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LAW ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION

Police Organization and Administration

POLICE - Greek word “POLIS” which means “city-state” ^Sworn Officers – all personnel who have oath and who
and another Greek word POLITEIA which means posses the power to arrest.
“Government of the City”. ^Superior Officer – one having supervisory responsibilities,
Roman Word “POLITIA” which means “condition of the either temporarily or permanently, over officers of lower
state or government”. rank.
French word “POLICE” which means person who enforced ^Commanding Officer – in command of the department, a
the law and it was later adopted by the English Language. bureau, a division, an area, or a district.
(Note: Officer de la Paix – a French term which claimed to ^Ranking Officer – has the more senior rank/higher rank in
be the origin of the term police officer) a team or group.
*Organization – group of persons working together for a ^Career Ladder – the progression of positions in the PNP
common goal or objectives. based on the degree of authority and responsibility,
*Police Organization – group of trained personnel in the prescribing therein the entry level positions, positions
field of public safety administration. exclusive to a particular rank, and preparatory positions to a
GOAL are broad statements of general and long higher rank.
term organizational purposes often used to define the role ^Commissionship – the conferment of rank and authority. In
of each member of the organization while OBJECTIVES the PNP, it pertains to the entry into the police service as a
are specific short term statements consistent with an PCO
organization’s goal. ^Entry Positions – positions that may be occupied by PCOs
*Administration – concerned with the implementation of holding one (1) rank lower than the prescribed rank of the
objectives and plans and internal operating efficiency. said positions.
*Police Administration – the process involved in ensuring ^Key Positions in the PNP – positions of major
strict compliance, proper obedience of laws and related responsibility in a command, office, and/or unit. The key
statutes. positions in the PNP are as follows:
1) Chief, Philippine National Police
Organizational Concepts and Principles 2) Deputy Chief, PNP for Administration
*Primary or Line Functions – include such operations as 3) Deputy Chief, PNP for Operations
patrol, criminal investigation, and traffic control, as well as 4) Chief of Directorial Staff
supervision of the personnel performing those operations. 5) Directors of the Directorial Staff/Directors of DIPOs
*Staff Functions – are those operations designed to support 6) Regional Directors, Police Regional Offices
and assist in the performance of the line functions. 7) Directors, National Support Units/District Directors,
*Auxiliary Functions – functions involve the logistical NCRPO
operations of the organization. 8) Provincial/City Directors/COP's NCRPO
9) Battalion Commanders, Regional Public Safety
Kinds of Organizational Structures Battalions (RPSBs)
*Line (Oldest) - defined by its clear chain of command from 10) Chiefs of Police, NCRPO/Station Commanders; and
the highest to the lowest and vice versa 11) Other similar positions that maybe activated and/or
*Functional -responsibilities are divided among authorities created in the future in consonance with the proposed
who are all accountable to the authority above reorganization of the PNP Offices/Units.
*Line and Staff (Combination of line and functional) ^Merit – mean demonstrated superiority in capability (skills,
experience) accomplishments, service reputation,
Functional Units in a Police Organization competence, and core values manifested in the PCOs
individual police service and private life
^Bureau – largest organic functional unit within a large ^ Medal – distinctive physical device of metal and ribbon
department. which constitute the tangible evidence of an award.
^Division – primary subdivision of a bureau. ^Time-in-Position (TIP) – the minimum period required for a
^Section – functional unit within a particular division that is PCO to occupy a key position before the PCO becomes
necessary for specialization. qualified to apply for and occupy another higher key
^Units – functional group within a section where further position
specialization is needed. ^Time-in grade – number of years required in holding a
rank or grade before promotion.
Territorial Units
^Post – fixed point to which an officer is assigned for duty, Philosophy of Police Service
such as a designated desk or office or an intersection or >Home Rule – police are servants of the community.
crosswalk from traffic duty. >Continental – police are servants of the higher authorities.
^Route – a length of streets designated for patrol purposes.
It is also called “line beat.” Concept of Police Service
^Beat – area assigned for patrol purposes, whether foot or >Old Concept – police competence is based on increasing
motorized. number of arrests.
^Sector – area containing two or more beats, routes, or >Modern Concept – police competence is based
posts. decreasing number of crimes.
^District – geographical subdivision of a city for patrol
purposes, usually with its own station. Principles of Organization
^Area – territorial division of a large city each comprised of >Principles of Unity of Objective – organization is effective if
designated districts. it enables individuals to contribute to the organizations
objective.
CLE VIPs >Scalar Principle – prescribes the vertical hierarchy of
^Length of Service – period of time that has elapsed since organizations. It defines an unbroken chain or scale of units
the oath of office was administered up to the retirement from top to bottom describing explicitly the flow of authority.
^Tenure – maximum number of years in holding a position

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This principle demands the following conditions to achieve >Courts of the Star-Chamber – special court designed to try
effective coordination: offenders against the state.
a. Unity of Command – subordinate is accountable to one >Merchant Police – merchant began employing persons to
and only one immediate superior. protect their property banks employ guards and night
b. Span of Control – number of subordinates a superior watchmen were hired to watch business establishments.
can effectively supervise. >Parochial Police – dividing the people of the cities into
c. Delegation of Authority – growth of the chain of religious areas on parishes and they bond together and
command resulting in the creation of additional levels in employ their own police to protect them and their property.
the organizational structure.
>Principle of Delegation – authority delegated to all Evolution of the Philippine Policing System
individual managers should be adequate. Spanish Period
>Functional Principle – breaking up of work units to achieve >Carabineros de Seguridad Publica – organized in 1712 for
specialization. the purpose of carrying the regulations of the Department of
>Line and Staff Principle – provide an orderly arrangement State; this was armed and considered as the mounted
of functions so that objectives can be accomplished police.
effectively. The line and staff principle provides two basic >Guardrilleros/Cuardillo – body of rural police by the Royal
structures in organization: Decree in 18 January 1836.
– Line structure. >Guardia Civil – created by a Royal Decree issued by the
– Staff structure. Crown on February 12, 1852 to partially relieve the Spanish
>Principle of Balance – principles or techniques must be Peninsular troops of their work in policing towns.
balanced.
>Principle of Absolute Responsibility – responsibility of American Period
subordinates to their superiors for performance is absolute, >Americans established the United States Philippine
and superiors are accountable for their subordinates’ Commission headed by General Howard Taft as its first
activities. governor general.
>Principle of Parity of Authority and Responsibility – >On January 9, 1901, the Metropolitan Police Force of
responsibility for actions cannot be greater than that implied Manila was organized pursuant to Act No. 70 of the Taft
by the authority delegated, nor should it be less. Commission. This has become the basis for the celebration
>Authority Level Principle – maintenance of intended of the anniversary of the Manila’s Finest every January 9th.
delegation requires that decisions within the authority of >August 8, 1901 – Henry T. Allen, graduate of the U.S.
individual commander should be made by them and not be Military Academy, a regular captain but then a lieutenant
referred upward in the organizational structure. colonel of the cavalry, U.S. volunteers in the Philippines,
was designated as the first chief of the Philippine
Early Policing Systems Constabulary.
Anglo-Saxon Period >1966 – Congress enacted RA No. 4864, the Police Act of
>Tun Policing System - all male residents were required to 1966. This law also created the Police Commission
guard the town (tun) to preserve peace and protect the lives (POLCOM).
and properties of the people. >1972 – POLCOM was reorganized as the National Police
>Hue and Cry –a complainant goes to the middle of the Commission.
street and shouts to call all males to assemble. >1975 – P.D. No. 765 was enacted. This law is known as
>The Royal Judge – conducts criminal investigation and the Police Integration Law of 1975. The Integrated National
gives punishment. Police was established with the Philippine Constabulary as
>Trial by Ordeal – determining guilt and innocence in the nucleus under the Department of National Defense. The
ancient times which was based on painful test of skills. NAPOLCOM, originally under the Office of the President
was transferred to the Ministry of National defense.
Norman Period of Policing >1990 – Republic Act No. 6975 was passed on December
>Shire-Rieve System 13, 1990 establishing the Philippine National Police under a
*“Shires” a division of (55) military areas in England under reorganized Department of the Interior and Local
the Regime of France. Government (DILG). A new National Police Commission
*“Rieve” (the head-man) – the military leader (lieutenants of was created under the DILG.
the army) who is in charge of Shires. >March 31, 1991 – Gen. Cesar P. Nazareno appointed as
*“Shire-Rieve” – it is from the word Sheriff came. A person the first Chief of the PNP
which absolute powers that no one could questions his or >1998 – Congress passed into law RA No. 8551 on
her actions. February 25, 1998, otherwise known as the Philippine
>Travelling Judge – judge selected to hear cases which National Police Reform and Reorganization Act of 1998.
were formerly being judge by the Shire-Rieve This act strengthened and expanded NAPOLCOM authority
>Leges Henri – an act that was enacted during this period over the PNP to include administration of police entrance
with the following features: examination and conduct pre-charge investigation against
– Offenses were classified as against the king and police anomalies and irregularities and summary dismissal
individual of erring police members.
>2009 – Republic Act No. 9708 was extending for 5 years
– Police men were considered public servants. the reglementary period for complying with the minimum
– Police and citizens have the broad power to arrest. It educational qualification for appointment to the PNP and
introduces the system called “citizen’s arrest” adjusting the promotion system thereof.
– A Grand Jury was created to inquire on the facts of the
law. Categories of Police Operations
>Magna-Carta – laws were enacted upon the demand of *Public Safety Operation – includes Search, Rescue and
the Knights of the Round Table and forced the king to sign Retrieval Operations, Fire Drills, Earthquake Drills and
the same. similar operations that promote public safety.
*Law Enforcement Operation – includes Service of
Westminster Period of Policing Warrant of Arrest, Implementation of Search Warrant,
>Statue of Winchester – was enacted for law and order. Enforcement of Visitorial Powers of the Chief, Philippine
This law introduces the system of Watch and Ward. National Police and Unit Commanders, Anti-Illegal Drugs
>The Statute of – law prescribed the closing of the gates of Operation.
London at sundown. Mark the beginning of curfew systems. *Internal Security Operation – includes Counter-
>Justice of the Peace – 3-4 men who were learned in the Insurgency Operations, Counter Terrorist Operations and
law of the land were given authority to pursue arrest, similar operations that are conducted to ensure internal
chastise and imprison violators of law. security.

