CHAPTER 1

GENERAL OVERVIEW OF HUMANITIES

The Study of Humanities
◦ The term “humanities originated from Renaissance Latin expression
studia humanitatis or study of humanitas which refers to “culture,
refinement, education”.
◦ During the Renaissance period of the early 15th century, the studia
humanitatis became a secular study in the universities at the time.
◦ The humanities course primarily consisted of grammar, rhetoric, poetry,
history, and moral philosophy, Latin and Greek classics.
◦ The study of humanities today include literature, language, philosophy,
geography, history, religion, music and art. These subjects use methods
that are primarily critical, speculative, and historical in elements.
◦ Humanities are academic disciplines that deal on the various aspects of
society and the noble man. Thus, humanities make man more humane,
cultured, dignified, and refined human being. In short, humanities bring
out the best and worthiness of man as a person.
MEANING AND IMPORTANCE OF ART
◦ Art is a subject under humanities (there is no one universal definition of
art since art is subjective). It is subjective in the sense that people differ in
their perception of an object or thing.
◦ Etymologically, art is from an Italian word “artis” defined as human
creative skill. Art includes its application, craftsmanship, skill,
inventiveness, mastery of form, and association of the use of forms and
ideas and the utilization of materials and techniques.
From Aryan civilization, “ar” means to join or put together; from
Latin word “ars” implying ability or skill; and from the Greek words
“artizien” which implies to prepare and “arkiskien” denotes to put
together.
◦ Some people may consider an object as something beautiful and
meaningful while others may consider it as ugly or meaningless. In other
words, different authors and writers define art in various ways as they
perceive it.

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 ◦ Moreover, the meaning of art has changed throughout history due to
multicultural settings. Thus, every time a new movement in art emerged,
the meaning of what is art, or what is acceptable as art, is being
challenged.
 Some Definitions of Art
• Art is a product of man’s need to express himself-F. Zulueta
• Art concerned itself with the communication of certain ideas and feelings and by
means of form and film -C. Sanchez
• Art is that which brings life in harmony with the world.-Plato
• Art is an attitude of spirit, a state of mind-one which demands for its own
satisfaction and fulfilling, a shaping matter to new and more signification forms-
John Dewey
• Art is not what you see but you make others see- Geogia O’Keeffe
• Art is a life that helps us to realize the truth-Pablo Picasso
• Art is desire of a man to express himself, to record the action of his personality in
the world he lives in.-Amy Lowell
• Art is never finished, only abandoned- Leonardo da Vinci
• Art is the conscious creation of something beautiful or meaningful using skill and
imagination.- Lisa Morder
• Art is the skillful arrangement or composition of some common but significant
qualities of nature such us colors, sounds, lines, movements, words, stones, wood,
etc., to express human feelings, emotions, or thoughts in a perfect, meaningful,
and enjoyable way. - Panizo and Rustia

Four (4) Common Essentials of Art

1. Art is man-made, not God-made
2. Art is creative, not imitative
3. Art benefits and satisfies man-when he uses art in practical life through
artistic principles, taste, and skills.
4. Art is expressed through a certain medium or material by which the artist
communicates himself to his fellows.

Why is Art important?

 Art improves your creativity skills.
 Art gives you joy satisfaction.
 Art relieves stress.
 Art gives you the opportunity to showcase your talent.
 Art gives confidence in our performance.
 Art helps you do well academically.

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  Art helps you to express your emotions.
 Art is a different language because it can express things without words.

Importance of Art to Students

Art plays a valuable role to students;
1. Through participation in arts-music, dance, drama, media arts, and the
visual arts,
 Students can develop their creativity.
 Students learn about their identity.
 Students develop self-awareness
 Students develop sense of well-being
 Students develop self-confidence.

2. Through intense involvement in artistic activities,

 Students experience a sense of wonder and joy when learning through the
arts.
 Students can be motivated to participate more fully in cultural life.
 Students are able to gain educational opportunities, which they can use
later in their career life.

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 ART APPRECIATION
Art appreciation can be defined as follows:
 Art appreciation is the ability to interpret and understand man-made arts and
enjoy them through actual work experience with art tools and materials.
 Art appreciation is the possession of the works of art for one’s admiration and
satisfaction.
 Art appreciation refers to the knowledge and understanding of the general and
everlasting qualities that classify all great arts.
 Art appreciation is the introduction and exploration of visual and performing art
forms.
 Art appreciation is the analysis of the form of an artwork to general audience to
enhance their enjoyment and satisfaction of the works of art.

Importance of Art Appreciation

 Art Appreciation helps the person make sense of his world by broadening his
experience and understanding of the things around him.
 It can help the person imagine even the unimaginable.
 It can connect to a person’s life and experience the past, the present, and the
future or sometimes simultaneously.
 It can help transport the individual to different places and culture through
literature, films, visual arts, and other forms of art.
 It allows the individual to see himself, his family dynamics as well as his
community through different lens of great art.
 It enables the individual to better empathize with those who suffered and endured
for their lives through great art forms.

ART HISTORY
Art history is the study of objects of art considered within their time or period. Art
historians analyze visual arts’ meaning (painting, sculpture, architecture) at the time they
were created.
Art Historians develop ways to translate from the visual to the verbal, through
analysis and interpretation, using a number of different approaches and methodologies.
Art Historians develop a special sensitivity and understanding of the way visual,
material, and – in contemporary art sometimes immaterial – expression makes meaning in the
world, and how those meanings contribute to our social, political, and spiritual life.

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Importance of studying Art History
 Understanding cultures
Visual art recounts stories of our past; it gives an account of past events. Art
history allows us to look back and understand how our civilization evolved over the
centuries. It is a way to know ourselves better. Why do we have certain values? What
shaped the way we think and our vision of the world?
 Develop critical thinking
Studying art history is not about memorizing dates, artists’ names, art
movements, etc. Instead, it drives you to analyze paintings, photographs, sculptures,
etc. To support your analysis, you must build rational and convincing arguments,
hence developing your critical thinking.

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 CHAPTER 2
Objectives

 Characterize the assumptions of the arts

 Clarify misconceptions about art; Differentiate art from nature
 Categorize works of art by citing personal experiences
 List down their most striking encounters with art and explain why they think each
encounter is an experience.
As we see, hear, or feel any artwork, we realize that something in that artwork is
also a part of our experience, because art is the transmission of feelings the artist has
experienced or the expression of the inexpressible emotion of the artist.
ASSUMPTIONS OF ART
1) Art is Universal. Art exists because it is important to people’s lives. It is the
oldest and most important means of expression developed by men and women in
any culture. Art immortalizes human beings and their marvelous achievements.
Literature and history provide us with all evidences about the timelessness and
universal value of art and its unique contribution to humankind.
2) Art is not Nature. In understanding this assumption, we should first see the
meaning of the two terminologies.
Art is made by individuals using their skills, craftsmanship, creativity and
imagination. It is far different from nature. An individual may consider nature as
an inspiration to create an artwork.
Nature- Divine model, work of God, or God made.
We are often caught in a dilemma or situation wherein we get confused if we can
consider nature as art. Art and nature are two different things, art is not nature and
nature is not art. Art is human-made and nature is God-made/ God given.
3) Art involves Experience. All art requires experience. Experience is the actual
doing of something. One can never experience art just by hearsay alone. One
cannot judge a song or painting not unless he heard or saw it in an actual sense.
No one can speak of pains and hurt from a failed relationship, the heightened
emotions of falling in love not unless he experienced it for himself. The first and
last demand of art is experience.

