Teacher: Ms. Marinella B.

Guevarra
Literature
 Literature
literature, a body of written works. The name has
traditionally been applied to those imaginative works
of poetry and prose distinguished by the intentions
of their authors and the perceived
aesthetic excellence of their execution.
(Britannica.com)
POETRY
Creative Writing
Poetry is a type of literature that conveys a thought,
describes a scene or tells a story in a concentrated,
lyrical arrangement of words. Poems can be structured,
with rhyming lines and meter, the rhythm and emphasis
of a line based on syllabic beats.

Poetry, literature that evokes a concentrated

imaginative awareness of experience or a specific
emotional response through language chosen and
arranged for its meaning, sound, and rhythm.
Stanza LINE BREAK
Meter RHYME
Stanzas are a series of lines
grouped together and separated
by an empty line from other
stanzas. They are the equivalent
of a paragraph in an essay. One
way to identify a stanza is to
count the number of lines.
1. Monostich Stanza
2. Couplet Stanza
3. Tercet Stanza
4. Quatrain Stanza
5. Sestet Stanza
6. Septet Stanza
7. Octave Stanza
8. Heterometric Stanza
 Monostich Stanza
is a one-line stanza structure in poetry. A monostich
can stand alone as an entire poem, or it can be used to
break up the rhythm of a poem.

Couplet Stanza
is a stanza structure with two lines that usually rhyme.
Couplets are one of the more common types of stanzas.
EXAMPLE:
 Tercet Stanza
A stanza made up of 3 lines is called a tercet. In a
tercet, all three lines rhyme or the first- and third-line
rhyme (also called an ABA pattern).

Quatrain Stanza
is a stanza with four lines. In a quatrain, the second
and fourth lines typically rhyme.
EXAMPLE:
 Sestet Stanza
sestet, sometimes called a sestain, is a stanza with a
total of six lines.

Septet Stanza
Sometimes called a “rhyme royal”, a septet is a stanza
with a total of seven lines.
EXAMPLE:
 Octave Stanza
A stanza consisting of 8 lines in iambic pentameter
(ten syllables beats a line) is called an octave.

Heterometric Stanza
A stanza in which every line is a different length
A line break refers to where an author has chosen to
end one line in a poem and begin another. A line
break can either be an example of enjambment,
which means the author has chosen to end a line
without completing a sentence or clause, or can be
an end-stopped line, which is a line that completes a
sentence or clause.
Line Break
Rhyme is the repetition of similar
sounds. In poetry, the most
common kind of rhyme is the
end rhyme, which occurs at the
end of two or more lines. It is
usually identified with lower case
letters, and a new letter is used
to identify each new end sound
1. ABAB
2. AABB
3. ABCB
4. AABBA
 Alternate Rhyme (ABAB)
In an alternate rhyme, the first- and third-lines
rhyme at the end, and the second- and fourth-lines
rhyme at the end following the pattern ABAB for
each stanza.
 Coupled Rhyme (AABB)
A coupled rhyme is a two-line stanza that rhymes
following the rhyme scheme AA BB, or a similar dual
rhyming scheme.
 Coupled Rhyme (AABB)
The tree that never had to fight
For sun and sky and air and light,
But stood out in the open plain
And always got its share of rain,
Never became a forest king
But lived and died a scrubby thing.
-"Good Timber" by Douglas Malloch
 Simple four-line Rhyme (ABCB)
Simple four-line rhyme. These poems follow a rhyme
scheme of ABCB throughout the entire poem.
Simple four-line Rhyme (ABCB)

Roses are red,

Violets are blue
This class stinks
And so do you...
Simple four-line Rhyme (ABCB)

The itsy bitsy spider

Went up the water spout
Down came the rain
And washed the spider out
 Limerick Rhyme (AABBA)
A limerick is a five-line poem with the rhyme scheme
AABBA.
 Limerick Rhyme (AABBA)
Hickory dickory dock,
The mouse ran up the clock.
The clock struck one,
The mouse ran down.
Hickory dickory dock.

-Mother Goose, “Hickory, Dickory, Dock”

 Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star,
How I wonder what you are.
Up above the world so high,
Like a diamond in the sky.

-"Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star"

Meter describes the rhythm (or pattern of beats) in a
line of poetry. Meter is a combination of the number
of beats and the arrangement of stressed and non-
stressed syllables in each line. Iambic pentameter is a
primary example of meter.
 Elements of Poetry

Content Speaker

Theme Shape and Form

Mood or tone Imagery

Content is the subject of the poem. It answers the
question “what?” What is the poem all about? What
happens in the poem?
is the person who is
addressing the reader. The
speaker is the voice or
"persona" of a poem.The poet
reveals the identity of the
speaker in various ways..
‘Mother to Son’ by Langston Hughes

Well, son, I’ll tell you:

Life for me ain’t been no crystal stair.
It’s had tacks in it,
And splinters,
And boards torn up,
How to Identify the Speaker of a Poem
The following steps can help to identify the speaker of a poem:

• Read the poem and its title carefully and note first impressions. Who might
be speaking?
• Examine the language of the poem. What do the dialect, diction, and word
choices say about the speaker? Does the language suggest a certain age
bracket, social situation, or geographical point of origin?
• Consider the details of the poem's setting. What individual would be in a
position to know and experience this setting?
• Look for repeated lines, phrases, and images. What do these repetitions say
about the speaker?
• Evaluate the prevalent emotions of the poem. What is the speaker's attitude
toward the poem's subject?
The theme is the meaning of the poem – the main idea
that the poet is trying to communicate. The theme may
be stated directly, or it may be implied.
Basically, the actual shape and form of poems can vary
dramatically from poem to poem. In poetry, you will
encounter two forms: structured and free verse.
Structured poetry has predictable patterns of rhyme,
rhythm, line-length and stanza construction. Some
examples are the sonnet and the haiku. In free verse, the
poet experiments with the form of the poem. The rhythm,
number of syllables per line and stanza construction do
not follow a pattern.
The mood or tone of a poem is the feeling that the
poet creates and that the reader senses through the
poet’s choice of words, rhythm, rhyme, style and
structure. Poems may express many moods – humorous,
sarcastic, joyous, angry or solemn.
Imagery refers to the “pictures” which we perceive with our
mind’s eyes, ears, nose, tongue, skin, and through which we
experience the “duplicate world” created by poetic
language. Imagery evokes the meaning and truth of
human experiences not in abstract terms, as in philosophy,
but in more perceptible and tangible forms. This is a
device by which the poet makes his meaning strong, clear
and sure. The poet uses sound words and words of color
and touch in addition to figures of speech. As well,
concrete details that appeal to the reader’s senses are
used to build up images.
 Forms of Poetry

Lyric DRAMATIC NARRATIVE

 Lyric Poetry
It is any poem with one speaker (not necessarily the poet)
who expresses strong thoughts and feelings. Most poems,
especially modern ones, are lyric poems. Below are some
types of lyric poetry.
 Types of Lyric Poetry

Ode
is a dignified and elaborately structured lyric poem
praising and glorifying an individual, commemorating an
event, or describing nature intellectually rather than
emotionally. In Ancient Greece, odes were
originally accompanied by music. In fact, the word “ode”
comes from the Greek word aeidein, which means to sing or to
dance.
“Ode to the West Wind”
by Percy Bysshe Shelley
 Types of Lyric Poetry
Elegy
is a lyric poem, written in elegiac couplets, that expresses
sorrow or lamentation, usually for one who has died.
An elegy is written with a purpose to “mourn the dead”. It
usually begins by reminiscing about the dead person, then
weeps for the reason of death, and then resolves the grief
by concluding that death leads to immortality.
“O Captain, My Captain,”
By Walt Whitman
 Types of Lyric Poetry

Sonnet
It is a lyric poem consisting of 14 lines and, in the English
version, is usually written in iambic pentameter.
 Types of Lyric Poetry
Italian/Petrarchan Sonnet
• The Petrarchan sonnet consists of an octave (eight lines)
and a sestet (six lines). It tends to divide the thought
into two parts (argument and conclusion). The rhyming
pattern is ABBA ABBA CDECDE, or some accepted sestet
such as CDCCDC, CDDCDE or CDCDCD
• named after Petrarch, an Italian Renaissance poet.
When I consider how my light is spent,
Ere half my days in this dark world and wide,
And that one talent which is death to hide
Lodged with me useless, though my soul more bent
To serve therewith my Maker, and present
My true account, lest He returning chide;
“Doth God exact day-labor, light denied?”
I fondly ask. But Patience, to prevent
That murmur, soon replies, “God doth not need
Either man’s work or His own gifts. Who best
Bear His mild yoke, they serve Him best. His state
Is kingly: thousands at His bidding speed,
And post o’er land and ocean without rest;
They also serve who only stand and wait.”

“When I Consider How My Light is Spent”

by John Milton
 Types of Lyric Poetry
Shakespearean Sonnet
• Shakespearean sonnet consists of three quatrains (four
lines each) and a concluding couplet (two lines). The
final couplet is the summary. The rhyming pattern is
ABAB CDCD EFEF GG.
Two households, both alike in dignity,
In fair Verona, where we lay our scene,
From ancient grudge break to new mutiny,
Where civil blood makes civil hands unclean.
From forth the fatal loins of these two foes
A pair of star-cross’d lovers take their life;
Whose misadventure piteous overthrows
Do with their death bury their parents’ strife.
The fearful passage of their death-mark’d love,
And the continuance of their parents’ rage,
Which, but their children’s end, nought could remove,
Is now the two hours’ traffic of our stage;
The which if you with patient ears attend,
What here shall miss, our toil shall strive to mend.
“Romeo and Juliet”
by William Shakespeare
 Types of Lyric Poetry
Spenserian Sonnet
• is divided into three quatrains, or segments of
four lines, followed by a rhyming couplet. The
rhyming pattern is usually ABAB BCBC CDCD EE.
One day I wrote her name upon the strand,
But came the waves and washed it away:
Again I write it with a second hand,
But came the tide, and made my pains his prey.
Vain man, said she, that doest in vain assay,
A mortal thing so to immortalize,
For I myself shall like to this decay,
And eek my name be wiped out likewise.
Not so, (quod I) let baser things devise
To die in dust, but you shall live by fame:
My verse, your virtues rare shall eternize,
And in the heavens write your glorious name.
Where when as death shall all the world subdue,
Our love shall live, and later life renew.

“Amoretti #75” by Edmund Spenser

Thank
You !