NCM 111 A – NURSING RESEARCH often needs a scientific underpinning from various

MIDTERMS disciplines. methods from several fields

RESEARCH AGENDA
NURSING RESEARCH
A research agenda allows a conventional way of
In the field of nursing, nursing research is a systematic summarizing specific issues and ideas of different
inquiry used by nurses that validates and enhances groups in any field of study. It serves as a guide as to
existing knowledge and generate new information and what issues to tackle first and what issues can be
concepts that established our theories. postponed until another time. Research agendas are
Grove and Gray (2019) described nursing research as a adaptive in a way that its contents can be modified
systematic procedure that confirms and enhance according to priorities.
existing knowledge and creates a new knowledge that The National Unified Health Research Agenda or
directly and indirectly impacts clinical nursing practice. commonly called as NUHRA is a vital document created
Similarly, Polit and Beck (2006) came out with their by the Research Agenda Committee (RAC) of the
definition of nursing research as a scientific exploration Philippine National Health Research System (PNHRS). It
intended to established knowledge about important is the template for health research and development
nursing profession issues in the nursing practice, efforts.
education, administration, and informatics. The PNHRS launched the NUHRA in September 2006 to
• Nursing research can be a basis to test knowledge serve as a guide in the country’s template for health
and serve as a guide to nursing practice through research and development addressing some topics that
examining questions and validating interventions needs to be addressed in a 5-year scope. It is regularly
based on human practices (Martinez; National updated through a mid-year period of the 5-year
Center for Nursing Research, 1998). agenda to account for the current developments.
• Lastly, the Philippine Nurses Association The College of Nursing Research Agenda as guided by
committee on research stated that research is a the National Higher Education Research Agenda
true scientific investigation designed for the (NHERA), is based on the shared vision of the Regional
purpose of learning new facts or to create new Unified Health Research Agenda (RUHRA) and the
relations amongst the existing facts to contribute NUHRA of PNHRS and Philippine Council for Health
in the current knowledge and can lead to an Research and Development (PCHRD) under
effective solution of the current problem. Careful Department of Science and Technology (DOST). These
critical thinking should be taken into are all incorporated in the Western Mindanao State
consideration in revising the accepted University (WMSU) Research and Development
conclusions, previous concepts and established Agenda.
principles.
• Through nursing research, the lifespan, people REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
with health problems and disabilities have A literature review is intended to provide a summary of
improved. It also helped in the ability of the sources you have searched while probing a certain
individuals in responding effectively to actual or topic and to show to your readers how your research
potential health problems (Institute of Medicine, study is relevant within an extensive discipline of study.
1983). It includes examining of books, pedagogical articles and
• The importance of nursing research also balances of sources that is relevant to a particular topic, concept
or help in the biomedical researches whose or theory and other areas of research that will provide
concerned with the causes and treatments of a detail, encapsulation and evaluation of the whole
diseases. Through these researches, life thing in regard to the problem being explored (Fink,
expectancy has improved especially those 2014).
suffering from serious injuries or terminal illness.
• There are various types of nursing researches A literature review provides a summary of present
made in order to improve clinical interventions to information, allowing you to recognize pertinent
help those who require nursing care. Nursing concepts, processes and differences in the existing
research is complex and being broad in scope research. Bueno (2016) stated that literature reviews
consists articles taken from books, magazines, journals
and other forms while related studies are lifted from 2. Develop and coordinate funded research
published and unpublished theses/dissertations programs
research journals.
NURSING RESEARCH PRIORITIES
Writing a literature review or related studies involves
looking into relevant books or journal articles and To Improve:
critically analyzing them and at the same time - Nursing as a profession
explaining the findings. In doing so, McCombes (2020) - Nursing practice
suggested that there are five steps in writing a - Patient outcomes
literature review and these are:
Importance of Research in Nursing
1. Search for interrelated studies
-EBP increases the need or importance for
2. Evaluate references nursing research
- EBP demands high quality/rigorous nursing
3. Identify common ideas, disputes and differences
research
4. Outline the framework - EBP indicated clinically appropriate, cost-
effective and result in positive outcomes for
5. Write the literature review/related studies
clients.