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 Two Characteristics of Experience:
1. Experience of art is subjective. Our judgment of art is highly personal
and individual. Any claim that a person experiences with art is better than
others proves to be impossible. Not everybody will agree with our own
experience with art.
2. Art experience is accompanied by emotional response. Initial
reaction in such experience of art is inevitable. We may either like or
dislike it. We can say that it’s beautiful or it’s not good at all. Others will
say it’s frustrating, and some will say it’s great. For this reason, our
reaction to arts differ from one another.
4) Art is cultural. Art contributes to the understanding of past and present cultures.
Through art, people learn about their culture’s values and strengthen their
culture’s identity. Through art, the people feel proud of their customs, traditions,
and beliefs because they give sense of belonging.

5) Art as Expression. Art is an expression of an individual, making known his

thoughts or feelings. It means that the work of art reflects the artist’s personality,
background or even personal circumstances. Expression is an avenue for the artist
to explore more about his emotion and creating something beautiful out of them.

NATURE OF ARTS: CREATIVITY AND IMAGINATION

 The role of creativity in art making
 Creativity- requires thinking outside the box. It is often used to solve
problems that have never occurred before, mixed function and style, and
simply make life a more unique and enjoyable experience. In art, creativity
is what sets apart one artwork from another.

 Art as a production of imagination

 Imagination- “is more important than knowledge. For knowledge is
limited to all we now know and understand, while imagination embrace
the entire world, and all there ever will be know and understand.”
- Albert Einstein

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SUBJECT, FORM, AND CONTENT
Works of art have subject, form and content. We often identify a work by
its subject: a landscape painting, a sculpture of a young woman, a lithograph of a cat.
In art, the definition of the subject is referring to the main character, object, or
anything else that is presented as the main focus in the work of art.
Form (or design), is the visual organization of the art work -how the artist has
used line, shape, value, color, etc.
Content is the impact or meaning of this work.

A horse's head is the subject of both works (below). However, the artists have
used form very differently. Picasso's painting (left) has gestural lines, high value contrast,
and exaggerated proportions to create a highly emotional content. Conversely, the
harmonious rhythms and more naturalistic proportions in the ancient Greek sculpture
create a very different feeling. The differences in content were created by the differences
in form, not the subject matter. The decisions you make regarding form (type of line and
shape; selection of value and color; size of the work; type of balance, etc.) shape the
work's impact and meaning.

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 Objectives
 Discuss the different functions of art
 Distinguish between functional and non-functional art
 Realize the function of some art forms in daily life
 Explain the basic philosophical perspectives on the art

FUNCTIONS OF ART
Art plays an important role in the society. There is difficulty in quantifying the functions of
arts in the history of mankind being because almost all creations of man had its own
unique purpose. Different art forms have its unique functions and different reasons for
being created.
1. Personal or Individual Function. Artists have their personal reason as they try to
express themselves. An artist may create out of a need for self-expression, or
gratification. The artist might have wanted to communicate a thought or point to the
viewer.

Ex. Fernando Amorsolo, painted “Mango Pickers, 1936” (and others to showcase the life and
real experience of Filipinos working in the field and for some audience to appreciate the
beauty of nature.

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Ex. Some OPM singers render concerts for free because of their passion for music and
because of their generosity.
2. Social Function. As a social being, man associates with those around him. Art is an
avenue to extend his sense of belongingness and connection with people. Through art,
man learns to love and help each other. Art gathers man as one family and community,
through celebration like festivals, choral singing or group dancing in religious rituals.
Architectural structure like houses are built to unite families.

Sinulog Festival- Cebu

1. Economic Function. Any art production will definitely involve money.
Reproduction of any artworks that would still become the highest-paid, or even
the reproduction of songs by great singers like Michael Jackson, Celine Dion and
Whitney Houston will gain millions of dollars. Film industries that spent millions
of pesos for the production. J.K. Rowling, the author of the best-selling Harry
Potter series, became one of the most highly paid woman in British history.

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4. Political Function. Political aspect of one particular country plays a very distinctive
role nowadays. Arts became the political medium to promote their political programs and
political status.

5. Cultural Function. Tangible representations of one culture such as architectural

structures like buildings, sculpture like furniture and intangible representations like
music, dance, and language or literary piece form part of a nation’s culture. These
cultural representations through art forms serve as a channels to share and transmit from
one generation to another generation.

“Pandanggo sa Ilaw” “Ati-Atihan Fesival”

6. Religious Function. Art forms like

architecture, music, dance, and sculpture
play an important role in one cultural
spirituality. People from the past
worshipped their gods through sculptures
with music and dance. Nowadays, people
are gathered in an architectural structure
like churches, arenas and other venues to
“Senakulo
worship and they incorporate music and
dance.

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 The Basílica de la Sagrada Família also known as the Sagrada Família

A synagogue is a Jewish or Samaritan house of worship.

7. Physical Function. Our health is our first priority, architectural structure like
hospitals, physical therapy center and laboratories are there to assist us for health care.
Music and dance perform an important role when our bodies need to rejuvenate and
revitalize, one example is Zumba dance and reflective music for yoga. Painting therapy
was proven as therapeutic by some cancer patient.

Zumba Dance Yoga

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8. Aesthetic Function. Beautification adds appeal and excitement like displays of
paintings in an empty area on a wall. Fashion always aims for beauty that is appealing to
the eye. Film industries, Opera’s and Theater provide extravagant and beautiful props and
costumes for its realistic impact and appeal.

The Greatest Showman is a 2017 American musical drama film

Mural

FUNCTIONAL AND NON-FUNCTIONAL

ARTS
Escalona (1992) classified arts into functional and non-functional
1. Functional arts – These are the arts which have practical usage. Functional
art refers to art forms that are produced to perform specific or several
purposes. An example of this classification is a chair. It is not only the form of
the chair that is presented. Its functional purpose is also highly appreciated
too.
Ex. A potter who creates tea sets is making functional art.

2. Non-Functional Arts- These are the arts which have no other purpose except
that of giving pleasure or life enhancement.
Ex. Paintings and such pieces of art that are created to view and contemplate.
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 CLASSIFICATIONS OF ART
Artist always has the freedom to express themselves through countless ways and
several means, including visual arts, performing arts, decorative arts and applied arts.
Likewise, artist chooses subject for his artworks to express his intention. This
consideration will provide clues on the viewer’s understanding of the artworks and the
intentions of the artist.
1. Visual Arts- It deals with any creation of an artist that are primarily visual in nature.
a) Painting- It is a category in visual and fine arts that involves the application of
paint, pigment, color, or other medium to a surface (support base) in order to
present a picture of a subject. Paintings may have support bases such as walls,
paper, canvas, wood, concrete glass, cloth, or cardboard.

Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci

The Mona Lisa was originally this type of portrait, but over time its
meaning has shifted and it has become an icon of the Renaissance—perhaps the
most recognized painting in the world.

The Starry Night by Vincent van Gogh

Starry Night is one of the most recognized pieces of art in the world. It is
absolutely everywhere, too. It can be seen on coffee, mugs, t-shirts, towels,
magnets, etc.

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 There are various interpretations of Starry Night and one is that this
canvas depicts hope. It seems that van Gogh was showing that even with a dark
night such as this it is still possible to see light in the windows of the houses.
Furthermore, with shining stars filling the sky, there is always light to guide you.

b) Sculpture- It is the art of carving, modelling, casting, assembling, and

constructing materials into figures of forms.

