NNAMDI AZIKIWE UNIVERSITY, AWKA

A TECHNICAL REPORT
ON
STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)
AT
SMARTRACK DIGITAL SECURITY SYSTEM LIMITED
SUITE 1A LAMB OF GOD PLAZA BY AROMA JUNCTION AWKA
(APRIL – SEPTEMBER 2015)
SUBMITTED TO
THE SIWES UNIT, NNAMDI AZIKIWE UNIVERSITY, AWKA
BY
AZUBUIKE PRINCE CHINAZAEKPERE
2012514216
FACULTY OF PHYSICAL SCIENCES
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR
THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE DEGREE (BS.C)
DEGREE IN COMPUTER SCIENCE
NOVEMBER 2015.
 DEDICATION

I dedicate this work to my heavenly father who has always be my source of

inspiration, and also to my parents who if not for them things wouldn’t have be all
that easy and lastly to my friends, colleagues and staff of Smartrack group.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

With my heart filled with joy I’m grateful to God Almighty who has been my
constant source of inspiration, strength, and understanding all through the period of
my Industrial Training. I’m also totally grateful to my parents, MR /MRS
Azubuike Ukaego for their love and support, both spiritually and otherwise. I wish
to express my sincere gratitude to Miss Jude Godstime Chisom and Miss Patience
Ezenwa for their love and kindness.

Furthermore, I’m grateful to the SIWES Unit and the Nnamdi Azikiwe University
SIWES Coordinator, Dr. Ralph N. Agwuna, who worked tirelessly with his team to
see to the success of this industrial Training.

Big thanks to all my lecturers for their commitment in making sure that the give
me all that I need in order to be not just a computer scientist but a well learned and
responsible computer scientist I pray that the Almighty God will pay back.

I will like to say “a very big thank you” to the staff at Smartrack group for their
tolerance, encouragement, and friendliness. I really do appreciate you. Mr. Collins,
Mr. Princewill, Mr. Anthony and also my industry-based supervisor, Mr. Stanley
You all are the best.
Lastly, I appreciate all my friends for their support and prayers.

ABSTRACT
This report is aimed at highlighting the entire lectures, trainings and hands-on
practical projects that I underwent during the course of my 6 months Industrial
Training attachment at Smartrack Digital Security System Limited.
• Chapter one gives an overview of SIWES.
• Chapter two gives an overview of Smartrack group.
• Chapter three is about Web Front-End Design Methods and Languages.
• Chapter four is about Web Back-end and Web Programming Languages.
• Chapter five explains my company assigned project
• Chapter six wraps up with my Summary and Conclusion
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE___________________________________________________I
DEDICATION__________________________________________________II
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT_________________________________________III
ABSTRACT___________________________________________________ IV
TABLE OF CONTENTS__________________________________________V
CHAPTER 1 - ABOUT SIWES_____________________________________1
CHAPTER 2 - ABOUT SMARTRACK GROUP_______________________4
CHAPTER 3- Web Front-End Design Methods and Languages ___________15
CHAPTER 4 - Web Back-end, Web Programming Languages ____________35
CHAPTER 6 - My Company-assigned Project _________________________80
CHAPTER 7 – Summary and Conclusion_______________________________85

CHAPTER 1
SIWES INTRODUCTION

1.0 ABOUT STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME

The student’s industrial work experience scheme (SIWES) is a skill acquisition
program designed for tertiary institutions as a complementary program to the
theoretical education and laboratory and workshop practices engaged in by a
student in tertiary institution which, by industrial standard, are inadequate to serve
the practical needs of the industries. The practices are too idealistic and therefore
necessitate that the student be exposed to actual life practice which is afar
departure from academic institutional laboratory and workshop practices.

