinum found in India.
Despite the fact that we have a spectrum of modern drugs at There are however many Selinum species whose status re-
our command, it is still genuinely urgent to discover and de- main unresolved. Many species reported from other parts of
velop new therapeutic agents. Rising incidences and evidences the world like Ligusticopsis wallichiana (DC) Pimenov &
of microbial resistance against a broad array of antibiotics Kljuykov, Selinum elatum (Edgew.) M. Hiroe, etc. have tax-
further essentialize this need. Several reports estimate that an onomical ambiguity and their status is still debatable.
acceptable therapy is available for not more than one-third of
In India, basically, two plant species of Selinum named
the known human ailments. Therefore, the fight against dis-
S. vaginatum C.B. Clarke and S. wallichianum (DC) Raizada
eases must be carried on relentlessly. Traditional plant medi- & H.O. Saxena have been dominant in the Himalayan re-
cines still enjoy a significant position in the modern-day drug
gion. Selinum spp. also known as Bhutkeshi, Moor, Murva,
industries due to the minor side effects as well as the syner-
Muramansi, Mathosal, Nesrawlo are erect, tall, glabrous and
gistic action of the combination of compounds. In this
hairy, perennial herb with biennial tubers belonging to fami-
scenario, Selinum has the potential to become a source of
ly Apiaceae. The plants find its place in the family Apiaceae
sustainable and suitable resource in drug industries. This
(Umbelliferae). Botanical classification of the plants is as
review attempts to probe the same since very little infor- follows:
mation is available on anatomical, morphological pharmaco-
logical and phytochemical properties of Selinum.
Table 1. Taxonomic classification of Selinum sp. up to the

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2. METHODOLOGY kingdom.

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A detailed literature survey was conducted from different

n
institutes (NBRI, CIMAP, IITR, CDRI and GBPNIHESD, Kingdom: Plantae

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etc.) to gain an insight into the Selinum and its species. The
literature surveys carried out on the web by means of scientific Phylum: Tracheophyta
engine Google scholar (https://www.google.com/scholar),
is e Class: Mangnoliopsida
and via the databases, PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
s
pubmed), Science Direct (http://www.sciencedirect.com), Order: Apiales
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Research Gate (https://www.researchgate.net/), Scopus

Family: Apiaceae
(http:/www.scopus.com), Google engine and SciFinder
(http://www.libnet.ulg.ac.be/en/eresources/scifinder-scholar). Genus: Selinum
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This review article investigates the pharmacological, phyto-

chemical and traditional profile of Selinum spp. The refer- Species: S. carvifolia, S. vaginatum, S. wallichianum etc.
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ences of this review article are compiled from 44 papers of

original article dating from 1964 till date. The chemical
structures that have been retained in this article were revised Plants have been used for a long period for their medici-
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by consulting the PubChem (http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ nal value before pre historic period especially in Ayurveda.
search/#collectioncompounds), and then redrawn using the The seeds, roots and leaves of Selinum spp. have been used
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freeware version of software ACD/ChemSketch (Freeware) in the preparation of Ayurvedic medicines by several phar-
14.01. maceutical industries. Oil derived from the roots has
leucodermal, hypotensive, incense sedative and analgesic
properties [10]. The extracts from rhizomes of Selinum plant
3. BOTANY
are used as a stimulant, a bitter tonic, and as antispasmodic
According to “The Plant list” three species, Selinum to treat epilepsy, hysteria in Ayurvedic system of medicines
wallichianum (DC.) Raizada & H.O. Saxena (synonym [3].

Fig. (1). S. vaginatum (A) and S. tenuifolium (B) in its natural habitat.
Local/common names: Bhutkeshi, Moor, Murva, Muramansi, Mathosal, Nesrawlo, etc.
1124 Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, 2018, Vol. 19, No. 14 Srivastava et al.

There are approximately 35 species of Selinum distribut- Multiple environmental signals are required for embryo
ed throughout the world of which only few are resolved. growth and germination for the seed of S. carvifolia (L) L.
These plants generally grow in temperate regions and alpine The seeds of S. carvifolia germinated to high percentage
zone of South African and Andean M. The extracts from when incubated at a variable temperature of 20º/10ºC and
rhizomes of Selinum plant are used as a stimulant, a bitter 15º/6ºC in both light and darkness. Seeds germinated during
tonic mountain slopes rich in humus [11]. Selinum plants are 36 weeks of incubation at 5ºC, 10ºC, 25ºC, 15º/6ºC, and
also distributed in China, Nepal, Bhutan and West Pakistan 20º/10ºC. Increased germination percentage was recorded
[12]. These plants are very common in alpine, subalpine, and when seeds were transferred to a higher temperature after
temperate Himalayas and occur at an altitude of 2000-4000 cold stratification at 5ºC. The embryo of S. carvifolia elon-
meters, especially available in the western and central Hima- gated rapidly after seeds were transferred to warmer temper-
layas covering Himachal Pradesh, Kashmir, Uttarakhand and ature conditions following 8 or 12 weeks of cold stratifica-
Sikkim in India, also found in Kangra, Holi range of Cham- tion. The experiment suggested that the seeds of this species
ba, Parvati valley, Rohtang area of Kullu, Rampur and Rohru had a physiological dormancy that needs to be broken before
division of Shimla district. the embryo can elongate [17].
Selinum vaginatum, in general, is an erect, tall, glabrous Cell and tissue cultures of S. candollii were grown with
and hairy, perennial herb with biennial tubers that can be and without mineral oil overlay on MS medium supplement-
easily distinguished by its clusters of small, white flowers on ed with appropriate growth regulators and it was reported
long, thin stems. Selinum spp. are hollow and finely grooved that the rate of growth and morphogenesis in cultures cov-
with leaf segments that are lanceolate, serrate, lobed or pin- ered with mineral oil was greatly reduced as compared to the
natifid [13]. The rhizome is stunted and covered with a dense controls. This lengthened the subculture period from 35-45