Summarizing, analyzing, synthesizing and critically
• Why is Research Important in Nursing?
evaluating the sources to give a clear idea of the extent
- Like bed sore occur in the old people due to
of knowledge on the subject makes a good literature.
lack of mobility
Prediction: A nurse could predict the outcome
• Role of Nurse in Research Participation at Various on the bases of interventions
Levels of Education Preparation (ANA-1989) Control: Ability to write a prescription to
produce the desire result.
BSN Degree
1. Critiquing & synthesizing research findings
from nursing profession and other discipline
TYPES OF RESEARCH
for use in practice. 1. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
2. Provide valuable assistance in identifying - Is a formal, objective, systematic process in
research problems and collecting data for which numerical data are used to obtain
studies. information about the world
Master’s Degree - Is “hard science” it is perceived as rigorous
1. To lead healthcare teams (exact), systematic and objective focusing on
o Making essential changes in nursing numerical data and using statistical analysis
practice and controls to eliminate bias
o Healthcare system based on research - It is conducted to test theory by:
2. Conduct investigations o Describing variables
3. Initial studies in collaboration with other o Examining relationship among
investigators variables
4. Facilitate research and provide consultation o Determine cause and effect
Doctoral Degree interaction between variables
1. Assume a major role in the conduct of research - Types of Quantitative Research:
2. Generation of nursing knowledge in a selected ➢ Descriptive – explore new
area of interest areas/describe situations
o Extend scientific basis ➢ Co-relational – examine relationships
o Develop methods to measure nursing ➢ Quasi-experimental – effectiveness of
phenomena intervention
Post-Doctoral Degree ➢ Experimental – producing positive
1. Assumed a full researcher role and has a outcomes
funded program of research 2. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
 - Is a systematic, subjective approach used to 11. Statistical analysis Individual
describe life experiences and situation and to interpretation
give them meaning. 12. Generalization Uniqueness
- “Mode of systematic inquiry concerned with
understanding human beings and the nature of
their transaction with themselves and with
their surround” (Benoliel, 1984).
- Types of Qualitative Research:
➢ Phenomenological – describes
experience as lived
➢ Grounded theory – formulate, test and
refine a theory about a phenomena
➢ Ethnographic – investigates cultures in
depth
➢ Historical – description analysis of
events that occurred in the past

OUTCOME RESEARCH
Is focused on examining the end results of care or
determining the changes in health status for the
patient.

Four essential areas require for this reason:

• The patients responses to medical or Nursing
Intervention.
• Functional maintenance/improvement of physical
functioning for the patient.
• Financial outcome achieved with the provision of
health care services.
• Patients satisfaction with the health outcomes
care received and the health care provider.

CHARACTERISTICS
QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH RESEARCH
1. Hard Science Soft Science
2. Focus: Concise and Focus: Complex and • Grounded Theory
Narrow Broad - Was developed in the 1960s by two
3. Reductionistic Holistic sociologists Glaser & Strauss.
4. Objective Subjective - Focus is on a developing social experience,
5. Reasoning: Logistic, Reasoning: Dialect,
social & psychological stages and phases that
Deducting Inductive
characterize a particular event or episode.
6. Basis of Knowledge: Basis of Knowledge:
- Major component is the discovery of a core
Cause and effects, meaning discovery
relationships variable.