1.1 HISTORY OF SIWES

As a result of the complaints from the industries about the practical deficiencies of
the graduates of the nation’s higher institutions, the industrial trust fund (ITF), a
body established by the federal government which engages in the training of
technical manpower, undertook to make up for the deficiencies by structuring and
establishing students industrial training (SIT), as it was then called, as at 1973/74.
With the rapid growth of higher institutions both in size and number, funding
became a problem for ITF which initially single-handedly funded the program. By
1979 the management of the scheme was passed on to the National Universities
Commission (NUC) a regulatory body for the university and its counterpart for the
Polytechnics, the National Board for Technical Education (NBTE). However, five
years later, it was returned once more to the ITF which had continued to manage it
to date but with the burden of funding resting on the Federal Government.
Today, all bodies involved in SIWES operations each has specific functions to
perform. The bodies involved include the tertiary education regulatory bodies:
NUC for universities, NBTE for Polytechnics, the National Commission Colleges
of Education (NCCE) for colleges of Education, the institutions themselves and the
Organized Private Sector (OPS) together with Governmental establishments.
And of course, as already stated, the Federal Government and the ITF are all
involved. Tremendous success has been recorded from this program as the students
on their return to complete their courses exhibited greater awareness. Also some
brilliant undergraduates had sprung surprises to highly technological, sophisticated
industries. Therefore both industries and the student are benefiting in confirmation
of the success of the scheme.
However, with lower industrial activities in the country recently, industries are
expressing reluctance in offering industrial places to students with the result that
many students no longer have the opportunity to participate in the training.

1.2 PROSPECTS OF SIWES

The SIWES offers a lot to the students and their employers. It bridges the digital
divide between the classroom theories and the practical skills required by the
employers after graduation. It also encourages students to work hard and excel in
their areas of specialization. Therefore students are interested in the program and
look forward to it. Also, employers and most industries have appreciated the
relevance of the program as a lot of students have proved themselves to be
responsible and very useful to the industries in which they have served.

1.3 GOALS AND OBJECTIVES OF SIWES

Specifically, the objectives of the student’s industrial work experience scheme are
to:
 • Prepare students for work situation they are likely to meet after graduation
• Provide an avenue for students in Nigerian Universities to acquire industrial
skills and experience in their course of study
• Make transition from the university to the world of work easier, and thus
enhance students contact for later job placements;
• Enlist and strengthens employers’ involvement in the entire educational
process of preparing university graduates for employment in industry.
• Provides students with an opportunity to apply their theoretical knowledge
in real work situations, thereby bridging the gap between university work
and actual practices; and
• Exposing student to work methods and techniques in handling equipment
and machinery that may not be available in the university.

CHAPTER 2
SMARTRACK DIGITAL SECURITY SYSTEM

2.0 ABOUT SMARTRACK DIGITAL SECURITY SYSTEM

SmarTrack Group is a multi-competency enterprise transformation and
technology-consulting firm that combines expertise and capabilities across many
industries and business functions to deliver superior value to its clients. We
collaborate with our clients, both in the private and public sectors, to build high
performance enterprises.

Our principals and directors have a combined industry experience of over 40 years
in various sectors of the economy: with competence in business transformation,
financial advisory, software engineering, communication technology, e-Business
development, government transformations (e-Government), systems integration, IT
consulting, school portal management and process reengineering

2.1 DEPARTMENTS
The company has six (5) major departments and they are:
• Project Department
• Administrative Department
• Engineering Department
• Marketing Department
• IT/ICT Department

2.2 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF LOGIC SCIENCES LTD

2.3SMARTRACK SERVICES

Smartrack Digital Security System render for main services to its clients and these
services includes:
1. Digital Security
• Electric fence installation.
• Installation of CCTV.
• Supply/Sales of Bomb detectors.
 • Sales/supply of metallic hand held detectors.
• Installation of home alarm system.

2. Portal Development
• Academic portal.
• Corporate dynamic websites.
• Content management system design (CMS).
• Online payment site integration.
• Web portal image creation and promotion.

3. ICT Consultancy
• ICT capacity building.
• CBT center setup.
• Software Engineering.
• Identity Management.
• Project Management.
• ICT procurement.
• Data centre design and efficiency.

4. Car Tracking
• Geo-Fencing.
• Engine cut off.
• Real address query
• Listening function
• Google map link.
• Battery disconnect alert.
• Tracking aid.
2.4 PROJECTS HANDLED BY SMARTRACK GROUP
• Computer Based Test: currently we are handling and running computer
base test examinations for both Federal Polytechnic Oko and All saints
seminary ekwulobia.
• Web Site and Portal Application development: we have successfully
launched over 10 different solutions of software’s since our inception in
2003. We designed and developed websites and applications (software and
web) for both Federal Polytechnic Oko and some banks in the banking
telecom.
• Digital Security: over the years we have done thousands of electric fence
and CCTV camera installations for our clients including the one at Industrial
Training Fund office in Regina awka in anambra state.
• Car Tracking: we have successfully tracked over one thousand automobile
vehicles especially cars of our clients since our inception in 2003.