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tuft of bristly fibers and approximately 4 cm in length and 2 days to 150-240 days and resulted in significant savings of

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cm in diameter. The roots are dirty brown, thick up to 15 cm efforts, material and time. Subsequently, the shelf life of

n
or more in length and 1 cm in diameter. Roots and rhizomes encapsulated propagules of S. candolii, enhanced from 25-30

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of Selinum spp. are strongly aromatic and bitter in taste. The days to 150-240 days [18]. Somatic embryogenesis of
S. candollii DC. was increased under a mineral oil overlay
transverse section of root of S. vaginatum shows outermost
and it was found that cell suspension obtained on liquid Mu-
is e
cork composed of thin-walled, tangentially elongated cells,
rashige & Skoog’s medium supplemented with 4.52 μ M 2,4
phellogen, secretory canals in the primary cortex, parenchy-
s
D and 1.16 μ M kinetin when plated on solid medium devoid
ma cells, secondary phloem and xylem. The rhizome depicts
of 2,4-D proliferated into a callus and subsequently produced
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narrow cork zone, thick primary cortex and phloem, second-

15-20 somatic embryos within 60 days. But when plated
ary phloem having phloem rays, phloem parenchyma, xylem
cells were overlaid with mineral oil, a decrease in callus
and medullary rays. Leaf transection having mesophyll cells
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formation coupled with a four-fold increase in the number of

shows a row of vascular bundles accompanied by a centrifu- somatic embryos per gram fresh weight of the cells was ob-
gal patch of sclerenchyma. The stem of S. vaginatum has
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served after 30-45 days [19]. S. wallichianum seeds from

chlorenchyma, collateral vascular bundles, and small secreto- alpine and subalpine provenances determined the best pre-
ry canals in the phloem, epidermis, hypodermis, radial wall treatment for improved germination and reduced germination
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and large intercellular spaces. Rhizome shows cambial activity time [10]. Somatic embryogenesis and synthetic seed pro-
so that continuous ring of xylem and phloem are seen [14]. duction in S. tenuifolium Wall. with the help of a mature leaf
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Leaf optical property of S. vaginatum from two different explant was observed for the first time in Murashige and
altitudes in natural habitat (3600 m) and artificial habitat Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 3 μM 2, 4 dichloro-
(550 m) at lower altitudes showed some cuticular elevation phenoxy-acetic acid (2,4 D) containing 3% (w/v) sucrose and
on the upper surface and finer cuticular cristae on the lower 0.7% (w/v) agar that resulted in a significantly higher fre-
surface as compared to those observed in the leaves of plants quency of callus induction (67%) after 4 weeks of incubation
from higher altitudes (natural habitat). They gave the absorp- [20].
tance, reflectance and transmittance curves of upper and The thermostability of acid phosphatase in S. vaginatum
lower leaves surfaces of two altitudes and found out that from two different locations (low and high altitude) identi-
absorptivity at all wavelengths was higher in the plants fied that tropical plants (lower altitude) possessed higher
grown at higher altitude (natural habitat) as compared to thermos-stability as compared to the species of temperate
those at lower altitude [15]. and arctic zone [21].
The rhizome of S. vaginatum was distinguished on the The decomposition patterns of Selinum candollii (Syno-
basis of macroscopic parameters such as organoleptic char- nyms S. tenuifolium) reported a highly negative correlation
acter, odor and taste which are bitter and quite characteristic. (r2 = 0.861 to 0.949) between nitrogen (N) concentration and
Microscopic studies revealed that S. vaginatum has broad percent weight remaining during decomposition. The abso-
cortex having approximately 14-21 layers of cells, with lute amount of N at various periods was calculated and N
schizogenous canals abundantly present and pith being ab- was never found more than 100% of initial mass [22].
sent. He studied microscopic characteristics of S. vaginatum The comparative morphology and anatomy of leaves
and found that its powder is brownish colored with a bitter stem and roots of S. vaginatum and S. tenuifolium showed a
taste and characteristic odor. The surface view of the rhi- wide range of inter-altitudinal variations in anatomical and
zome shows schizogenous canals, fragments of fibers, me- morphological characters. This data can be utilized for iden-
dullary rays and starch grains [16]. tification purpose and might be further used in the develop-
Status of Selinum spp. L. A Himalayan Medicinal Plant in India Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, 2018, Vol. 19, No. 14 1125