7. Test theory Develops theory • Phenomenology
8. Control Shared interpretation - Rooted in a philosophical tradition
9. Instruments Communication and - Developed by Husserl and Heidegger
observation - Concerned with lived experiences of humans
10. Basic elements of Basic elements of - It is an approach to thinking about what life
analysis: Numbers analysis: words experiences of people are like and what they
mean
• Ethnography o Collecting the data
- Primary research tradition within o Obtaining informed consent
anthropology o Conducting a pilot study
- Provide framework for studying the patterns, C. Empirical Phase
life ways, and experiences of a cultural group • It is the phase of analyzing (e.g.,
in a wholistic fashion. statistical analysis) and interpreting the
- Aim of ethnographers is to learn from data
members of a cultural group, to understand D. Analytical Phase
their world view as they perceive & live it to • The phase in which the researcher:
describe their customs & norms o Organizes and makes sense of
the data
o Tests the research hypothesis
THE CONSUMER-PRODUCER CONTINUUM IN
E. Dissemination Phase
NURSING RESEARCH
• The phase in which the findings from the
• Consumers of Nursing Research: Read
study are presented and possible
research reports to develop new skills
recommended.
and to search for relevant findings that
may affect their practice.
• Producers of Nursing Research: Nurses THE CONCEPTUAL PHASE
who actively participate in designing and
implementing studies. ➢ Identification of research problem
➢ Literature review
➢ Developing a theoretical framework
PHASES OF RESEARCH PROCESS
a. Choose your Topic
• Kerlinger (1973) said: If one wants to
solve a problem, one must generally
know what the problem is
• Research topics are concepts,
phenomena of interest, or broad
problem areas that researchers can
focus on to enhance evidence-based
nursing.
• Identify a broad field or subject area of
interest to you (ex. Health Education,
A. Conceptual Phase Emergency Room, ER Nurses)
• The researcher develops the question to • Must have clear idea about what you
be studied. It includes: want to find
o Identification of research • Make sure that idea is researchable
problem
o Literature review b. Pinpoint a Problem
o Developing a theoretical • Should be specific enough so that
framework research tasks can be easily and quickly
B. Design & Planning Phase accomplished
• The phase of making methodology to • Select what is of most interest to you
use in collecting the data and analyze • Dissect the broad area into subareas;
them. It includes: narrow the scope of study (Ex. How ER
o Selecting a research design nurses deliver health education in the
o Identifying the population emergency room)
o Designing the sampling plan • A research problem is an area of
o Specifying the methods to concern where there is a gap in the
measure the variables
 knowledge base needed for nursing o Literature Review: Reviewing research articles
practice. enables you to identify an area of interest and
c. Formulate Research Objectives or Questions determine what is known and not known in
• Formulate one or more research this area. It is also a way to identify a study to
objectives that will answer what you replicate.
wish to find out. o Theories: They are an important source for
• Ex: 1) To determine the experiences of generating research problems because they
emergency room (ER) nurses in set forth ideas about events and situations in
conducting health education inside the the real world that require testing (Chinn &
ER, and 2) to identify its most common Kramer, 2008)
barriers therein. o Research Priorities: identified by funding
• The objectives should start with words agencies and specialty groups. (refer to
such as “to determine”, “to find out”, NUHRA, RUHRA, WMSU & CN Research
“to ascertain”, “to measure”, “to Agenda for 2017-2022)
explore”, “to identify”
LITERATURE REVIEW
Research Questions
The literature review gives you a chance to:
• There are three basic types of questions
• Demonstrate your familiarity with the topic
that research projects can address:
and its scholarly context
o Descriptive: The study is designed
• Develop a theoretical framework and
primarily to describe what is going on
methodology for your research
or what exists
• Position your work in relation to other
o Comparative: The study analyzes the
researchers and theorists
difference between two or more
• Show how your research addresses a gap or
variables or groups.
contributes to a debate
o Relationship-Based: This study is
• Evaluate the current state of research and
directed toward identifying the
demonstrate your knowledge of the scholarly
causal relationships, associations,
debates around your topic
trends, and/pr interactions between
How to write a literature review:
two or more variables or between
Step 1: Search for Relevant Literature
variables and one or more groups.
• Before you begin searching for literature, you
• The research question/objective should
need to clarify defined topic
be specific enough to be strong and it is
answerable using applicable qualitative • Make a list of keywords/concepts and list any
or quantitative research methods synonyms and related terms. Use the
keywords to begin searching for sources.