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*Special Police Operation – includes Checkpoint shall be appointed by the President. (NOTE: in no case
Operation, Roadblock Operation, Civil Disturbance shall any officer who has retired or is retirable within 6
Management Operation, Police Assistance in the months from his compulsory retirement age be appointed
Enforcement of Demolition Eviction Injunction and Similar as Chief of the PNP)
Orders, Police Assistance in the Implementation of Final -PNP Chief shall be appointed by the President from among
Court Order and Order from Quasi-Judicial Bodies. the senior officers down to the rank of chief superintendent.
*Intelligence Operation – includes Surveillance Operation, (Not exceed 4 years)
Counter Intelligence, Intelligence Research, Intelligence -In times of war or other national emergency declared by
Assessment and similar police intelligence operation Congress, the President may extend such term of office.
conducted to gather information related to security, public
safety and order. Manning Levels
*Investigation Operation – includes Investigation of Crime  Average nationwide 1:500
or Incident, Administrative Investigation and similar  Minimum police-to-population ratio shall not be less
investigative work necessary to determine facts and than 1:1,000
circumstances for fi ling cases criminally or administratively.
*Scene of the Crime Operation (SOCO) – processing of The following are the functional fields of specialization in
crime scene, technical and forensic examination of the PNP (including all units and NSUs under their
evidences and similar scientific investigative assistance. respective functional groupings):
a) DPRM – personnel administration and human resource
Department of the Interior and Local Government management; qualified officers shall be conferred Human
>DILG Sec - ex-officio Chairman of the NAPOLCOM Resource Management Competency;
(appointed by the President) b) DHRDD – training and education; qualified officers shall
>No retired or resigned military/police official may be be conferred Human Resource Development Competency;
appointed as Sec. within 1 year from the date of his c) DIDM – criminal investigation and detective
retirement or resignation. management; qualified officers shall be conferred
Investigation and Detective Management Competency;
Role of the PNP in Counter-Insurgency Functions (RA d) DI – intelligence operations and strategic management;
8551) qualified officers shall be conferred Intelligence
>DILG shall be relieved of the primary responsibility on Management Competency;
matters involving the suppression of insurgency and other e) DO – operations management; qualified officers shall be
serious threats to national security. conferred Operations Management Competency;
>PNP shall, through information gathering and performance f) DPL – strategic planning and program management;
of its ordinary police functions, SUPPORT the AFP on qualified officers shall be conferred Strategic Planning
matters involving suppression of insurgency, except in Management Competency;
cases where the President shall call on the PNP to support g) DPCR – police, community and media relations; qualified
the AFP in combat operations. officers shall be conferred Strategic Communications
>In times of national emergency, the PNP, the BFP, and Management Competency;
the BJMP shall, upon the direction of the President, assist h) DC – fiscal management and comptrollership; qualified
the armed forces in meeting the national emergency. officers shall be conferred Comptrollership Executive
Competency;
NATIONAL POLICE COMMISSION (RA 8551) i) DL – logistics and supply chain management; qualified
-Attached to the DILG for policy and program coordination. officers shall be conferred Logistics Management
-Composed of a Chairperson, 4 regular Commissioners, Competency;
and Chief of PNP as ex-officio member. j) DRD – research and development management; qualified
-3 of the regular commissioners shall come from the civilian officers shall be conferred Research and Development
sector who are neither active nor former members of the Management Competency; and
police or military, 1 of whom shall be designated as vice k) DICTM – information and communications technology
chairperson by the President. management qualified officers shall be conferred
-4th regular commissioner shall come from the law Information and Communications Technology Management
enforcement sector either active or retired: Provided, That Competency.
an active member of a law enforcement agency shall be
considered resigned from said agency once appointed to Rank Classification and its Counterpart in the Military
the Commission: Provided, further, That at least 1 of the
NAPOLCOM shall be a woman. PNP under RA AFP
-DILG Sec. shall be the ex-officio Chairperson of the 11200
Commission, while the Vice Chairperson shall act as the Director General General
executive officer of the Commission. Deputy Director Lieutenant General
General
Organizational Structure of NAPOLCOM Director Major General
 Commission Proper – composed of the offices of the Chief Superintendent Brigadier General
Chairman and four (4) Commissioners. Senior Superintendent Colonel
 Staff Services. – The staff services of the Commission Superintendent Lt Colonel
shall be as follows:
Chief Inspector Major
=Planning and Research Service
Senior Inspector Captain
=Legal Affairs Service
Inspector Lieutenant
=Crime Prevention and Coordination Service
=Personnel and Administrative Service Executive Master Master Sergeant
Sergeant
=Inspection, Monitoring and Investigation Service
=Installations and Logistics Service Chief Master Sergeant Technical Sergeant
=Financial Service Senior Master Sergeant Staff Sergeant
Master Sergeant Sergeant
Disciplinary Appellate Boards - NAB shall decide cases Staff Sergeant Corporal
on appeal from decisions rendered by the PNP chief, while Corporal Private First Class
the RAB shall decide cases on appeal from decisions Patrolman/Patrolwoman Private
rendered by the mayor, and the PLEB.
General Qualifications for Appointment (RA 8551)
Philippine National Police Organization -A citizen of the Philippines;
-Headed by a Chief who shall be assisted by 2 deputy chief, -A person of good moral conduct;
(1) for operations and (1) for administration, both of whom

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-Must have passed the psychiatric/psychological, drug and service shall be eligible and given preference for
physical tests to be administered by the PNP or by any appointment via lateral entry as Police, Fire, and Jail
NAPOLCOM accredited government hospital for the Inspectors or its equivalent in the PDEA, NBI, and other law
purpose of determining physical and mental health; enforcement agencies. (RA 11131)
-Must possess a formal baccalaureate degree from a
recognized institution of learning; Appointment of PNP Officers
-Must be eligible in accordance with the standards set by -POI to SPOIV – PNP regional Director for Regional
the Commission; Personnel or by the Chief of the PNP for the National
-Must not have been dishonorably discharged from military Headquarters personnel and attested by the Civil Service
employment or dismissed for cause from any civilian Commission.
position in the Government; -Insp. to Supt – Chief of the PNP, as recommended by their
-Must not have been convicted by final judgment of an immediate superiors, attested by the Civil Service
offense or crime involving moral turpitude; Commission;
-Must be at least one meter and sixty-two centimeters (1.62 -Sr. Supt to DDG – President upon recommendation of the
m.) in height for male and one meter and fifty-seven chief of the PNP, with proper endorsement by the Chairman
centimeters (1.57 m.) for female; of the Civil Service Commission and subject to confirmation
-Must weigh not more or less than five kilograms (5 kgs.) by the Commission on Appointments; and
from the standard weight corresponding to his or her height, -Director General – President from among the senior
age, and sex; and officers down to the rank of chief superintendent in the
For a new applicant, must not be less than 21 nor service, subject to confirmation by the Commission on
more than 30 years of age: Provided, That except for the Appointments.
last qualification, the above-enumerated qualifications shall
be continuing in character and an absence of any one of ^PNP is divided into eighteen (18) police regional offices
them at any given time shall be a ground for separation or (PRO), each headed by a Regional Director
retirement from the service. ^PNP shall be considered employees of the National
Government and shall draw their salaries therefrom.
Waivers for Initial Appointments to the PNP ^PNP shall have the same salary grade level as that of
-Age, Height, Weight, and Educational requirements may public school teachers: Provided, That PNP members
be waived only when the number of qualified applicants fall assigned in Metropolitan Manila, chartered cities and first
below the minimum annual quota: Provided, That an class municipalities may be paid financial incentive by the
applicant shall not be below 20) nor over 35 years of age. local government unit concerned subject to the availability
-Any applicant not meeting the weight requirement shall be of funds. (Note: Starting January 1, 2018, JOINT
given reasonable time but not exceeding 6 months within RESOLUTION 01 has took effect which is “Authorizing the
which to comply with the said requirement. increase in base pay of military and uniformed personnel in
the government, and for other purposes”)
Selection Criteria under the Waiver Program (RA 8551)
-Applicants who possess the least disqualification shall take Attrition System for Uniformed Personnel
precedence over those who possess more disqualifications. Attrition by Attainment of Maximum Tenure in Position
-Any PNP uniformed personnel who are admitted due to the -Chief – 4 years
waiver of the educational or weight requirements shall be -Deputy Chief – 4 years
issued a temporary appointment pending the satisfaction of -Director of the Staff Service – 4 years
the requirement waived. -Regional Directors – 6 years
-PNP member who shall be dismissed under a waiver -Provincial/City Directors – 9 years
program shall be eligible to re-apply for appointment to the
PNP: Provided, that he or she possesses the minimum Nota Bene: Except for the Chief, PNP, no PNP member
qualifications and his or her reappointment is not by virtue who has less than one (1) year of service before reaching
of another waiver program. the compulsory retirement age shall be promoted to a
higher rank or appointed to any other position.
*PNP member shall undergo a Field Training Program for
12 months involving actual experience and assignment in Attrition by Demotion in Position or Rank – any PNP
patrol, traffic, and investigation as a requirement for personnel who is relieved and assigned to a position lower
permanency of their appointment. than what is established for his or her grade in the PNP
*NAPOLCOM shall administer the entrance and staffing pattern and who shall not be assigned to a position
promotional examinations for policemen on the basis of the commensurate to his or her grade within 18 months after
standards set by the Commission. such demotion in position shall be retired or separated.

Lateral Entry – all original appointments of commissioned Attrition by Non-promotion – any PNP personnel who
officers in the PNP shall commence with the rank of has not been promoted for a continuous period of 10 years
inspector, to include all those with highly technical shall be retired or separated.
qualifications applying for the PNP technical services, such
as dentist, optometrists, nurses, engineers, and graduates Attrition by Other Means – a PNP member or officer with
of forensic sciences. at least 5 years of accumulated active service shall be
-Doctors of medicine, members of the Bar, and chaplains separated based on any of the following factors:
shall be appointed to the rank of senior inspector in their I. inefficiency based on poor performance during the last
particular technical service. 2 successive annual rating periods
-Graduates of the PNPA shall be automatically appointed to II. inefficiency based on poor performance for three 3
the initial rank of inspector. cumulative annual rating periods
-Licensed criminologists may be appointed to the rank of III. physical and/or mental incapacity to perform police
inspector to fill up any vacancy after promotions from the functions and duties
ranks are completed. IV. failure to pass the required entrance examinations
twice and/or finish the required career courses except
Section 35. Preference of Appointment in Government for justifiable reasons.
Criminal Justice and Other Government Institutions. - Any personnel who is dismissed from the PNP pursuant
Registered criminologists shall enjoy priority of appointment to above circumstances shall be retired if he or she has
and shall not be required to take any qualifying or entrance rendered at least twenty (20) years of service and
examinations (RA 11131) separated if he or she has rendered less than twenty (20)
Section 36. Lateral Entry of Registered Criminologists. - years of service unless the personnel is disqualified by law
Registered criminologists who are not in the government to receive such benefits.

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 MEMORANDUM CIRCULAR NO. 93-018 combination thereof, for a period exceeding 30 days or by
*Medal of valor – action of the recipient involving dismissal.
conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of life an
limb above and beyond the call of duty. In order to justify Internal Discipline – on dealing with minor offenses
this award, a member of the Philippine National Police must involving internal discipline found to have been committed
perform in action a deed of personal bravery and self- by any regular member of their respective commands, the
sacrifice above and beyond the call of duty so conspicuous duly designated supervisors and equivalent officers of the
as to distinguish himself clearly above his comrades in the PNP shall, after due notice and summary hearing, exercise
performance of more than ordinary hazardous service disciplinary powers as follows:
*Distinguished Conduct Medal – for acts of conspicuous -CHIEFS OF POLICE or equivalent supervisors may
courage and gallantry in the face of an armed enemy or act summarily impose the administrative punishment of
of heroism so notable and involving a risk of life so admonition or reprimand; restriction to specified limits;
extraordinary as to set him apart from his comrades. withholding of privileges; forfeiture of salary or suspension;
*Posthumous Awards – awards of medal(s) may be made or any of the combination of the foregoing: Provided, That,
following the death of the person being honored in the in all cases, the total period shall not exceed 15 days;
same manner they are made for a living person except that -PROVINCIAL DIRECTORS or equivalent supervisors may
the orders and citations will indicate that the award is being summarily impose administrative punishment of admonition
made posthumously. or reprimand; restrictive custody; withholding of privileges;
forfeiture of salary or suspension, or any combination of the
Philippine Public Safety College foregoing: Provided, That, in all cases, the total period shall
The premier educational institution for the training, not exceed 30 days;
human resource development and continuing education of -POLICE REGIONAL DIRECTORS or equivalent
all personnel of the PNP, Fire and Jail Bureaus. Said supervisors shall have the power to impose upon any
College shall be under the direct supervision of a Board of member the disciplinary punishment of dismissal from the
Trustees composed of the Secretary and the three (3) service. He may also impose the administrative punishment
bureau heads. (The structure and staffing pattern of the of admonition or reprimand; restrictive custody; withholding
College shall be prescribed by the Secretary). Note: R.A. of privileges; suspension or forfeiture of salary; demotion; or
11297 “An Act Transferring the Philippine National Police any combination of the foregoing: Provided, That, in all
Academy (PNPA) and the National Police Training Institute (NPTI) cases, the total period shall not exceed 60 days;
From the Philippine Public Safety College (PPSC) to the Philippine -CHIEF OF THE PNP shall have the power to impose the
National Police”. disciplinary punishment of dismissal from the service;
suspension or forfeiture of salary; or any combination
Administrative Disciplinary Machinery (RA 8551) thereof for a period not exceeding 180 days: Provided,
Citizen's Complaints – complaint by a natural or juridical further, That the chief of the PNP shall have the authority to
person against any member of the PNP shall be brought place police personnel under restrictive custody during the
before the following: pendency of a grave administrative case filed against him
-CHIEFS OF POLICE – punishable by withholding of or even after the filing of a criminal complaint, grave in
privileges, restriction to specified limits, suspension or nature, against such police personnel.
forfeiture of salary, or any combination thereof, for a period
not 15 days Minor offense shall refer to any act or omission not
-MAYORS OF CITIES AND MUNICIPALITIES – punishable involving moral turpitude, but affecting the internal discipline
by withholding of privileges, restriction to specified limits, of the PNP, and shall include, but not limited to:
suspension or forfeiture of salary, or any combination I. Simple misconduct or negligence
thereof, for a period of not less than 16 days but not II. Insubordination
exceeding 30 days III. Frequent absences and tardiness
-PLEB – punishable by withholding of privileges, restriction IV. Habitual drunkenness
to specified limits, suspension or forfeiture of salary, or any V. Gambling prohibited by law