Andres Bonifacio Monument

The Andrés Bonifacio Monument, commonly known simply as Bonifacio
Monument or Monumento, is a memorial monument in Caloocan, Philippines
which was designed by the National Artist Guillermo Tolentino to commemorate
Philippine revolutionary Andrés Bonifacio, the founder and Supremo of the
Katipunan.

c) Architecture- It is the art of designing and constructing buildings and other non-
building structure for man’s use.

The Colosseum in Rome is the largest and most famous monument in

the Roman world.

d) Plastic Arts - These are art forms that involve modeling or molding such as
sculpture and ceramics, or art involving the representation of solid objects with
three-dimensional effects.

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 Examples are architectural designs and construction of buildings and other
structures: landscape gardens, furnishing designs, City Planning, Interior Design,
Industrial Design, etc.
2. Performing Arts
a) Dance- It is a type of art that generally involves movement of the body, usually
rhythmic and dependent to music, performed in many different cultures and used
as a form of expression, social interaction and exercise or presented in a spiritual
or performance setting. It may also be regarded as a form of non-verbal
communication between humans. This includes ballroom dance, ballet, modern
dance, hip-hop dance, folk dance and others.

b) Music - The art of combining sounds of varying pitches to produce a coherent

composition that is melodious, harmonious, intelligible, and expressive of ideas
and emotions. Examples of music are vocal music, instrumental music, opera,
music comedy, musical play and others.

c) Theater- A play or a drama that is being re-created by an actress or actors to form

a dramatic art form.

Ang Huling El Bimbo Miss Saigon

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 d) Film- or motion picture is the art of moving images; a visual medium that tells
stories and exposes reality. Thus, it is the manipulation of reality through image
and sound.

3. Literary Arts- written material such as poetry, novels, poems, drama and others. It is
highly expressive in nature with the choice of words and emotional images.

4. Digital Arts – like graphic arts, it has two-flat dimensional surface, such as painting,
drawing, photography and other products of printing industry with the aid of computer
and other electronic devices.

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5. Pop Art- This group is characterized as gay and lively. It includes film, newspaper,
magazines, radio and television.

6. Gustatory Art of the cuisine- This involves skill in food preparation or food art.

7. Decorative Arts- They are visual objects produced for aesthetic function for houses,
interior designs, offices, cars and other structures.

PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE OF ARTS

Art as an Imitation
- In Plato’s metaphysics or view of reality, the things in this world are only copies
of the original, the eternal, and the true entities that can only be found in the
World of Forms.
- Plato was convinced that artists merely reinforce the belief in copies and
discourage men to reach for the real entities in the World of Forms.
- Art is an imitation of imitation. A painting is just an imitation of nature which is
also just an imitation of reality in the World of Forms.

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- For Plato, art is dangerous because it provides a petty replacement for the real entities than
can only be attained through reason.

Art as a Representation
- Aristotle, agreed with Plato that art is a form of imitation.
- However, Aristotle considered art as an aid to philosophy in revealing the truth.
- The kind of imitation that art does is not contrary to the reaching of fundamental truths
in the world
- Unlike Plato who thought that art is an imitation of another imitation. Aristotle
conceived of art as representing possible versions of reality.
- For, Aristotle, all kinds of art do not aim to represent reality as it is, it endeavors to
provide a version of what might be or the myriad possibilities of reality.

Art as a Disinterested Judgement

- Immanuel Kant, in his Critique of Judgement considered the judgement of beauty, the
cornerstone of art, as something that can be universal despite its subjectivity.
- Kant recognized that judgement of beauty is subjective.
- However, even subjective judgements are based on some universal criterion for the said
judgement.

Art as a Communication of Emotion

- According to Leo Tolstoy, art plays a huge role in communication to its audience’s
emotions that the artist previously experienced.
- In the same that language communications information to other people, art
communicates emotion.
- As a purveyor of man’s innermost feelings and thoughts, art is given a unique
opportunity to serve as a mechanism for social unity.
- Art is central to man’s existence because it makes accessible feelings and emotions of
people from the past and present.

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 CHAPTER 4
SUBJECT OF ART
Subject of art is usually anything that is represented in the artwork. It may be a person, object, scene
or event. Not all arts have subjects. Those arts without subject are called “non-objective” they do
not represent anything.
1. Representational or Objective Arts – Artworks that depict something that can easily be
recognized which is real and part of this world. This simply means that representational artwork
aims to represent or show actual objects or subjects from reality. Hence, artworks under this
classification are also called objective arts.
a) Portraiture – (pictures of men and women) It became popular before the invention of
the camera; was enjoyed only by elite: kings and noblemen; nowadays, charcoal is one of
the mediums used in doing portraits.

- Carlos Duarte -Bread and Shutter

b) Animals and Plants – It represents animals and plants. It became the trend due to man’s
first encounters with plants and animals for survival; even now, painters prefer animals
and plants, specifically flowering plants as subjects for their paintings.

- Patricia White - Michelle Mara

c) Still Life – representing inanimate objects or non-living things placed on a table or

another setting to become a subject in a certain artwork. It is always available and
capable to be organized. E.g. a basket of fruits, a bag of groceries, a pack of cigarettes, a
bunch of flowers, and a bucket of chicken.

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 -Sejal Raval -Clara Peeeters

d) Country Life – copying scenes happening in the community. E.g. a barrio fiesta, a
fluvial parade, a bountiful rice harvest, a big catch of fishes, and a natural calamity.

-Robert Duncan - Fernando Amorsolo

e) Landscape – It depicts pictures of land forms. E.g. the volcano, the mountain, the hill,
the valley, the plain, the cliff and the like.

-Faim Faim -Anne Marie Bone

f) Seascape – pictures of any of the water forms e.g. the ocean, the sea, the river, the lake,
the brook, the pond, the falls, and the like.

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 -June Nelson -Anton Gorlin

g) Cityscape – pictures of an aerial view of a city or a portion of it.

h) Religious Items – The Holy Family, Madonna and the Child, Jesus Christ, angels, saints
and other religious objects.

-Rosaries - Shalin Indian Brass

i) Mythological, fictional, and cartoon characters – supernatural beings and fantasies,

technological items, and objects.

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 Zeus Poseidon Hercules and Cerebrus
2. Non-Representational or Non-Objective Arts – Artworks that have no resemblance to any
real subject or objects or anything from nature. It does not represent anything. This may take the
form of emphasizing lines, shapes or colors that transform the subject.
 Abstract – Abstraction indicates a departure from reality in depiction or imagery in art.
This departure from accurate representation can be slight, partial, or complete.

What is the difference between subject and content in Art?

Subject is the literal, visible image in a work while content includes the connotative,
symbolic, and suggestive aspects of the image. The subject matter is the subject of the artwork,
e.g., still life, portrait, landscape etc.
Content is not subject or things in the painting. Content is the communication of ideas,
feelings and reactions connected with the subject.

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 METHODS OF PRESENTING SUBJECTS
Every artist has his own individual and unique style of doing his artworks. This style is
almost always governed by his choice of the methods of presenting his subject.
1. REALISM – It is also known as naturalism. This
is an attempt to represent things as it is with
accuracy and precision. It is executed in a
photographic precision. We can say that an art is
realistic when the representation and organization
of details in the work seem so natural. Like-wise
it mirrors reality.

2. SURREALISM – is an invented word

meaning “super naturalism” or beyond
realism. Surrealists attempt to represent
subjects which were the result of dreams
and fantasies.