• Define the concepts or terms/variables
used in the objectives/questions.
• Aside from a problem statement, a research
problem also includes significance and
background
• The significance of a problem indicates the
importance of the problem to patients and
families, nursing, healthcare system, and society
• The background for a research problem briefly
identifies what we know about the problem areas • Search for relevant sources
o Some useful search engines and
• SOURCES OF RESEARCH PROBLEMS databases to search for journals and
o Clinical Practice: Problems can evolve from articles include: PubMed, OVID,
clinical observations Ebscohost, ProQuest, Web of Science,
o Researcher and Peer Interactions: Interactions Science Direct, Scopus, Cochrane
with researchers and peers offer valuable Library, Google Scholar, Yahoo!, MSN
opportunities for generating research Search, PubMED, JSTOR, Medline (life
problems
 sciences and biomedicine), and WMSU o Introduction – should clearly establish the
Library Catalogue focus and purpose of the literature
• You may use a search operator to help review
narrow down your search o Main body – may divide the body into
• Make sure to read the abstract to find out subsections. Use a subheading for each
whether an article is relevant to your theme, time period, or methodological
question. When you find a useful book or approach. Some tips:
article, you can check the bibliography to find ❖ Summarize and synthesize: give an
other relevant sources. overview of the main points of each
Step 2: Evaluate and select sources source and combine them into a
• Make sure the sources you use are credible coherent whole
• Take notes and cite your sources ❖ Analyze and interpret: don’t just
• Citations help readers locate your sources paraphrase other researches – add
and can help you avoid plagiarism your own interpretation where
Step 3: Identify themes, debates, and gaps possible, discussing the significance
• Based on your reading and notes, you can of findings in relation to the
look for: literature as a whole.
o Trends and patterns (in theory, method ❖ Critically evaluate: mention the
or results): do certain strengths and weaknesses of your
theories/approaches become popular sources
over time? ❖ Write in well-structure paragraphs:
o Themes: what questions or concepts use transition words and topic
recur across the literature? sentences to draw connections,
o Debates, conflicts and contradictions: comparisons and contrasts.
where do sources disagree? o Conclusion – summarize the key findings
o Pivotal Publications: are there any from the literature and emphasize their
influential theories or studies that significance.
changed the direction of the field?
o Gaps: what is missing from the DEVELOPING A THEORETICAL/CONCEPTUAL
literature? Are there weaknesses that FRAMEWORK
need to be addressed?
Step 4: Outline your literature review’s structure What is a theoretical framework?
• Chronological – the simplest approach is to • A theoretical framework is a foundational review
trace the development of the topic overtime. of existing theories that serves as a roadmap for
• Thematic – organize according to recurring developing the arguments you will use in your
central themes; you organize your literature own work.
review into subsections that address • In theoretical framework, you explain the
different aspects of your topic. existing theories that support your research,
• Methodological – use a variety of research showing that your work is grounded in
methods established ideas
• Theoretical – discuss various theories,
models, and definitions of key concepts. A
literature review is often the foundation for a How to write a theoretical framework
theoretical framework. 1. Identify Key Concepts
Step 5: Write your literature review • The first step is to pick out the key terms from
your problem statement and objective or
• Your literature review should have an research questions. Concepts often have
introduction, a main body, and a conclusion. multiple definitions, so your theoretical
What you include in each depends on the framework should also clearly define what you
objective of your literature review. mean by each term.
 you want to study. Conceptual frameworks can be
written or visual and are generally developed
based on a literature review of existing studies
about your topic.