CHAPTER 3
WEB FRONT-END DESIGN METHODS AND LANGUAGES

3.0 INTRODUCTION:
At the cost of my six months internship program with Smartrack group I received
an indebt training and understanding of Web design and development in that it is
divided into two different parts that is the front-end and the back-end, but this
chapter highlights all about the front-end design methods and languages that I
made use of which includes Hypertext Markup Language(HTML) which is a web-
front markup language that is use for creating the structural part of web pages
using tags and ”it’s look-and-feel” counterpart, Cascading Style Sheet or CSS for
short form that is use for styling and designing of web pages.
Fig 3.1 showing an already finish project done with html and css.

3.1 HYPERTEXT MARKUP LANGUAGE (HTML):

Hypertext Markup language, commonly referred to as HTML is a standard markup
language used to create web pages. It describes the structure of a website
semantically along with cues for presentation, making it a markup language rather
than a programming language. HTML elements form the building blocks of all
websites it also allows images and objects to be embedded and can be used to
create interactive forms. The language is written in the form of HTML elements
consisting of tags enclosed in angle brackets like <html>.HTML also can embed
scripts written in languages such as JavaScript which affect the behavior of HTML
web pages
3.1.1 HISTORY OF HTML
In 1980, physicist Tim Berners-Lee, who was a contractor at European
Organization for Nuclear Research(CERN), proposed and prototyped ENQUIRE, a
system for CERN researchers to use and share documents. After nine years
Berners-Lee wrote a memo proposing an internet-based hypertext system. Berners-
Lee specified HTML and wrote the browser and server software in the last part of
1990. In that year, Berners-Lee and CERN data systems engineer Robert Cailliau
collaborated on a joint request for funding, but the project was not formally
adopted by CERN. The first publicly available description of HTML was a
document called "HTML Tags", first mentioned on the Internet by Berners-Lee in
late 1991 It describes 18 elements comprising the initial, relatively simple design
of HTML. Except for the hyperlink tag, these were strongly influenced by SGML
guide, an in-house Standard Generalize Markup Language (SGML) -based
documentation format at CERN.
Fig3.2 Tim Berners-Lee developer of HTML

3.1.2Rudiments for writing and viewing HTML files.

In designing of web pages which structural depends on HTML files one must have
the idea of a web base Integrated Development Environment (IDE) or Text Editors
such as Notepad++ or E-text editor to enable him/her write and save HTML files
and also web browsers such as safari or goggle chrome to enable him/her view
HTML files.
3.1.3Text Editing/Authoring Tools.
Text editing tools are programs for creating and changing text files(HTML files).
There are many types of text editors that can be use to create HTML files but the
ones I frequently used include the following:
 • Notepad++
• Sublime
• Php ED
3.1.4 Viewing HTML pages (web browsers).
In order to view a HTML page, a web browser is required. Web browsers are
programs that interpret virtually all forms of Web languages such as HTML, CSS,
PHP and JavaScript, and transforms their code into a visual representation, or a
web page.
My commonly used web browsers include:
Google Chrome
Mozilla Firefox
Internet Explorer
3.1.5 Saving a HTML document
HTML documents are saved with a file name extension “.html” or “.htm”, so that it
can be easily identify as a HTML file by a web browser. To save a HTML file that
I created with any text editor, I first create a new folder in the documents part of
my C Drive point the save dialogue to that location before finally clicking the save
button. I have to save the file each time I make a change, before refreshing my
browser to see the effect of the change. When designing a website, the first page is
saved with a distinct name, which is “index.html” (without the quotation mark).
The first page is also called the home page.
3.1.6 HTML Tags
An HTML tag is a code that describes how a web page is formatted. Each tag has
an opening tag <tag name> and a closing tag </tag name>. HTML tags is of two
types i.e. Structural HTML tags that has to do with the structure e.g.
<html></html><head></head> etc and semantic HTML tags that has to do with
The content of the page e.g. <p></p><a></a> etc. The opening tag tells the
browser that a tag is about to be opened and vice versa. However, there are a few
elements that do not require formal closing tags. In a way, they still have 3 parts
(opening/closing and content), but they are consolidated into one tag. The reason
for this is that these tags do not really require any content to be placed within them.
An example of such tags is the horizontal line tag</hr>.
• Structure of HTML document
An HTML document is divided into three (3) main sections:
• HTML – this tell the browser that a HTML code is starting. The html section
is indicated by <html> and </html> tags.
• HEADING – the heading contains information describing the document,
such as its title and also information’s that provides help for search engines.
The heading section is indicated by <head> and </head> tags.