Forum shopping of multiple filing of complaints – when *Provided, however, That if it can be shown by evidence
an administrative complaint is filed with a police disciplinary that the accused is harassing the complainant and/or
authority, such as the (PLEB), no other case involving the witnesses, the court may order the preventive suspension
same cause of action shall be filed with any other of the accused PNP member even if the charge is
disciplinary authority. punishable by a penalty lower than 6 years and 1 day:
Provided, further, That the preventive suspension shall not
Summary Dismissal (NAPOLCOM, PNP Chief, and PNP be more than 90 days except if the delay in the disposition
Regional Directors, after due notice and summary hearings, of the case is due to the fault, negligence or petitions of the
may immediately remove or dismiss any respondent PNP respondent.
member in any of the following cases: *Provided, finally, that such preventive suspension may be
*Charge is serious and the evidence of guilt is strong. sooner lifted by the court in the exigency of the service
*Respondent is a recidivist or has been repeatedly charged upon recommendation of the chief, PNP. Such case shall
and there are reasonable grounds to believe that he is be subject to continuous trial and shall be terminated within
guilty of the charges. 90 days from arraignment of the accused.
*Guilty of a serious offense involving conduct unbecoming
of a police officer. Strengthening the People's Law Enforcement Board
Any member or officer of the PNP who shall go on (RA 8551)
AWOL for a continuous period of 30 days or more shall be PLEB – shall be the central receiving entity for any citizen's
dismissed immediately from the service. His activities and complaint against the officers and members of the PNP.
whereabouts during the period shall be investigated and if PLEB shall take cognizance of or refer the complaint to the
found to have committed a crime, he shall be prosecuted proper disciplinary or adjudicatory authority within 3 days
accordingly. upon the filing of the complaint. (At least one (1) PLEB for
every five (500) city or municipal police personnel and for
Preventive Suspension Pending Criminal Case (RA each of the legislative districts in a city). Note: Each case
8551) shall be decided within 60 days from the time the case has
 Upon the filing of a complaint or information sufficient in been filed with the PLEB. The decision of the PLEB shall
form and substance against a member of the PNP for become final and executory: Provided, That a decision
grave felonies where the penalty imposed by law is 6 involving demotion or dismissal from the service may be
years and1 day or more, the court shall immediately appealed by either party with the regional appellate board
suspend the accused from office for a period not within ten (10) days from receipt of the copy of the decision.
exceeding 90 days from arraignment.

5
Composition and Term of Office >Entry to the IAS shall be voluntary and subject to rigid
*Any member of the sangguniang panlungsod/bayan screening where only PNP personnel who have at least 5
chosen by his respective sanggunian; years experience in law enforcement and who have no
*Any barangay captain of the city or municipality concerned derogatory service records shall be considered for
chosen by the association of barangay captains; and appointment: Provided, That members of the Bar may enter
*3 other members who are removable only for cause to be the service laterally.
chosen by the local peace and order council from among >Commission shall establish the promotion system within
the respected members of the community known for their the IAS which shall follow the general principles of the
probity and integrity, one (1) of whom must be a woman promotion system in the PNP.
and another a member of the Bar, or, in the absence >Personnel who joins the IAS may not thereafter join any
thereof, a college graduate, or the principal of the central other unit of the PNP. Neither shall any personnel of the
elementary school in the locality. (Note: The Chairman of IAS be allowed to sit in a committee deliberating on the
the PLEB shall be elected from among its members. The appointment, promotion, or assignment of any PNP
term of office of the members of the PLEB shall be for a personnel.
period of 3 years from assumption of office. Such member >Personnel of the IAS shall in addition to other allowances
shall hold office until his successor shall have been chosen authorized under existing laws be granted occupational
and qualified). specialty pay which shall not exceed 50% of their basic pay.
>Complaint against any personnel or office of IAS shall be
PLEB may ask any authorized superior to impose brought to the Inspector General's Office or to the
preventive suspension against a subordinate police officer Commission as may be appropriate.
who is the subject of a complaint lasting up to a period as
may be allowed under the law. A request for preventive Participation of Local Executives in the Administration
suspension shall not be denied by the superior officer in the of the PNP as amended by RA 8551
following cases: Governors and mayors shall be deputized as
-Respondent refuses to heed the PLEB's summons or representatives of the NAPOLCOM.
subpoena
-PNP personnel has been charged with offenses involving Provincial Governor
bodily harm or grave threats -Power to choose the Provincial Director from a list of 3
-Respondent is in a position to tamper with the evidence eligible recommended by the PNP Regional Director.
-Respondent is in a position to unduly influence the -The governor, as chairman of the provincial peace and
witnesses. order council, shall oversee the implementation of the
Any superior who fails to act on any request for provincial public safety plan, which is prepared taking into
suspension without valid grounds shall be held consideration the integrated community safety plans.
administratively liable for serious neglect of duty.
City and Municipal Mayors
Internal Affairs Service (RA 8551) -City/Municipal Mayors shall exercise operational
An Internal Affairs Service (IAS) of the PNP is hereby supervision and control over PNP units in their respective
created which shall? jurisdiction except during the thirty (30) day period
>Pro-actively conduct inspections and audits on PNP immediately preceding and the 30 days following any
personnel and units; national, local and barangay elections. During the said
>Investigate complaints and gather evidence in support of period, the local police forces shall be under the supervision
an open investigation; and control of the Commission on Elections.
>Conduct summary hearings on PNP members facing -OPERATIONAL SUPERVISION AND CONTROL shall
administrative charges; mean the power to direct, superintend, and oversee the
>Submit a periodic report on the assessment, analysis, and day-to-day functions of police investigation of crime, crime
evaluation of the character and behavior of PNP personnel prevention activities, and traffic control in accordance with
and units to the Chief PNP and the Commission; the rules and regulations promulgated by the Commission.
>File appropriate criminal cases against PNP members *Employment refers to the utilization of units or
before the court as evidence warrants and assist in the elements of the PNP for purposes of protection of lives and
prosecution of the case; properties, enforcement of laws, maintenance of peace and
>Provide assistance to the Office of the Ombudsman in order, prevention of crimes, arrest of criminal offenders and
cases involving the personnel of the PNP. bringing the offenders to justice, and ensuring public safety,
particularly in the suppression of disorders, riots,
The IAS shall also conduct, motu proprio, automatic lawlessness, violence, rebellious and seditious conspiracy,
investigation of the following cases: insurgency, subversion or other related activities.
>Where a police personnel discharges a firearm; *Deployment' shall mean the orderly and organized
>Where death, serious physical injury, or any violation of physical movement of elements or units of the PNP
human rights occurred in the conduct of a police operation; within the province, city or municipality for purposes of
>Where evidence was compromised, tampered with, employment
obliterated, or lost while in the custody of police personnel; -Municipal/City Mayor shall, in coordination with the local
>Where a suspect in the custody of the police was seriously peace and order council of which he is the chairman
injured; and pursuant to Executive Order No. 309, as amended, develop
>Where the established rules of engagement have been and establish an integrated area/community public safety
violated. plan embracing priorities of action and program thrusts for
Finally, the IAS shall provide documents or implementation by the local PNP stations.
recommendations as regards to the promotion of the -Authority to choose the chief of police from a list of five (5)
members of the PNP or the assignment of PNP personnel eligibles recommended by the provincial police director,
to any key position. preferably from the same province, city or municipality.
-Authority to recommend to the provincial director the
Organization of Internal Affairs Service transfer, reassignment or detail of PNP members outside of
>IAS shall be headed by an Inspector General who shall be their respective city or town residences; and
assisted by a Deputy Inspector General. -Authority to recommend from a list of eligibles previously
>The area offices shall be headed by a Director while the screened by the peace and order council the appointment
provincial offices shall be headed by a Superintendent: of new members of the PNP to be assigned to their
Provided, That the head of the Internal Affairs Service shall respective cities or municipalities without which no such
be a civilian. appointments shall be attested: Provided, That whenever
>Inspector General shall be appointed by the President practicable and consistent with the requirements of the
upon the recommendation of the Director General and duly service, PNP members shall be assigned to the city or
endorsed by the Commission. municipality of their residence.

6
-The control and supervision of anti-gambling operations -Provided, That the compulsory retirement of a person
shall be within the jurisdiction of local government missing in action shall be processed to allow the members
executives. of the next of kin to enjoy the retirement benefits.
-Provided, further, That should the Chief of the PNP, Fire or
Unless reversed by the President, the Commission Jail Force, as the same may be, upon the recommendation
may, after consultation with the provincial governor and of the proper authority and/or immediate supervisor,
congressman concerned, suspend or withdraw the subsequently determine that the officer or uniformed
deputation of any local executive for any of the following member concerned have been absent from duty without
grounds: authority, such member or his heirs shall reimburse the
*Frequent unauthorized absences PNP, Fire or Jail Force all such amount and allowances
*Abuse of authority received by him in accordance with this section and the
*Providing material support to criminal elements following section.
*Engaging in acts inimical to national security or which
negate the effectiveness of the peace and order campaign. Payment of Salary and Allowances to the Heirs of
Upon good cause shown, the President may, directly or Uniformed Personnel
through the Commission, motu proprio restore such -Chief of the PNP, Fire or Jail Force, as the case may be,
deputation withdrawn from any local executive. shall direct payment of the absent uniformed personnel's
monthly salary and allowances and other emoluments
Longevity Pay and Allowances pertinent thereto his/her heirs for their support for a
-Entitled to a longevity pay of 10% of their basic monthly maximum period of 1 year from the date of commencement
salaries for every five (5) years of service. of absent or when last heard from as those kidnapped or
-The totality of such longevity pay shall not exceed 50% of captured by lawless elements.
the basic pay.
Finding of Death and Termination of Payment of Salary
Permanent Physical Disability (RA 8551) and Allowances
-Certified by the NAPOLCOM -Upon the termination of the 1 year period as specified in
-Shall be entitled to 1 year salary and to lifetime pension the preceding section, the missing uniformed personnel
equivalent to 80% of his last salary, in addition to other shall be automatically terminated.
benefits as provided under existing laws. -In the event said personnel shall thereafter be found to
-Should such member who has been retired under have been alive and is not entitled to the benefits paid
permanent total disability die within five (5) years from his under the preceding sections of this Act, said benefits shall
retirement, his surviving legal spouse or if there be none, be reimbursed to the State within 6 months from the
the surviving dependent legitimate children shall be entitled discovery of the fact or his reappearance. However, if his
to the pension for the remainder of the 5 years guaranteed continued disappearance was fraudulent or made in bad
period. faith he shall, together with his co-conspirators, be
prosecuted according to law.
Retirement in the Next Higher Grade
-Be retired in 1 grade higher than the permanent grade last Creation of Women's Desks in all Police Stations and
held: Provided, That they have served for at least 1 year of the formulation of a Gender Sensitivity Program (RA
active service in the permanent grade. 8551)
-Attend to cases involving CRIMES AGAINST CHASTITY,
Early Retirement Program (RA 8551) sexual harassment, abuses committed against women and
-Any PNP officer or non-commissioned officer may retire children and other similar offenses.
and be paid separation benefits corresponding to a position -PNP shall reserve ten 10% of its annual recruitment,
2 ranks higher than his or her present rank subject to the training, and education quota for women.
following conditions: -NAPOLCOM shall formulate a gender sensitivity program
>At the time he or she applies for retirement, he or she has to include but not limited to the establishment of equal
already rendered at least ten (10) years of continuous opportunities for women in the PNP.
government service; -Any personnel who shall violate the established rules and
>Not scheduled for separation or retirement from the regulations regarding gender sensitivity and gender equality
service due to the attrition system or separation for cause; shall be suspended without pay for not less than 30 days
>Has no pending administrative or criminal case and shall undergo gender sensitivity seminar or training:
>He or she has at least 3 more years in the service before Provided, That any personnel who violates the rules more
reaching the compulsory retirement age and at least a year than twice shall be recommended for demotion or dismissal
before his or her maximum tenure in position. from the PNP.