How to develop a conceptual framework

Step 1: Choose your research question

• Your research question guides your work by
determining exactly what you want to find out,
giving your research process a clear focus
Step 2: Select your independent and dependent
2. Evaluate and explain relevant theories variables
• By conducting a thorough literature review, • Identify at least two key variables: your
you can determine how other researchers have dependent and independent variables
defined these key concepts and drawn Step 3: Visualize your cause-and-effect relationship
connections between them. As you write your • To indicate a causal relationship, each arrow
theoretical framework, your aim is to compare should start from the independent variable (the
and critically evaluate the approaches that cause) and point to the dependent variable (the
different authors have taken effect).
• After discussing different models and theories,
you can establish the definitions that best fit
your research and justify why. You can even
combine theories from different fields to build
your own unique framework if this better suit
your topic
Step 4: Identifying other influencing variables
• Make sure to at least briefly mention each of
• Some common variables to include are
the most important theories related to your
moderating, mediating, and control variables.
key concepts. If there is a well-established
o Moderating Variables (moderators) alter
theory that you don’t want to apply to your
the effect that an IV has on a DV.
own research, explain why it isn’t suitable for
Example of moderating variable: Let's
your purposes.
add the moderator "IQ." Here, a
3. Show how your research fits into existing
student's IQ level can change the effect
research
that the variable "hours of study" has on
• Apart from summarizing and discussing the exam score. The higher the IQ, the
existing theories, your theoretical framework fewer hours of study are needed to do
should show how your study will make use of well on the exam.
these ideas and take them a step further.
• You night aim to do one or more of the
following:
o Test whether a theory holds in a specific,
previously unexamined context
o Critique or challenge a theory
o Combine different theories in a new or
unique way
o Use an existing theory as a basis for
interpreting your results. o Mediating Variables link the IV and DV,
allowing the relationship between them
to be better explained. Example: The
What is a conceptual framework? mediating variable of "number of
• A conceptual framework is a representation of the practice problems completed" comes
relationship you expect to see between your between the independent and
variables, or the characteristics or properties that dependent variables. Hours of study
impacts the number of practice
 problems, which in turn impacts the RESEARCH DESIGN
exam score • The research design refers to the overall
strategy that you choose to integrate the
different components of the study in a
coherent and logical way, thereby, ensuring
you will be effectively address the research
problem; it constitutes the blueprint for the
collection, measurement, and analysis of data
(De Vaus, 2001).
• Research design is the blueprint for research
o Control Variables are held constant so • It is the skeleton for the research project
that they don’t interfere with the • Decisions regarding what, where, when, how
results. Even though, you aren’t much, by what means concerning an inquiry or
interested in measuring the, for your a research study constitute a research design.
study, it’s crucial to be aware of as many • The research problem will determine the
of them as you can be. Example: Control design, not vice-versa. The design phase of a
variable. It is very possible that if a study determines which tools to used and how
student feels ill, they will get a lower they are used.
score on the exam. However, we are not Types of Research Design
interested in measuring health
outcomes a part of our research. This 1. Qualitative Research
makes "health" a good candidate for a - Involves looking in-depth at non-numerical
control variable. It still impacts our data. Think of the word ‘quality’ when you
results, but we aren't interested in think of quality data – you are taking a deep,
studying it. quality look at a phenomenon.
- Its methods rely heavily on “think” verbal
descriptions of a particular social context being
studied
- Is useful for describing or answering questions
about, localized occurrences or contexts and
the perspectives of a participant group toward
events, beliefs, or practices.
- A helpful process for exploring a complex
research area about which little is known
Now, we add "health" to our conceptual framework,
- Characteristics of Qualitative Research:
but decide to keep it constant. This means we'll only
o Use words rather than numbers to
include participants who are in good health on the day
describe findings
of the exam.
o Emphasize seeing the world from the
perspective of the participants
o Goal is understanding rather than
prediction
DESIGN & PLANNING PHASE o Emphasize the subjective dimensions of
human experiences
• The phase of making methodology to use in - Types of Qualitative Research
collecting the data and analyze them. It includes: 1. Historical Study – studies available data to
o Selecting a research design study, understand, and interpret past
o Identifying the population events
o Designing the sampling plan 2. Biographical Study – a study of an
o Specifying the methods to measure the variables individual and his/her experiences.