Features of Surrealistic Art

Dream-like scenes and symbolic images Games
and techniques to create random effects Visual
puns
Distorted figures and biomorphic shapes
Primitive or child-like designs

3. SYMBOLISM - A symbol is a visible sign of

something invisible such as an idea or quality.
Symbolism systematically uses symbols to
concentrate or intensify meaning, making the work of
art more subjective (rather than objective) and
conventional.

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 For example, a flag is a symbol of a country
and it depicts the value of
nationalism; a lion to represent courage and a lamb to
represent meekness. The logos and emblems of
business firms and the coat of arms of bishops are
also examples of symbolism.

4. FAUVISM - It is derived from the French

“les fauves,” which means “the wild beasts.” It is the
first movement in the modern period in which color
ruled supreme and emphasizes the use of extremely
bright colors.

To a fauvist, for example, a tree trunk need

not be brown. It could be bright red, purple or any
other color.

5. DADAISM - The term “dada” is a French word, which means a “hobby-horse.” A

hobby- horse is a child’s toy consisting of a wooden horse mounted on a stick. With this
etymology, we could say that Dadaism is system of art which is “nonsensical” or making
no sense. Some would say it is not an art because it strives to have no meaning at all.

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6. FUTURISM – is an art movement that
originated in Italy in the early 20th century.
Machine and motions are the main subject of
this technique which try to show movement and
speed. Thus, futurism can be considered as
realism in the future.

-A moving sail bridge concept

7. IMPRESSIONISM – It is also sometimes

referred to as optical realism due to its interest in
the actual viewing experience, including such
things as the effect of color, light and movement
on the appearance of the objects depicted in the
artworks.

Impressionism focused on directly

describing the visual sensations derived from
nature. Devotees of Impressionism were not
concerned with the actual depiction of the objects
they painted. Instead they were concerned with
the visual impressions aroused by those objects.

8. ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM – Abstract

means “drawing away from reality” or “to
move away”. The principle of departure from
the real life or reality makes abstraction stands
out and different among other methods.

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 A realist artist represents subject as is in his
artworks but an abstractionist ignores the exact
form of a real-life object. Abstract arts challenge
the minds of the viewer to look deeper.

Abstract Expressionism was influenced by

the Existentialist philosophy, which emphasized
the importance of the act of creating, not of the
finished object. What matters for the artist are the
qualities of the paint and the act of painting itself.

ARTIST AND ARTISANS

 Artists are the creator of tangible or
intangible products (works of art) as an
expression of creativity and imagination
for purely aesthetic reasons.
 Artist can be considered as any person
involved in creating and designing objects
related to any of the fine arts like painting,
sculpture, mu sic, dance and literature.
 Artists express themselves to any form of arts
using mediums or materials for the artworks
to have its artistic integrity.

 Artisan is a skilled craft worker or

craftsman who makes things using his
hands. It is derived from the French word
“artisan” meaning, skilled workers who
create things by hand which can be
functional or decorative.

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 Decorative arts include the following:
furniture, pottery, textile, jewelry, food
items, household items and tools or any
applied arts.

 Artisans are the makers of products or

crafts, not only for aesthetic value for
decorative purposes but for practical value, such as for business purposes.
 Artisan skills are developed through the influence of their family or of their
community as well.
 Artisans consider themselves as business people because their products are
involved in the business market or from the very start, in the entrepreneurship
world.

AWARDS AND RECOGNITION FOR ARTIST AND ARTISANS

The NCCA (National Commission for Culture
and the Arts) instituted the awards and citations
for Filipino artist who made a remarkable and
significant contributions to the arts and culture. The
two major awards given to the Artist in the
Philippines are the Orden ng Pambansang
Alagad ng Sining (Order of the National Artist) and Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan
(National Living Treasures Award)
Order of the National Artist
 The Order of the National Artist is the
highest national recognition for creative Filipino artist
who has made significant contribution to the
development of the Philippine arts in the discipline of
painting, sculpture, architecture, music and dance,
literature, film, broadcast arts and allied arts.

 Cultural Center of the Philippines

 Commission for Culture and the Arts administer awards

List of National Artists of the Philippines

•The Awardees for the Order of National Artist for different art forms. Others received
their awards while still have and enjoying the privilege received, while some of them
were given the award posthumously.
• Legend: (+) deceased/ died;( ++) posthumous conferment/ after person’s death.
Date of
Awardee Award Category

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1. Fernando Amorsolo (++) 1972 Painting
2. Francisca R. Aquino (+) 1973 Dance
3. Carlos V. Francisco (++) 1973 Painting
4. Amado V. Hernandez (++) 1973 Literature
5. Antonio J. Molina (+) 1973 Music
6. Juan F. Nakpil (+) 1973 Architecture
7. Guillermo E. Tolentino (+) 1973 Sculpture
8. Jose Garcia Villa (+) 1973 Literature
9. Napoleon V. Abueva 1976 Sculpture
10. Lamberto V. Avellana (+) 1976 Theater and Film
11. Leonor O. Goquingco (+) 1976 Dance
12. Nick Joaquin (+) 1976 Literature
13. Jovita Fuentes (+) 1976 Music
14. Victorio C. Edades (+) 1976 Painting
15. Pablo S. Antonio (++) 1976 Architecture
16. Vicente S. Manansala (++) 1981 Painting
17. Carlos P. Romulo (+) 1982 Literature
18. Gerardo de Leon (++) 1982 Cinema
19. Honorata “Atang” dela Rama (++) 1987 Theater and Music
20. Antonino R. Buenaventura (+) 1988 Music
21. Lucrecia R. Urtula (+) 1988 Dance
22. Lucrecia R. Kasilag (+) 1989 Music
23. Francisco Arcellana (+) 1990 Literature
24. Cesar F. Legaspi (+) 1990 Visual Arts
25. Leandro V. Locsin (+) 1990 Architecture
26. Hernando R. Ocampo (++) 1991 Visual Arts
27. Lucio D. San Pedro (+) 1991 Music
28. Lino Brocka (++) 1997 Cinema
29. Felipe P. de Leon (++) 1997 Music
30. Wilfrido Ma. Guerrero (++) 1997 Theater
31. Rolando S. Tinio (++) 1997 Theater & Literature
32. Levi Celerio (+) 1997 Music & Literature
33. N.V.M. Gonzales (++) 1997 Literature
34. Arturo R. Luz 1997 Visual Arts
35. Jose M. Maceda (+) 1997 Music
36. Carlos Quirino (+) 1997 Historical Literature
37. J. Elizalde Navarro (++) 1999 Painting
38. Prof. Andrea Veneracion (+) 1999 Music
39. Edith L. Tiempo (+) 1999 Literature
40. Daisy H. Avellana (+) 1999 Theater
41. Ernani J. Cuenco (++) 1999 Music
42. F. Sionil Jose 2001 Literature

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43. Ang Kiukok (+) 2001 Visual Arts
44. Ishmael Bernal (++) 2001 Cinema
45. Severino Montano (++) 2001 Theater
46. Jose T. Joya (++) 2003 Visual Arts (Painting)
47. Virgilio S. Almario 2003 Literature
48. Alejandro R. Roces (+) 2003 Literature
49. Eddie S. Romero (+) 2003 Cinema & Broadcast Arts
50. Salvador F. Bernal (+) 2003 Theater Design
51. Benedicto R. Cabrera 2006 Visual Arts
52. Abdulmari Asia Imao 2006 Visual Arts
53. Dr. Bienvenido Lumbera 2006 Literature
54. Ramon Obusan (+) 2006 Dance
55. Fernando Poe Jr. (++) 2006 Cinema
56. Archt. Ildefonso P. Santos, Jr. (+) 2006 Landscape Architecture
57. Ramon O. Valera (++) 2006 Fashion Design
58. Manuel Conde (++) 2009 Film
59. Lázaro Francísco (++) 2009 Literature
60. Federico Aguilar Alcuaz (+) 2009 Visual Arts
61. Alice Reyes 2014 Dance
62. Francisco V. Coching (++) 2014 Visual Arts
63. Cirilo F. Bautista 2014 Literature
64. Francisco F. Feliciano 2014 Music
65. Ramon P. Santos 2014 Music
66. Jose Maria V. Zaragoza (++) 2014 Architecture

The Awardees received the following privileges

• The rank and title, as proclaimed by the President of the Philippines

• A citation that will be read during the awarding and a medallion or insignia
• A state funeral and burial at the Libingan ng mga Bayani
• A place of honor during national state function, and recognition and acknowledgement at
any cultural event.
• Cash awards and other benefits like monthly life pension, medical and hospitalization
benefits, and life insurance coverage.