Retirement Benefits (RA 8551) Police Personnel Management

-Monthly retirement pay shall be 50% of the base pay and Uses planning, organizing, directing and controlling of day-
longevity pay of the retired grade in case of 20 years of to-day activities involved in procuring, developing and
active service, increasing by 2.5% for every year of active motivating them and in coordinating their activities to
service rendered beyond 20 years to a maximum of 90% for achieve the aims of the police
36 years of active service and over.
-Uniformed personnel shall have the option to receive in Classical Approach – mainly focused on aspects of
advance and in lump sum his retirement pay for the first 5 organizations and ignoring the human aspects.
years. Scientific Management (Frederick Taylor)
>It is focused on methods of increasing worker productivity.
Death and Disability Benefits >Workers are motivated primarily by economic rewards
-Uniformed personnel and/or his heirs shall be entitled to all
>If workers were taught the best procedures, with pay tied
benefits relative to the death or permanent incapacity of
to output, they would produce the maximum amount of
said personnel, as provided for under this Act, and/or other
existing laws. work.
Bureaucratic Management (Max Weber)
Uniformed Personnel Missing in Action >Division of Labor based on a specified sphere of
-Any uniformed personnel who is officially confirmed competence
missing in action, kidnapped or captured by lawless >Hierarchy of authority where its lower office is under the
elements shall, while so absent, be entitled to receive or to control and supervision of a higher one.
have credited to his account the same pay and allowances >Specified set of rules applied uniformly throughout the
to which such officer or uniformed member was entitled at organization
the time of the incident.

7
>Maintenance of interpersonal relationships, because Organizing – involves the determination and allocation of
rational decisions can only be made objectively and without the men and women as well as the resource of an
emotions organization to achieve pre-determined goals or
>Selection and promotion based on competence, not on objectives of the organization
irrelevant considerations. Staffing – filing and keeping filled positions in the
Administrative Management (Henri Fayol) organizational structure.
>Division of Work – specialization can increase efficiency Directing – overseeing and supervising of the human
resources and the various activities in an organization to
with the same amount of effort.
achieve through cooperative efforts the pre-determined
>Authority and responsibility – authority includes the right to
goals or objectives of the organization
command and the power to require obedience. Coordinating – manner of integrating the different elements
>Discipline – the state of its disciplinary process depends with in or outside the organization into an efficient and
upon the quality of its leaders. harmonious relationship.
>Unity of Command Recording – system of putting what is reported into records
>Unity of Direction and the manner of classifying documents or notes within
>Subordination of Individual interest to general interest – the organization or those written communications received
the interest of employee shall not take precedence over the from outside the organization.
organization. Budgeting – management of income and expenditures
>Remuneration of personnel – compensation should be fair within the organization.
both to employee and employer.
Type of Police Policies
>Centralization – pursue the optimum utilization of the
According to Origin
capabilities of personnel.
>Originated Policy – comes from top management level and
>Scalar Chain – hierarchy of authority from top to bottom.
is intended to set up guidelines in the operation of the
>Order – material and human resources should be in the
police organization
right time at the right place.
>Appealed Policy – policy is born when problems arise at
>Equity – employees should be treated with kindness and
the lower levels of organization and the man in charge does
justice.
not know how to meet the problem; he then appeals to his
>Stability of personnel tenure – employee needs time to
superiors for and for guidance
adjust to a new job and reach a point of satisfactory.
>Imposed Policy – comes from the government in the forms
>Initiative – the ability to conceive and execute the plan.
of laws, administrative orders and rules and procedures
>Espirit the Corps – harmony and Teamwork are essential
According to Subject Matter
to effective organizations. >General Statement of Principles – policies stated in broad
Gullick and Urwick
terms, such as statement of objectives, philosophy and
>They have described the major functions of Administration
creed
in the book “The Science of Administration” using the
>Specific Rules – cover specific situations; they are more
acronym (POSDCoRB).
direct and are less flexible; more rigid in nature
>Emphasis on the principles of planning, organizing,
staffing, directing, coordinating, reporting, budgeting Police Recruitment
Recruitment – process of attracting candidates who have
Human Relations Approach – focused on the predicted maximum qualifications to be eligible for selection
patterns of behavior, thus the occurrence of the human procedure. Selection – concerned with screening out
relations movement, emphasizing the informal aspect of undesirable candidates after they have applied and
organization. appointing the best qualified.
Hawthorne Study (Elton Mayo) – suggests that when In the Philippine National Police, the recruitment
special attention is paid to employees by management, and selection of applicants who will be appointed to the
productivity is likely to increase regardless of changes by police service is the responsibility of the Directorate for
management. This occurrence is called as “Hawthorne Personnel and Records Management (DPRM). DPRM is
Effect”. Workers do not act or react as individual but as tasked in the management of PNP uniformed and non-
members of a group. uniformed personnel as individuals, manpower procurement
Behavioral Science Approach – utilizes scientific method and control and in the records management of the
as the foundation for testing and developing theories about organization.
human behavior that can be used to guide and develop
managerial policies and practices. Screening Committee
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (Abraham Maslow) Responsible for the widest dissemination of vacancies
>Maslow suggested basic classes of needs, or motives, in their respective areas, the evaluation of the applicant’s
influencing human behavior, these motives are: Biological, qualifications and the selection of the most qualified
Safety, Love, Cognitive needs, Esteem, Aesthetic and Self applicants to be recommended for appointment to the
Actualization. police service.- established at the NHQ, NSU’s and PRO’s.
>It is significant to a police manager because he will
consider human needs as a factor in making decisions PNP Recruitment Procedure (NAPOLCOM M.C. No.
which affect human relationship in his organization. 2007-009)
 Preparation and proper approval of quota allocation -
Theory X and Y (Douglas McGregor) The PNP shall prepare, through the Directorate for
Theory X – management assumes employees are Personnel and Records Management (DPRM) and
inherently lazy and will avoid work if they can and that they submit it to the NAPOLCOM for approval of the PNP
inherently dislike work while Theory Y assumes employees annual recruitment quota.
may be ambitious and self-motivated and exercise self-  Posting and publication of Notice of Recruitment
control.
Psychiatric/Psychological Examination (PPE) – to
Contemporary Approach – movement towards quality exclude applicants that may be suffering from any mental
management, theories have incorporated the influences of disorder. It shall be administered to all applicants under the
the behavioral sciences and other school of thoughts. supervision of the PNP Medical Officer and NAPOLCOM
Representative. Only those applicants who passed the PPE
Management Functions shall proceed to the next stage, the Physical, Medical and
Planning – process of selecting goals and determining how Dental Examination (PMDE).
to achieve them.

8
Complete Physical, Medical and Dental Examination NOTA BENE:
(PMDE) *Drug test shall not follow the sequential steps but shall be
*Conducted by the PNP Health Service or accredited conducted on passers only any time after the PPE, PMDE,
diagnostic centers inside the camp (mobile clinic) or outside or PAT but before the Final Committee Interview. It shall be
the camp under the supervision of the PNP Medical Officer administered by the PNP Crime Laboratory.
and NAPOLCOM representative. *Conduct of the Physical Agility Test (PAT) and Neuro-
*The tests shall determine whether or not the applicants are Psychiatric (NP) examination shall be simultaneous
in good health and free from any contagious diseases. nationwide to prevent a retake in another place of said tests
*Applicants who passed the PMDE shall be indorsed for the by applicants who initially failed on the same.
conduct of the Physical Agility Test (PAT). *Complete Character and Background Investigation (CBI)
*The items to be covered by the Physical, medical and shall be conducted on all PPE passers and must be
Dental Examination are specified under PNP Circular No. completed before the start of the Final Committee Interview.
2000 – 010. The complete CBI shall determine their reputation and
possible involvement in any questionable or criminal
Medical Standards for Police Candidates activities or violent incidents.
General Appearance
*Must be free from any marked deformity, from all parasite NAPOLCOM Participation in the PNP Recruitment and
or systematic skin disease, and from evidence of Promotion Programs
intemperance in the use of stimulants or drugs NAPOLCOM representatives to the PNP
*Must be well proportioned, of good muscular development Recruitment Screening Committees are actively involved in
and show careful attention to personal cleanliness the recruitment and selection process including interview of
*Obesity, muscular weakness or poor physique must be applicants, the PNP Neuro-Psychiatric Examinations,
rejected Physical/Medical and Dental Examination, Physical Agility
*Girth of abdomen should not be more than the Test (PAT) and Drug Test.
measurement of chest at rest There are also NAPOLCOM Representatives to the
following PNP Promotion Boards:
Nose Mouth and Teeth
• PCO Promotion Boards;
*Obstruction to free breathing, chronic cataract, or very
• PNCO Promotion Boards; and
offensive breath must be rejected
• Lateral Entry Board
*Mouth must be free from deformities in conditions that
interfere with distinct speech or that predispose to disease
Termination of Service of PO1 in Temporary Status
of the ear, nose or throat
A. Grave Administrative Offense – the following are the
*Shall be no disease of tonsils or thyroid enlargement offenses for which a PNP member under temporary status
*Teeth must be clean, well-caredfor and free from multiple maybe terminated from the police service. (Grave
cavities misconduct, Incompetence, Dishonesty, Disloyalty to the
*Missing teeth may be supplied by crown or bridgework government, Serious irregularities in the performance of
*At least twenty natural teeth must be present duties, Serious Neglect of duty, Oppression)
Genitals B. Lack of Aptitude in the Service
*Must be free from deformities and from varicole, hyrocole -Academic deficiency arising from failure to obtain a
and enlargement of the testicles, stricture of urine passing grade in the required basic training course in
*Any acute and all venereal disease of these organs must accordance with the established training rules and
berejected regulations;
Varicose veins – a marked tendency to their formation -Serious violation of training rules and regulations involving
must be rejected nonacademic matters.
Arms, Legs, Hands and Feet – must be free from infection -Possession of such habits, traits, conduct or behavior
of the joints, sprains, stiffness or other conditions, such as which, when taken on their overall context. Tend to
flat foot, which would prevent the proper and easy manifest and display an undesirable disposition or attitude
performance of duty towards the law enforcement profession.
Eyes
C. Failure to complete the required FTP
*Applicant must be free from color blindness, and must be
able to read with each eye separately from standard test Types of Police Training Program
type at a distance of twenty (20) feet 1. Basic Recruit Training – most basic of all police
*Permanent abnormalities of either eye must be rejected training. It is a pre-requisite for permanency of appointment
Respiration and is required for newly hired police officers. In the
*Must be full, easy, regular, respiratory murmur must be Philippine National Police, a newly appointed Police Officer
clear and distinct over the lungs and no disease of the 1 is required to undergo a PSBRC as a basic recruit
respiratory organ is present training.
Circulation 2. Field Training Program (FTP) – or on-the-job training is
*Action of the heart must be uniform, free and its rhythm the process by which an individual police officer who is
steady recruited into the service receives formal instruction on the
*Blood pressure: systolic, maximum 135; diastolic, 90; job for special and defined purpose and performs actual job
pulse pressure, 15 to 50 functions with periodic appraisal on his performance and
Kidneys – must be healthy and urine normal progress. As provided for under R.A. 8551, police officers
are required to undergo a Field Training Program for twelve
Physical Agility Test (PAT) - the Screening Committee (12) months (inclusive of the PSBRC) involving actual
shall require the applicant to undergo a physical agility test experience and assignment in PATROL, TRAFFIC AND
designed to determine whether or not he possess the INVESTIGATION which is required for permanency in the
police service. (NOTE: PNPA Graduates shall be
required coordination strength, and speed of movement
automatically appointed to the initial rank of Inspector via
necessary for police service
Final Committee Interview (FCI) - The Final Interview Lateral Entry)
shall determine the applicants’ aptitude to join the police 3. In-Service Training Program – or refresher training
service, likableness, affability, outside interest, program.
conversational ability, disagreeable mannerisms, etc. (Take The following are examples of in-service training programs
Note: Absolutely, no applicant shall be interviewed unless as mandatory requirement for promotion:
he/she passes through the sequential process and is • Junior Leadership Training – PO1 to PO3
declared “Passed” in all these stages) • Senior Leadership Training – SPO1 to SPO4