ment of regulatory document on this medicinally important cance in crop improvement program [1]. Some chemical
species [23]. constituents had been identified from S. candollii DC. that
were helpful for chemotaxonomic identification of species in
4. PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES genus Selinum [5]. The volatile oil from aerial parts of
S. tenuifolium was analyzed by GC and GC-MS, and 31
4.1. Antimicrobial Activity components were characterized in the oil, accounting for
The anti-microbial activity and Minimum Inhibitory 95.16% of the oil. The chemical composition of essential oil
Concentration (MIC) of S. wallichianum essential oil from underground part of S. tenuifolium Wall. was extracted
(SWEO) was determined, extracted from leaf extract and by using a Clevenger type apparatus, and analyzed by
tender stem branches on two reference strain of E. coli, GC/FID and GC/MS, nine constituents were identified repre-
(E3376 and E3382) and 94 bacterial strains of 10 genera senting 97.7% of the total oil, five of which belonged to the
isolated from the clinical cases, environment and food items class of polyacetylenes and four compounds namely nona-
and it appeared to be the first report of the potent antimicro- 3,5-diyn-2-one (1), nona-4,6-dine-3-one (2), non-3,5-diyn-2-
bial activity in essential oil of aerial part of S. wallichianum ol (3) and nona-4,6-diyn-3-ol (4), account for 3.0, 2.5, 2.2
often used by people to cure different ailments [24]. and 3.1% of the total volatiles, respectively [28]. The essen-
tial oil of S. candollii revealed twenty constituents compos-
4.2. Antioxidant Activity ing 64.32% of the total essential oil. The aerial parts of S.
tenuifolium had α-bisabolol which is an important compo-
The DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scav- nent and can be exploited in pharmaceutical and cosmetic
enging activity of Ligusticopsis wallichiana (syn. industries. The essential oil from air-dried aerial parts of S.
S. tenuifolium Wall Ex C. B. Clarke) phenolic compound, 3, tenuifolium had 37 compounds that were identified by using

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5-di-O-caffeoyl-quinic acid and chlorogenic acid showed GC-FID and GC-MS analysis. Major constituents of essential

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potent antioxidant activity against DPPH free radical [25]. oil identified included α-bisabolol (71.80%), fernesol (3.50%),

n
The methanolic root extract of S. vaginatum showed a germacrene D (2.39%), citronellyl propanoate (2.35%), α-

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significant amount of phenolic content with an antioxidant bisabolol oxide B (2.26%), sabinene (2.00%), β-fernesene
property that may be used to break neurological disorder (1.53%) and limonene (1.21%) etc. [9]. The volatile oil com-
like epilepsy, hysteria, syncope etc. [3]. The isolated com-
is e position of S. vaginatum from their underground part had 37
pounds from leaves of L. wallichiana (DC), quercetin 3-O- constituents that composed 96.4% of the total volatile part as
s
β-D-glucopyranoside and rutin showed potent free radical revealed by GC/FID and GC/MS [11]. The essential oil
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scavenging activity [26]. composition from aerial and root parts of S. wallichianum
from Munsiyari and Nanital region showed the presence of
4.3. Toxicity sabinene (31%), β-phellandrene (18.2%), and α-bisabolol
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(16%) as major compounds in the aerial parts and that in root

S. vaginatum (Edgew) C. B. Clarke oil showed a
had β-phellandrene (34.5%), α-phellandrene (11.2%) and
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neuroprotective effect against methylmercury (MeHg) in-

duced toxicity using rat brain mitochondrial fractions. These sabinene (11.5%) as major compounds. The oil (aerial part)
from Nainital collection had 3, 5-nonadiyne (53.8%), ses-
changes were prevented by co-incubation with essential oil
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quiterpene hydrocarbon (31.4%) and monoterpene hydrocar-

extracted from S. vaginatum. The glutathione reduction
bon (12.2%) and the root oil was found to be rich in acety-
caused by MeHg is restored by essential oil, endorsing its
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lene hydrocarbon 3, 5-nonadiyne (90.5%). The plant popula-

chelating effect, an important molecular mechanism of de-
tion of Munsiyari region could be classified as a new chemo-
fense against oxidative injury. Some of the major com-
pounds were detected in Gas chromatography-mass spec- type of S. wallichianum [29]. The essential oil of
S. tenuifolium was reported to have 3, 5-nonadiyene as a
trometry (GC-MS) analysis of essential oil, which would be
major constituent (94.32%) which can be exploited in phar-
accountable for its neuroprotection against MeHg [27].
maceutical industry [30].
5. PHYTOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS
5.2. Terpene Compounds
5.1. Volatile Compounds
A new sesqui-terpene from the chemical composition of
All the plant parts of Selinum are rich in essential oil. The the oil was obtained from the roots of S. vaginatum named
composition of essential oil from the aerial parts of vaginatin (C20H30O4) [31]. A new ester terpene ІІІ was also
S. tenuifolium has components like α-bisabolol (55.55%), isolated from the root of S. carvifolium [32].
p-cymene (3.50%), ocimene (E) (2.70%), α-copaene (2.40%),
2-methylbutyl isovalerate (2.30%), p-cymene-8-ol (2.23%) 5.3. Coumarin Compounds
[4]. The essential oil composition of S. vaginatum from two
distant locations namely Rohtang (Himachal Pradesh) and A new coumarin named selinidin (I) with diuretic proper-
Tungnath (Uttarakhand) revealed 28 compounds in which ty was reported from S. vaginatum with a molecular formula
only 12 compounds were common to both populations with C19H20O5. When selinidin was treated with aqueous alkali
the help of GC-FID and GC-MS analysis. The variability in (10%) medium, it gave selinidin (II) and tiglic acid in poor
essential oil composition from a distant location is also evi- yield but it underwent complete hydrolysis with alcoholic
dent in qualitative and quantitative parameters due to the alkali medium, to give selenitin and tiglic acid in equimolar
environmental factor and genetic makeup. Such variations quantities [33]. Many coumarin compounds were isolated from
can be utilized to assess genetic variability and its signifi- S. vaginatum named oroselol, angelicin and selinitin. The
1126 Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, 2018, Vol. 19, No. 14 Srivastava et al.

