Module 1: Communication Many other definitions have appeared in

Processes, Principles, and Ethics several texts, but for our purposes, we
will settle on "communication as the
Lesson Coverage: process of creating and sharing
I. Communication Process meaning by using verbal and nonverbal
II. Communication Principles symbols in varied contexts," and
III. Communication Ethics effective communication results when
both verbal and nonverbal symbols are
Introduction understood in much the same way by
At this stage of your life, you have both communicators.
definitely observed and experienced that
having effective communication skills in The Process of Communication
English is important for success. You To achieve effective communication, you
have witnessed how the better need to understand the communication
communicators in your group or class process, which is quite complex
have stood out not only as a person but because it is difficult to pinpoint where or
as a student. How have they become with whom a particular communication
effective communicators? circumstance begins or ends.

All of you can become better I. Communication Process

communicators like them if you try The communication process involves
harder. Among other things, you can eight parts and steps.
start by getting a better picture of what - Message
communication is and how it works-- - Feedback
absorbing principles, learning concepts, - Source
and applying them in practical situations - Encoding
inside the classroom and in real life as - Channel
members of the community. - Decoding
- Receiver
Definition of Communication - Context
Communication can be defined in many - Barrier
ways. But, considering the following
authorized meanings would help us Elements
comprehend it more. Let's get started. ● Receiver - This is the person or
group of people who will get your
"Communication is the simultaneous message.
sharing and creating meaning through ● Feedback - This is the receiver’s
human symbolic interaction." - Seiler & response to your message
Beall (1999) ● Context - This refers to the
situation in which communication
"A systematic process in which takes place.
individuals interacts with and through ● Source - This is you, the sender
symbols to create and interpret of the message.
meanings" - Wood's (2004) ● Message - This is the information
you want to convey; without it,
The word communication itself provides you have no reason for
a clue to what it is - common implies communicating.
"something in common" and action ● Encoding - This is the process of
suggests " understanding," so converting your ideas into verbal
communication hints at the meaning " a or nonverbal symbols that can be
common understanding of something." understood by the receiver of the
- Chase & Shamo (2013). message.
 ● Channel - This is the manner of 6. Therapeutic
conveying messages.e.g. email, 7. Aesthetic
memo, lecture, etc.
● Decoding - This is the receiver’s II. Communication Principles
mental processing of your The principles are based on the real-life
message into meaningful functioning of interpersonal
meaning. communication ( King, 2000).

Barriers Interpersonal communication is..

- Environmental Factors
- Individual Differences 1. Inescapable
- Language It is not possible for humans not
- Experience/Prior Knowledge to communicate. Even the very attempt
- Status of not wanting to communicate
- Culture communicates something

Types of Context 2. Irreversible

- Psychological Context How often have you said words in
- Relational Context anger and wished you could take them
- Situational Context back? Once you have uttered
- Environmental Context something, you can never take it back,
- Cultural Context and its effect remains

Forms of Communication 3. Complicated

- Verbal Whenever you communicate with
- Non-verbal anyone, you simultaneously interpret
- Written both his verbal and nonverbal language,
- Visual and that is often both confounding and
demanding. For one thing, words alone
Aspect of Non-Verbal Communication complicate things
1. Visual (kinesics, physical
appearance) 4. Contextual
2. Auditory (pitch, volume, tempo, Communication is affected by
tone) several factors; it doesn’t happen in
3. Olfactory isolation. It is influenced by
4. Gustatory Psychological, Relational, Situational,
5. Tactile (Haptics) Environmental, and Cultural contexts
6. Proxemics
7. Chronemics 10 Principles Of Effective
8. Artifact Communication In 21st Century

Levels of Communication 1. Openness

1. Intrapersonal Keep an open mind when
2. Interpersonal -Dyadic, Tryadic, communicating with your team to see
Small group things from their point of view. It will
3. Public make it easier to explain what you want
4. Mass media from them.