9
• Police Basic Course (PBC) –for senior police officers that which is required for such position shall, after six (6)
• Officers Basic Course (OBC)– Inspectors to Chief months of occupying the same, be entitled to a rank
Inspectors adjustment corresponding to the position. (NOTE: shall not
• Officers Advance Course (OAC) – for Chief Inspectors be reassigned to a position calling for a higher rank until
to Senior Superintendent after two (2) years from the date of such rank adjustment)
• Officers Senior Executive Course (OSEC) – REMEMBER:
Superintendent and above -Institution of a criminal action or complaint against a police
• Directorial Staff Course (DSC) – for Directors and officer shall NOT BE A BAR TO PROMOTION.
above -Upon finding of probable cause, police officer shall be
4. Departmental Training Program ineligible for promotion: Provided, further, That if the case
a) Roll-Call Training – instructional courses of several remains UNRESOLVED AFTER 2 YEARS, he or she shall
hours a day concerning departmental activities be considered for promotion.
-In the event he or she is held guilty of the crime by final
b) Supervisory Development, Specialized or Technical
judgment, said promotion shall be recalled without prejudice
Training – seminars or special sessions on criminal
to the imposition of the appropriate penalties under
investigation, traffic, drug control, etc applicable laws, rules and regulations.
c) Training conducted by other law enforcement units or -If the complaint filed against the police officer is for a crime
agencies including, but not limited to, a violation of human rights,
punishable by reclusion perpetua or life imprisonment, and
Police Assignment – refers to the process of designation a the court has determined that the evidence of guilt is strong,
police officer at a particular function, duty or responsibility. said police officer shall be completely ineligible for
The very purpose of police assignment is to ensure promotion during the pendency of the said criminal case.
systematic and effective utilization of all the members of the
police force. Police Records Management
Transfer – refers to a change in job assignment.
Police Officer 1s, specifically those who were Kinds of Records Management
recruited under the attrition recruitment program, after *Spindle File – Spindle, on with papers may be impaled,
undergoing the required Field Training Program (FTP), shall appeared 15th century.
be assigned with the Regional/Provincial/City Public Safety *Pigeonhole File – persons who disliked spindle folded or
Battalion/Company of their place of recruitment for a rolled their papers, wrote names or subjects of the outside
maximum period of two (2) years. and place the roll in holes in roll top desks or in a series of
After their assignment with the Regional/Provincial/City separate boxlike openings in a cabinet.
Public Safety Battalion/Company, they shall be *Bellow File – used as sorters. It appeared at about 1860.
downloaded/assigned to their respective city/municipal Each lettered compartment, the alphabetic bellows files is
police stations where they were recruited. sometimes used as sorters.
Power to make designation or assignment *Box-File – shaped-like a book and opening from the side
The Chief of PNP (CPNP), Regional Director (RD), was invented. Each box contained a set of sheets having
Provincial Director (PD), and the City or Municipal Chief of extended labels bearing the letters of the alphabet. The box
Police (COP) can make designation or assignment of the file is still popular for a limited account of correspondence
police force within their respective levels. They shall have and especially for home use.
the power to make designations or assignments as to who *Shannon File – consisted of a double side-opening arch,
among the police officers shall head and constitute various mounted on a board with a drawer front on the end. Papers
offices and units of the police organization. The assignment to be filed were perforated along the upper edge and then
of the members of the local police agency shall be in placed on the arches according to the system or
conformity with the career development program especially arrangement being used. The Shannon file was suitable
during the probationary period. Thereafter, shall be guided only for small amounts of correspondence.
by the principle of placing the right man in the right job after *Vertical File – recognized as the best method of the
proper classification has been made. majority of business records.

Police Appointment - Any applicant who meets the Classification of Records

general qualifications for appointment to police service and According to Period of Retention:
who passes the tests required in the screening procedures >Permanent Record – to be kept for not less than 10 years
shall be recommended for initial appointment and shall be >Semi-Permanent – to be kept for 5 years
classified as follows: >Temporary – no specified period but usually less than 5
- Temporary – if the applicant passes through the waiver years.
program as provided in under R.A 8551. According to Importance or Essentiality:
- Permanent – if the applicant able to finish the required >Vital Records – irreplaceable, but can be reproduced.
field training program for permanency. >Important Records – can be reproduced after considerable
Performance Evaluation - Refers to the process of delay.
measuring the performance of people in achieving goals >Useful Records – cause inconvenience if lost but could be
and objectives readily replaced.
>Non-essential Records – illegible for destruction.
Promotion – the upgrading of ranks and/or advancement to
a position of leadership According to Phases of its Life Cycle
The NAPOLCOM shall establish a system of promotion >Current Phase (Current or Active Records) – regularly
which shall be based on the following: (Merit, Seniority, and used and maintained.
Availability of vacant positions) >Semi-current Phase (Semi-current Records) – still used
but only infrequently.
Kinds of Promotion >Non-current Phase (Non-current or Inactive Records) – no
*Regular Promotion - promotion granted to police officers longer used.
meeting the mandatory requirements for promotion.
*Special Promotion – promotion granted to police officers Case Records – heart of any police records system. A case
who have exhibited acts of conspicuous courage and of records is composed of two categories:
gallantry at the risk of his/her life above and beyond the call Complainant/Assignment Sheet and Investigation Report)
of duty.
*Promotion by Virtue of Position Any PNP personnel Complaint/Assignment Sheet - This is the foundation
record of the police department.
designated to any key position whose rank is lower than
Types of Investigation Records

10
>Initial or Advance Report – advance information on a new 5. Other files– Police stations shall maintain other
or fresh case. administrative records responsive to their needs.
>Progress or Follow-up Report – result of the follow-up Miscellaneous Records
investigation of a new or fresh case.
.Final or Closing Report – complete written narration of Filing System
facts based on an exhausted investigation of the case. 1. Alphabetical – most widely used form of filing.
2. Encyclopedic Order – grouped into major headings,
Technical Report – a report on the laboratory examination
individual folders are filed in alphabetical order behind each
of the physical evidence gathered in order to supplement heading.
the findings of the investigator. 3. Chronological Order – folders are arranged by sequential
Closed Case and Cleared Case date order.
>Closed Case – when the case is no longer being 4. Geographical – files are arranged alphabetically by
investigated and is not assigned to any investigator; can geographical name of the place.
either be solved or unsolved 5. Numerical – assigning of numerical value or number into
>Cleared Case – when one or more persons have already a specific file which can be managed through the following
been arrested, charged with an offense and turned over to system: a. Serial Number b. Digit Filing
the prosecutor or court for prosecution 6. Centralized Filing – places all record series in one central
Accident Report – an investigation report regarding an locationin an office. Most useful when the majority of
accident which includes vehicular accident and damage to individuals within an office require access to majority of files
property. 7. Decentralized Filing – physically locates record series in
Daily Record of Events – a record needed to keep all different places within an office. Most useful when only one
members of the police force informed concerning police individual requires access to a specific record series.
operations, assignments, and administrative functions.
Wanted Persons Report – a report on persons who are PNP PERSONNEL RECORDS MANAGEMENT
wanted by the police. Information of persons who are As provided in the PNP Personnel Records
wanted by the police shall be flashed by means of “Notice” Management Manual of 2008, the PNP shall establish a
wanted person, accomplished in six copies, one copy to be centralized records management system and create,
sent to the PNP Provincial Director, one (1) copy to the maintain, protect and preserve records both in physical and
PNP Regional Director, one copy to be sent to PNP electronic form.
Director General, Camp Crame, Quezon City, one copy to RECORDS MANAGEMENT DIVISION (RMD) - it was
be sent to the NBI Central office, Taft avenue, Manila, the established to oversee the records management functions
original copy to be placed in the “Persons Wanted File” of of the DPRM. The RMD shall develop, coordinate and
the police station concerned, and the six (6) copies to be implement PNP-wide programs, policies and procedures for
displayed in the Rogues Gallery. Strict compliance with the creation, usage, maintenance, storage and disposition of
instructions at the back of the form is required personnel records. The RMD is headed by a division chief
with a rank of Police Senior Superintendent and assisted by
Types of Arrest and Booking Records an assistant division chief with a rank of Superintendent.
>Arrest Report – should be made out in full on each person RECORDS CREATION - refers to the act of exchanging
arrested written ideas between two (2) sources. At this point, the life
>Booking Report – list of all prisoners in custody which of the record begins. However, due to the fast pace at
contains all information regarding status and disposition which the records of PNP personnel are created, and the
>Prisoner’s Property Receipt – receipt issued to prisoners cost involved in maintaining them, a control system is
for their properties surrendered to the police upon arrest necessary.
and detention
Identification Records – records containing identification PNP Personnel File
information Also known as 201 File, is a folder containing a set of
personal records and information pertaining to an individual
Types of Identification Records member of the PNP, which serves as basis in availing of
>Fingerprint Record – heart of any identification system. service record, leave record, PNP ID, legal beneficiaries,
>Civilian Fingerprint – all persons requesting clearance authentication of photocopies, etc.
certificate or other personal identification purposes shall be a) Red, for PCO
fingerprinted using the prescribed form. b) Blue, for PNCO
>Alien Fingerprint– all aliens requesting clearance c) Green, for NUP
certificate for purposes of petition for naturalization, charge
Records Maintenance – activities involving proper
of name, oath taking for other personal identification,
handling of records, arranging them into usable filing
purposes shall be fingerprinted, using also the prescribed
sequence, using the most efficient type of filing equipment.
form. Records Disposition – systematic transfer on non-current
records from an office to any records storage area, the
Criminal Specialty File (Modus Operandi File) – consists identification and preservation of permanent records and
of photographic records and modus operandi of known the outright destruction of valueless records.
criminals • No PNP personnel or units/offices shall dispose of,
Administrative Records – records pertaining to the destroy or authorize the disposal or destruction of
personnel, as well as letters, memoranda, orders and
records or PPFs which are in the custody or under its
others that are related to the efficient administration of the
organization control except with the prior written authority of the
1. Personal Records – showing the history of each police Executive Director, National Archives of the Philippines
officer, both prior and subsequent to joining the force, is (Section 18, R.A. 9470).
indispensable. • Any PNP personnel who, willfully or negligently,
2. Correspondence File – set or records of communications damages a police record or disposes of or destroys a
classified, arranged and filed alphabetically by the subject police record shall be deemed to have committed an
to which they pertain. offense.
3. Memoranda, Orders, Policy files, etc – filed accordingly Records Security and Protection – preventive and
as they are made available. protective measures and actions undertaken in order to
4. Assignment Record – detective assignment record is safeguard records/documents in all government agencies
desirable for the effective function of the detective division. from unauthorized and indiscriminate disclosure, damage,
Other division in the force may devise a system of destruction and loss, whether records are filed in current of
assigning personnel. non-current storage area.

