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Avmoy - - - - - ,,,,-- - ~ - - - - --

~x
v~

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7 -/-(H-1:)
-f 1+
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,{ ~ Lowe., c,v. l- - oi? -tr e..iv en c~ ,
-fl+ =- +t/jl-,,r cu-I:- off -f.e1"en9 . .
f3o.r,d ~)id Mi :: f H -fL •

~e_::if :-
-/tss u«le... C '=- 0 .. I)) F. , RH ~ / O/<:JL
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•
H-

L .,_ R( "'-- 171• /51-/1- _,, fiL ~ ,,7~;~/12] •

2.1T fl 1-t

':_ b • 0 l)lF J ~ L ':. I k.1L

lit : '2.~ (<Lf_L

---~ - - -
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(;)

To 5tudj .-f-1,,_ ---f..,,,,+ orda --Sarid pass ~ 1./e-. Md

-h b
O s,_r v e -tl,e --frf ve.r,cJ resfo n se..

. . _ 'rlpa_miu 5
.__;-A..,.."'-'\..A_
: -

• +und,on 3e_ne,-o.../:-or

• Cara ci tnYS

• ~e_5 is-bYS

• CRo 8.:- pmbe_s.

• 10..-tc:.h ChCJY-ds .
• Oyea_d boa.rd .
• Connecbr::5 Wrre s.
I
~:- I
j) Band f"-ss ~ 1-h is .fnrmed bj' Ca._S cn.,);":J of hgh p0-ss J, lle,,-
a.ll ou.1e.d bj low po..ss -ftl-Jey .
_!) A BPF h0-5 0- po.ss hand be.--hveen 2-- cut-- olf -teivenc.res
JH , ,f L Such fhoJ- -fH ~-f_

~ l,,J hen -1:i, e ; n puf -fre.i ven '-:J f s Ies s -tl-,an -l_+,.,_ d~ d -t,_'t,- uen'J
o? -t ' -ft,,_ 80 rn o/' -fhe. BpF inc,e o. ses -f:-o : 1-s 3 dB !eve/ . j

/-1--f--/eY- 7/ ea c h17 ~ -tr, h I f •ss lo and i1~/IO , f/-,e, a°:" of --11,,,_ /

j _/ri {€,,- fs Con s /-.nt' 'f -b :f s de s ~ne d .flJ. ·

---
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15o11d w;J ih ~ JI+ -,IL :: [~qr S-.. +

[ B• lrJ =- I'>• 1- kf+3/

~o~~
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I I

r_ , Vo
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tl:1tw, f\d ~rr

f\, t'''\Y
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r \
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Ir~ f,:/' 11 J ., ~: -i,I /; /

~) '"l f' l-)\ IP , ti },,~·- ru1,l(' /'lnl }l" f ,r(1t1'.('' f1\lr, ,111;r r,l 1; /'7/IN1f//·~

[ct•,dt• l,1,111~ ,,,1111.. f', ltn') ,

~;~ -\'r t~ '\ l V I rI IHi'1 ,ilit1•j1 l,rlf f;Jr'r ~r •ff f 11l·
1
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{I l 1 ~-: I'l'""· /,,,1;r/ r/"11;/ '

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r/) 't)r t,l/l' ~1inl1 1r• -• 1 11

l11ltv ,,("( /,,,,, t,f' /'1r11,rl /11 1; ; fill,,

1
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-Lput tr-11,enu i ov}ru g.
Urn
Av= -\t.,

I { Hi) 1/0
-
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Gk 2_.4-2 0,20,
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d -ke dbo. c k
0.. n
--- - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- -
i'e.s is /ors mv51-- be. e_i'-"' J :ll val u_e. I
: ~e.;-

i) Connect- --H,e_ c ;rcuil: as per -/he. C.i>'w;I:- d;c,.;rarn.

~ -Appl,J;nJ 8:ne. co,.ve as :npuf:- Stnl cJ amrf;J-vd~

~ Vc"(t3 ff,,_ 1''f" 1-- -fre'tenc~ :fro rn Ioo h +. /D1Hr ·

t) )Jote down -Hie.. Correspond; '3 ou+pur- l!Df ta-0es •

' G-lculak -tl,e go.;n us:cr Av d o ';; (v.10J ds .
b) ,ahula.-k -I-he. values .
:,-) 11 ot -the. 0mph be -lwaf\ -t~-r/end ard 3a.i'n .
~) J:denh fJ -i!,e_ ship band and pass band -h-om -fl-,,. d.-aph
½J ckcvc as; nj 3 dB -fr.om -/he or-io ;nal -t-e_,vency :Jjesrcns e.