Table 2. Identification of essential oil composition of Selinum sp. in chronological order.

Sr. Identification Collection/

References Parts Used Major Compounds Conclusion & Quote
No. Methods Locations

The roots of
This is first report regard-
Mathela et al. Roots of Preparative S. tenuifolium were
ing occurrence of 3, 5-
1. S. tenuifolium 3,5-nonadiyne gas chroma- collected from Cheena
(1984) nonadiyene in
Wall. tography peaks area in Nainital,
S. tenuifolium Wall. roots.
Uttarakhand
Bornyl acetate (60.4%), α-Pinene
Chauhan et al. Underground GC/FID Rohtang pass (4000m First report of volatile
(11%), camphene (6.8%), elemol
2. parts of S. vagi- asl) in Himachal Pra- composition of
(2012) (3.4%), limonene (2.9%), non- GC/MS
natum desh S. vaginatum
adiyene (1.2%)
Nona-3,5-diyne (85.6%), nona- GC/FID A total nine constituents
Chauhan et al. Underground 3,5-diyne-2-one (3%), nona-4,6-
GC/MS Rohtang 4300m asl representing 97.7% of the
3. parts of S. tenui- diyne-3-one (2.5%), nona-3,5-
(2012) Clevenger Himachal Pradesh total oil were identified
folium Wall. diyne-2-ol (2.2), nona-4,6-diyne-
type apparatus and quantified in the oil
3-ol (3.1%)
S. candollii roots having
14-Hydroxy-Δ-cadinene twenty constituents com-
Chauhan et al. Underground GC-FID Tungnath in Ru-
(20.59%) & α-pinene

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4. posed of 64.32% of the
(2012) parts GC-MS draprayag District
(14.23%) total essential oil were

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identified

n
S. tenuifolium collected

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from Niti, Chamoli of
α-Bisabolol (71.80%), fernesol Aerial plant parts col-
GC-FID Garhwal region of Utta-
(3.56%), germacreneD (2.39%), lected at flowering
rakhand is a new source of
Mohan et al.
is e
Air dried aerial citronellyl propanoate (2.35%), stage from naturally
5. α-bisabolol a compound
(2013) parts α-bisabolol oxide B (2.26%), growing population of
s
highly appreciated and
sabenene (2%), β-farnesene Niti, Chamoli Uttarak-
GC-MS required in the pharma-
(1.53%), limonene (1.21%) hand
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ceutical & cosmetic indus-

try
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The aerial parts of S.

α-Bisabolol (55.55), ρ-cymene GC tenuifolium rich in α-
Aerial parts of (3.50%), Ocimene (E) (2.70%), Milam glacier region,
6. Joshi (2016) bisabolol may become
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S. tenuifolium (2.40%), 2-methy butyl (2.30%), Uttarakhand

GC-MS useful on commercial
p-cymen-8-ol(2.23%)
bases
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The oil yield of S. wal-

lichianum from aerial &
Joshi et al. Nona-3,5-diyne (53.8%), sab- GC-MS root part of Munsiyari &
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Aerial parts and Nainital & Munsiyari in

7. inene (31.0%), β-phellandrene Nainital collection was 24
(2017) roots GC-FID Uttarakhand
(34.5%) &33 constituents and 24
& 21 constituents respec-
tively

