APUNTES ADVANCED (C1)

 1.GRAMMAR
1. TIEMPOS VERBALES

PRESENT

TIME USES EXAMPLE

P. SIMPLE 1. Routine actions 1. Stefan goes to the cinema most

2. Show that a situation is regarded weekends
as permanent 2. Sarah works for a small TV
3. Repeated events company
4. To show that something is 3. Tropical storms often occurs in
always true the Caribbean
4. Two and two makes four

P. CONTINIOUS 1. to describe an action which is 1. This storm is causing damage all

happening now over the country.
2. for a temporary situation 2. I'm using Jack's car while he's
3. for changes or developing on holiday.
situations 3. The number of hurricanes is
4. always or forever to express increasing year on year.
irritation 4. The editor is always/forever
making me rewrite the articles I
submit.
*not normally used with stative
verbs (which describe a state, such
as existing or
feeling)
some stative verbs can be used in
the
present continuous when they
describe actions:
What are you having for lunch?
(Eat)

P. PERFECT SIMPLE 1. present result of a past action or 1. I can't phone for an ambulance -
event I've lost my mobile.
2. show that an event or action that 2. Thousands of homes have been
started in the past has continued built in this town in the last few
until the present years, and many more are
3. to refer to an event or action planned.
that happened at an unspeci ed 3. I've seen that lm already.
time in a period up to now 4. I've read this article ten times
4. to focus on the number of times and I still don't understand it.
an action has been repeated

P. PERFECT CONTINUOUS 1. used to refer to an event or 1. I've been writing the article all
action that started in the past morning.
and has continued until the
present. (La acción no se sabe si
ha nalizado)
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 PAST

TIME USES EXAMPLE

PAST SIMPLE 1. past events, actions or habits 1. We last experienced a tropical

* Normally used with a speci c storm only a week ago.
time reference

PAST CONTINIOUS 1. to show a continued action 1. The magazine was launched just
which was happening when when the sales of news
another action took place magazines were falling.
2. to refer to two actions 2. While some journalists were
happening at the same time in discussing the latest
the past developments, others were
watching the breaking news
online.

PAST PERFECT SIMPLE 1. used to show that an action 1. I didn't watch the programme
happened earlier than another about hurricanes on TV last
past action night, because l’d already seen
a similar programme.

PAST PERFECT CONTINIOUS 1. to refer to an action that 1. The newspaper had been losing
happened during a period so much money that the owner
leading up to another past decided to close it down.
action 2. The reporters had been
2. to show how long an action following the lm star for days
continued until a certain point in before they were able to
the past interview her.

USED TO/ DIDN’T USE TO + INF 1. to refer to repeated actions or 1. Before digital cameras were
WOULD + INFINITIVE habits in the past that are no invented, people used to take
longer the case / would take photos on lm.
2. to refer to a past state. Would 2. This used to be a very quiet
cannot be used here neighborhood.

*Used to is not normally used with

time expressions specifying
the duration of the action:

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 FUTURE

TIME USES EXAMPLE

F. SIMPLE 1. to predict the future 1. Aftershocks from yesterday's

2. to express a decision that has just earthquake will probably
been made, usually by the continue for several days.
speaker 2. I know! We'll go to the
3. to express the speaker's Science Museum.
insistence on doing something 3. We will nd somewhere better
to live - I promise you.

GOING TO + INF 1. for decisions or intentions about 1. The owner of the local
the future bookshop is going to invite a
2. for predictions about the future well-known author to give a
based on evidence, or to refer to talk.
the outcome of a process that has 2. You drive much too fast. You
already started re going to have an accident
one of these days.

PRESENT CONTINIOUS 1. used to refer to something 1. Were meeting the journalist

already arranged tomorrow morning.

PRESENT SIMPLE 1. for future events xed by a 1. The sun rises at 5.30
timetable or schedule tomorrow.

FUTURE CONTINIOUS 1. temporary actions in progress at a 1. This time next week, we'll be
particular time in the future ying to Brazil.
2. to ask about the listener's plans, 2. Will you be going out this
often to lead on to a request evening? If not, can I come
round and see you?