Functions of Communication 2. Lead by Example

1. Phatic Instead of telling Someone what
2. Preventive you want them to do, show them by
3. Recording-transmitting setting an example. It makes work
4. Instrumental simpler for the listener.
5. Affective
 3. Personalization III. Communication Ethics
Getting to know your team Morals and ethics ensure discipline
members on a more personal level and among us; without these codes of
making it a point to say hello in passing conduct- standards or rules that guide
can go a long way in getting your team our behavior, our world will be chaotic.
behind your vision Morals are our own set of rules, so
others are neither expected nor required
4. Prioritize to follow them. Ethics, on the other
A strong leader knows that time hand, are rules accepted and approved
is valuable, so communicate exactly by society, so they are imposed upon
what you want from your team by stating everyone.
the goal of the task.
Deirdre D. Johnston (1994) pointed out
5. Avoid Monologue ten ethics in communication that you
Don’t talk TO your team, talk should bear in mind to avoid being
WITH them. People are more receptive labeled "unethical" ( as cited in Chase &
to a dialogue-type of communication Shamo, 2013).
than if they feel they are being
commanded to do something without Ethics in Communication
any chance for their input. Morals vs. Ethics

6. Clarity Unethical Behavior (Duff, 2017)

Effective leadership Your sales manager calls you into his
communication is clear and simple. You office and threatens to fire you unless
lose effectiveness if you mess up your you sell 50 large toasters. You know the
sentences. large toasters are inferior products, so
you have been selling the small toasters
7. Trust to your customers. To keep your job,
Trust is the most important factor you must violate your conscience and
in communication. If any person doesn't recommend that your customers buy the
respect you, they won’t listen to you. large toasters.
Simple as that.
Ethics
8. Critique 1. Mutuality
Feedback is one of the most Pay attention to the needs of
valuable things you can give to any others, as well as yours
person. The key is to give praise when
it’s due, and give constructive criticism 2. Individual Dignity
where it’s applicable. Do not cause another person
embarrassment or a loss of dignity.
9. Listen
Communication is a two way 3. Accuracy
street. You have to be a good listener Tell the audience everything, they
before you can start talking. Listen to have a right and need to know, not just
understand, don’t listen to reply. what is true.

10. Inspire 4. Access to information

The number one principle of Never bolster the impact of your
effective leadership communication is communication by preventing people
the ability to inspire those around you. from communicating with one another or
Inspire greatness today for success by hindering access to the supporting
tomorrow. information.
 5. Accountability VI. The Art of Making Powerpoint
Be responsible and accountable Presentation
for the consequences of your
relationship and communication. I. Communication and
Globalization
6. Audience Globalization is the process of bringing
As an audience or receiver of the people together and making them
information, you also have ethical interact and exchange ideas across
responsibilities. A good rule of thumb is traditional borders. (Nowaczyk, 2017)
the “200% rule” where both the sender
and the receiver have full or 100% “Globalization is the expansion and
responsibility to ensure the message is integration of the cultural, political,
understood, and that ethics are economic, and technological domains of
followed. countries”
- Barrot, J. & Sipacio P.
7. Relative truth
As either sender or receiver of With the advent of globalization
information, remember that your own associated with advanced technologies
point of view may not be shared by and systems across regions, the flow of
others , so allow others to respectfully information and communication has
disagree or see it differently become smoother, faster, and easier.

