[EB Use of modals The modal verbs can, could, may, might, must, ought to, shall, should, will and would: ® are always used before another verb: He can swim. never change — they do not add -s or-ed or -ing. « are followed by a verb in its infinitive form without to: You should get up earlier. (not-Yorshouidtogetup) except for ought which must be follawed by to: You aught to get up earlicr « are immediately followed by not in the negative: You should not / shouldn't be late for callege. You ought not to be late for college. * go immediately before the subject ina question: Could you wake me upt Rules and obligation ‘must and have to + | must + verb | We must lave now 2 | must... tvers? Must we leave now? * have to / has to + verb He has to leave now 1 | do/does... thave to verb? | Dowe have to leave now? For obligation, we can often use either must or have to: | must go now or Ill miss the bus. or | have to go now or Ill miss the bus, We use must to give orders, for written notices or for strong advice, including to ourselves: You must cell me everything (= | feel strongly about this) Lucia must be home by miciright (= these are my instructions) You must come to the hotel one day, (=| strongly advise you to) J must go now. (=! have decided to do this, or it’s important for me to do this) When the obligation does not come from the speaker; must is possible but have to is more usual: You have to pay to park your car here. (= the local council has made this rule) I have to stay until the jood is cooked (= thisis part of my job) ‘We usually use have to for habits: Ihave to get up early to cook breakfast. Franco has to practise the piano for twenty minutes a day. We only use must in one form and it refers only to the present or future. For other verb forms, we use have to: | had to work every day. (past simple) 1H (will) have to work longer hours. (future)‘mustn't and don't have to must not + verb We mustn't be late. —— See te “I to + verb We don't have to be early. | A. Although must and have to both express obligation, mustn't ancl don't have to have different meanings. ‘Mustn't means ‘don't do it' and don't have to means ‘it’s not necessary to do, We mustn't make a lat of noise. (= itis wrong to do this, itisn't allowed) You don’t have to stay at school until youre 18. (= you are not obliged to but you can if you want) haveshas gotto In speech and informal writing, we often use have/has got to instead of have/has to. Have/has got to normally refers to a particular action rather than a general situation. We ean say: We have te work very hard this ajtemoon. or We've got to work very hard this aftemaon. Don't you have to finish that essay today? orHaven’t you got te finish that essay today? Teachers have to work very Jong hours in my country, (not Feachers-have got-te-work very long hours) A, When we refer to the past we use had to. | had to get up early when | was your age. (not Ft gotte-getup) should When weare talking about the right thing to do, we use should: Adam should take more care when he's cycling. (= it's the right thing to do but he doesn't do it) | shouldn't soend so much time watching TV. (= it's the wrong thing to do but | still do it) Itis also possible to use ought to or ought to havein these sentences, but its less commen. ( See Unit 13, B5 for more on the modal verbs in this section.)Fill in the gaps with the correct form of have to or must. Where can you use have got to? ‘Mast students in Britain howe 4 nay to go to university. Joe get up early on Fridays as he has no lectures in the morning, You talk during che film because other people will get annoyed, ‘My library books are overdue so | —_________pay a fine when | return them. 4 2 3 4 5 Luke _______ drive to work these days because the buses don't start early enough any more. 5 Because Sue could play the guitar, she __________practise much when she took up the ukulele 7 You borrow this film - you'll enjoy watching it. 8 (Vou) work every Saturday in your new job? 3 Non-swimmers go into the deep end of the pool. 10 You — ‘come to the rehearsal with me tomorrow if you want to be in the play. 11 When | was. child, | _______ keep changing schools because my parents moved house a jot. 12 We've moved into a smaller flat and | _______ share a room with my sister. 4 14. They provide towels at the pool so| —_____take one. stop eating so much chocolate or none of my clothes will fit. Match the beginnings and endings of these sentences. 1 Ishouldn't ‘A. weara helmet when he’s cycling on a busy road. 2 Dolneed to B_ totake any money for the funfair or is it free? 3 Wedon't need C_ toask his boss before he leaves the office. 4 They needn't D_ take sandwiches with them because Jenny's cooking lunch, 5 Konrad should E tosend them our new address because they already have it. 6 Should you F fillin my application form now? I'm busy at the moment. T Lewis needs G_ spend so much time playing computer games. 8 Do they need H_ carry that suitease with your bad back?