• BODY – the body section is where the main content of the page are placed.
The body section is indicated by <body> and </body> tags.
Fig3.3 Structure of HTML document
3.1.8 HTML text
This is the backbone of any web page. It provides content for web surfers to enjoy
as they skim through articles, as well as, also provides search engines with
keywords and metadata. These texts are enclosed between tags for example a
paragraph tag <p> is used to create a paragraph for a block of text, bold tag<b>
that makes text bold, heading tags <h1> to <h6> are used as headers or sub headers
depending on the one used, with h1 being the largest font at 24pt and 6 being the
smallest font size at 8pt.
-Some HTML Text formatting tags includes:
Tag Description

< HYPERLINK
"file:///C:/Users/J/Documents/w3schools/tags/tag_b.html"b
Defines bold text
HYPERLINK
"file:///C:/Users/J/Documents/w3schools/tags/tag_b.html">
< HYPERLINK
"file:///C:/Users/J/Documents/w3schools/tags/tag_big.html"big
Defines big text
HYPERLINK
"file:///C:/Users/J/Documents/w3schools/tags/tag_big.html">
< HYPERLINK
Defines text that has
"file:///C:/Users/J/Documents/w3schools/tags/tag_del.html"del
been deleted from a
HYPERLINK
document
"file:///C:/Users/J/Documents/w3schools/tags/tag_del.html">
< HYPERLINK Defines a part of text
"file:///C:/Users/J/Documents/w3schools/tags/tag_i.html"i
HYPERLINK in italics
"file:///C:/Users/J/Documents/w3schools/tags/tag_i.html">
< HYPERLINK
Defines a text that
"file:///C:/Users/J/Documents/w3schools/tags/tag_ins.html"ins
has been inserted
HYPERLINK
into a document
"file:///C:/Users/J/Documents/w3schools/tags/tag_ins.html">
< HYPERLINK
Defines
"file:///C:/Users/J/Documents/w3schools/tags/tag_mark.html"mark
marked/highlighted
HYPERLINK
text
"file:///C:/Users/J/Documents/w3schools/tags/tag_mark.html">
< HYPERLINK
"file:///C:/Users/J/Documents/w3schools/tags/tag_p.html"p
Defines a paragraph
HYPERLINK
"file:///C:/Users/J/Documents/w3schools/tags/tag_p.html">
< HYPERLINK
"file:///C:/Users/J/Documents/w3schools/tags/tag_pre.html"pre Defines preformatted
HYPERLINK text
"file:///C:/Users/J/Documents/w3schools/tags/tag_pre.html">
< HYPERLINK
"file:///C:/Users/J/Documents/w3schools/tags/tag_small.html"small
Defines smaller text
HYPERLINK
"file:///C:/Users/J/Documents/w3schools/tags/tag_small.html">
< HYPERLINK
"file:///C:/Users/J/Documents/w3schools/tags/tag_strike.html"strike Defines strikethrough
HYPERLINK text
"file:///C:/Users/J/Documents/w3schools/tags/tag_strike.html">
< HYPERLINK
"file:///C:/Users/J/Documents/w3schools/tags/tag_strong.html"stron Defines important
g HYPERLINK text
"file:///C:/Users/J/Documents/w3schools/tags/tag_strong.html">
< HYPERLINK
"file:///C:/Users/J/Documents/w3schools/tags/tag_sub.html"sub Defines subscripted
HYPERLINK text
"file:///C:/Users/J/Documents/w3schools/tags/tag_sub.html">
< HYPERLINK
"file:///C:/Users/J/Documents/w3schools/tags/tag_sup.html"sup Defines superscripted
HYPERLINK text
"file:///C:/Users/J/Documents/w3schools/tags/tag_sup.html">
< HYPERLINK Defines text that
"file:///C:/Users/J/Documents/w3schools/tags/tag_u.html"u should be stylistically
HYPERLINK different from normal
"file:///C:/Users/J/Documents/w3schools/tags/tag_u.html"> text