F. PERFECT SIMPLE 1. for actions in a period up to a 1. The oil spill will have caused a
particular time in the future lot of damage by the time the
2. for actions which will be ow from the ship can be
completed before a particular stopped.
time in the future: 2. I'll have nished lunch long
before you arrive.

F. PERFECT CONTINIOUS 1. used for actions in a period up to 1. At the beginning of next

a particular time in the future, March, I 'll have been working
emphasizing the length of time in the same job for 17 years.

TIME AND CONDITIONAL CLAUSES Used to refer present tenses If the volcano erupts, the
REFERRING TO THE FUTURE surrounding area will be badly
affected.

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 2. PARTICIPLE CAUSES

TENSE USES COLLOCATION EXAMPLE

present participle active (- 1. cause and effect; the 1. First 1. Realising the mountain
ing) participle clause, which 2. Second top was covered in
to make a statement states the cause, 3. Second mist, we decided to
where the subject is normally comes rst 4. Second turn back. (= Because
omitted because it is the 2. description of the we realised …)
same as the subject of the subject of the main 2. The volunteers arrived
main clause. The events of clause; at the clinic feeling a
the two clauses can relate 3. two simultaneous little nervous.
to each other in various events with the same 3. The woman hurried
ways: subject after her dog, calling to
4. one event happening him to come back
during another; the 4. The new volunteer hurt
longer event is in the himself (while) playing
participle football.

The perfect participle, 1. used to showt hat the 1. clauses can be in either 1. Having eaten all the
active (having -ed) event of the participle order food it could nd in the
clause happened rst. camp, the bear
wandered away.

The perfect participle, 1. action of the participle 1. First 1. Having been attacked
passive (having been -ed) clause happens before during his previous
the action of the main visit, he was very
clause. careful about where he
went.

past participle (-ed) 1. cause First 1. Ignored by the other

has a passive meaning. 2. description children, the boy
3. condition played by himself. (=
Because he was
ignored …)
2. Surrounded on three
sides by mountains,
the village rarely
enjoys much sunshine.
3. Kept in a cool place,
yoghurt will remain
fresh for a long time. (=
If yoghurt is kept in a
cool place ...)

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 3. REPORTED SPEECH

A) Tense changes: Cambiar al pasado del tiempo ( p. Simple - past simple)

*Tense changes ( Backshifting) is usually avoided:

-If the report verb is in the present tense

“I hope to visit my parents” — She says she hopes to visit her parents

-If what it is reported is still true

She said she is going to have a baby

- When the modal verbs would, should, might, could and ought are reported

“John could already have arrives” — He said that John could already have
arrived

B) Reported commands

Commands are reported using tell, order or command + in nitive

Call for an ambulance - he told me to call for an ambulance

4. PASSIVE

• PASSIVE WITH GET

The passive is sometimes formed with get, in informal spoken English

- There wasn't room on the stall for all the meals, so a few got left in the van.

If an adverb is used as part of the verb phrase, it follows be but precedes get:

-The retailer's loyalty card was nally launched in 2002.

-The retailer's loyalty card nally got launched in 2002.

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 • THE CAUSATIVE HAVE AND GET ( means that the subject of the sentence

causes the action to be done)

-With get, this structure is also used when the subject of the Sentence carries

out the action:

They needed to get the stall set up before the market opened.

-Get is used to give a sense of urgency:

Stephanie needs to get her car repaired.

-Have, but not get, can also be used to refer to an experience (usually bad) that

happened to the subject of the sentence:

Alex and Phil had the day's takings stolen.

• IMPERSONAL PASSIVES
- It+ be is an impersonal way of introducing our actitudes and feelings

It is thought that the public is losing con dence in cheques.