hydrolysis product of selinidin gave rise to selinitin [34]. derivative [3]. The rhizome of Selinum vaginatum reported
Two new coumarin constituents were isolated from ample quantity of valerenic acid [17].
S. vaginatum named selinidin and vaginidin and three known
coumarin compounds angelicin, oroselol and lomatin. The 5.5. Other Compounds
molecular formula of selinidin and vaginitin are C19H20O5
The structure of two new (1, 2) and ten known com-
and C19H22O6 respectively [35]. Three furanocoumarins,
pounds (3-12) from the roots of Ligusticopsis wallichiana
bergapten, heracelenin, and heraclenol were isolated from (DC) Pimenov & Kljuykov (syn. S. tenuifolium Wall. Ex C.
the roots of S. tenuifolium and another coumarin from the B. Clarke, S. wallichianum (DC) Raizada & Saxena) and 1,
same source provisionally designated as ST-1 that has been 1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging
proved to be a mixture of imperatorin and 8-geranyloxy- activity of the isolated compounds was analyzed. Two new
psolaren by analysis of various reaction products [36]. diacetylene glycosides named bhutkesoside A (1) and
bhutkesoside B (2) along with ten known compounds named
5.4. Phenolic Compounds falcarindiol (3), chlorogenic acid (4), 5-O-p-coumarylquinic
Phenolic profile and antioxidant activity of S. vaginatum acid (5), 3,5-di-O-caffeoyl-quinic acid (6), 4-hydroxy-7-
revealed antioxidant polyphenolics, named chlorogenic acid methoxy-phenylethanol (7), ferulic acid (8), dehydro-
and ferulic acid in the methanolic extract of S. vaginatum diconiferyl alcohol 4-O-β-glucopyranoside (9), 5,7-dihyroxy-
and also indicated the presence of hydroxyl-cinnamic acid 2-methylchromone-7-O-rutinoside (10), schumanniofioside
Status of Selinum spp. L. A Himalayan Medicinal Plant in India Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, 2018, Vol. 19, No. 14 1127

Table 3. Identification of chemical component found in Selinum sp. in chronological order.

Structure Identification
Sr. No. References Plant Parts Used Extraction Method Major Isolated Compounds
Techniques

Sheshadri and Sood Roots of S. vaginatum Light petroleum Selinidin (І)

1. UV & IR spectrum
(1964) Clarke extract C9H20O5

Selinidin,
Petroleum ether TLC & UV-visible spec- Oroselol,
2. Sheshadri et al. (1966) Roots of S. vaginatum
extract trum Angelicin and coumarin ester
Selinidin

Sheshadri and Sood Roots of S. vaginatum NMR &Column chroma- Angilicin and
3. Benzene extraction
(1967) Clarke tography A Flavanone (Selinone)
1
Roots of S. carvifolium H-NMR
4. Lemmich et al. (1971) Ether extraction New ester terpene & terpene alcohols
L. UV & IR spectra & MS

Light petroleum Bergaptin,

Chaudhury et al.
5. Roots of S. tenuifolium and benzene extrac- TLC, IR & NMR Heraclenin,

tio y
(1974)
tion Heraclenol and Coumarin

bu nl
n
Angelin, oroselol,

tri O
Sheshadri and Sood Petroleum ether UV, IR & NMR spectral
6. Roots of S. vaginatum lomatin,
(1996) extract studied
Selidinin, vaginidin
is e
Roots of S. cryptotaeni- Extracted with 95% HRESIMS & Secryptotaenint, melissic acid, β-
s
7. (Rao et al. (2003)
um EtOH (61 3 times) NMR sitosterol, etc.
rD U

Roots of Ligusticopsis HR-FAB-MS

wallichiana (DC) 1
Fo al

Extracted with 70% H-NMR Bhutkesoside A and

8. (Adhikari et al. (2015) Pimennov & Kljukov
MeOH at 60ºC 13
C-NMR Bhutkesoside B
(syn. S. tenuifolium
ot on

Wall. ex C.B. Clarke) CC

Bhutkesoside A, falcarindiol, ferulic

N rs

Leaves of L. wallichia- Column Chromatography acid, cnidioside A, quercetin 3-O-β-

na (DC) Pimennov & Shade dried leaves (CC), D-glucopyranoside, rutin, 4′-O-
Pe

9. (Devkota et al. (2018) Kljukov (syn. S. tenui- were extracted with 1 methylquercetin 3-O-β-D-
H-NMR
folium Wall. ex C.B. 70% MeOH. glucopyranoside, scopoletin, umbel-
13
Clarke) C-NMR liferone, eugenol 4-O-β-D-
glucopyranoside and pumilaside A

B (11) and marmesinin (12) were isolated from the roots and a eudesmane sesquiterpene glucoside, pumilaside A
[24]. The occurrence of 3, 5-nondiyne was reported from the were reported first time from the leaves of L. wallichiana
roots of S. tenuifolium Wall. [37]. The chemical constituents (DC) [25].
of S. cryptotaenium and a new pyranocoumarin, named
secryptotaenin A (1), with 13 known compounds 6. TRADITIONAL USES
umbelleferone (2), osthol (3), coumurrayin (4), (+)- heraclenol
(5), longshengensin A (6), anomalin (7), ferulic acid (8), The essential oil component of S. tenuifolium extracted
galactilol (9), stearic acid (10), melissic acid (11), lingoceric from fresh leaves and flowers have been used as aroma addi-
acid (12), β-sitosterol (13) and daucosterol were isolated tives in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetics [4]. The genus
from this plant for the first time [38]. The occurrence of possesses antispasmodic and diuretic properties. The smoke
valerenic acid was reported from rhizome of S. vaginatum product of S. tenuifolium has been used for killing or repel-
with the help of accurate high performance thin layer chro- ling insects. Aerial parts of S. tenuifolium were useful as
matography (TLC) [39]. The non-volatile compounds; a stimulant and carminative, whereas essential oil of the roots
benzofuran derivative, cnidioside A; three flavonoid deriva- showed antimicrobial and antibacterial properties [28].
tives, quercetin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (1), rutin (2), and S. vaginatum has been used in various traditional herbal
4′-O-methylquercetin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (3); two medicines to treat neurological disorders like epilepsy, hyste-
coumarin derivatives, scopoletin (1) and umbelliferone (2); a ria, syncope, convulsions and mental weakness [3]. Other
phenylpropene derivative eugenol 4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside Selinum spp. have been used in the treatment of different
1128 Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, 2018, Vol. 19, No. 14 Srivastava et al.

