The Railway Series

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The Railway Series

Map showing the railways on the fictional Island of Sodor

• Rev. W. Awdry (1945–1972)
Author • Christopher Awdry (1983–2011)

• William Middleton (1945)

• Reginald Payne (1946)
• C. Reginald Dalby (1948–1956)
Illustrator • John T. Kenney (1957–1962)
• Peter and Gunvor Edwards (1963–1972)
• Clive Spong (1983–2011)

Cover artist (see illustrators above)

Country United Kingdom
Language English
Genre Children's
• Edmund Ward, Ltd. (1945–1968)
Publisher
• Kaye & Ward, Ltd. (1952–1998)
 • William Heinemann (1984–1998)
• Egmont Publishing (1998–present)

• May 1945 – March 1946

• April 1948 – September 1970
• October 1972
Publication date • September 1983 – August 1996
• September 2007
• July 2011

• May 1945 – March 1946

• April 1948 – September 1970
• October 1972
Published in English • September 1983 – August 1996
• September 2007
• July 2011

The Railway Series is a set of British books about a railway, called the North Western Railway,
located on the fictional Island of Sodor. There are 42 books in the series, the first published in 1945.
Twenty-six were written by the Rev. Wilbert Awdry, the final one in 1972. Sixteen more were
written by his son, Christopher Awdry, between 1983 and 2011. The series features many
anthropomorphic vehicles, including Thomas the Tank Engine. Thomas became the most popular
character in the series and was the titular character of the television series Thomas & Friends from
1984 to 2021. Characters and stories from the books formed the basis of the children's television
series.
Nearly all of The Railway Series stories were based on real-life events. As a lifelong railway
enthusiast, Awdry was keen that his stories should be as realistic as possible. The engine characters
were mostly based upon real classes of locomotive, and some of the railways themselves were
based upon real lines in the British Isles.
Audio adaptations of The Railway Series have been recorded at various times under the title The
Railway Stories.

Contents
• 1 Origins
• 1.1 Cultural context
• 2 Continuing series under Christopher Awdry
• 3 Illustrators
• 4 Format and presentation
• 5 Sodor
• 6 Cameo appearances
• 7 British Railways: The Other Railway
• 8 Preservation movement
• 9 Characters
• 10 Books
 • 11 References in popular culture
• 12 Notes
• 13 References
• 14 External links

Origins
The stories began in 1942, when two-year-old Christopher Awdry had caught measles and was
confined to a darkened room. His father told him stories and rhymes to cheer him up. One of
Christopher's favourite rhymes was:[1]
Early in the morning,
Down at the station,
All the little engines
Standing in a row.

Along comes the driver,

Pulls the little lever
Puff, puff! Chuff, chuff!
Off we go!

The origins of this rhyme are unknown, but research by Brian Sibley suggests that it originated at
some point prior to the First World War.[1] The words, with some slight alterations, were later set to
music by Lee Ricks and Slim Gaillard in 1948, and released by Tommy Dorsey and his orchestra as
a single entitled "Down by the Station". Wilbert Awdry's answers to Christopher's questions about
the rhyme led to the creation of a short story, "Edward's Day Out", featuring Edward the Blue
Engine, an old engine who is allowed out of the shed for a day. Another story about Edward
followed, this time featuring Gordon the Big Engine, named after a child living on the same road
who Christopher considered rather bossy.[2]
A third story had its origins in a limerick of which Christopher was fond,[3] and which Awdry used
to introduce The Sad Story of Henry:[4]
Once, an engine attached to a train
Was afraid of a few drops of rain
It went into a tunnel,
And squeaked through its funnel
And never came out again.

As with the previous rhyme, the origins of this are uncertain, but Awdry received a letter telling him
that a similar poem had appeared in a book of children's rhymes, published in 1902:[3]
Once an engine when fixed to a train
Was alarmed at a few drops of rain,
So went "puff" from its funnel
Then fled to a tunnel,
And would not come out again.