Fig3.4 Example of an HTML text formatting tag page

Fig3.5 Result of the code above

3.1.9 HTML comments
Comments are little notes placed in an HTML code, reminding you what a piece of
code is doing. It helps to easily debug an HTML code and also make HTML codes
more readable and understandable. Comments on an HTML document are not
shown by the browser when viewed, and are represented by <!—comment-->.
3.1.10 HTML – Hypertext Links (Anchors) and hypertext reference (href)
HTML hyperlink(or link) is a word, group of words, or an image that you can
click on to jump to another document.HTML Text links are actually HTML
anchors constructed using the anchor tags <a> and </a>.
A hypertext Reference (href) is an HTML attribute of an anchor (link) tag that
requires a valid URL in order to properly direct a user to a different location. In
other words, this hypertext reference is where users will navigate to if they do click
on this link. An example is <a href= http://www.uniziksiwes.com >Home</a>.
HTML link have an attribute called Target attribute that specifies where to open
the linked document. An example is;
<a href= http://www.uniziksiwes.com target= “_blank” >Home</a>.
3.1.11 HTML div and span elements
Span elements represented by <span> are a group of inline-elements in a
document, it also provides a platform in which the elements can be easily style
with CSS or manipulate with JavaScript.
Div elements represented by <div> tag acts as a container unit that encapsulates
other page elements and divides the HTML document into sections. It is used to
group together html elements at once. For instance, by wrapping a set of paragraph
elements into a <div> element, one can take advantage of CSS and apply a font to
all paragraph at once by applying a font style to the <div> tag instead of coding the
same style for each paragraph element.
3.1.12 HTML image and table elements
Images are defined in HTML using the image tag <img>. The <img> tag is empty,
which means that it contains attributes only, and has no closing tag. To display the
image on a page the “src” attribute is required, the src stands for “source” and its
value is the URL of the image that needs to be displayed. E.g.<img src= “rat.jpg”>.
HTML table is divided into rows (with the <tr> tag), and each row is divided into
data cells (with the <td> tag).td stands for “table data,” and holds the content of a
data cell. A <td> tag can contain text, links, images, lists, forms, other tables etc.
HTML table has a border attribute and some tags which include;
Tag Description
< HYPERLINK
"file:///C:/Users/J/Documents/w3schools/tags/tag_table.html"table
Defines a table
HYPERLINK
"file:///C:/Users/J/Documents/w3schools/tags/tag_table.html">
< HYPERLINK Defines a header
"file:///C:/Users/J/Documents/w3schools/tags/tag_th.html"th HYPERLINK cell in a table
"file:///C:/Users/J/Documents/w3schools/tags/tag_th.html">
< HYPERLINK
Defines a row in
"file:///C:/Users/J/Documents/w3schools/tags/tag_tr.html"tr HYPERLINK
a table
"file:///C:/Users/J/Documents/w3schools/tags/tag_tr.html">
< HYPERLINK
Defines a cell in
"file:///C:/Users/J/Documents/w3schools/tags/tag_td.html"td HYPERLINK
a table
"file:///C:/Users/J/Documents/w3schools/tags/tag_td.html">
< HYPERLINK
"file:///C:/Users/J/Documents/w3schools/tags/tag_caption.html"caption Defines a table
HYPERLINK caption
"file:///C:/Users/J/Documents/w3schools/tags/tag_caption.html">
Specifies a group
< HYPERLINK
of one or more
"file:///C:/Users/J/Documents/w3schools/tags/tag_colgroup.html"colgroup
columns in a
HYPERLINK
table for
"file:///C:/Users/J/Documents/w3schools/tags/tag_colgroup.html">
formatting
Specifies column
properties for
< HYPERLINK
each column
"file:///C:/Users/J/Documents/w3schools/tags/tag_col.html"col
within a
HYPERLINK "file:///C:/Users/J/Documents/w3schools/tags/tag_col.html">
<colgroup>
element
< HYPERLINK
Groups the
"file:///C:/Users/J/Documents/w3schools/tags/tag_thead.html"thead
header content
HYPERLINK
in a table
"file:///C:/Users/J/Documents/w3schools/tags/tag_thead.html">
< HYPERLINK
Groups the body
"file:///C:/Users/J/Documents/w3schools/tags/tag_tbody.html"tbody
content in a
HYPERLINK
table
"file:///C:/Users/J/Documents/w3schools/tags/tag_tbody.html">
< HYPERLINK
Groups the
"file:///C:/Users/J/Documents/w3schools/tags/tag_tfoot.html"tfoot
footer content in
HYPERLINK
a table
"file:///C:/Users/J/Documents/w3schools/tags/tag_tfoot.html">