o Collecting the data o As told to the researcher
o Obtaining informed consent o As found in documents
o Conducting a pilot study o As written by the individual
 **Biography – written by o It explains, clarifies, and validates
someone other than the individual quantitative results
3. Phenomenological Study – a person’s - Strengths and Weaknesses of Qualitative
construction of the meaning of a concept Research
(phenomenon) Strengths Weaknesses
o Attempts to understand - Provides rich data - Time consuming
participants’ perspective and - Investigate complex - No clear strategy
views of social realities issues for analysis
o Attempt to understand what a - Explain a - Interpretation of
specific experience is like by phenomenon data may be
describing it as found in concrete subjective
- Identify and evaluate - Reflexivity can
situations as it appears to people
factors that help help reduce this
living it.
solve problems
o The researcher often has personal - Generate new ideas
experience with the phenomenon from theories
4. Grounded Theory – A general research - Own environment ->
method. validity
o Generate or discover theory – that
is “grounder” in data that is 2. Quantitative Research
systematically collected and - Is an objective, systematic, empirical
analyzed investigation of observable phenomena
o Recursive process of sampling and through use of computational techniques
analysis - It highlights numerical analysis of data hoping
o Theory is developed during the that the numbers yield unbiased results that
course of the study can be generalized to some larger population
5. Case Study- Develops and in-depth and explain a particular observation
analysis of a single case or multiple cases. - Simply, quantitative research is concerned
o Much can be learned from study with numbers and its relationship with events.
one individual, one classroom, one
school, or one school district. E.g., - Characteristics of Quantitative Research
study of a teacher who uses 1. Objective. Quantitative research seeks
phonics. accurate measurement and analysis of
6. Action Research – conducted by one or target concepts. It is not based on mere
more individuals for the purpose of solving intuition and guesses. Data are gathered
a problem. Typically motivated by an before proposing a conclusion or solution
immediate problem to a problem
o Types: 2. Clearly defined research questions. The
Practical Action Research – researchers know in advance what they
primary purpose is to improve are looking for. The research questions are
practice well-defined for which objective answers
Participatory Action Research – are sought. All aspects of the study are
primary goal is empower carefully designed before data are
individuals and groups to bring gathered.
about social change 3. Structured research instruments.
Standardized instruments guide data
- Importance of Qualitative Research collection, thus, ensuring the accuracy,
o Sociologist William Bruce Cameron reliability and validity of data. Data are
stated, “Not everything that can be normally gathered using structured
counted counts, and not everything research tools such as questionnaires.
that counts can be counted”. 4. Numerical data. Figures, tables, or graphs
o Qualitative research allows showcase summarize data collection in
investigators to develop a deeper order to show trends, relationships or
understanding of a topic. differences among variables. The charts
 and tables allow you to see the evidence some agent or treatment presumed to
collected. cause change, very weak design.
5. Large sample sizes. To arrive at a more ➢ One -Shot Case study RD: only one
reliable data analysis, a normal population dependent group or variable is
distribution curve is preferred. This considered. The study is carried out
required a large sample size, depending on after some treatment which was
how the characteristics of the population presumed to cause change, making it
vary. Random sampling is recommended in a posttest study
determining the sample size to avoid ➢ One-group Pretest-posttest RD:
researcher’s bias in interpreting results combined both posttest and pretest
6. Replication. Quantitative methos can be study by carrying out a test on a
repeated to verify findings in another single group before the treatment is
setting, thus strengthen, and reinforcing administered and after the treatment
validity of findings eliminating the is administered. With the former
possibility of spurious conclusions being administered at the beginning
7. Future outcomes. By using complex of treatment and later at the end.
mathematical calculations and with the aid ➢ Static-group Comparison: 2 or more
of computers, if-then scenarios may be groups are placed under observation,
formulated thus predicting future results. where only one of the groups is
Quantitative research puts emphasis on subjected to some treatment while
proof, rather than discovery. the other groups are held static. All
- Types of Quantitative Research the groups are post=tested, and the
1. Descriptive Research Design – seeks to observed differenced between the
explain the current status of an identified groups are assumed to be a result of
variable. The aim of descriptive research is the treatment
to explain and interpret, the current status B. True Experimental Research – relies on
of people, settings, conditions, or events. statistical analysis to approve or
o It helps provide answers to the disapprove a hypothesis. It is the most
questions of who, what, when, accurate type of experimental design
where, and the how of a particular and may be carried out with or without
research study. a pretest on at least 2 randomly
2. Causal – Comparative Research Design – assigned dependent subjects. The true
seeks to show the cause-effect experimental research design must
relationships among the variables. contain a control group, a variable that
o It measures the impact of an IV can be manipulated by the researcher,
(causing effect) has on another and the distribution must be random.
variable (being affected). ➢ The posttest-only Control Group
3. Experimental Research Design- a scientific Design – subjects are randomly
approach to research, where one or more selected and assigned to the 2 groups
IV are manipulated and applied to one or (control and experimental), and only
more dependent variables to measure the experimental group is treated.
their effect on the latter. After close observation, both groups
o This allows the researcher to are post-tested, and a conclusion is
control the situation. In doing so, it drawn from the difference between
allows the researcher to answer these groups
the question, “what causes ➢ The pretest-posttest control group
something to occur?” design – subjects are randomly
assigned to the 2 groups, both are
Types of Experimental Research
presented, but only the experimental
A. Pre-Experimental Research – simplest group is treated. After close
form; either a single group or multiple observation, both groups are post-
groups are observed subsequent to tested to measure the degree of
change in each group
 ➢ Solomon four-group design – this is - Weaknesses of Quantitative Research
the combination of the pretest only a) Quantitative research requires many
and the pretest-posttest control respondents. It is assumed that the larger
groups. In this case, the randomly the sample is, the more statistically
selected subjects are placed into 4 accurate the findings are
groups. b) It is costly. Since, there are more
C. Quasi-Experimental Research Design – respondents compared to qualitative
quasi means partial, half or pseudo. research, the expenses will be greater in
Therefore, quasi-experimental research reaching out to these people and in
bearing a resemblance to the true reproducing questionnaires.
experimental research, but not the c) The information is contextual factors to
same. In quasi-experiments, the help interpret the results or to explain
participants, are not randomly variation are usually ignored. It does not
assigned, and as such, they are used in consider the distinct capacity of the
settings where randomization is respondents to share and elaborate
difficult or impossible. further information unlike the qualitative
o This design is suitable for real- research
world natural settings than true d) Much information are difficult to gather
experimental research design. using structured research instruments,
specifically on sensitive issues like pre-
- Strengths of Quantitative Research marital sex, domestic violence, among
a) It is objective. The most reliable and valid others.
ways of concluding results, giving way to e) If not done seriously and correctly, data
new hypothesis or to disproving it. Because from questionnaire may be incomplete
of bigger number of the sample population, and inaccurate. Researchers must be on
the results or generalizations are more the look-out on respondents who are just
reliable and valid. Since it provides guessing in answering the instruments.
numerical date, it can’t be easily
misinterpreted.
b) The use of statistical techniques facilitates
sophisticated analyses and allows you to
comprehend a huge number of vital
characteristics of data
c) It is real and unbiased. If the research is
properly designed it filters out external
factors, and so can be seen as real and
unbiased.
d) The numerical data can be analyzed in a
quick and easy way. By employing
statistically valid random models, findings
can be generalized to the population about
which information is necessary.
e) Quantitative studies are replicable.
Standardized approaches allow the study to
be replicated in different areas or over time
with formulation of comparable findings
f)Quantitative experiments are useful for
testing the results gained by a series of
qualitative experiment, leading to a final
answer, and narrowing down of possible
directions to follow