This story introduced the popular characters Henry the Green Engine and the Fat Director.
Encouraged by his wife Margaret, Awdry submitted the three stories to Edmund Ward in 1943. The
head of the children's books division requested a fourth story to bring the three engines together and
redeem Henry, who had been bricked up in a tunnel in the previous story. Although Wilbert had not
intended that the three engines live on the same railway, he complied with the request in the story
Edward, Gordon and Henry. The four stories were published in 1945 as a single volume, The Three
Railway Engines, illustrated by William Middleton.
Christmas 1942 saw the genesis of the character that grew to become the most famous fictional
locomotive in the world. Awdry constructed a toy tank engine for Christopher, which gained the
name Thomas. Stories about Thomas were requested by Christopher, and 1946 saw the publication
of Thomas the Tank Engine. This was illustrated by Reginald Payne, whom Wilbert felt to be a great
improvement over Middleton. Like its predecessor, this book was a success and Awdry was asked to
write stories about James, a character who first appeared in Thomas and the Breakdown Train, the
final story in Thomas the Tank Engine. The book James the Red Engine appeared in 1948, the year
in which the railways in Britain were nationalised, and from this point onwards the Fat Director was
known by his familiar title of the Fat Controller.
James the Red Engine was notable as the first book to be illustrated by C. Reginald Dalby, perhaps
the most famous of the Railway Series artists, and certainly the most controversial due to the
criticism later aimed at him by Awdry.[citation needed] Dalby illustrated every volume up to Percy
the Small Engine (1956), and also produced new illustrations for The Three Railway Engines and
made changes to those of Thomas the Tank Engine.
Successive books would introduce such popular characters as Annie and Clarabel, Percy the Small
Engine and Toby the Tram Engine.
In making the stories as real as possible, Awdry took a lot of inspiration from a number of sources
in his extensive library, and found the Railway Gazette's "Scrapheap" column particularly useful as
a source of unusual railway incidents that were recreated for The Railway Series characters.
Awdry continued working on The Railway Series until 1972, when Tramway Engines (book 26 in
the series) was published. However, he had been finding it increasingly difficult to come up with
ideas for new stories, and after this he felt that "the well had run dry" and so decided that the time
had come to retire. He wrote no further Railway Series volumes, but later wrote a spin-off story for
the television series Thomas's Christmas Party and expanded versions of some of his earlier stories,
as well as writing The Island of Sodor: Its People, History and Railways. In addition, he wrote a
number of short stories and articles for Thomas the Tank Engine Annuals.[5]

Cultural context
Anthropomorphization of locomotives has a literary tradition extending back at least as far as the
writings of Rudyard Kipling in his 1897 story ".007".[6]

Continuing series under Christopher Awdry

Christopher Awdry was a keen railway enthusiast like his father. On a visit to the Nene Valley
Railway he was inspired to write his first story Triple Header based on a railwayman's account of a
locomotive running out of steam short of its destination. In the story, Thomas, Percy and Duck take
on Gordon's Express but find it more than they can handle. Christopher wrote three further stories,
Stop Thief!, Mind That Bike and Fish and showed them to his father, who encouraged Christopher
to submit them for publication. At the time, work on the television adaptation was underway, and
Kaye and Ward were keen to revive The Railway Series. The book Really Useful Engines was
published in 1983. Wilbert had considered this title for his own 27th volume before abandoning the
project.[citation needed]
Christopher wrote another thirteen books, including the 50th anniversary volume Thomas and the
Fat Controller's Engines. He also wrote stories for the television series, notably More About
Thomas the Tank Engine, The Railway Series' 30th volume.
The success of the television series led to tensions between Christopher and the publishers. Thomas
was the central character of the television series and the publishers wanted stories focused on
Thomas. Christopher produced Thomas and the Fat Controller's Engines that had one story about
Thomas, while Thomas Comes Home did not feature Thomas until the last page.
The series' 40th volume, New Little Engine, appeared in 1996. Egmont Publishing who had taken
over from Kay and Ward, did not publish further Railway Series books and allowed the existing
back catalogue to go out of print. There was a selected print run in 2004 of the original 26 books,
but in 2005, the sixtieth anniversary of Wilbert's first book, the Awdry family were disappointed
that all of the stories were not available in their original format.[7]
In 2005 Christopher published Sodor: Reading Between the Lines under his own imprint Sodor
Enterprises. This book expanded the fictional world of Sodor. He published several more books,
mostly set on real railways in Britain. In 2006, Egmont started to re-publish Wilbert's books in their
original format. The fourteen books written by Christopher were re-released in August 2007. On 3
September 2007, Christopher published the 41st book in the series, Thomas and Victoria, illustrated
by Clive Spong. The book addresses issues relating to the railway preservation movement.
In July 2011, Egmont released the 42nd book in the series: Thomas and his Friends. The final story
ended with the words "The End".[5]
Christopher Awdry said that he had other material, which he hoped would be published. He narrated
new stories about the narrow gauge engines on 'Duncan Days' at the Talyllyn Railway in Wales.
[citation needed]