• 200, 000 (tax free), minimum lifetime monthly stipend 50,000,

hospitalization- not exceeding750,000/year (for living awardee)
• Onetime minimum cash award of 150,000.00 (for deceased) tax free.

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 Criteria of Order of National Artist
• Living artist who have been Filipino citizen for the last 10 years prior to nomination as well as
those who have died after the establishment of award in 1972 but were Filipino citizen at time
of their death.
• Artist who with their works through its content and form, influence and inspire every Filipinos
in building a sense of nationhood.
• Artist who have pioneered in a mode of creative expression or style, thus earning distinction
and making an impact on succeeding generation of artist;
• Artist who have created a substantial and significant body of work and/or consistently
displayed excellence in the practice of their art form thus enriching artistic expression or style.

The Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan (GAMABA)

• The Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan or the National Living Treasures Award was
established in 1992 under the Republic Act No. 7355.
• GAMABA means Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan. This is awarded to a person or a group of
people who have proved excellence in their craft or art. They may also be sharing their talents
and skill with the people in their community to preserve the art form in generations to come.
• The National Commission for Culture and the Arts was task for the implementation for the
policy-making and creating a Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan Committee with Ad Hoc panel
of Experts

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 Objectives
CHAPTER 5
 Define the role of managers, curators, buyers, collectors, art dealers in the world
 Analyze the different parts of production in the art world
 Make an artwork following the art production process

ART PRODUCTION PROCESS

Art is concerned with the actual doing

and how actions can be achieved seeing the art
as pure human expression. Art production often
entails an inherent motivation, rationale and
intentionality.
Thus, art is valued as creative journey
or process rather than as a deliverable or end
product.

Three (3) Parts of Art Production

1. Pre Planning/ Pre Production
2. Production
3. Post-Production

PRE-PRODUCTION - the process of fixing some of the elements in art (such as film, play
or other performance) For example, in movie production, there are nine (9) stages involved.
(Jack Picone, 2017):
1. Finalize a Shooting Script – You
need to finalize the screenplay and
convert it to a shooting script.
2. Storyboards and Shot Lists –
Create a visual interpretation of
the screenplay for the director and
cinematographer to reference and
prepare for.
3. Find the Right Crew – You
should work to get the entire team rounded out before pre-production gets too involved

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 4. Location Scouting – You may need to tailor your storyboards to your location or vice-
versa, so finding them early is the key.
5. Create a Proper Budget (and Stick to It!) – By now, you will be finalizing your budget
to make sure you can find the gear and afford the locations you want to use. Very often,
this is the most important part in pre-production.
6. Choose Your Gear – Are you shooting digitally or use your 16mm film or shooting the
entire film on you iPhone. Figure out just exactly what your budget will allow for the
expenses.
7. Clear That Red Tape – Permits and insurance are needed. Permits are required when
shooting in public places and private homes. Insurance is required to protect the cast end
employees from accidents and injury.
8. Find the Right Cast – You need to find the cast that suits the movie and the budget.
9. Rehearse – Rehearse weeks before shooting to ensure that the cast will be giving the
right performance the movie truly needs.

PRODUCTION – It is the process of combining various material inputs and non-material inputs to
be able to make something for consumption (the output). In other words, it is the act in creating
output such as a good or service which has value that contributes to utility of individuals.
Economic well-being is important in this aspect if it directly or indirectly satisfy human
needs and wants.

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 POST PRODUCTION - the most drawn out process is the post-production. Once an artwork
is finished, it will then be decided on how it will be circulated not only in the art world, but also
in the many publics. If the artist decides that, he alone should see work, then so be it. This may
include allowing the artwork to set, tweaking the artwork, preparing the artwork for transport and
display, and even the promotion and inclusion for artwork in publication or discussions.

ART MANAGEMENT
Art management (also referred to as art administration) is the process of running the
daily business operation of art institutions either private or public on nature. Art institutions
include museums, art galleries, theatres, opera house, art and cultural centers, among others.
Art Manager
An art manager has the following duties and responsibilities:
1. plans, directs, and coordinates all activities in the art
department;
2. executes the marketing objectives, specification and
concepts in design, advertising, media, print, and
campaign materials;
3. monitors the department projects;
4. prepares the department report that track and
analyze productivity trends and other factors that impact costs;
5. evaluates the staff and other employees of the department;
6. selects any additional staff as the need arises;
7. selects any additional staff in the day-to-day performance of jobs;
8. ensures that project, milestones, and goals of the department are carried out and
adhering to approved budgets;
9. has full authority for personal actions in his department;
10. reports to a senior manager.

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 Typically, an art manager requires a bachelor’s degree. The position requires five years’
experience in the related area as an individual contributor or artists. One to three years
supervisory experience may be required.

Role of Curators in the Art World

Curators are involved in nearly all facets of a museum’s functions.

The role of a curator includes the following:

1. Preserve and safeguard the heritage of art
2. Select new work in the museum
3. Decide which works are to be displayed
4. Deciding how works are hung in the galleries
5. Decide how the viewing public experience the exhibition
6. Researching how to show artworks in art historically coherent and in an entertaining way

Role of Dealers in the Art

World Dealer
1. To bridge the gap between artists
and collector by championing their
chosen artists and bringing their
work to public attention.
2. Sometimes, act as a curator by
travelling extensively, creating a
collection which can be shown to the
art buying public in their art galleries, art fair, or online.

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 Role of Art Collectors
Arts collector must have good relationship with their artists. Some collectors are duty-
bound to collect pieces of art work for display in art institutions; they must get the trust and
confidence of artists. Artists like to find collectors that truly believe in their work of art.

Role of Buyer in the Art World

1. He must be well-versed in all types of art techniques and development process.
2. Keep up to date on the art theory and art criticism.
3. Knowledgeable in evaluating the quality and worth of a piece of art.

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 CHAPTER 6
Objectives
 Identify the elements of art
 Analyze the various elements present in visual and auditory arts
 Create an artwork depicting the various principles of design

TECHNIQUE IN ARTS
Artists differ from one another in technique even if they use the same medium. A
musician’s technique is the ability to make sound the way he wants it. For instance, a pianist may
sound different from another pianist despite the fact that they handle the same instrument and play
the same musical composition.
Technique differs in the various arts. A painter may have a fine technique in watercolor
but poor in oil. The distinction between an art and a craft may be made based on the technique
used.

