INVERTER 201
INTRODUCTION
An inverter is an electrical device that converts direct current (DC)
to alternating current (AC); the converted AC can be at any required voltage
and frequency with the use of appropriate transformers, switching, and control
circuits. Solid-state inverters have no moving parts and are used in a wide range
of applications, from small switching power supplies in computers, to
large electric utility high-voltage direct current applications that transport bulk
power.
Inverters are commonly used to supply AC power from DC sources such
as solar panels or batteries. There are two main types of inverter. The output of
a modified sine wave inverter is similar to a square wave output except that the
output goes to zero volts for a time before switching positive or negative. It is
simple and low cost and is compatible.
Thus it is compatible with all AC electronic devices. The electrical inverter is a
high-power electronic oscillator. It is so named because early mechanical AC to
DC converters was made to work in reverse, and thus was "inverted", to convert
DC to AC. The inverter performs the opposite function of a rectifier.
A transformer allows AC power to be converted to any desired voltage, but at
the same frequency. Inverters, plus rectifiers for DC, can be designed to convert
from any voltage, AC or DC, to any other voltage, also AC or DC, at any
desired frequency.
The output power can never exceed the input power, but efficiencies can be
high, with a small proportion of the power dissipated as waste heat.
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ECE/2010-11/PIET/JAIPUR
WORKING
The circuit is simple low cost and can be even assembled on a breadboard. This
is a circuit diagram of an inverter circuit. Circuit is very simple diagram, at this
circuit using CD4047 IC & MOSFET IRF540 that functions to generate a wave
50Hz. This circuit uses 12V input (12V battery) to out 220V 50HZ.
For safety please note for the installation of cooling on the components and
2N3055 transistors TIP122, it serves to remove excess heat transistor.
CD 4047 is a low power CMOS astable/monostable multivibrator IC. Here it is
wired as an astable multivibrator producing two pulse trains of 0.01s which are
180 degree out of phase at the pins 10 and 11 of the IC CD4047.
Pin 10 is connected to the gate of Q1 and pin 11 is connected to the gate of Q2.
Resistors R3 and R4 prevents the loading of the IC by the respective MOSFETs.
When pin 10 is high Q1 conducts and current flows through the upper
half of the transformer primary which accounts for the positive half of the
output AC voltage.
When pin 11 is high Q2 conducts and current flows through the lower
half of the transformer primary in opposite direction and it accounts for the
negative half of the output AC voltage. At this circuit using CD4047 IC that
functions to generate a wave 50Hz.
This circuit uses 12V input (12V battery) to out 220V 50HZ. For safety
please note for the installation of cooling on the components and 2N3055
transistors TIP122, it serves to remove excess heat transistor.
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ECE/2010-11/PIET/JAIPUR
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
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ECE/2010-11/PIET/JAIPUR
COMPONENT LIST
COMPONENT RANGE QUANTITY
1. Resistor 390Ω 1
220Ω 2
1KΩ 1
2. V.Resistor 1KΩ 1
3. Capacitor 0.01µf 1
0.1µf 1
4. MOSFET IRF540 2
5. IC CD4047 1
6. Battery 12V 1
7. Transformer 1.5A/220V 1
8. Diode 1N4007 1
9. Led 1
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ECE/2010-11/PIET/JAIPUR
CONCLUSION
• An inverter provides the controlled power. In most cases, the variable-
frequency drive includes a rectifier so that DC power for the inverter can
be provided from main AC power.
• A transformer allows AC power to be converted to any desired voltage,
but at the same frequency. Inverters, plus rectifiers for DC, can be
designed to convert from any voltage, AC or DC, to any other voltage,
also AC or DC, at any desired frequency.
• The output power can never exceed the input power, but efficiencies can
be high, with a small proportion of the power dissipated as waste heat.
• To construct inverters with higher power ratings, two six-step three-phase
inverters can be connected in parallel for a higher current rating or in
series for a higher voltage rating.
• The electrical inverter is a high-power electronic oscillator. It is so named
because early mechanical AC to DC converters was made to work in
reverse, and thus were "inverted", to convert DC to AC.
