Dysphoria

Dysphoria (from Ancient Greek δύσφορος (dúsphoros)  'grievous'; from δυσ- (dus-)  'bad, difficult', and
φέρω (phérō) 'to bear') is a profound state of unease or dissatisfaction. It is the opposite of euphoria. In a
psychiatric context, dysphoria may accompany depression, anxiety, or agitation.

Contents
In psychiatry
Gender dysphoria
Related conditions
Drug-induced (dysphoriants)
In popular culture
References
External links

In psychiatry
Intense states of distress and unease increase the risk of suicide, as well as being unpleasant in themselves.
Relieving dysphoria is therefore a priority of psychiatric treatment. One may treat underlying causes such as
depression or bipolar disorder as well as the dysphoric symptoms themselves.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) categorizes specific dysphoria in the
obsessive–compulsive spectrum.

Dissatisfaction with being able-bodied can be diagnosed as body integrity dysphoria in the ICD-11.[1]

Gender dysphoria

Gender dysphoria is discomfort, unhappiness or distress due to one's assigned sex. The current edition
(DSM-5) of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders uses the term "gender dysphoria"
where it previously referred to "gender identity disorder", making it clear that they no longer consider the
gender identity to be disordered, but rather the emotional state of distress which results from the gender
identity.[2]

Related conditions

The following conditions may include dysphoria as a symptom:

Major depressive disorder (unipolar) and Borderline personality disorder[4]

dysthymia Premenstrual syndrome
Bipolar disorder[3] and cyclothymia Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
 Dysphoric milk ejection reflex Gender dysphoria
Stress Personality disorders such as borderline
Adjustment disorder with depressed mood personality disorder, dependent personality
disorder and antisocial personality disorder
Anxiety disorders such as post-traumatic
stress disorder Substance withdrawal
Dysphoric rumination[5] Body dysmorphic disorder
Dissociative disorders such as dissociative Akathisia
identity disorder, dissociative amnesia and Hypoglycemia
depersonalization disorder. Schizophrenia
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Sexual dysfunction
defined as emotional deregulation or Body integrity dysphoria
unbearable RSD "rejection sensitivity
dysphoria" Insomnia[6]
Mixed anxiety-depressive disorder Chronic pain[7]

Drug-induced (dysphoriants)
Some drugs can produce dysphoria, including κ-opioid receptor agonists like salvinorin A (the active
constituent of the hallucinogenic plant Salvia divinorum), butorphanol and pentazocine,[8] μ-opioid
receptor antagonists such as naltrexone and nalmefene,[9] and antipsychotics like haloperidol and
chlorpromazine (via blockade of dopamine receptors),[10] among others. Depressogenic and/or anxiogenic
drugs may also be associated with dysphoria.

In popular culture
Against Me! released the album Transgender Dysphoria Blues in which the lead singer Laura Jane Grace
shares her experiences of gender dysphoria.[11]

Shane Neilson released a book of poetry entitled Dysphoria (Erin, ON: The Porcupine's Quill, 2017) in
which he explores the experience of dysphoria.[12]

References
1. "ICD-11 - Mortality and Morbidity Statistics" (https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http://id.wh
o.int/icd/entity/256572629). icd.who.int. Retrieved 2018-11-11.
2. Fraser, L; Karasic, D; Meyer, W; Wylie, K (2010). "Recommendations for Revision of the
DSM Diagnosis of Gender Identity Disorder in Adults". International Journal of
Transgenderism. 12 (2): 80–85. doi:10.1080/15532739.2010.509202 (https://doi.org/10.108
0%2F15532739.2010.509202). S2CID 144409977 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusI
D:144409977).
3. Abbess, John F. "Glossary of terms in the field of psychiatry and neurology" (https://web.arch
ive.org/web/20070718050542/http://www.abess.com/glossary.html). Archived from the
original (http://www.abess.com/glossary.html) on 2007-07-18. Retrieved 2006-11-18.
4. Borderline personality disorder
5. Lyubomirsky, S.; Kasri, F.; Zehm, K. (2003). "Dysphoric rumination impairs concentration on
academic tasks". Cognitive Therapy and Research. 27 (3): 309–330.
doi:10.1023/A:1023918517378 (https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1023918517378).
S2CID 14204781 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14204781).
 6. Rosa RR, Bonnet MH (2000). "Reported chronic insomnia is independent of poor sleep as
measured by electroencephalography". Psychosom Med. 62 (4): 474–82.
doi:10.1097/00006842-200007000-00004 (https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00006842-20000700
0-00004). PMID 10949091 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10949091). S2CID 24557015
(https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24557015).
7. Chapman CR, Gavrin J (June 1999). "Suffering: the contributions of persistent pain". Lancet.
353 (9171): 2233–7. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(99)01308-2 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS014
0-6736%2899%2901308-2). PMID 10393002 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10393002).
S2CID 32348469 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32348469).
8. Lemke, Thomas L.; Williams, David A. (24 January 2012). Foye's Principles of Medicinal
Chemistry (https://books.google.com/books?id=Sd6ot9ul-bUC&pg=PA682). Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins. pp. 682–683. ISBN 978-1-60913-345-0.
9. Lowinson, Joyce H. (2005). Substance Abuse: A Comprehensive Textbook (https://books.go
ogle.com/books?id=HtGb2wNsgn4C&pg=PA648). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 648–.
ISBN 978-0-7817-3474-5.
10. Wu, Hanjing Emily; Okusaga, Olaoluwa O. (2014). "Antipsychotic Medication-Induced
Dysphoria: Its Meaning, Association with Typical vs. Atypical Medications and Impact on
Adherence". Psychiatric Quarterly. 86 (2): 199–205. doi:10.1007/s11126-014-9319-1 (https://
doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11126-014-9319-1). ISSN 0033-2720 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0
033-2720). PMID 25164199 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25164199). S2CID 6831656
(https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6831656).
11. Thompson, Stephen. "First Listen: Against Me!, 'Transgender Dysphoria Blues' (https://www.
npr.org/2014/01/12/261095666/first-listen-against-me-transgender-dysphoria-blues)" NPR.
NPR, 12 Jan. 2014. Web. 27 May 2014
12. "Dysphoria" (http://porcupinesquill.ca/bookinfo6.php?index=323). The Porcupine's Quill.

External links
Abbess, John F. "Glossary of terms in the field of psychiatry and neurology" (https://web.arch
ive.org/web/20070718050542/http://www.abess.com/glossary.html). Archived from the
original (http://www.abess.com/glossary.html) on 2007-07-18. Retrieved 2006-11-18.
"Dysphoria." Alleydog.com Psychology Glossary.
Metcalf, Matthew; Coop, Andrew (2005). "Kappa Opioid Antagonists: Past Successes and
Future Prospects" (https://web.archive.org/web/20061208221724/http://aapsj.org/view.asp?a
rt=aapsj070371). The AAPS Journal. American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists. 7
(3): E704–E722. doi:10.1208/aapsj070371 (https://doi.org/10.1208%2Faapsj070371).
ISSN 1522-1059 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1522-1059). PMC 2751273 (https://www.ncb
i.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2751273). PMID 16353947 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
16353947). Archived from the original (http://www.aapsj.org/view.asp?art=aapsj070371) on
2006-12-08. Retrieved 2006-11-19.
Read, Kimberly (2006). "What is dysphoria?" (http://bipolar.about.com/cs/faqs/f/faq_dysphori
a.htm). Your Guide to Bipolar Disorder. About.com. Retrieved 2006-11-19.

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