11
Protection of Records › Midnight Shift (11:00-7:00AM) “Dog watch, graveyard”
>Duplication – records shall be created with additional which suggests it is the penalty box of police work.
copies or duplicates depending on the needs and Least desirable of all police shift.
circumstances.
>Dispersal – records shall be distributed without additional Patrol Methods
copies or duplicates. Foot Patrol (Oldest type of patrol)
>Vaulting – vital records shall be stored in a vault. – Fixed foot patrol – is usually used for traffic,
>Evacuation – original and older records considered to be surveillance, parades, and special events
– Mobile foot patrol – is used where there is considerable
vital shall be transferred to a secure location.
foot movement such as patrolling business and
Records Protection Level shopping centers, high-crime areas, and places where
>Vital – or “top protection priority”, consists of all essential there are many or multiple family dwellings.
records considered as mission critical and irreplaceable. – Line beat patrol is used in securing a certain portion of
>Important – or “second protection priority”, consists of all a road or street
documents still considered as essential but could be – Random foot patrol is used in checking residential
replaced or recreated. buildings, business establishments, dark alleys, and
>Useful – or “lowest protection priority”, consists of all other parking lots
documents considered to be non-essential to normal Automobile Patrol (most economical) – patrol car is the
operations but inconvenient when lost. most extensively used and the most effective means of
transportation for police on patrol. It has the greatest
Police Patrol Operation and Police Communication mobility and flexibility.
Patrol division - considered the “backbone of the police Horse Patrol – next to walking patrol, the horse patrol is
department” as well as the “core of the police organization” one of the oldest types of patrol.
and the “eyes and ears of police administrators”. Dog Patrol/K-9 Patrol – great assistance in search and
Crime Prevention – anticipation, recognition and appraisal rescue as well as in smelling out drugs and bombs. “ A dog
of crime risk and the initiation of positive action to remove is capable of recognizing an odor 10 million times better
or reduce risk. (Patrol) than a human can.
Crime Suppression – approach in crime control which deals Air Patrol – improves response time to emergency calls for
with apprehension, investigation, trial, correction and service.
punishment of criminal. Water Patrol (marine/bay/river patrol) – control violators
of water safety regulations as well as to apprehend drug
Patrol Theories and gun smugglers. They are also valuable in rescue
>Theory of Police Omnipresence (Overt Operation) – high operations during times.
police visibility discourages criminals. Bicycle Patrol (Mobility and Stealth) – has long been a
>Low profile theory (Covert Operation) – low police visibility part of the patrol services of most countries throughout the
increases the opportunity to apprehend criminals. world since the bicycle was first developed.
Deceptive absence of the police officers will let criminals Motorcycle Patrol (Speed and Maneuverability) – use of
believe that they will not be detected or caught if they the motorcycle as a means of police transportation is
execute the crimes they had planned. almost as old as that of the automobile.
>Directed Deterrent Patrol – performs certain, specific, Television Patrol – was first used in police work on a
predetermined preventive functions on a planned and practical basic in West Germany. Its use was basically for
systematic basis. purposes of traffic control.
>Target-Oriented Patrol (TOP) – targeted or directed
toward specific persons, places, or events. TOP consist of Team Policing System – an attempt to integrate the police
either Location-oriented, Offender-oriented, or Event- and the community interest into a working relationship so as
oriented patrol. Combines the elements of HVP, LVP, and to produce the desired objective of peace keeping in the
DDP to identify persons, places, or events which attract or community. (NOTE: Originated in Aberdeen, Scotland)
create crime problems.
>Split-Force Patrol (SFP) – assigning one part of the patrol Duties of Patrol Supervisors
force the responsibility of conducting preventive patrol and a. In any operation, careful planning is a must in order to
assigning another part of the patrol force the task of avoid waste of time, effort and resources. Make a patrol
responding to calls for service. plan with the following details:
Proactive Patrol – alternative patrol system which means I. Area Coverage: safe haven, ambush are
the fielding of the field units in their respective area of II. as and crime-prone areas;
responsibility with prescribed objectives and verifiable tasks III. Organizational Detail of Personnel; Duration;
scheduled for the day to augment the calls and other on IV. Stand-by points; and
sight activities that makes up the officer’s day. V. Route plan
Reactive Patrol – a traditional patrol activity which consists b. Designate and select the members of the patrol team/s;
of driving around the district waiting for something to happe c. Inspect the members of the patrol for completeness of
uniforms, operational readiness and all government
Traditional Foot Patrol Patterns issued equipment (firearms, mobile car, radio, etc.) to
Clockwise Patrol Pattern (Done at the first hour) ensure that these are well-maintained and properly
Counter-clockwise Patrol Pattern (Done at the last hour) used by the Patrol Officer;
Zigzag or Free Wheeling Patrol Pattern – done by patrolling d. Conduct briefing prior to dispatch by disseminating any
the streets within the perimeter of the beat not at random orders, directives or instructions from the Chief of
but with definite target location where he knows his Police or higher authorities and new policy or
presence is necessary. guidelines being implemented by the PNP
Straightway and Criss-cross Patrol Pattern – hazard Organization;
oriented patrol. e. Remind the patrol team about the strict observance of
the PNP Operational Procedures;
Patrolling Time f. Strictly observe “Buddy System” during the patrol
› Day Shift (7:00-3:00PM) A shift devoted to service operations;
activity. Service oriented shift g. Render hourly report of location and situation through
› Afternoon Shift (3:00-11:00PM) Combined service radio/telephone/cellphone to Police Community
oriented and criminal apprehension function of MS. Precinct (PCP)/Station Headquarters Tactical
Most busiest Operation Center (TOC);
h. Render after-patrol report duly signed by detailed
personnel. PCP Commanders shall collate and submit
significant details to the Station Patrol Supervisor, who

12
 in turn, will submit the same to the Provincial/District  Critical Incident – any emergency event, whether man-
Patrol Supervisor; and made or natural, that requires the implementation of
i. Conduct debriefing after the patrol to assess its special tasks by one or more of the urgent services of
conduct and make necessary corrective measures on the government and will generally include the
defects noted. involvement, either directly or indirectly, of the
Philippine National Police. It is a crucial and rapid
Duties of Patrol Officer intervention point at the acute phase of a crisis.
a. Attend the Roll Call Formation before his Tour of Duty  Destabilization – are threats posed by the destabilizers
for briefing and likewise attend the after Tour of Duty which include military uprisings, demonstrations, rallies,
formation for debriefing; sabotage of key installations, etc, or a combination
b. Patrol the assigned beats, observe and check thereof, undertaken separately or jointly by anti-
suspicious people, structures/buildings, compounds government forces from the left and the right of the
and vehicles; political spectrum.
c. Observe and monitor public gatherings, prevent  Disaster Incident – serious disruption of the functioning
disorders and disperse unlawful assemblies; of a community or a society involving widespread
d. Inspect and/or conduct surveillance in various business human, material, economic or environmental losses
establishments and other installations and remove and
hazards to public safety; impacts, which exceeds the ability of the affected
e. Check suspicious vehicles (private, public, or community or society to cope using its own resources.
commercial/delivery vehicles) along the main roads/  Dragnet Operation – police operation purposely to seal-
highways in the course of their patrol; off the probable exit points of fleeing suspects from the
f. Report occurrences and conditions which relate to crime scene to prevent their escape.
crime, public peace, order and safety;  Electronic Blotter – computerized system that is now
g. Prevent crimes and arrest sighted law violators, being used in Davao City Police Office which was
assuring the public that peace is preserved; accepted by the courts, prosecutors’ office and the
h. Conduct regular visitations, dialogues/consultations public in general. Coordination with Supreme Court
with the residents and other stakeholders; administrator disclosed that they are amenable to the
i. Assist personnel of responsible agencies/unit in idea of using e-blotter for the PNP
facilitating the flow of traffic at busy intersections/roads  Hasty Checkpoint – immediate response to block the
within his Area of Responsibility (AOR), assist and escape of lawless elements from a crime scene, and is
provide pedestrian information such as directions and also established when nearby checkpoints are ignored
street locations; or during hot pursuit operations.
j. Enforce city/municipal ordinances on liquor  High Risk Arrest – actual restraint of armed persons
establishments and night clubs, cabarets and all following a high-risk stop.
houses of ill-repute; k. Respond to calls, entertain
 High Risk Stop – actual stopping or accosting of armed
complaints, initiate the investigation and protection of
and dangerous person or persons, aboard a vehicle or
the scene and minimize the after-effects of accidents,
on foot, including the power to use all necessary and
fires and other catastrophes;
legal means to accomplish such end.
k. Patrol Officers shall wear the prescribed patrol uniform;
 Hot Pursuit (Cross Jurisdictional Pursuit) – (also termed
and
in the US as fresh pursuit) shall mean an immediate,
l. Patrol Officers must have the equipment necessary in
recent chase or follow up without material interval for
the performance of their duty
the purpose of taking into custody any person wanted
by virtue of a warrant, or one suspected to have
Checkpoints
committed a recent offense while fleeing from one
Authority to Establish Checkpoints Checkpoint is a
police jurisdictional boundary to another that will
place where the police check vehicular/ pedestrian traffic in
normally require prior official inter-unit coordination but
order to enforce circulation control measure and other laws,
which the pursuing unit cannot, at that moment, comply
orders, and regulations. The establishment of checkpoints
due to the urgency of the situation.
must always be authorized by the Head of Office of the
territorial PNP Unit and manned by uniformed PNP  Maximum Tolerance – highest degree of restraint that
personnel. Other units directly involved in an operation may the police, military and other peace keeping authorities
establish mobile checkpoints in coordination with the Unit shall observe during a public assembly or in the
Commander in the area. dispersal of the same.
Composition  On-Scene Command Post – temporary area
 Team Leader (TL) - shall lead and take responsibility in established in the vicinity of a crime scene for the
the conduct of checkpoint preferably an officer with the purpose of coordinating all activities or actions relevant
rank of at least Police Inspector; to the investigation of the case. Pat-down Search – is a
 Spotter - PNP personnel who will point/profile “frisk” or external feeling of the outer garments of an
suspected vehicle subject for checkpoint; individual for weapons only.
 Spokesperson - TL or member who is in charge of  Police Checkpoint – location where the search, which is
communicating with the motorists subject for duly authorized by the PNP, is conducted to
checkpoint; deter/prevent the commission of crimes, enforce the
 Investigation Sub-team - in charge of investigation and law, and for other legitimate purposes.
documentation of possible incidents in the checkpoint  Pre-Determined Area – is the specific or projected spot
to include issuance of Traffic Citation Ticket (TCT) or where the armed and dangerous person or persons
Traffic Violation Report (TVR); would pass or likely to pass and so tactically located as
 Search/Arresting Sub-Team - designated to conduct to gain calculated advantage against said person or
search, seizure and arrest, if necessary; persons.
 Security Sub-Team - tasked to provide security in the  Spot Check/Accosting – is the brief stopping of an
checkpoint area; and individual, whether on foot or in a vehicle, based on
 Blocking/Pursuing Sub-Team - team tasked to block/ reasonable suspicion/ probable cause, for the purpose
pursue fleeing suspects/vehicle. of determining the individual’s identity and resolving the
officer’s suspicion concerning criminal activity.
Important Terms:  Stopping Zone – strategic predetermined area strongly
 Buy Bust Operation – entrapment technique employed sealed off, barricaded and occupied by tactical forces in
by a peace officer as an effective way of apprehending a lawful display of authority to maintain law and order
a criminal in the act of the commission of the offense or in defensive response to an event of criminal nature
or of such gravity that occurred or likely to occur calling
for a high risk stop or arrest.