Illustrators
The Railway Series is perhaps as highly regarded for its illustrations as for its writing, which in the
immediate post-Second World War era were seen as uniquely vivid and colourful. Indeed, some
critics (notably Miles Kington) have claimed that the quality of the illustrations outshines that of the
writing.
The first edition of The Three Railway Engines was illustrated by the artist William Middleton, with
whom Awdry was deeply dissatisfied. The second artist to work on the series was Reginald Payne,
who illustrated Thomas the Tank Engine in a far more realistic style. Despite an early disagreement
as to how Thomas should look, Awdry was ultimately pleased with the pictures produced.
Payne proved impossible to contact to illustrate James the Red Engine – he had suffered from a
nervous breakdown and so C. Reginald Dalby was hired. Dalby also illustrated the next eight books
in the series. The Three Railway Engines was reprinted with Dalby's artwork replacing William
Middleton's and Dalby also touched up Payne's artwork in the second book. Dalby's work on the
series proved popular with readers, but not with the author, who repeatedly clashed with him over
issues of accuracy and consistency. Dalby resigned from the series in 1956, following an argument
over the portrayal of Percy the Small Engine in the book of the same name.[8] Awdry had built a
model of Percy as a reference for the artist but Dalby did not make use of it. Despite the
tempestuous relationship with Awdry, Dalby is probably the best remembered of the series' artists.
With The Eight Famous Engines (1957), John T. Kenney took over the illustration of the series. His
style was less colourful but more realistic than Dalby's. Kenney made use of Awdry's model engines
as a reference. As a result of his commitment to realism and technical accuracy, he enjoyed a far
more comfortable working relationship with Awdry, which lasted until Gallant Old Engine (1962),
when Kenney's eyesight began to fail him.
The artist initially chosen to replace him was the Swedish artist Gunvor Edwards. She began
illustrating Stepney the "Bluebell" Engine, but felt unsuited to the work. She was assisted for that
volume by her husband Peter, who effectively took over from then on. Both artists retained credit
for the work, and the "Edwards era" lasted until Wilbert Awdry's last volume, Tramway Engines.
The style used in these volumes was still essentially realistic, but had something of an
impressionistic feel.
When Christopher Awdry took over as author of the series in 1983, the publisher was keen to find
an illustrator who would provide work that had the gem-like appeal of Dalby's pictures, but also had
the realism of Kenney and Edwards' artwork. The artist chosen was Clive Spong. He illustrated all
of Christopher Awdry's books, a greater number than any other artist working on The Railway
Series. He also produced illustrations for a number of spin-off stories written by the Awdrys, and his
artwork was used in The Island of Sodor: Its People, History and Railways.