8. Ends vs. Means Plus, the business transaction has

Be sure that the end of your become more efficient. In fact, almost
communication and the means of everyone is practically addicted to social
getting to that end are both ethical. media. The best example is the use of
electronic mail( e-mail) such as Gmail,
9. Use of power Yahoo Mail, and social networking sites
In situations where you have such as Twitter, Facebook, and
more power than others ( e.g. teacher Instagram. Also, you see people taking
with a student, a boss with a selfies, and their pictures are readily
subordinate), you also have more posted on a social media website.
responsibility for the outcome.
Consequently, the context of
10. Rights vs. responsibility globalization requires effective
Balance your rights against your communication skills from students and
responsibilities even if you live in a workers to cope with the demands and
wonderful society where your rights are challenges brought about by this
protected by law, not everything you phenomenon. This includes
have a right to do is ethical. communicating effectively with people of
different backgrounds, ages, gender,
Module 1: Communication beliefs, orientations, preferences, and
Processes, Principles, and Ethics statuses. Such integration with others
paves the way for the establishment of a
Lesson Coverage: Global village which was predicted by
I. Communication and Globalization Marshall McLuhan in his book "The
II. Impact of Technology on Gutenberg Galaxy"- one world
Communication interconnected by an electronic nervous
III. How to Communicate Effectively system (media).
in a Global Society
IV. Barriers to Effective International II. Impact of Technology on
Communication Communication
V. Evaluation of Texts and Images in
Multicultural Contexts
 1. Technology provides us with
unlimited information On the other hand, there are other
It brings us diversity to our culture suggestions on how to become a good
and our lives global communicator and become
2. It creates opportunities for open-minded devoid of any prejudice
meeting new people and biases against people from other
It fosters better cooperation races or cultures. This claim is
among different cultural groups supported by Chase & Shamo (2013)
and Singh & Rampersad (2010). Their
3. It provides connectivity ideas are the following.
It isolates us
1. Widen your experience by
- It can make us create second making new contacts. Getting to
lives know people coming from your
targeted group whose culture
III. How to Communicate differs from yours makes you
Effectively in a Global Society understand the group and their
Effective communication is about more culture.
than just exchanging information. It’s 2. Learn about the history,
about understanding the emotion and experiences, and aspirations of
intentions behind the information. As people from different cultures.
well as being able to clearly convey a Taking a course or reading about
message, you need to also listen in a people of diverse cultures makes
way that gains the exact meaning of you experience their cultures
what’s being said and makes the other vicariously, allowing you to
person feel heard and understood. ( understand and appreciate them
Lawrence Robinson, Jeanne Segal, Ph. more.
D., and Melinda Smith, M.A. June 3. Examine yourself for possible
2019.) stereotypes. Stereotypes and
biases result from ignorance
Being a clear speaker in the process of about the targeted group. Being
communication still embraces the fair-minded and unprejudiced
challenges of being misunderstood. This makes you realize the possibility
situation could be possible due to words' that some of your judgments are
shades of meaning and since unfair and wrong.
communication is complicated in nature 4. Look at the world from someone
else's way of looking at and
The following are tips on how we could thinking about something, not just
possibly and effectively conduct global yours. Be emphatic, try to
communication. understand others'
- Express your ideas effectively in perspective-how they make
either digital or non-digital sense of their world, and try to
environment or both experience what and how they
- Use effective listening skills to feel.
evaluate arguments 5. Work on becoming more
- Communicate with purpose to a self-confident. The better we feel
variety of audience about ourselves, the more likely
- Promote collaboration and we are to feel good about others,
cooperation with others and the more able we are not
- Understand the concept of only to understand them but also
diversity and promote respect all to learn from them.
the time 6. Appreciate cultural similarities
- Use technology and social media and differences. Use cultural
responsibility resources to do this. It allows you
 to understand the members of Keywords
different cultural groups and - Negative opinion
helps you establish better - Ignorance of truth
intercultural relationships and ● Assumed Similarities - It is a
interactions. baseless, unreasonable refusal to
7. Acknowledge the essential see cultural differences where
equality and the value of all they exist.
cultures. Never feel superior to
people belonging to any other Keywords
cultural group, even a minority - Assumption
one. - Cultural differences
8. Be sensitive and interpret cultural
styles of communication. Develop ● Anxiety - This is the fear or
the ability to understand the apprehension associated with
communication symbols of the either real or anticipated
target culture-its verbal language, communication with people from
signs, gestures, body language, another cultural group.
and customs.
Keywords
IV. Barriers to Effective - Language differences
International Communication - Style
- Avoidance
● Ethnocentrism - This refers to
the belief that a person's culture V. Evaluation of Texts and Images
is much better than any other in Multicultural Contexts
group's culture. Evaluating texts and images nowadays
is essential because of the proliferation
Keywords of information resources and rapid
● Person's culture - in-group technological change. As you have
● Other's culture - out-group noticed, you are always confronted with
● High level of E - negative effect a diverse wealth of information for
● Low level of E - positive effect personal, academic, or professional use
that can be accessed in multicultural
● Stereotypes - These are often settings.
generalized negative traits
assigned to a group of people With the advent of a digital environment
even if these traits may only or the Internet, most of the information is
reflect a selected few of the unfiltered, making its authenticity,
group validity, and reliability questionable. The
abundance of information from various
Keywords media, namely short message service,
- Unfair electronic mail, social media, print and
- Untrue electronic journals, periodicals, and
- Sample population advertisements also poses a challenge
- Generalization for you in terms of evaluating and
understanding it fully. In this case,
● Prejudice - This is an offshoot of critical reading is very essential.
stereotypes, an unfair thought,
belief, or feeling of dislike for a Qualities of a critical reader
person or group because of race, 1. Annotates the text by writing
nationality, gender, sexual 2. Analyzes organizational pattern
orientation, age, religion, and so of the text
on. 3. Asks critical questions
4. Considers the background of the VI. The Art of Making Powerpoint
text/image Presentation
5. Distinguishes fact and opinions PowerPoint presentations are so
6. Evaluates the author’s credibility common that lecturers and reporters
7. Evaluates the source of the text use them all the time. But are all these
8. Looks beyond the texts or ideas presentations effective? " Presentations
9. Makes inferences can be among the most painful
10. Assesses the usefulness and experiences in both school and the
relevance of the text working world--- and that includes
11. Reads with specific questions in listening to them" ( Kangas, 2012).
mind
12. Reads with an open mind A presentation is like taking your
audience from one place to another, so
General guide questions in make the journey lighter and more fun
evaluating a text by never overloading it with too much
content. How may you do this?
Source
1. What is the source? Before learning further this presentation
2. When was the text published? skill, take the time to watch the
3. Are the parts of the texts in the Audio-visual material below about the
source? Is the source reliable "World's Worst Presentation", and learn
to rectify the mentioned loopholes.
Context
- What is the context of the text? The presentation you just watched was
- What pieces of information are empowered by Microsoft Powerpoint
given that provide the context of software, but it has a lot of technical
the text? issues that need to be addressed. This
- What is the message? software was known to be the most
- What is the purpose of the popular one since its launch 25 years
message? ago. Its popularity can be attributed to
- What are the facts that support its features which are very easy to use.
the message?
- How is the message conveyed? Furthermore, there are three things that
- What is the tone of the text? you need to consider before you make
- What do you think the audience your PowerPoint presentation. They are
might be affected by the way the presented below.
text is written?
3 things to do first
Audience 1. Determine your goal
- Who is the target audience? 2. Convert your goal into one “big
- What information is provided that idea”
give you the idea about the target 3. Consolidate your idea into just
audience three concepts