Table 4. Identification of structure elucidation of natural compound found in Selinum sp. in chronological order.

Sr. No. References Chemical Structure Description

CH3

O
H3C O
Seshadri et al. (1964) O A new Coumarin isolated from
1.
S. vaginatum
H3C
O
H3C

Selinidin(І)
O

HO

tio y
O
Coumarins found in the roots of

bu nl
2. Seshadri et al. (1966) Oroselol
S. vaginatum

n
tri O
is e O O O
s
Angelicin
rD U

O OH
Fo al
ot on

O OH A new flavanone isolated from roots

3. Seshadri et al. (1967)
of S. vaginatum
CH3 O
N rs

H3 C
Pe

Selinone
O

O
O
CH3
A crystalline sequiterpene obtained
4. Mesta et al. (1968) from roots of S. vaginatum C.B
Clarke
HO
H3C
CH3

Vaginatin
O

H3C

A new ester terpene ІІІ isolate from

5. Lemmich et al. (1971)
the root of S. carvifolium
H3C

CH3
2,3,4-trimethyl-benzaldehyde

(Table 4) Contd....
Status of Selinum spp. L. A Himalayan Medicinal Plant in India Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, 2018, Vol. 19, No. 14 1129

Sr. No. References Chemical Structure Description

CH3
O

O O
Bergapten
H3C

O
H3C

O O Three furano-coumarin extract from

6. Chaudhury et al. (1973) O the roots of S. tenuifolium

Heraclenin

tio y
HO OH

bu nl
n
tri O
O
is e O O O
s
Heraclenol
rD U

O
Fo al

O
ot on

HO
N rs

H3C O
H3C
Pe

Lomatin Coumarin compounds isolate from

7. Seshadri and Sood (1966) H3C the roots of S. vaginatum.
OH

H3C O
O
O O O

Vaginidin

O O O

8. Rao et al. (2004) Roots of S. cryptotaenium

O
Secryptotaenin A

(Table 4) Contd....
1130 Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, 2018, Vol. 19, No. 14 Srivastava et al.

Sr. No. References Chemical Structure Description

CH3
H

9. Srivastava et al. (2010) From the rhizome of S. vaginatum

H3 C
CH3

O OH
Valerenic acid

C CH3
C
C
C
H3C
Nona-3,5-diyne
O

tio y
bu nl
C CH3

n
C

tri O
C
C
H3C
is e
Nona-3,5-diyn-2-one Five Poly acetylene extracted from
s
10. Chauhan et al. (2012) H3 C the underground parts of S. tenuifo-
lium Wall
rD U

C C C C
O CH3
Fo al

Nona-4,6-diyn-3-one
HO CH3
ot on

C C C C
H2C
N rs

Nona-3,5-diyn-2-ol
H3C
Pe

C C C C
HO CH3
Nona-4,6-diyn-3-ol

OH

HO O
HO
OH
Bhutkesoside A
Dried roots of Ligusticopsis wal-
lichianum (DC) Pimenov & Kljuy-
11. Adhikari et al. (2015) kov (syn. S. tenuifolium ex C.B.
O Clarke, S. wallichianum (DC) Rai-
O OH
zada & Saxena)
O
O
OH

OH OH
Bhutkesoside B

(Table 4) Contd....
Status of Selinum spp. L. A Himalayan Medicinal Plant in India Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, 2018, Vol. 19, No. 14 1131

Sr. No. References Chemical Structure Description

CH2 CH2

Isolated from root and aerial parts

12. Joshi et al. (2017) of S. wallichianum Raizada &
Saxena.

H3C CH3 H3C CH3

Sabinene β-phellandrene
O
H3C

HO O O
Scopoletin
OH

tio y
First time isolated from the leaves
of L. wallichianum (DC) Pimenov

bu nl
HO H
13. Devkota et al. (2018) OGlc & Kljuykov (syn. S. tenuifolium ex

n
Pumilaside A C.B. Clarke, S. wallichianum (DC)

tri O
Raizada & Saxena.
OH

OCH3
is e s
HO O
rD U

OGlc
Fo al

OH O
4`-O-methylquercetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside
ot on

Table 5. Identification of traditional uses of different parts of Selinum sp. and their biological activities.
N rs

Traditional Uses in folk Medicines and Biological

References Selinum sp. Parts Used
Pe

Activities

Chinese traditional drug ‘Qian-Hu, used for cough, bronchi-

Rao et al. (2006) S. cryptotaenium Roots tis, asthma, etc.