13
 a. Elicitation – used to obtain information in conversation
Integrated Patrol System in the Philippines without alerting the other person to one’s special
It is a patrol concept where different patrol units of the interest in the information.
Station, barangay tanods, bantay bayan, NGOs and civilian 3. Intelligence Processing - involves the reliability and
volunteers from the community support and complement accuracy of source, such as evaluation scale:
the efforts of each other aimed to prevent the occurrence of
crime in their area of responsibility. Evaluation – critical appraisal of info as a basis for
Components of the Integrated Patrol System subsequent interpretation. The determination of intel value,
– Fixed Components. Fixed components include the pertinence, reliability as to source and credibility or truth of
Police Station, the Police Community Precincts, traffic info.
posts, and visibility points that are strategically
deployed; Reliability (CUFNUR) Accuracy (CPPDIT)
– Patrol Components. Patrol components include the A-Completely reliable 1-Confirmed by other Sources
foot, mobile, bike, motorcycle, mounted, waterborne, B-Usually Reliable 2-Probably True
and sky patrols; and C-Fairly Reliable 3-Possibly True
– Auxiliary Components. Auxiliary components include D-Not Usually Reliable 4-Doubtfully True
the BPATs, other force multipliers, non-government E-Unreliable 5-Improbable
organizations, and civilian volunteer groups. F-Reliability Cannot be Judge 6-Truth cannot be Judge

Police Communication System 4. Intelligence Dissemination and Use – consist of

Communication is the exchange of information distribution of finished intelligence to the consumers, the
between individuals, for example, by means of speaking, same policy makers whose needs initiate the intelligence
writing, or using a common system of signs or behavior. It is requirements.
the act of giving or sending information. It refers to the Types of Agent
transfer of thought or idea from one person to another. It is Agent of Influence – uses authority to gain information
the process of sharing ideas, information, and messages
with others in a particular time and place. It is the means by Agent in Place – recruited within a highly sensitive target
which command and control of police resources is Penetration Agent – reached to the enemy, gather
exercised. information and able to get back without being caught.
Expendable Agent – leaks false information to the enemy.
Police Intelligence and Secret Service Double Agent – has been taken into custody, turned around
Intelligence – product resulting from the collection, and sent back where he came from as an agent of his
evaluation, analysis, and interpretation, integration of all
captors.
available information.
Police Intelligence – product resulting from the collection,
evaluation, analysis, integration, and interpretation of all Kinds of Covert Operation
available information which concerns on or more aspects of Surveillance – covert, discreet observation of people and
criminal activity, and which is immediately and potentially places for the purpose of obtaining information concerning
significant to police planning. the identities or activities of subjects.
*Stakeout “fixed surveillance”, here the surveillant remains
Historical Developments of Intelligence essentially in one position or locale.
*Moses – earliest recorded intelligence activity could be *Moving Surveillance. The surveillant moved about in order
found on Numbers 13:17:32 of the Old Testament of the to follow the subject.
Holy Bible when . Moses sent twelve (12) scouts of the land Forms of Moving Surveillance:
of Canaan where he directed them to spy the land,the *Loose tail – employed where a general impression of the
people, their location and the nature of their cities. subject’s habits and associates is required.
*Sun Tzu – Chinese philosopher who authored the book *Rough Shadowing – employed without special precautions
“Art of War. “Know thy enemy and know thy self and you *Close tail – extreme precautions are taken against losing
will win a hundred battles” the subject is employed where constant surveillance is
necessary.
*Frederick The Great – Father of Organized Military
Casing - visual inspection of an area, installation or building
Espionage.
to determine its suitability for operational activities.
Major Categories of Intelligence
1. Strategic Intelligence – intelligence data that are not of Industrial Security Management
an immediate value. Security – state where people, institution, authority
2. Counter-Intelligence – intelligence activity which is or groups feel fully secured of feeling, free from any threat
concerned principally with the defending of the police or vulnerability from somewhere or someone in his/her life,
organization against penetration by individual and liberty, property or activity. It could be in physical,
various groups who are inimical to the best interest and psychological, social or economical form.
general harmony. Industiral Security Management – concerned in preparation
3. Line Intelligence – involves both a process and an by utilizing methods and devises to curtail or minimize loss
immediate product. to a company due to security breach.

What is Intelligence Cycle? It is a repetitive process used Major Division of Security

to produce intelligence from information. There are four *Physical Security – concern with the physical measures
steps. adopted to prevent unauthorized access to equipment,
facilities, material and document and to safeguard them
Phases of Intelligence Cycle against espionage, sabotage, damage, loss and theft.
1. Intelligence Planning and Direction- involves the *Personnel Security – starts even before the hiring of an
following employee and remains to be maintained for as long as the
a. EEI - essential elements of information person is employed.
b. OIR - other intel requirements. *Document and Information Security – protection of
c. 5W’S AND 1 H. documents and classified papers from loss, access by
2. Intelligence Collection - gathering of raw information unauthorized persons, damage, theft and compromise
needed to produce finished intelligence. through disclosure.
Conversational Arts

14
History of Security in the Philippines
>Private Security business began on March 11, 1933, when The extent of degree of risk to security will be
the first formally licensed private security agency “Special defendant on the following:
Watchman Agency” started operations; 1. Relative Criticality of Operations – importance of the firm
>Later it renamed “Jimenez Security Agency”, founded by which reference to the national economy and security.
brothers Juan and Pedro Jimenez; 2. Relative Vulnerability – susceptibility of the plant or
>On May 30 1958, the Philippine Association of Detectives establishment to damage, loss, or disruption of operation
and Protective Agency Operations (PADPAO) was formally due to various hazard.
organized;
>RA 5487 was passed on June 13, 1969 through the Types of Security Guard Force
continuous lobbying of the incorporators and officers of *Company Guard Force – operated by any private
PADPAO, which set the standards and minimum company/corporation utilizing any of its employees to guard
requirements for the operations of security agencies. its establishment.
*Private Security Agency service – belonging to privately
PADPAO – Philippine Association of Detectives and licensed agency (contractual basis)
Protective Agency Operations *Government Guard Forces –security unit maintained and
Physical Barriers – any structure or physical device capable operated by any government entity
of restricting, deterring, delaying, illegal access to an
installation. Possession of Firearms
Types of Physical Barrier (H.A.N.E.S.) *1 firearm for every 2 security guards;
1. Natural Barrier – mountains, rivers, seas, desserts or *Private Security Agency/Private Detective
terrain difficult to traverse. Agency/Company Security Force/Government Security
2. Structural or Man-Made Barrier – fences, walls, floors, force shall not be allowed to possess firearms in excess of
roofs, grill 500 units.
3. Human Barriers – person *Shotguns not higher than 12 gauge
4. Animal Barriers – animals *Weapons with bores not bigger than cal .22 to include
5. Energy Barriers – employment of mechanical, pistols and revolvers with bores bigger than cal .38
electrical, electronic energy imposes a deterrent to (Exemptions: in areas where there is an upsurge of
entry lawlessness and criminality as determined by the Chief
PNP, Regional Office or their authorized representative,
3 Line of Physical Defense they may be allowed to acquire, possess and use high
First line – perimeter fences/ barriers powered firearms. (10%))
Second line – doors, floors, windows, walls, roofs and grills  Private Security Agency – minimum of 200 licensed
and other entries to the buildings private security personnel and a maximum of 1,000.
Third line – storage system like steel cabinets, safes, vaults  Company Guard Force/Private Detective Agency –
and interior files minimum of 30 and a maximum of 1,000

Perimeter Barrier Opening

Security Hazard – act or condition which results in a
situation conducive to a breach of the protection system >Clear Zones – obstructed area should be maintained on
both sides of the perimeter barrier.
and the subsequent loss or compromise, or damage to
personnel, property or facilities
>Top Guard – additional overhang of barbed wire placed on *Movable or Portable lighting – manually operated and is
vertical perimeter fences upward and outward with a 45 usually made up of movable search or floodlights that can
degree angle with 3 to 4 strands of barbed wires spaced 6 be located in selected or special locations which will require
inches apart. lighting only for short period of time.
>Guard Control stations – normally provided at main *Emergency lighting – used in times of power failure
perimeter entrances to secure areas
>Tower Guard – house-like structure above the perimeter Types of Lighting Equipment
barriers. *Floodlights – used to accommodate most outdoor security
>Barrier Maintenance – fencing barriers and protective
lighting needs, including the illumination of boundaries,
walls should always be regularly inspected by security.
>Protection in Depth – in large open areas or ground where fences and buildings and for the emphasis of vital areas or
fencing or walling is impractical and expensive, warning particular buildings.
signs should be conspicuously placed. *Street lights – most widespread notoriety for its value in
reducing crime.
Protective Lighting – can provide improve protection for *Search lights – highly focused incandescent lamp and are
people and facilities is as old as civilization. Protective designed to pinpoint potential trouble spots.
lighting is the single most cost-effective deterrent to crime *Fresnel lights – primary used to extend the illumination in
because it creates a psychological deterrent to the long, horizontal strips to protect the approaches to the
perimeter barrier.
intruders.
3 Basic Parts of Alarm System
Types of Protective Lighting >Sensor or trigger device – emits the aural or visual signals
*Continuous lighting – designed to provide two specific or both.
results: glare projection or controlled lighting. >Transmission line – circuit which transmit the message to
*Glare projection type – used in prisons and correctional the signaling apparatus.
institutions to illuminate walls and outside barriers. >Enunciator/annunciator – the signaling system that
*Controlled lighting – generally employed where, due to activates the alarm.
surrounding property owners, nearby highways or other
limitations, it is necessary for the light to be more precisely Types of Protective Alarm System
focused. >Central Station System – control station is located outside
*Standby lighting – designed for reserve or standby use or the plant or installation.
to supplement continuous systems.

15
>Proprietary system – located in the industrial firm itself >Grand Master Key – will open everything in a system
with a duty operator. involving two or more master key groups.
>Local Alarm – system consist of ringing up a visual or
Security of Classified Matter
audible alarm near the object to be protected.
Top Secret (Green) – any information and material, the
>Auxiliary alarm – company-owned alarm systems with a unauthorized disclosure of which would cause exceptionally
unit in the nearest police station. grave damage to the nation, politically, economically or
militarily;
Kinds of Alarms Secret (Red) – any information and material, the
>Audio Detection Device – detect any sound caused by unauthorized disclosure of which would endanger national
attempted force entry. security, cause serious injury to the interest or prestige of
>Vibration Detection Device – detect any vibration caused the nation or any governmental activity.
by attempted force entry. Confidential (Blue) – any information and materials, the
>Metallic foil or wire – electrically charge strips of tinfoil or unauthorized disclosure of which would be prejudicial to the
wire is used in the doors or glass surfaces of the protected interest or prestige of the nation or governmental activity or
area. would cause administrative embarrassment or unwarranted
>Laser Beam Alarm – laser emitter floods a wall or fencing injury.
with a beam so that when this beam is disturbed by a Restricted (Black) – any information and material which
physical object, an alarm is activated. requires special protection other than those determined to
>Photoelectric or Electric Eye Device – an invisible/visible be Confidential, Secret, and Top Secret matters.
beam is emitted and when this is disturbed or when an
intruder breaks contact with the beam, it will activate the Types of Security Cabinet
alarm. Safe – metallic container used for the safekeeping of
documents or small items in an office or installation.
Lock – mechanical, electrical, hydraulic or electronic device Vault – heavily constructed fire and burglar resistance
designed to prevent entry into a building, room, container or container usually a part of the building structure used to
hiding place. keep and protect cash, documents and negotiable
Padlock – portable and detachable lock having a sliding instruments.
hasp which passes through a staple ring and is then made File Room – cubicle in a building constructed a little lighter
fasten or secured. than a vault but of bigger size to accommodate limited
people to work on the records inside.
Types of Locks
*Key-Operated Mechanical Lock – uses some sort of National Agency Check (NAC) – investigation of an
arrangement of internal physical barriers (wards tumblers) individual made upon the basis of written information
which prevent the lock from operating unless they are supplied by him in response to official inquiry, and by
properly aligned. reference to appropriate national agencies
*Combination lock – instead of using the key to align the Local Agency Check (LAC) – consist of the first type plus
tumblers, the combination mechanism uses numbers, written inquiries sent to appropriate local government
letters or other symbols as reference point which enables agencies, former employees, references and schools listed
an operator to align them manually. by the person under investigation
*Code-operated lock – can be opened by pressing a series Background Investigation (BI) – more comprehensive
of numbered button in the proper sequence. investigation than the NAC or the NAC and LAC. A through
*Electrical lock – can be opened and closed remotely by and complete investigation of all or some of the
electrical means. circumstances or aspects of a person’s life is conducted.
*Card-operated lock – operated by a coded card.(
MODERN TYPE OF LOCK) Theft – committed by any person, who with intent to gain
but without violence, against, or intimidation of persons nor
Types of Keys force upon things shall take personal property of another
>Change Key – operates the lock and has a particular without the latter consent.
combination of cuts which match the arrangement of the  Casual Pilferer - one who steals due to his inability to
tumblers in the lock. resist the unexpected opportunity and has a little fear of
>Sub-Master Key – open all the lock within a particular area detection.
or grouping in a given facility.  Systematic Pilferer One who steals with preconceived
>Master Key – special key capable of opening a series of plans and takes away any or all types of items or
lock supplies for economic gain
 Full View Fence – constructed in such a way that visual
Types of Fences access is permitted through the fence.
 Solid Fence – constructed in such a way that visual
access through the fence is denied.
Chain link fence
Types of Full-View Fence
 It must be constructed of 7 feet material excluding  The mesh openings are not to be larger than 2 inches
top guard. per side.
 It must be of 9 gauges or heavier. Barbed wire fence
 Standard barbed wire is twisted, double-strand, 12-  Barbed wire fencing should not be less than 7 feet
gauge wire with 4 point barbs spaces in an equal high excluding top guard.
distance apart.
Concertina wire fence
 Standard concertina barbed wire is commercially barbed wire clipped together at intervals to form a
manufactured wire coil of high strength steel cylinder.