Author In a similar way, as you create your

- Who is the author? presentation, bear in mind the following
- What are the credentials of the principles that can help you lay-out your
author? slides. The following will be of great aid.
- What is the author’s purpose of
writing? 5 Design Principles
- What is the author’s major idea? 1. Outline first to control the number
of slides (balance)
2. Have only one message per slide
3. Pay attention to size
 4. Apply the principle of contrast
5. Limit the number of objects/item
per

Basic Steps in creating a powerpoint

presentation
1. Launch the Powerpoint
presentation. Open Microsoft
Powerpoint program. Click blank
presentation
2. Choose a desired design. Select
and right click it
3. Create a title page. Type your title
and name as presenter
4. Add more slides. Click new slide
and type the information
5. Type the text in the added slides.
Type relevant information
6. Add charts, graphs, pictures and
transitions. Select desired
transition
7. Play the Presentation. Select
slide show, tab it or press F5

Finally, when you are ready, you feel

more confident to stand before the
audience and make your presentation.
Do not make a mess of it by getting your
audience bored and putting them to
sleep.( NanoNerds, 2012).

Please do the following:

1. Come prepared.
2. Get the set-up right.
3. Know the audience and adjust
the content accordingly.
4. Go easy on fonts.
5. Go easy on logos.
6. Go easy on colors.
7. Make eye contact.
8. Be kind to questioners
9. Be kind to folks at the back.
10. Design slides for distance.
11. Cell phone off.
12. Do not go crazy with the laser
pointer.
13. Do not cram too much on each
slide.
14. Do not read from your notes or
slides.
15. Do not spew jargon.
16. do not demean the audience.
17. Do not turn your back.