S. wallichianum (DC) Raizada & Oil derived from roots has leucodermal, hypotensive, incense,
Joshi et al. (2005) Whole plant and roots
Saxena analgesic properties and roots are used as nervine sedative.
Joshi et al. (2006) S. tenuifolium Wall. Roots Used in hypotension and sedative.
Srivastava et al. (2010) S. vaginatum Roots Valerenic acid used an anti-inflammatory.
Hypotension, as sedative aphrodisiac and has analgesic prop-
Vineet et al. (2011) S. vaginatum C.B. Clarke Roots
erties.
Showed anti-bacterial properties and smoke produced from
Chauhan et al. (2012) S. tenuifolium Wall. Roots
the roots used for killing or repelling insects.
It has aromatic anti-spasmodic, diuretic properties and also
Chauhan et al. (2012) S. vaginatum Whole plant
used as flavor and fragrance purpose.
Used as an incense and therapeutics in common ailment like
Singh et al. (2012) S. wallichianum (DC) Whole plant
cold, cough, fever, wounds, stomachache and toothache etc.
Chauhan et al. (2012) S. candollii Whole plant Produces strong smell due to the presence of essential oil.
Root decoction is useful in diarrhea, cuts, wounds and vomit-
S. tenuifolium Wall. ex C.B.
Mohan et al. (2013) Roots and fruits ing. The mixture of root powder with mustard oil used to cure
Clarke
swelling.

(Table 5) Contd....
1132 Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, 2018, Vol. 19, No. 14 Srivastava et al.

Traditional Uses in folk Medicines and Biological

References Selinum sp. Parts used
Activities

Used in epilepsy, hysteria, Synope, Convulsion and mental

Pandey et al. (2013) S. vaginatum C.B. Clarke Whole plant
weakness.
Ligusticopsis wallichiana (DC) Roots Roots are used to treat body pain, fever, cough and cold
Adhikari et al. (2015) Pimenov & Kljuykov (Syns. S. (Watanable et al. 2013). Flower and leaves are used in stom-
tenuifolium C.B. Clarke) Flower and leaves ach ache cuts and wound (Gewali, 2008).
Used in cuts, wound, stomachache and vomiting. The mixture
Joshi et al. (2016) S. tenuifolium Roots of root powder and mustard oil is used to cure swelling which
develops after delivery in women.
Tonic.
S. candollii
Rana & Samant (2011) Whole plant Nervine, Sedative.
S. tenuifolium
Pant & Samant (2010) Whole plant Skin disease.
S. vaginatum
Sharma et al. (2005) Root Cold, cough.
S. wallichianum
Hasan et al. (2013) Whole plant S. wallichianum are very aromatic and show antispasmodic
S. Wallichianum Raizada &
Joshi et al. (2017) Aerial parts and roots and diuretic properties (Tiwari & Mathela, 2003) and useful
Saxena
as stimulant and carminatives (Mathela & Sinha, 1976)

kinds of diseases, like root decoction that is useful for diar- jatamansi belonging to the family Caprifoliaceae [3]. Several

tio y
rhea, cuts and wound, fever, stomachache and vomiting. The reports on anatomy, morphology and chemistry of

bu nl
mixture of root powder and mustard oil has been used to cure S. vaginatum are available, S. wallichianum seems to be little

n
swelling, which develops after delivery in women [9]. The worked out. However, the recent report on new of

tri O
roots of S. wallichianum were used to treat body pain, fever, S. wallichianum opens vistas for identification of species
cough and cold and flower and leaves are used in stomach paving a way for resolving the status of several unresolved
is e
ache, cuts and wounds. S. wallichianum has been traditional- Selinum species. The previous research on phytochemical
ly used in making of incense and as therapeutic in common and pharmacological studies substantiates that the various
s
ailments like cough, cold fever, wounds, stomachache and compounds isolated from different parts of Selinum plant
rD U

toothache, etc. [23]. The oil from the roots of S. tenuifolium retain various pharmacological activities like antimicrobial,
had hypotensive, aromatic, sedative and analgesic properties, anticancerous, antispasmodic, antioxidant and anti-
the whole plant or its root being used as nervine sedative and inflammatory. The presence of various alkaloids, coumarins,
Fo al

offered as a substitute for the species Nardostachys essential oils, flavonoids and polyacetylenes and other con-
jatamansi DC [16]. The seeds, leaves and roots of stituents showed that further studies are needed to gain an
ot on

S. wallichianum were used in the preparation of Ayurvedic insight into detailed biochemical and physiological mecha-
medicine by pharmaceutical businesses and as spice and nism responsible for the therapeutic effect of Selinum spp.
N rs

fodder by rural inhabitants [10]. S. cryptotaenium roots have More than 20 compounds have been isolated so far and iden-
been used as the Chinese traditional drug “Qian-Hu” which tified using different separation tools and techniques, how-
is used for the treatment of many ailments such as cough, ever, extensive or in-depth pharmacological studies of these
Pe