Format and presentation

The books were produced in an unusual landscape format. Each one was around 60 pages long, 30
of which would be text and 30 illustrations. This format, coupled with the smaller size of each book,
makes them attractive to small children. The books were each divided into four stories (with the
exception of Henry the Green Engine, which was divided into five).
Each book from Thomas the Tank Engine onwards opened with a foreword. This would act as a
brief introduction to the book, its characters or its themes. They were written as a letter, usually to
the readers (addressed as "Dear Friends") but sometimes to individual children who had played
some part in the story's creation. The foreword to Thomas the Tank Engine was a letter to
Christopher Awdry. This section would often advertise real railways or acknowledge the assistance
of people or organisations. The foreword to The Little Old Engine is unique in acknowledging the
fact that Skarloey (and, by implication, the entirety of The Railway Series) is fictional.
The unusual shape of the books made them instantly recognisable. However, it did prompt
complaints from booksellers that they were difficult to display, and even that they could easily be
shoplifted.[citation needed] Nonetheless, the format was imitated by publishers Ian Allan for their
Sammy the Shunter and Chuffalong books.
Unusually for children's books of the austerity period, The Railway Series was printed in full colour
from the start, which is cited by many critics[who?] as one of its major selling points in the early
days.
Sodor
Main article: Sodor (fictional island)
The Rev. W. Awdry received numerous letters from young fans asking questions about the engines
and their railway, as well as letters concerning inconsistencies within the stories. In an effort to
answer these, he began to develop a specific setting for the books. On a visit to the Isle of Man, he
discovered that the bishop there is known as the Bishop of Sodor and Man. The "Sodor" part of the
title comes from the Sudreys, but Awdry decided that a fictional island between the Isle of Man and
England by that name would be an ideal setting for his stories.
In partnership with his brother George (the librarian of the National Liberal Club), he gradually
devised Sodor's history, geography, language, industries and even geology. The results were
published in the book The Island of Sodor: Its People, History and Railways in 1987.

Cameo appearances
The Awdrys both wrote about Sodor as if it were a real place that they visited, and that the stories
were obtained first-hand. This was often "documented" in the foreword to each book. In some of W.
Awdry's later books he appeared as the Thin Clergyman and was described as a writer, though his
name and connections to the series were never made explicit. He was invariably accompanied by
the Fat Clergyman, based on the Rev. "Teddy" Boston,[9] who was a fellow railway enthusiast and
close friend. The two Clergymen were portrayed as railway enthusiasts, and were responsible for
annoying the Small Engines and discovering Duke the Lost Engine. They were often figures of fun,
liable to be splashed with water or to fall through a roof.
Awdry also appeared in a number of illustrations, usually as a joke on the part of the illustrator. In
one illustration by John T. Kenney in Duck and the Diesel Engine he appears with a figure who
bears a strong resemblance to C. Reginald Dalby, which Brian Sibley has suggested might be a dig
at Dalby's inaccurate rendition of the character of Duck. A vicar appears in Edward the Blue Engine
and other volumes as the owner of Trevor the Traction Engine. This may be a reference to Teddy
Boston, who had himself saved a traction engine from scrap[citation needed].
Dalby illustrated the entire Awdry family – Wilbert, Margaret, Christopher, Veronica and Hilary –
watching Percy pass through a station ("Percy runs away" in Troublesome Engines (p53)).[10] This
was Christopher Awdry's only appearance in an illustration, but he often described meetings with
the engines in the book forewords, usually with some degree of humour.
Other people associated with The Railway Series were also referenced. In Dalby's books, he made
allusions to himself twice on store signs (Seen in Off the Rails and Saved from Scrap) and a
reference to E.T.L. Marriott, who edited The Railway Series, in Percy Takes the Plunge on a "Ship
Chandlers" company sign. Peter Edwards also notes that he based Gordon's face on Eric
Marriot's[citation needed].
The Fat Controller (originally The Fat Director in the earliest books which pre-dated the
nationalisation of Britain's railways in 1948) was a fictional character. The Thin Controller, in
charge of the narrow-gauge trains in the books was based on Mr Edward Thomas, the manager of
the Talyllyn Railway in its last years before enthusiasts took it over in 1951.
A number of the stories are based on articles which appeared in railway enthusiast publications of
the period. The monthly Railway Magazine was a long-running enthusiasts' companion and the
origins of several stories can be recognised. The railway books written by C. Hamilton Ellis, were
another source.[citation needed]