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ECE/2010-11/PIET/JAIPUR
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgement…………………………………………………………………………..iii
Abstract………………………………………………………………………………………iv
Table of Contents……………………………………………………………………………v
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Working Principle
2.1 Circuit description
2.2 Circuit diagram
2.3 PCB layout
Chapter 3 Component Description
Chapter 4 Applications & future scope
Chapter 5 Conclusion
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Chapter 6 References
REFERENCES
ECE/2010-11/PIET/JAIPUR
1. www.Google.com
2. www.electronicsforyou.com
3. www.yahoo.com
4. www.alldatasheets.com
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ECE/2010-11/PIET/JAIPUR
ABSTRACT
An inverter is an electrical device that converts direct current (DC)
to alternating current (AC); the converted AC can be at any required voltage
and frequency with the use of appropriate transformers, switching, and control
circuits.
Solid-state inverters have no moving parts and are used in a wide range of
applications, from small switching power supplies in computers, to
large electric utility high-voltage direct current applications that transport bulk
power.
Inverters are commonly used to supply AC power from DC sources such
as solar panels or batteries.
The circuit is simple low cost and can be even assembled on a breadboard. This
is a circuit diagram of an inverter circuit. Circuit is very simple diagram, at this
circuit using CD4047 IC & MOSFET IRF540 that functions to generate a wave
50Hz
The electrical inverter is a high-power electronic oscillator. It is so named
because early mechanical AC to DC converters was made to work in reverse,
and thus were "inverted", to convert DC to AC.
An inverter converts the DC electricity from sources such as batteries, solar
panels, or fuel cells to AC electricity. The electricity can be at any required
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voltage; in particular it can operate AC equipment designed for mains operation,
or rectified to produce DC at any desired voltage.
ECE/2010-11/PIET/JAIPUR
APPLICATION & FUTURE USES
1. DC power source utilization:-
An inverter converts the DC electricity from sources such
as batteries, solar panels, or fuel cells to AC electricity. The electricity
can be at any required voltage; in particular it can operate AC equipment
designed for mains operation, or rectified to produce DC at any desired
voltage.
2. Uninterruptible power supplies:-
An uninterruptible power supply (UPS) uses batteries and an inverter to
supply AC power when main power is not available. When main power is
restored, a rectifier supplies DC power to recharge the batteries.
3. HVDC power transmission:-
With HVDC power transmission, AC power is rectified and high voltage
DC power is transmitted to another location. At the receiving location, an
inverter in a static inverter plant converts the power back to AC.
4. The general case:-
A transformer allows AC power to be converted to any desired voltage, but
at the same frequency. Inverters, plus rectifiers for DC, can be designed to
convert from any voltage, AC or DC, to any other voltage, also AC or DC, at
any desired frequency. The output power can never exceed the input power, but
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efficiencies can be high, with a small proportion of the power dissipated as
waste heat.
ECE/2010-11/PIET/JAIPUR
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I feel profound to present this project report as an image of dedicated and
sincere efforts. It is almost a pleasure to bestow my earnest gratitude to all who
generously helped by sharing their valuable experience & devoting time with
me.
First & foremost I thanks & gratefulness to Mr. Pawan Jangid
(Lecture,ECE,PIET) and Mr. (Lab Astt. In R&D lab, PIET) whose guidance,
teachings and valuable suggestion provided me the timely valuable input which
enhanced my knowledge.
Last but not the least I am thankful to all my friends who are in this project and
I am also thankful to the almighty God for all their immense blessing &
guidance during the course of the research & development of the project.
Ranjeet Kumar (EC/09/01)
Swastik Sharma (EC/09/26)
Suryaveer Singh Rathore (EC/09/)
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Vinay Pandey(EC/09/)
ECE/2010-11/PIET/JAIPUR
COMPONENT DESCRIPTION
1. IC CD 4047
The CD4047B is capable of operating in either the monostable or astable mode.
It requires an external capacitor (between pins 1 and 3) and an external resistor
(between pins 2 and 3) to determine the output pulse width in the monostable
mode, and the output frequency in the astable mode. Astable operation is
enabled by a high level on the astable input or low level on the astable input.