bronchitis, asthma and so on [40]. The roots of S. vaginatum compounds are lacking. Most of the pharmacological studies
formed an aromatic drug, used in the fumigation of houses conducted have used uncharacterized crude extracts of the
[41]. plant prepared with organic solvents. It is difficult to repro-
duce results from these studies because of the unknown
CONCLUSION chemical constituents used. Thus, there is a need for
bioassay-guided identification to pinpoint bioactive com-
Many medicinally active species of Selinum are available pounds. Furthermore, there is also a need for more advanced
all over the world. Phytochemicals from these species are research on their chemistry and pharmacological properties
being characterized and tested for their biological activities both in vivo and in vitro. Additionally, further investigation
and these may be beneficially used for the treatment of dif- is needed to provide more effective and persuasive evidence
ferent types of ailments. These plants can be a potential for other traditional uses of this species in the treatment of
source of many antibacterial, anti-fungal, insecticidal, anti- various kinds of diseases and ailments such as dysentery,
oxidant, anti- repellent, anti-cancerous, anti-feeding, anti- diarrhea and irregular menstruation etc. The data available
inflammatory and anti-plasmodial compounds, etc. This re- thus far, together with phytochemistry and pharmacology
view article summarizes botany, pharmacological, pharma- potential of this plant, brings to light the therapeutic potential
cognostic and pharmaceutical properties of natural com- of Selinum spp., which can be used as an alternative medi-
pounds in Selinum spp. found in India and their uses. It also cine for some of the important ailments affecting humans.
highlights the importance of this plant in Indian medicinal There is very little reported on the pharmacological activity
system for exploitation as a potent drug and the current sta- correlated or assigned to a particular chemical component. It
tus of Selinum spp. with a comprehensive summary of vari- needs to be mentioned here that no clinical trials have been
ous natural compounds, uses and recent findings of research conducted so far and hence no dose administration has been
into its processing, phytochemistry and pharmacology. The determined. At the same time, no toxicity or related adverse
plant is being used as an alternative source of Nardostachys effects have been reported till date. The present review gives
Status of Selinum spp. L. A Himalayan Medicinal Plant in India Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, 2018, Vol. 19, No. 14 1133

only a preliminary insight into the uses and pharmacological [6] NBN Atlas, 2017. Threatened Species List: Red List Great Britain
activities of Selinum spp. in India, and while such activities 2001. Availbale from: https://lists.nbnatlas.org/speciesListItem/list/
(Accessed May 12, 2018).
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mense medicinal value and therefore, studies in present and cal composition of Selinum tenuifolium Wall ex CB Clarke: A new
past are more focused on its chemistry. Selinum spp. are used source of α-bisabolol from North-Western Himalaya. J. Essen. Oil
as an adulterant of Nardostachys sp. because of similar es- Bea. Plants, 2013, 16(4), 439-442.
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and rhizome. num wallichianum, a medicinal plant of the Himalaya. Seed Tech.,
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[11] Chauhan, R.S.; Nautiyal, M.C.; Gilles, F.; Chalard, P. Volatile
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS composition of underground parts of Selinum vaginatum and possi-
ble uses. J. Chem. Nat. Compd., 2012, 48, 901-902.
DPPH = 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-Picryl Hydrazyl [12] Himalayan voices. Himalayan Voices is a non-profit initiative, the
goal being to create awareness on the Himalayas
2,4D = 2,4dichloro-phenoxy-acetic acid www.himalayanvoices.org/sites/default/Selinum%20tenuifolium.
GC/FID = Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization De- (Accessed April 24, 2018).
[13] Himalayan voices. Himalayan Voices is a non-profit initiative, the
tector goal being to create awareness on the Himalayas Availbale from:

tio y
GC/MS = Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry www.himalayanvoices.org/sites/default/Selinum%20vaginatum.
(Accessed: April 24, 2018).

bu nl
IUCN = International Union for Conservation of Na- [14] Mehra, P.N.; Jolly, S.S. The identity and pharmacognosy of adul-

n
ture and Natural Resources terant of Nardostachys jatamansi DC. Planta Med., 1963, 11(1), 8-

tri O
15.
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of an alpine perennial herb Selinum vaginatum Clarke grown at two
MS
is e
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s
MeHg = Methylmercury the Jatamansi, their substitute and adulterant species. Ind. J. Trad.
rD U

Knowled., 2011, 10, 599-603.

CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION [17] Vandelook, F.; Bolle, N.; Jozef, A.; Assche, V. Multiple environ-
mental signals required for embryo growth and germination of
seeds of Selinum carvifolia (L.) L. and Angelica sylvestris L.
Fo al

Not applicable.
(Apiaceae). Seed Sci. Res., 2007, 17, 283-291.
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ot on

CONFLICT OF INTEREST Growth and morphogenesis of plant tissue cultures under mineral-
oil. Plant Sci., 1990, 74(1991), 249-254.
The authors declare no conflict of interest, financial or [19] Mathur, J. Enhanced somatic embryogenesis in Selinum candollii
otherwise.
N rs

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Pe

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We are grateful to acknowledge University Grant Com- folium. J. Hort. Sci. Biotech., 2006, 81(4), 570-574.
[21] Bhadula, S.K.; Pandey, O.P.; Purohit, A.N. Thermostability of
mission (UGC, India) for providing financial support to Mr. acid phosphatase in Selinum vaginatum Clarke and Acer caesium
Ravi Prakash Srivastava (No. 2121430322, Ref. No: Wall. grown at low and high altitudes. Biol. Plant, 1986, 28(6),
21/12/2014). Authors are also thankful to the Head of the 465-469.
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