British Railways: The Other Railway

Developments on British Railways were often mirrored, satirised and even attacked in The Railway
Series. The book Troublesome Engines (1950), for example, dealt with industrial disputes on British
Railways. As the series went on, comparisons with the real railways of Britain became more
explicit, with engines and locations of British Railways (always known as "The Other Railway")
making appearances in major or cameo roles.
The most obvious theme relating to British Railways was the decline of steam locomotion and its
replacement with diesels. The first real instance of this was in the book Duck and the Diesel Engine
(1958) in which an unpleasant Diesel shunter arrives, causes trouble and is sent away. This theme
may have been visited again in The Twin Engines (1960), in which an engine is ordered from
Scotland, and two arrive (Donald and Douglas), implying the other went to Sodor with his brother
to avoid being scrapped. The 1963 volume Stepney the "Bluebell" Engine explained that steam
engines were actually being scrapped to make way for these diesels, and again featured a diesel
getting his comeuppance. The book Enterprising Engines was published in 1968, the year when
steam finally disappeared from British Railways, and was the most aggressive towards dieselisation
and Dr Beeching's modernisation plan. It features yet another arrogant diesel who is sent away, an
additional one who stays on the Island of Sodor, a visit by the real Flying Scotsman locomotive, a
steam engine, Oliver, making a daring escape to Sodor, and Sir Topham Hatt making a declaration
that the steam engines of his railway will still be in service.
Thereafter, the books were less critical towards BR. Indeed, by the time of Christopher Awdry's
1984 book James and the Diesel Engines, the series was acknowledging that diesels could, in fact,
be useful.

Preservation movement
W. Awdry used the books to promote steam railways in the UK. The Skarloey Railway was based
on the Talyllyn Railway in Wales where Awdry volunteered. The Skarloey books included a
promotion for the Talyllyn Railway, either in the stories themselves, or in a footnote or the
foreword. Many illustrations in the books depict recognisable locations on the Talyllyn Railway,
and incidents and mishaps recorded by Tom Rolt in his book Railway Adventure were adapted for
Skarloey stories.
From the 1980s onwards, the Awdrys permitted the Talyllyn Railway to repaint one of their engines
in the guise of its Skarloey Railway "twin". The first engine to receive this treatment was No. 3, Sir
Haydn, repainted to resemble the character Sir Handel. The second was No. 4, Edward Thomas,
which became Peter Sam. In 2006 No. 6, Douglas ran in the guise of Duncan. As well as paint
schemes and names taken from the books' artwork, these locomotives are fitted with fibreglass
"faces". These characters' appearances have been written into The Railway Series by Christopher
Awdry in the form of visits by the fictional engines to the Talyllyn Railway.
Two other railways on Sodor are based on real railways: The Culdee Fell Railway (usually known
as the Mountain Railway) is based on the Snowdon Mountain Railway, also in Wales, and the
Arlesdale Railway is based on the Ravenglass and Eskdale Railway in Cumbria. Some other lines
on Sodor are heavily inspired by real lines. The Mid Sodor Railway acknowledges the Ffestiniog
and Corris Railway and the Little Western bears a resemblance to the South Devon Railway.
[citation needed]
From Duck and the Diesel Engine onwards, a number of real engines and railways were explicitly
featured. Flying Scotsman, City of Truro, Stepney and Wilbert were all real locomotives that
appeared in The Railway Series, the latter two having books dedicated to them: Stepney the
"Bluebell" Engine and Wilbert the Forest Engine. Wilbert's appearance was of particular
significance at the locomotive was named in tribute to W. Awdry, the president of the Dean Forest
Railway at the time. Christopher Awdry wrote Wilbert the Forest Engine in gratitude.
In Thomas and the Great Railway Show (1991) Thomas visited the National Railway Museum in
York, and several of the museum's locomotives were featured. At the end of this book, Thomas is
made an honorary member of the National Collection. This was mirrored by the real life inclusion
of The Railway Series in the National Railway Museum's library of railway books in recognition of
their influence on railway preservation.[citation needed]
Thomas and Victoria (2007) focuses on the rescue and restoration of a coach. Victoria was rescued
by the Fat Controller from an orchard and restored at Crovan's Gate works. She then became part of
the vintage train, working with Toby and Henrietta. The formation of a vintage train is based on the
activities by the Furness Railway Trust.[11]

Characters
Main article: List of characters in The Railway Series
The series has featured numerous characters, both railway-based and otherwise. Some of the more
notable ones are:
• Thomas the Tank Engine
• Edward the Blue Engine
• Henry the Green Engine
• Gordon the Big Engine
• James the Red Engine
• Percy the Small Engine
• Toby the Tram Engine
• Duck the Great Western Engine
• Donald and Douglas
• Oliver the Western Engine
• Trevor the Traction Engine
• Annie and Clarabel, Thomas's coaches
• Bertie the Bus
• Terence the Tractor
• Harold the Helicopter
• The Fat ControlleR