' y 'Pass band ~vend is ;,ual -lo -f» I -I;_ •

JI+ - +h-ghe-r cv.t-- ol+ !r1 vencg-•
f L .- LolJJe r C.V. t- oft- 1,-6/,1/en~

~:-
D-Avoid loose.. connec.+,or0 •
~n cfea n &-- neo. l--
·
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9
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1 J..i _
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•
C, 'f"CUI L
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rnof}/)(!_ Y •

~ Observe the. 1n,ut- and 0ufrvl- vol~s [p_.,-e fuJJ-'.

4) Snitch of-.f-- -1:h~ pawe Suffl.j whr/e Comp/e-f,,0 n o f-- e'(per·menf

:) G,I cvl ak &. and pass lrcr-<5'ilJ +ram the ob ta ·red

---~e_J:en j_ -~-esf 0() s(j
 ---herefl'j )e S po() SC O f f., S ~ OY Cc rd '1!x, rd Po SS -f:./ /-c y
;s okrved-
c1ro.ph i's rloHed --Com -the. oh5ervd vo.lueS and t.nd
. --1iitc Iowe r ~ Cu I:- 0 N ie1 i£nl:J and hiJ,et Col:- - 0 rr fr C7oef/(_J •

LDwe'f Cut - oft

1 ven ~
tr 1
{ :: 19 0 Hi;
.J+ kt
0 Cut -bf+ -tr
1 vend 1i+ ::
1
l:>kH 2=:

13and l!'i iJH1 :: !H - IL - J 4 . i I k)+ 2:- .

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J).3jt :--:24/o t/ao1i

6!:J: ~- To s-lvdj 1:ht rho.5l shif je, cinva-- ond ve,;ry fl f.y

di rfe,ent vot,es J rho.se.

Af ro.hi.s ~ - Iruno,on 3e.nerC1stv--r ,
Po.AA~'
..,._ 1 • L I Cr-rJQ , OP--rA.t"lf _., LA,nrec11r:;
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.

.piO\,c 5 ' 12e sis¼r.s I e,,p0-c.i tor, 13vead boc, rd _., po"'ef .svrf "f '

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I

/t pho.se - shin- osc.i\1().-\-oT C.:,Ytvit' -Hi().t prod11ces 0. C, iM

wo.ve v tpvt . :I 1: co n,;, i sh o+ ().() i 11 ve,.-+.';J O mpl, her element svch

O
o.s o. -bo_,,,,;,sb, o,.- Cf omp wiH, ib oufut- -rd ho.ck -tn ;t; inrt
+hro~h o. pho.se shJt oe.h,,ork c.orisish'.'.; of resislm's and uircifu-,,
in a.. la.JJer nef.work. . 'fh,.se shitt O$CiUo.i-ors are. o-fkn used at

o..udio -fr<-t"'"cJ .,.,, audio osc.illa.l:-ot's

Vi ( fu;c)
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V1.V· -;::.. VfJ.IV

-Arr~ /(CL oJ

VJ,, ... V-..l

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I -/lo :: -:1 -tu.n - 1 G11f P-c)

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I VJ :; Vj _ ::: ~ ~ -::J-58 kH-c-
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r<-..t t R1 - R+ ( ft j wf<.c)
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l O\cJL \kJL (.s~rH l () .. 01µ,F - qo~

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IDkfL lk..n_ 2._. :f(/dh
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. _ \!r;.lue.s of- R_.t , 12, ,f<&--cl.

~ -ArP':J inrot vol eo-Je_ s11e_ wo..ve . w,H-i bV. /

3) Vo.,J -H,e. ~'-""c:f orid ohserve +he Fho.se ..sl,iff witt,

respecl- to -frruenc:,-,
i) No-k do wr> f11e. --Irr i,€1)'.J o.nd C.Offe.5 fOoJ; 'j f h Sf- sh,~-
0. I

~ Nok down -fl,,_ Yr wovet(fr) o.nd CLl>-V'- -1-o,rn o/1-e, r!u,se .sh;ft- I
9 Ven'!) wii-,u f'acf.10.l fh..sJh;t I: ()Jld ea.lculo.k pha9'- .shif'.-!

1Ye..ca.ut'ions ·. .-
~

i) -Avoid loose.. coooe.d:ton5 ·

9 C,nnedc -li-e c.·, rm i l- fn dean &- neo.{- man ntr,

)) Obsmre -rhe. r"f" r o.r, J ov!r,} \iol-laas ca,dvll;t

f 5 wi h h oft -Hie. power- s vpp ~ while. compk /Jon of- e;<fr irr,enl:-
5) Co.lcvlak -Hie. banJ ·p:a.ss phase -fheoretic.a!.!1 tl.nd VertEJ pro-chcalJ>
~e.svlh. -
~
r:rha.~e s h;~kr rrc.uit- r~ veri ~ed .