16
Comparative Police System under the administration of seven Member States, and
Process of outlining the similarities and ensure that adequate steps were taken to prepare the
differences of one police system to another in order Territories for self-government and independence.
to discover insights in the field of international *International Court of Justice is the principal judicial organ
policing. of the United Nations. Its seat is at the Peace Palace in the
Hague (Netherlands). It is the only one of the six principal
Globalization – system of interaction among the organs of the United Nations not located in New York
countries of the world in order to develop the global (United States of America). The Court’s role is to settle, in
economy.. accordance with international law, legal disputes submitted
to it by States and to give advisory opinions on legal
History and Principles of The United Nations questions referred to it by authorized United Nations organs
Prior to United Nations (UN), the League of Nation and specialized agencies.
was the international organization responsible for ensuring *Secretariat comprises the Secretary-General and tens of
peace and cooperation between world nations. Founded in thousands of international UN staff members who carry out
1920 “to promote international cooperation and to achieve the day-to-day work of the UN as mandated by the General
peace and security”. The League of Nations had Assembly and the Organization's other principal organs.
58members and was powers (Germany, Italy and Japan) The Secretary-General is chief administrative officer of the
gained influence, eventually leading to the start of World Organization, appointed by the General Assembly on the
War II in 1939. recommendation of the Security Council for a five-year,
The term “United Nations” was coined in 1942 by renewable term.
Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt in the
Declaration by United Nations. The UN as it is known today, Facts about INTERPOL
however was not officially founded until 1945 when the  World’s largest international police organization
charter of the United Nations was drafted at California. The  Aiming to facilitate international cooperation with
UN officially came into existence on October 24, 1945 after actions based on human rights
the ratification of the Charter.  Leadership and Structure working closely with the
The Principles of the UN as explained in the Charter are to Secretary General of the UN
save future generations from war, reaffirm human rights,
and establish equal rights for all persons. In addition, it also INTERPOL is the world’s largest international police
aims to promote justice, freedom and social progress for organization, with 190 member countries. Created in 1923,
the people of all its member states. it facilitates cross-border police co-operation, and supports
and assists all organizations, authorities and services
Main organs of the UN are the General whose mission is to prevent or combat international crime.
Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and INTERPOL's current President is Mr. Meng Hongwei,
Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, the elected at the 85th INTERPOL General Assembly held in
International Court of Justice, and the UN Secretariat. Bali, Indonesia November 2016. Mr. Meng will serve as
All were established in 1945 when the UN was founded. President until 2020.
-1923 - creation of the International Criminal Police
*General Assembly is the main deliberative, policymaking Commission (ICPC) with headquarters in Vienna, Austria,
and representative organ of the UN. All 193 Member on the initiative of Dr. Johannes Schober, president of the
States of the UN are represented in the General Assembly, Vienna Police. Wanted persons notices first published in
making it the only UN body with universal representation. INTERPOL’s International Public Safety Journal.
*Security Council has primary responsibility, under the UN -1927 - Resolution to establish NCBs adopted.
Charter, for the maintenance of international peace and -1949 - United Nations grants INTERPOL consultative
security. It has 15 Members (5 permanent and 10 non- status as a non-governmental organization.
permanent members). -1998 – INTERPOL Criminal Information System (ICIS)
*Economic and Social Council is the principal body for database created.
coordination, policy review, policy dialogue and -2002 – 24/7 web-based communication system launched,
recommendations on economic, social and environmental significantly improving NCBs’ access to INTERPOL’s
issues, as well as implementation of internationally agreed databases and services. Canada is the first country to
development goals. It serves as the central mechanism for connect to the system. Database of stolen and lost travel
activities of the UN system and its specialized agencies in documents launched.
the economic, social and environmental fields, supervising
subsidiary and expert bodies. INTERPOL’s 6 Priority Areas
*Trusteeship Council was established in 1945 by the UN INTERPOL’s General Secretariat in Lyon France,
Charter, under Chapter XIII, to provide international provides a fast and reliable communication system that
supervision for 11 Trust Territories that had been placed links police around the globe. Its priority activities concern
 Public safety and terrorism,  Financial and high-tech crime,
 Criminal Organizations,  Trafficking in human beings, anti-corruption and
 Drug related crimes  Fugitive investigation support.
Name and Logo which stands for "Organisation internationale de police
The logo is used since 1950, comprises the following criminelle". The word "INTERPOL" is a contraction of
elements: "international police", and was chosen in 1946 as the
1. A representation of the globe, to indicate that telegraphic address. Until 1956, the Organization was
INTERPOL's activities are worldwide; known as the International Criminal Police Commission.
2. Olive branches either side of the globe to symbolize INTERPOL’s Leadership
peace; The President of INTERPOL and the Secretary General
3. The name "INTERPOL" below the globe in the centre work closely together in providing strong leadership and
of the olive branches; direction to the Organization.
4. A vertical sword behind the globe, symbolizing police
action. INTERPOL’S Governance
5. The abbreviations "OIPC" and "ICPO" above the globe INTERPOL’s governance comprises the General
either side of the sword; Assembly and the Executive Committee, which is headed
6. The scales below the olive branches symbolize justice. by the President. The President of the Organization is
The Organization's official name is "ICPO–INTERPOL". selected by the General Assembly for a period of four
The official abbreviation "ICPO" stands for 'International years. His role is to chair the General Assembly and
Criminal Police Organization'. In French, this is "O.I.P.C.",

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Executive Committee and ensure that INTERPOL’s change the way law enforcement authorities around the
activities conform to decisions made at these meetings. world work together.
General Assembly is composed of delegates appointed by Using I-24/7, National Central Bureaus (NCBs) can
the governments of Member Countries. This is the search and cross-check data in a matter of seconds, with
INTERPOL’s supreme governing body, it meets annually & direct access to databases containing information on
compromises delegates appointed by each member suspected terrorists, wanted persons, fingerprints, DNA
country. The assembly takes all important decisions related profiles, lost or stolen travel documents, stolen motor
to policy, resources, working methods, finances, activities vehicles, stolen works of art, etc. These multiple resources
and programmers. provide police with instant access to potentially important
General Secretariat – located in Lyon, France, the General information, thereby facilitating criminal investigations.
Secretariat operates 24 hours a day, 365 days a year and is
run by the Secretary General. Officials from more than 80 INTERPOL’S Notices
countries work side-by-side in any of the Organization’s four Color Meaning
official languages: Arabic, English, French and Spanish. Requests (provisional) arrest of wanted
The Secretariat has seven regional offices across the world; persons, with a view to extradition. An
in Argentina, Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, El Salvador, Kenya, RED Interpol Red Notice is "the closest
Thailand and Zimbabwe, along withSpecial Representatives instrument to an international arrest
at the United Nations in New York and at the European warrant in use today." Interpol does not
Union in Brussels. have the authority to issue arrest warrants
National Central Bureaus (NCB) – each INTERPOL in the formal sense of the word, as this is
member country maintains a National Central Bureau the domain of the sovereign member
staffed by national law enforcement officers. The NCB is states.
the designated contact point for the General Secretariat, BLUE Requests additional information about a
regional offices and other member countries requiring person in relation to a crime.
assistance with overseas investigations and the location GREEN To provide warnings and criminal
and apprehension of fugitives. intelligence about persons who have
Advisers – these are experts in a purely advisory capacity, committed criminal offences and are likely
who may be appointed by the Executive Committee and to repeat these crimes in other countries.
confirmed by the General Assembly. YELLOW Asks for help locating missing
Commission for the Control of INTERPOL’s Files
persons (usually minors) or identifying
(CCF) – an independent body whose mandate is threefold: people who are unable to identify them.
(1) to ensure that the processing of personal information by
BLACK Seeks information on unidentified bodies.
INTERPOL complies with the Organization's regulations,
(2) to advise INTERPOL on any project, operation, set of
ORANGE Warns police and other international
rules or other matter involving the processing of personal
organizations about potential threats from
information and (3) to process requests concerning the
disguised weapons, parcel bombs, or
information contained in INTERPOL's files.
other dangerous materials.
PURPLE To provide information on modus
INTERPOL’s Global Police Communications System: I-
24/7 operandi, procedures, objects, devices
and hiding places used by criminals.
One of INTERPOL’s core functions is to enable the
world’s police to exchange information securely and rapidly. INTERPOL- Issued for groups and individuals who are
The organization’s I-24/7 global police communications UNITED targets of UN sanctions against Al
system connects law enforcement officials in all 190 NATIONS Qaeda and the Taliban. This was created
member countries and provides them with the means to SECURITY in 2005 at the request of the UN Security
share crucial information on criminals and criminal COUNCIL Council through the adoption of resolution
activities. SPECIAL 1617 and implemented through the
As criminals and criminal organizations are typically NOTICE adoption of INTERPOL resolution AG-
involved in multiple activities, I-24/7 can fundamentally 2005-RES-05.

Reference:
1. https://www.un.org/en/sections/about-un/main-organs/index.html
2. Law Enforcement Administration by Ricardo Guevara and Dean Felipe S. Bautista
3. Police Patrol Operations with Police Communication System by Renato B. Sadaran, Ph.D.
4. Philippine National Police Operational Manual 2013
5. Police Community Relation Manual 2012 (Revised)
6. Revised Philippine National Police Criminal Investigation Manual 2010
7. DHRDD (2013). Philippine National Police Fundamental Doctrine. Quezon City: PNPM DHRDD.
8. Directorate for Human Resource and Doctrine Development (2014). Human Resource and Doctrine Development Manual. Quezon City: PNPM-DHRDD.
9. Republic Act No. 6975 known as the “Department of the Interior and Local Government Act of 1990”.
10. Republic Act No. 8551 known as the “Philippine National Police Reform and Reorganization Act of 1998”
11. Republic Act No. 9708 known as “An Act Extending for 5 Years the Reglementary Period for Complying with the Minimum Educational Qualification for Appointment to the Philippine National Police and
Adjusting the Promotion System thereof, Amending for the Purpose Pertinent Provisions of Republic Act No. 6975 And Republic Act No. 8551 And For Other Purposes.
12. Republic Act No. 5487 known as "The Private Security Agency Law.”
13. Presidential Decree No. 11 known as an act “Amending Certain Sections of R.A. No. 5487 otherwise Known as, “The Private Security Agency Law.’

COMPILED AND PREPARED BY APOLLO C. BATAUSA JR

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