-The subject of the nite clause can become the subject of the passive
sentence, using an in nitive:

a) It is believed that money is a source of happiness. (passive with it)

b) Money is believed to be a source of happiness. (passivenwith the subject of

the clause - money - as subject of the sentence followed by in nitive)

• MAKE AND LET

-Make + object + in nitive with to passive:

The thieves made the shopkeeper open the safe. (active)

The shopkeeper was made to open the safe. (passive)

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 -Let + object + in nitive has no passive form. Instead be

allowed to is used:

The tutor let me leave when I had nished my essay. (active)

I was allowed to leave when I had nished my essay. (passive)

5. CONDITIONALS

TYPE STRUCTURE USE

ZERO If + Present simple, + present Facts

simple

ONE If + present simple, + will Possibility in the present or

the future

SECOND If + past simple, + would + inf 1. Sth hypothetical in the

without to present/future
2. Polite request (I would be
grateful if…)

THIRD If + past perfect, + would + Sth in the past that is

present perfect hypothetical

MIXED 1. If + past simple, (2)+ 1. Present condition, past

would + present perfect result (If Tom was a little bit
(3) more ambitious, he would
2. If + past perfect, + would have found a better job
+ in nitive years ago)
2. Past condition, present
result (If you hadn’t waken
me up in the middle of the
night, I wouldn’t feel so
tired now)

IMPORTANTE!!!!
* In fairly formal language, the conditional clause can begin with inversion of

the subject and the auxiliary verb was/were/had/should instead of using if.

- If you were to train regularly, your running speed would improve

- Were you to train regularly, your running speed would improve

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 6. INVERSION OF SUBJECT AND VERB

Inversions means having a verb, usually an auxiliary, before the subject of a

sentence (as in questions)

1. To emphasise an adverbial phrase (normally with negative meaning): only,

no sooner, rarely, seldom, hardly…

-No sooner had the tourists arrived that they noticed some giraffes in the

distance

2. To emphasise degree or amount: such, much, many, more, most…

-Little did the antelope realise that it was being seen by a big lion

3. Conditionals to make it more formal

4. If we put adverbs of time or place (here, there, out, in, now) at the beginning

of the sentence for emphasis

 2. VOCABULARY

• LINKERS

CONTRAST LINKS

Whereas Mientras que, considerando que

While Mientras

Even though A pesar de que, aunque

Although Aunque

In spite of A pesar de

Despite the fact that A pesar del hecho de que

In contrast En contraste

However Independientemente de

Contrary to Opuesto a

Nevertheless Sin embargo, aún así

Despite this A pesar de

Though Sin embargo, aunque

Conversely Lo contrario a lo mencionado antes

On the other hand Por el otro lado

ADDITION LINKS

Above all Sobretodo

Additionally Adicionalmente

As well as Además de, así como también

Besides Además, aparte de

Finally Finalmente

Firstly En primer lugar

For a start Para empezar, por ahora

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 ADDITION LINKS

Furthermore Es más, además

In addition Además, adicionalmente

In the rst place En primer lugar

Last but not least Lo último pero no por ello menos importante

Lastly Por último

More importantly Más importante

Most importantly Lo más importante

Moreover Además

On top of that Como si esto fuera poco, encima, además

Secondly En segundo lugar

To begin with Para empezar con

What’s more Además

Worse still Peor aún, incluso peor

PURPOSE LINKS

In order to Con el n de

So Por lo que

To not/to Para/ Para no

So as to/ So as not to Con el objetivo de / Con el objetivo de no

With a view to Con el objetivo de

RESULT LINKS

As a result Como resultado, consecuencia

For that reason Por ese motivo

Consequently Consecuentemente

In consequence En consecuencia

Such as Así que

So Así que, por lo que

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 RESULT LINKS

Otherwise De otro modo

On account of Debido a

Owing Debido a

In view of Visto que

• PHRASAL VERBS

PHRASAL VERB MEANING

DIED OUT Extinguirse

DEAL WITH Lidiar con

DROPPED OFF Quedarse dormido de repente

DROPPED OUT Abandonar/Rendirse

ENDED UP Acabar haciendo algo o en algún lugar

FIDDLES WITH Tocar o mover sin un propósito

FIT IN Sentirse aceptado, cómodo

GO FOR Elegir
Ir a algún sitio a tomar algo

WENT OFF Hacer un ruido, empezar a funcionar

HEAD FOR Ir hacia algún sitio

KEEP UP WITH Mantener la misma velocidad o ritmo que

alguien

ACT ON SB’S ADVICE Seguir una recomendación

BACK UP Guardar una copia

BE UP TO Hacer algo (algunas veces algo que no se

debe hacer)

BREAK UP Dividir en trozos

CALL FOR Protestar, demandar

CALL OFF Cancelar

CLUTTER UP Llenar de porquerías, trastos

CAME ACROSS Toparse, encontrarse con

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 PHRASAL VERB MEANING

CAME ROUND Dejarse caer

Recobrar la consciencia

COPE WITH Superar, salir adelante

DROP OFF Dar una cabezada

Enviar algo (objeto)

CALL ON Recurrir a
Acudir a

CATCH ON Captar
Comprender
Captar la atención, interés

COME ON Vamos, vente, dale!!