________ ___ - - -
,
 Atrn ! -
'"""" To pef./!o,m -the -funcf.on 0~ ompli-hr/e modvLaUM &-

Yemadvlahon and et.lso CtJ.lcula../e H1e modula-hol) :flcle.x.

~~:-
J'..
I
0 , L
KeSIStD ,..-5 .,...
"0'
.v /<
.JL
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/0 /<.-1L( ~) 1 Va.y1a.ble. '72t5j5tz.t()c.e..,

• crdforS - o.o,)).F (;i_)) O•/_µF- c,) .

• 12t!3ulal-ed Powe, 5uff'l {/2Ps) .
• hlnctron ~e ner-a. tor•
• Gn()ecl.J c.vi res
, /ro/\5,Sto'f - BCIDf

• rfube.s
• 'Breo.d haaY-d
• CR.a.
~2-

-Amp\;lude modula-lron is J,.f!ned o.s the. proms fn w/,;tl,

the Cln-rl;tvde. a+ rh(!_ Corrie.Y wave c(+) ;s 1/ar,·ed a.bout 0-.

niean value , /rne.ar Id wl /1, -11,, ba,< hand si3t1QL . -An AM

wo.ve (h "-;J -thus be. cle,cri bed , in t/i, (nos/ !J'Mra I .f,,,rr,, o.s
CJ.. ~net.on of t,me_ as ..fotJo ws .

I s (-1) A, [ I ·~ k.m rn]

-:=- Cos ol rrfcl- ]
Where ka. - -(!.,~ Arno/, lude L
1 5ensinv,'/-y o/ lh~ 1 I {
(I c nio d" a 1'.'Y .
(Jndt( M~dvla.iom r-
V',.. V\./'\... VVVV'V'-
'I\
-::, L

fr

•
l
 'J. I

5({ ') ~ Modvlol<d s,3rol .

Ac - CcnrieY- omplilvct'
f(\(t) - f"'lc>dvlal,nJ c1nal
Ac. (05~11 fc. ~ - Co.:r(if:f si3n« l

~ o.ml'li4ud<- of k.m co is o.lw~• less {'ht>(> u.n, ~ , ie1

I~m(t)/ "'I ~ 1
al/ f-. J {_ enc.v,e. ·tho.( -1:i,t -funchon /tk0 m (t)

j.., o.lwo;p r~-/rve. . f,,J/,,n ff,, omr/ifude S/'t1Sibv:1; /:a 11f ff,,.

n, f I 1 I , -/-o ma.fee kctm ({) >I -fa, o.ntJ c..arr/ey

I ,,oct~, Q n,
3

ls '°'oe eno(}n (/
Wo.ve kcome.s o11efrnodvlo.!-ed, resulh/\J .-n (l)rrdY phosc. 71eversa/_

whrneveY --tht --l'octo'( /f k.mu) cros5eS rem lhe. (Y>odula ./eA W,ve_

{i,e,(l exhd-.,;rs envelore. dts·loYtior> • the. obsolvk ,no.,xJrnum V()..fue. of

l fl) ( {) r
rnv /j, I ec/ l:,'J Joo f5 U /'e,-.,-e J --1:o Cl 5 -Ii, t Fre, l'11 fT'}OJ,, k, ft,,
fl

·w (p.trie( f.r~vt'.(1\1 +c.. ,s rn /){ h cgreater }/,an thQ h11he sl-

.frer,e,(> "J ComrMq I w of th.. messtJ r <; ~f/Q I m({ ) ' ;. e.I -fc >) w

wh{?"J'I~ w ,·s ~1<?. rnt!.Jr°f bonl wi'i II,

I-f {he condihon f., 1uA 111
<;cFh,"., ti1 "" , ertvt /ore__ ouJ t l
 ,,.,.,v
)l \~,t'A~ v,w, ~~HI 1
1 I } 11 1

fJ,1,tt;
( 6'.J. tl l , , I,) ,,,
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l'rif4.A
f vn1.,,
I.o I'/. ,. I, t. I
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Ic,c n l"'·[t' nr ,m,,./11 /nl,o,, I
•I- I I

V< modulo -l, ot'I ~-

_J ~ {<( ;::
-ft r,,.,
' (

p
➔,,,
r;fo.,z J/i

f;
f I' /61 mV
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j. ~h;ck the tUo\Cn3 of brco.d/.,o,tnd

:_. 1\.:.;d loos (: C.Jn~t-10 ru .

3 · COflf'e(t -t-h~ chcuil- ln clean~ t?e<1{ manner

,r:;e -funclro11 ~~ amrli-lud, rnodu/af;or, !.. d,modvla hon

t,uts r,-#,,rned and also ~1<> rnodul. fror, in det c.vas Cclc11lci-kd.

/ (.2 0-(l,\)v\
v ".J<}'