MEDIUMS OF VISUAL ARTS: DRAWING, PAINTING & SCULPTURE

 VISUAL ARTS
 Medium comes from the Latin word “medius” means by which an artist communicates
his idea. These are the materials which are used by an artist to interpret his feelings or
thoughts. Many mediums have been used in creating different works of art.
 The architect uses wood, bamboo, bricks, stone, concrete, and various building materials.
The painter used pigments on wood or canvas to recreate reality of nature.
 A sculptor uses steel, marble, bronze, metal, and wood.
 A musician uses instruments to produce and communicate a message and a literary writer
uses words.

On the basis of medium, the arts are primarily classified as visual and auditory.
Visual arts are those mediums that can be seen and which occupy space.
These are grouped into two classes:
(1) The two-dimensional arts include painting, drawing printmaking, and photography.
(2) The three-dimensional art includes sculpture, architecture, landscape, community
planning, industrial designs, and crafts like ceramics and furniture

Difference of Two and Three Dimensional Art

When a work of art is classified as being 2-dimensional, it means that the
composition possesses the dimensions of length and width but does not possess depth.
All 2-dimensional pieces of art, such as drawings, paintings, and prints, are made up
of shapes.

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 Three-dimensional media occupies space defined through the dimensions of
height, width and depth. It includes sculpture, installation and performance art, craft
and product design.

DRAWING MEDIA
Drawing, the art or technique of producing images on a surface, usually paper, by means
of marks, usually of ink, chalk, charcoal, or crayon.
Drawing as formal artistic creation might be defined as the primarily linear rendition of
objects in the visible world, as well as of concepts, thoughts, attitudes, emotions, and fantasies
given visual form, of symbols and even of abstract forms.
TYPES OF DRAWING MEDIA
Dry Media includes charcoal, graphite, chalks and pastels. Each of these mediums gives
the artist a wide range of mark making capabilities and effects, from thin lines to large areas of
color and tone.

Sample of a charcoal drawing,

Photo credit: webkneel.com

Charcoal has an exclusive texture when applied on canvas that

allows artists to get the required tone and shade with ease. A
charcoal drawing is incredible and realistic to the core.

Graphite pencil drawing

Graphite is a metallic grey writing and drawing material

most commonly used in pencil form.

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 Chalk Mural Art

Chalkboard art or chalk art is the use of chalk on a

blackboard as a visual art. Chalkboard art is often used
in restaurants, shops or walls.

Chalk Pastel Art (sidewalk)

Chalk Pastels are made by mixing dry pigment, some chalk, and a
binder together to form a thick paste.

Wet drawing media traditionally refers to ink but really includes any substance that can
be put into solution and applied to a drawing's surface. Wet media can be divided into three
categories: ink, washes, and self-contained tools such as fountain pens. All of these materials,
unlike the dry media, are very permanent and erasing is nearly impossible.

Example of wet media

Photo credit: expressyourselfthroughart.weebly.com

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 PAINTING MEDIA
Painting is the art of creating meaningful effects on a flat surface by the use of pigments.
Different mediums are used in painting. Each medium exerts a pronounced effect on the finished
product, is capable of varied treatment, and determines its own stroke. These mediums are
applied to wet plaster, canvas, wood, or paper.

1. WATERCOLOR
Watercolor is difficult to handle because
producing warm and rich tones using this
medium proves to be a challenge. On the
contrary, watercolor pigments invite brilliance
and a variety of hues. Simple and clear
spontaneity is its principal essence.

2. FRESCO
Fresco is a painting method done on a
moist plaster surface with colors ground in water
or a limewater mixture.
Fresco must be done quickly because it is
an exacting medium- the moment the paint is
applied to the surface, the color dry into the
plaster and the painting becomes an integral part
of the wall. The image becomes permanently
fixed and almost impossible to remove. An
example of
fresco painting is Michelangelo's The Creation of Adam in the Sistine Chapel ceiling.

3. OIL
Oil painting is one of the most expensive art activities today
because of the prohibitive cost of materials. It is the
heaviest of painting mediums. In oil painting pigments are
mixed with linseed oil and applied to the canvas. One good
quality of oil paint as a medium is its flexibility. The artist
may use a brush, palette knife, or even his bare hands when
applying pain on his canvas. In some cases, we do not even
notice the artist's strokes because the paint is applied very
smoothly.

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 4. ACRYLIC
Acrylic is a medium used popularly by contemporary
painters because of the transparency and quick-drying
characteristics of watercolor and the flexibility of oil
combined.

5. MOSAIC
Mosaic is the art of putting together small pieces of
colored stones or glass called "tesserae" to create an
image. The tesserae are most often cut into squares
and glued on a surface with plaster or cement.
Mosaic is usually classified as painting, although, the
medium used is not strictly pigment.

6. STAINED GLASS
Stained glass as an artwork is common in Gothic cathedrals and churches. It is made by combining
small pieces of colored glass, held together by bands of lead. It is also a kind of patchwork. In
large windows, the lead is reinforced by heavy iron bars that form heavy black lines in the
picture. The pictures in the stained glass commonly depict the lives of saints and in effect, serve
as a means of religious instruction among Christians. Beautiful stained-glass windows showing
scenes from the Bible are commonly found in Philippine churches. Ex. Manila Cathedral and
Sto. Domingo Church

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 SCULPTURE
In choosing a subject for sculpture, the most important thing
to consider is the material. The materials available for
sculpture are limitless. Each of these materials presents a
challenge of the sculptor’s creativity. Ex. Pieta

GRANITE
Granite is a granular igneous rock composed of feldspar and quartz, usually combined with other
minerals. This medium is quite difficult to chisel. It is good for large works with only a few
designs. The Egyptian sculptures of Pharaohs were mostly done in granite.

Colossal Seated Statue of a Pharaoh Mount Rushmore in South Dakota

MARBLE
Marble is limestone in a more or less crystalline state sufficiently close in texture, and capable of
taking a high polish. It occurs in many varieties. Marble is easier to carve than granite because it
is relatively softer. Sculptors have used marble for detailed carving of figures.
Breciated marble is composed of angular fragments. Sandstone is relatively soft,
making it easy to work on. Basalt is hard and black. Limestone has a fine and even texture, its
color ranges from light cream to buff, and from light gray to a darker, bluish gray. it lends itself
very well to carving

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Breciated marble

Sandstone Basalt Sculpture- Limestone Statue

Aphrodite

IVORY
Ivory which comes from the main parts of tusks of elephants, is the hard-white Substance used to
make carvings and billiard balls. In the home of some well-to do families in the Philippines,
faces and hands of saints are made in ivory. The bodies are made of carved and painted wood.

METALS
Metals include any of a class of elementary substances such
as gold, Silver, of copper, all of which are crystalline
when solid and many of which are characterized by
capacity , ductility, conductivity, and peculiar luster when
freshly fractured being ductile, metals can be transformed
into fine wires or threads.
They can be shaped or deformed under great
pressure without breaking. Traditionally, the metal used
as mediums for sculpture are copper, brass, bronze, gold,
silver, and lead. Aluminum is a recent addition to the list.

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 CLAY
Clay is a natural earthy material that is plastic when wet. It
consists essentially of hydrated silicates of aluminum and
is used for making bricks and ceramics.
Clay is generally fragile so it becomes necessary
to cast it in another durable material. The surface of the
finished product made of clay may be painted or glazed.
Earthware, commonly referred to as terra cotta or "baked
earth", is cheap compared with stone or bronze. Brilliant
cloves are made possible by glazing. Like all pottery,
terra cotta is easily broken. As a medium for sculptor, it
has been used during the early times. Most oriental
sculpture come in the form of terra cotta.