Coquetear

DRAW ON Aprovechar
Valerse de
Acudir a
Usar
Apoyarse en

MOVE ON Seguir adelante

Pasar a

RUN ON Seguir
Funcionar con

STAY ON Quedarse

TAKE ON Hacerse cargo de

Enfrentarse a
Competir con alguien

GET OUT Salir

Escapar
¡fuera de aquí!

START OUT Empezar, comenzar

SELL OUT Agotarse, liquidar, éxito de venta

TRY OUT Probar

SPLASH OUT ON Tirar la casa por la ventana (gastar una suma

de dinero exagerada)

CHECK OUT Veri car, comprobar

LOOK UP TO Admirar, respetar

FALL OUT WITH Enemistarse con

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PHRASAL VERB MEANING

CUT DOWN ON Reducir

STAY AWAY FROM Alejarse de

GET OUT OF Salir de, escaparse de

GET UP TO Hacer algo

LED UP TO Dar lugar a, anteceder

PUT DOWN TO Atribuir a

TAKE UP Comenzar, empezar a hacer algo

BRING OUT Enfatizar, resaltar, lanzar (una canción, disco)

PUT SB UP Alojar a un invitado

DO WITH Adquirir algo que deseas

TAKE OFF Robar, salir corriendo

BRING UP Mencionar algo, vomitar

• FOREIGN WORDS AND PHRASES (FORMAL)

AD HOC Según sea necesario

AD INFINITUM Una y otra vez

AD NAUSEAM Sin parar de hablar sobre algo aburrido

BÊTE NOIRE Molestia

BONA FIDE Real, genuino

CARTE BLANCHE Libertad, permiso para hacer algo

DÉJÀ VU

FAUX PAS Algo vergonzoso (acto)

PER ANNUM Cada año

PER Para, por

SIC Exactamente como fue escrito o dicho

(The) STATUS QUO La misma situación, las cosas como están

RES PUBLICA El estado (país, gobierno)

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 • IDIOMS
- Idioms with EYE

Catch someone’s eye Captar la atención de alguien

Turn a blind eye to Ignorar una mala acción

See eye to eye Estar de acuerdo con alguien

Keep an eye on Cuidar de

In the public eye En el punto de mira, atención

- Idioms with KEEP

Keep sb’s word Mantener la palabra

Keep cool Mantener la calma

Keep an eye out for Estar alerta

To keep a low pro le Pasar desapercibido

Keep track of Mantenerse al tanto de algo

Keep sb posted Mantener informado a

To keep a straight face Mantener la seriedad

Keep ngers crossed Cruzar los dedos (suerte)

- Idioms NATURE

Play with re Tomar riesgos

Down to earth Sensato y práctico

Over the moon Asombrado, embobado por algo

Out of the blue Inesperado

A drop in the ocean Cantidad pequeña comparada con la que es

necesaria

A breath of fresh air Nuevo, diferente y excitante

The tip of the iceberg Una pequeña parte de un gran problema

Keep your head above the water Tener el dinero justo para sobrevivir

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 • TOPICS
- MONEY

Save money (for) Ahorrar (para)

Keep your money Guardar tu dinero en (banco, etc.)