Fig3.6 Example of an HTML page with an image and a table

Fig3.7 Result of the code above

3.1.13 HTML List

There are three different types of html lists, including unordered list <ul> (bullets),
ordered lists <ol> (numbers), and definition lists <dl> (use dictionaries) which is a
list of terms/names, with a description of each term/name. Some list tags includes;
Tag Description
< HYPERLINK Defines an ordered
"file:///C:/Users/J/Documents/w3schools/tags/tag_ol.html"ol list
HYPERLINK
"file:///C:/Users/J/Documents/w3schools/tags/tag_ol.html">
< HYPERLINK
"file:///C:/Users/J/Documents/w3schools/tags/tag_ul.html"ul Defines an
HYPERLINK unordered list
"file:///C:/Users/J/Documents/w3schools/tags/tag_ul.html">
< HYPERLINK
"file:///C:/Users/J/Documents/w3schools/tags/tag_li.html"li
Defines a list item
HYPERLINK
"file:///C:/Users/J/Documents/w3schools/tags/tag_li.html">
< HYPERLINK
"file:///C:/Users/J/Documents/w3schools/tags/tag_dl.html"dl Defines a description
HYPERLINK list
"file:///C:/Users/J/Documents/w3schools/tags/tag_dl.html">
< HYPERLINK
"file:///C:/Users/J/Documents/w3schools/tags/tag_dt.html"dt Defines a term/name
HYPERLINK in a description list
"file:///C:/Users/J/Documents/w3schools/tags/tag_dt.html">
< HYPERLINK
Defines a description
"file:///C:/Users/J/Documents/w3schools/tags/tag_dd.html"dd
of a term/name in a
HYPERLINK
description list
"file:///C:/Users/J/Documents/w3schools/tags/tag_dd.html">

Fig3.8 Example of an HTML page with list tags

Fig3.9 Result of the code above

3.1.14 HTML Web Forms

HTML web forms are used to select different kinds of user input, in order to pass
the information to the server. This web forms can contains input elements such as
Text fields, checkboxes, radio-buttons, submit buttons and more. A web form can
also contain select lists, textarea, fieldset, legend, and label elements. A web form
is created using the <form> tag. Web form syntax is as follows:
<form>
Input elements
</form>
3.1.15 HTML Forms Elements
HTML form elements are used to select user information, they rely on action and
method attributes to identify where to send the form data for processing (action)
and how to process the data (method). Unfortunately, HTML alone is unable to
process form data. A scripting language such as PHP, PERL, and/or JavaScript
must be used with HTML forms to process data captured by HTML form elements.
Fig3.8 Example of an HTML page with form and form element tags

Fig3.11 Result of the code above

• CASCADING STYLE SHEET (CSS)
3.2.1 INTRODUCTION/HISTORY
#remember you said you will browse out what is CSS

• Faster page download time

• Improved site access for visitors with disabilities
• Improved management of visual presentation
• Easier site maintenance after site is published
CSS is designed primarily to enable the separation of document content (written in
HTML or a similar markup language) from document presentation, including
elements such as the layout, colors, and fonts. This separation can improve content
accessibility, provide more flexibility and control in the specification of
presentation characteristics, enable multiple pages to share formatting, reduce
complexity and repetition in the structural content, increase faster page download
time, improve site access for visitors with disabilities, and improve easier site
maintenance after site is published.

Cascading Style Sheet was developed by the help of Hakon Wium Lie, Bert Bos
and many others in the early 1990’s as a result to solving the challenges which the
then programmers were facing in order to control the look of their web pages using
desired font size, font weight, text color, background color etc.