WOOD
Wood as a medium is easier to carve than any other
mediums available because it can be subjected
into a variety of treatment. It is lighter and softer
to carve despite having greater tensile strength
than stone; hence, it can be used in long piece
without breaking. The character of the grain and
the color of the wood are the most important
qualities that the sculptor consider in choosing
what kind of wood he will use. Wood should be
treated to preserve its quality. Common wood
use for
sculptures are dapdap. White lauan, oak, walnut, mahogany, narra, and dao. They are selected for
aesthetic purposes and permanence.

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AUDITORY ARTS

- The art of arranging sounds in time to produce a continuous, unified, and

evocative composition, as through melody, harmony, rhythm, and timbre.
Music as AuditoryArts
■ Composed of tones and silences organized in such a manner to convey the emotions and
ideas conceived by the composer. The composers work must be interpreted by another artist-
the performer who makes the composers work come to life.
■ Music moves through time, thus it is called temporal
■ Music appreciation is the acquired ability to listen to music intelligently
Three components:
-ability to appreciate music is not congenital or inborn
-acquired by anyone who makes up his mind to do so
-conscious effort
Functions of Music
1. An attempt to imitate the natural sound
2. Release of one’s emotions or feelings (therapeutic)
3. As signals in wars
4. Means of worship and vehicles of rituals
5. Used to accompany dance
6. A form of entertainment in community celebrations
7. Symbols of life’s cycles

 THE COMBINED ARTS

The combined arts can be referred to events that combine variety of media or materials
which can be both seen and heard, and which exist in both space and time (Ortiz 40).

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 Combined arts can mean several different things. It can refer to a collection of different
art mediums, such as painting, singing and musical performance. It can also refer to
organizations that work over multiple platforms and venues to promote artistic endeavors.
• Performance – Requires human beings to demonstrate certain skills.
• Theater – As a combined art may put together literature or drama, music, actors on stage
where scenery, props and lighting are arranged, plus other media to complete a production.
• Music – May include sound, spectacular impressions and video.
• Cinema – May creatively integrate elements of photography, video, film, music and
literature and other materials in its production.

The Spatial Temporal Frames in the Combined Arts

• Locus – The specific space in which Music, Film, Theater, and other Combined Arts occur.
Space must conform to the plastic feature of the actor or the actress, and that it must work
to serve his or her moving, alive and three- dimensional character (Brockett 229).
The Display of Skills in the Combined Arts
Another integral aspect of the combined art is the performance, which consist in the
display or demonstration of the certain technical skills human beings for the public’s pleasure or
enjoyment.
In theater, this may be shown in the display of prowess by the actor or actress in staging
a literary text or simply in the display of his or her active body or his or her body movement
activities on stage (Carlson 2-3; 114).
In Music, this can be shown in the demonstration of virtuosity of a pianist who performs
a piece before an audience.
In Cinema, this can be shown in the display of aural and visual images to depict a story
or a fact facilitated by technology and mixed media through expertise of a director, actor and the
production crew.
The Structure of the Combined Arts
The Structure of Music
In music, what constitute its structure are the elements of:
1. Rhythm - is the element of "TIME" in music. When you tap your foot to the
music, you are "keeping the beat" or following the structural rhythmic pulse of the music.
2. Melody - is a timely arranged linear sequence of pitched sounds that the listener
perceives as a single entity.

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 3. Harmony - is two or more notes played together at the same time. As soon as
there is more than one pitch sounding at a time, you have harmony.
4. Texture - is a way to describe how the music or sound is organized. It can be
thought of as how many layers a piece of music has – it’s how much stuff is going on at
once.
The Structure of Theater
In Theater, what is performed may vary. In many cultures, what has become the major
mode of theatrical performance is the enactment of literature or dramatic text. According to
specific elements such as the:
1. Plot - is known as the foundation of a novel or story, around which the characters
and settings are built.
2. Character – is the mental and moral qualities distinctive to an individual within
the world of the play.
3. Thought – is the idea or “theme” of the play.
4. Diction – or “language” is used to depart information, reveal characters,
characterize, direct attention, reveal themes and ideas, establish mood / tone, establish
tempo / rhythm appropriate to character.
5. Music – The sound of the dialog, musicality, rhythm, pace, etc.
helps establish mood, characterize, lend variety, pleasurable.
6. Spectacle – it includes all aspects of the tragedy that contribute to its sensory
effects: costumes, scenery, the gestures of the actors, the sound of the music and the
resonance of the actors' voices.
The Structure of Cinema
What constitute the Structure of Cinema are the elements of:
1. Script – A screenplay, or script, is a written work by screenwriters for a film,
television program, or video game. These screenplays can be original works or
adaptations from existing pieces of writing. In them, the movement, actions, expression
and dialogues of the characters are also narrated.
2. Acting – is an activity in which a story is told by means of its enactment by
an actor or actress who adopts a character—in theatre, television, film, radio, or any other
medium that makes use of the mimetic mode.
3. Production Design – is the creation and organization of the physical world
surrounding a film story.

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 In some cases, the production designer is almost completely responsible for
the overall look of a film; in others, particularly when working with directors with
strong visual styles, a designer's contribution tends to be much more limited.
4. Staging – It is the process of selecting, designing, adapting to, or modifying
the performance space for a play or film. This includes the use or absence of
stagecraft elements as well as the structure of the stage and its components. In film,
staging is generally called set dressing.
5. Cinematography – deals with the choices that are made for the camera – the
placement of the camera, the camera angle toward the subject, the lens choice, and
the camera movement. Each of these choices has an effect on the recorded image
and how the viewer perceives (consciously or unconsciously) that image.
6. Editing – is the sequencing of the shots in the film. Editors decide on the
order and the duration of shots, the visual transitions from scene to scene, and visual
effects.
7. Sound Design – deals with the sound components, what we hear in the film.
Dialog editing, sound effects, and music contribute to the story. Mood, environment,
character, time and place are just a few of the story aspects that can be established or
emphasized with sound.
The Analysis of the Combined Arts
The analysis of Cinema will be generally according to Structure, which we refer to as Form in
the next part of the chapter, while Music and Theater will be analyzed according to Subject
Matter and Style in addition to Form.
A. Form
Form refers to the elements, principles of composition, conventions and techniques that are
used to organize a work of art.
B. Medium
Medium refers to the material used by the artist. There are variety of materials used in the
combined arts.
Example:
Theater uses body and voice as the principal media while music makes use of the voice and sound.
The media are the vehicles with which the artist conveys the content of his or her work.
C. Subject Matter
Subject matter is what the artwork is about. It may be a person, nature, event, feeling and/or idea
that is central in the art piece.
D. Style
Style refers to the set of characteristics that identifies an artwork with an individual, a historical
period, a school of artists, or a nation (Sporre 14).

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 CHAPTER 7
Objectives
 Discuss the three basic types of performing arts
 Deepen student’s understanding of performing arts
 Make a creative interpretation of the classical and modernize performing arts

PERFORMING ARTS: DANCE, MUSIC, AND THEATRE

 DANCE

In the multicultural world of today, dances of Asia and Africa, amongst many other
ethnicities, are performed more and more for their artistic function alongside their spiritual or
social role. A dance is an intense and interesting experience for any audience.

Dance is one of the most natural and universal of human activities. In every culture,
regardless of location or level of sophistication, we find some form of dance. It is without doubt
that dance is part of human communication as its most fundamental level.