Credit card Tarjeta de crédito

Fraud Fraude

Mistankenly Por error

Income Ingreso

To earn Ganar

Cash Dinero en efectivo

A tip Propina

Loan Deuda

Mortgage Hipoteca

Grant Beca

Break even Equilibrado, no tener deudas ni ganancias

Af uent Rico, próspero

Overdrawn Descubierto bancario, sacar más dinero del

que se tiene

Bankrupt Bancarrota

To make ends meet No tener deudas, pagar todo lo adeudado

The gross Sin impuestos (net: con impuestos)

Rip-off Timo, estafa

- HUMOUR

Sharp sense of humor / witty Humor rápido e inteligente

A joke’s a joke Un chiste es un chiste, ya estás cansado

A real laugh Un evento o persona muy gracioso

The butt of the joke La persona sobre la que se hacen chistes

Funny peculiar or funny ha-ha? Extraño o gracioso?

It’s gone beyond a joke Te estas pasando con la broma

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 Poke fun at people Señalar algo de alguien (burla)

A sick joke Chistes sobre temas como enfermedades…

Only having a laugh Cuando se hace un chiste y no se pilla

See the funny side Ver el lado positivo de una situación negativa

- EDUCATION

To cram Apiñar, embutir, meter muchas cosas (info) en

poco espacio o tiempo

Finals Examenes nales

State school Escuela pública

Private school Escuela privada

To stream Dividir, separar

To be fast tracked Acelerar, pasar de curso

Vocacional subject Asignaturas prácticas

Academic subject Asignaturas teóricas

Go blank Quedarse en blanco

Sailed through Bordar un examen

To be gifted Dotado, talentoso

Top of the class El mejor de la clase

All-rounder Polifacético, versátil

Child prodigies Niños prodigio

Whizz kid Niño prodigio

- SCIENCE

Analysis Análisis

Approach Enfoque

Concept Concepto

Criteria Criterio

Deduction Deducción

Evaluation Evaluación

Factors Factores

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 Feautures Atributos, aspectos (forma, color…)

Hypothesis Hipótesis

Method Métodos

Principle Principio

Procedure Procedimiento

Relevance Relevancia

Signi cance Signi cación

Theory Teoría

Variables Variables

- TRADITIONS

Applause Aplauso, elogio, alabanza

Celebrations Celebraciones

Ceremony Ceremonia

Costumes Disfraz, vestuario

Gathering Reunión, esta

Feast Banquete, festín

Itinerary Itinerario

Onlookers Espectadores

Parade Des le, procesión

Participants Participante

Procession Procesión

Rehearsal Ensayo, práctica

Speeches Discursos

Volunteers Voluntarios

- SPORTS

Dislocate Dislocar

Fracture Fractura

Sprain Rozadura

Tear Desgarro

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 Twist Torcer

Aches Doler

Blister Ampolla

Bruises Moratón

Soreness Dolor de la piel

Swelling Hinchado

Warm up Calentar

Cold down Enfriar

- ENVIROMENT (topic 7 green issues + pig 58)

Commuters Persona que viaja a diario entre su casa y

trabajo

Congestion Atasco, congestión

Fuel consumption Consumo de gasolina

Gridlock Atasco

Car horn claxon

Car occupancy Alquiler de coches

Jams Atascos

Rush hour Hora punta

Smog Niebla tóxica

Exhaust fumes Gases de escape, tóxicos

carbon emissions Emisiones de carbono

Climate change Cambio climático

Drought conditions Condiciones de sequía

Endangered species Especies en peligro de extinción

Forest res Incendios forestales

Rainforest clearance Deforestación

Global warming Calentamiento global

Rising sea-levels Aumento de los niveles del mar

Melting icecaps Derretimiento de los casquetes polares

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 - WORK

Appoint Nombrar, designar a alguien como…

Be employed Estar empleado

Dismiss (from) Despedir

Fill a position Ocupar una posición

Fire Despedir a alguien

Hire Contratar, alquilar

Go into Entrar en

Hold down a job Mantener un trabajo, durar

Lay off Prescindir de, despedir

Let go Despedir

Make redundant Despedir, echar

On bene ts Con bene cios

Out of a job Despedir

Recruit Contratar, reclutar

Resign Renunciar

Retire Retirarse

Sack Despedir (informal)

Serve Servir

Step down Dejar el cargo, ceder el puesto

Take on Hacerse cargo de

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 3. WRITTING

REPORT (mirar expresiones pág 22)

REVIEW (mirar admirar y criticar pág. 54)

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4. SPEAKING

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