FORMS OF DANCE

Dance focuses on the human form in time and space. It can follow numerous directions
and traditions, including the genres of ballet, modern, world concert/ritual, folk jazz, tap, and
musical comedy.

 Ballet
 Ballet comprises what can be called “classical” or formal dance. Its rich tradition
rests heavily upon a set of prescribed movements and actions.
 In general, ballet is a highly theatrical dance presentation consisting of solo
dancers, duets, and choruses. As with all dance and indeed all the arts, ballet
expresses basic human experiences and desires.

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 Modern Dance
 Modern dance is a label given to broad variety highly individualized dance works
beginning in the twentieth century.
 The basic principle of modern dance could be stated as an exploration of natural
and spontaneous or uninhibited movement, in strong contrast with the
conventionalized and specified movement of ballet.
 As Martha Graham characterized it, “There are no general rules. Each work of art
creates its own code.”
 There are also differences in the use of body, use of the dance floor, and
interaction with the visual elements.

 World Concert/Ritual Dance

 It is also called ‘world dance’. This name describes dances specific to a particular
culture or country.
 The term "ritual" dance comes from dances performed at ceremonial functions,
formal characteristics, and particular prescribed procedures.
 These are ritual dances passed down from generation to generation and performed
by cultures around the world. The center of topic of these dances usually comes
from a belief, religion, moral value, etc, that is important to that specific culture.

 Folk Dance
 Folk dance, somewhat like folk music, is a body of group dances performed to
traditional music. As with folk music, we do not know the artists who developed
it.
 Folk dances began as a necessary or informative part of certain societies, and their
characteristics always identify stylistically with a given culture.

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  Unlike most dances, folk dancing's main goal is not to entertain an audience.
They form part of a heritage and reach out to get more participants involved.

 Jazz Dance
 Jazz dance trace its origins to Africa prior to the arrival of African slaves on the
American continent.
 Today, this exists in a variety of forums including popular theater, concert stage,
movie, and television.
 The rhythms of African music found their way into dances performed for
enjoyment and entertainment.

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 MUSIC
 According to Nielsen Music (2017), 90% of the population listens to music. On
average, they spend 32.1 hours a week of which comprise of 41% listening time
though steaming; 24% from radio, 14% digital music library, 11% physical music
formats and 9% for other means.

 CLASSICAL VS MODERN MUSIC

According to Driblette (2017) these two differ in many ways including
instrumentation, form, style, purpose and method of creation.

o Instrumentation
Classical
 Typically, classical music is performed by groups of acoustic instruments. These
instruments include the violin, viola, cello, flute, upright bass, tuba, trumpet,
trombone, clarinet, and saxophone.
 While all of these instruments make appearances in large orchestras, smaller
classical groups called chamber ensembles only use some of them.
Modern
 Modern music utilizes instruments such as the electric guitar, electric bass and
keyboard.
 Modern music usually has a musician playing the drum set, sometimes with one
or two percussionists playing eccentric percussion instruments.

o Form
Classical
 Classical music consists of primarily instrumental compositions of various
sections. Symphony is a typical example of classical composition, and includes four
movements.
 Other forms of classical music include the concerto, rondo, mass, oratorio and
sonata. These forms may extend anywhere from minutes to hours.
Modern

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  Modern music uses much smaller forms than classical music, usually lasting a
few minutes.

o Style
Classical
 In classical music, emphasis is placed on the emotion and interpretation
performers put into a written piece of music.
 Also, classical music is known to have a wide dynamic range and will often speed
up and slow down at different movements.
Modern
 Modern music often expresses emotion through the singer of a group, there is
more of an emphasis on improvisation and variation than in classical music.

o Purpose
Classical
 Classical music’s purpose is generally to entertain a seated audience and to
stimulate listeners emotionally and intellectually.
Modern
 While some modern music is developed to stimulate in similar ways, much
modern music is developed simply for dancing, which is uncommon for classical
music outside of the ballet.
 Also, while both classical and modern music have been used commercially, it is
much more common for modern music to appear in jingles and advertisements
than classical music.

o Method of Creation
Classical
 Given the long forms of classical music, it is not uncommon for composers to
take years, even decades, to complete a work.
 Classical music is often created by introducing many themes and motifs that are
developed slowly throughout the piece.
Modern
 Conversely, modern music often uses much fewer motifs and ideas.

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 THEATRE
Theatre has its origins in the Greek word “theatron” which means “a place for
looking,” other sources translate it as “seeing place.” Today, theatre can be experienced
in different venues such as classrooms, gymnasiums, or even in the streets.

 Drama and Theater are two words that we often use interchangeably as both of
them are related to performing arts. However, there is a distinct difference
between these two words and in this article we are going to look at the difference
between drama and theater.
 In simple terms, the main difference between drama and play is that the drama is
the printed text of a play while the theater is the actual production of the play.

What is a Playwright?
A playwright, also called ‘dramatist’, is a person who writes plays for the
stage. The playwright writes the words that the characters speak next to or under each
character's name.

o Basic Elements Of Theatre

1) The Audience
At its most basic level, theatre provides a sensory experience for
the audience. It appeals to the human senses as the audience is actively
involved in perceiving, processing, reacting to, and storing a vast number
of stimuli.
When an audience watches a performance, they experience two
phenomena simultaneously; empathy and aesthetic distance.

Empathy is emotional identification. In theatre, it refers to the

sense of participation and identification with a character.

Aesthetic distance is a psychological separation, or a sense of

detachment. They understand that what they are watching is not real. It
also allows the audience to appreciate the way something is done – to
admire the skill with which an actor portrays a character, the beauty of the
scenery, or
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 the way lighting changes the mood of the play – because they realize that the
effects are being crafted.

2) The Space
For a performance to be theatre, it must be presented in a space that
accommodates both the performers and the audience.
The space could be formally designed by an architect for the
express purpose of theatrical performance or could be simply a pre-
existing space that was never intended to be a theatre.

3) The Performance of the Actors

At the most basic level, every human being who interacts with other
human beings is an actor. Every person performs social roles for others,
both consciously and unconsciously.
Playwrights often demonstrate that people perform different roles
when interacting with friends, acquaintances, family members, and
strangers.
The actor wears a mask, whether literal or figurative, and when the
preparation is complete, the audience is asked to accept this masked actor
as the character designated by the play.

4) The Director’s Supervision

The director makes certain that the performers understand the text
and deliver the script excitingly and appropriately. The director also
makes sure the blocking, costume designs, set designs and other aspects of
the show blend together to make a production that works together.
All the aspects of theater should complement each other, and the
director oversees all these things.

5) The Work of the Playwright

While some theatrical performances progress through
improvisation (the performers make up words or movements on-the-spot),
most theatre begins in a written text. Another name for the text is script.
One key element for writing is CONFLICT. The characters should have a
goal to reach, but to reach that goal they must go through a series of
conflicts. Without conflict, the story would be bland and boring.

6) The Visual Effects (Costumes, Lights, Scenery, Sounds, Props)

Scenery (set): The theatrical equipment, such as curtains, flats, backdrops,
or platforms, used in a dramatic production to communicate environment
Costumes: These are clothing and accessories worn by actors to portray
character and period.

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 Props: Short for properties; any article, except costume or scenery,
used as part of a dramatic production; any moveable object that appears on
stage during a performance, from a telephone to a train
Lights: The placement, intensity, and color of lights to help
communicate environment, mood, or feeling
Sound: The effects an audience hears during performance to
communicate character, context, or environment
Makeup: Costumes, wigs, and body paint used to transform an actor
into a character.

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