The output frequency (at 50% duty cycle) at Q and Q outputs is determined
by the timing components. A frequency twice that of Q is available at the
Oscillator Output; a 50% duty cycle is not guaranteed. Monostable operation is
obtained when the device is triggered by LOW-to-HIGH transition at + trigger
input or HIGH-to-LOW transition at - trigger input. The device can be
retriggered by applying a simultaneous LOW-to-HIGH transition to both the +
trigger and retrigger inputs. A high level on Reset input resets the outputs Q to
LOW, Q to HIGH.
Figure:
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2. IRF 540(POWER MOSFET)
These are N-Channel enhancement mode silicon gate power field effect
transistors. They are advanced power MOSFETs designed, tested, and
guaranteed to withstand a specified level of energy in the breakdown avalanche
mode of operation. All of these power MOSFETs are designed for applications
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such as switching regulators, switching convertors, motor drivers, relay drivers,
and drivers for high power bipolar switching transistors requiring high speed
and low gate drive power. These types can be operated directly from integrated
circuits.
Symbol:
Figure:
Graphs:
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3. RESISTOR
A resistor is a two-terminal passive electronic component which
implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. When a voltage V is
applied across the terminals of a resistor, a current I will flow through the
resistor in direct proportion to that voltage. This constant of
proportionality is called conductance, G. The reciprocal of the
conductance is known as the resistance R, since, with a given voltage V,
a larger value of R further "resists" the flow of current I as given by
Ohm's law:
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Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic
circuits and are ubiquitous in most electronic equipment. Practical
resistors can be made of various compounds and films, as well as
resistance wire (wire made of a high-resistivity alloy, such as nickel-
chrome). Resistors are also implemented within integrated circuits,
particularly analog devices, and can also be integrated into hybrid and
printed circuits.
The electrical functionality of a resistor is specified by its resistance:
common commercial resistors are manufactured over a range of more
than 9 orders of magnitude. When specifying that resistance in an
electronic design, the required precision of the resistance may require
attention to the manufacturing tolerance of the chosen resistor, according
to its specific application. The temperature coefficient of the resistance
may also be of concern in some precision applications. Practical resistors
are also specified as having a maximum power rating which must exceed
the anticipated power dissipation of that resistor in a particular circuit:
this is mainly of concern in power electronics applications. Resistors with
higher power ratings are physically larger and may require heat sinking.
In a high voltage circuit, attention must sometimes be paid to the rated
maximum working voltage of the resistor.
Types and their symbols:
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v-i graph:
4. DIODE(1N 4007)
A p–n junction is formed by joining P-type and N-type semiconductors
together in very close contact. The term junction refers to the boundary
interface where the two regions of the semiconductor meet. If they were
constructed of two separate pieces this would introduce a grain boundary,
so p–n junctions are created in a single crystal of semiconductor by
doping, for example by ion implantation, diffusion of dopants, or by
epitaxy (growing a layer of crystal doped with one type of dopant on top
of a layer of crystal doped with another type of dopant). The forward-bias
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and the reverse-bias properties of the p–n junction imply that it can be
used as a diode. A p–n junction diode allows electric charges to flow in
one direction, but not in the opposite direction; negative charges
(electrons) can easily flow through the junction from n to p but not from
p to n and the reverse is true for holes. When the p–n junction is forward
biased, electric charge flows freely due to reduced resistance of the p–n
junction. When the p–n junction is reverse biased, however, the junction
barrier (and therefore resistance) becomes greater and charge flow is
minimal.
Symbol:
V-I characteristics curve:
5. CAPACITOR
A capacitor (formerly known as condenser) is a device for storing
electric charge. The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all
contain at least two conductors separated by a non-conductor. Capacitors
used as parts of electrical systems, for example, consist of metal foils
separated by a layer of insulating film.A capacitor is a passive electronic
component consisting of a pair of conductors separated by a dielectric
(insulator). When there is a potential difference (voltage) across the
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conductors, a static electric field develops across the dielectric, causing
positive charge to collect on one plate and negative charge on the other
plate. Energy is stored in the electrostatic field. An ideal capacitor is
characterized by a single constant value, capacitance, measured in farads.
This is the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to the potential
difference between them.Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits
for blocking direct current while allowing alternating current to pass, in
filter networks, for smoothing the output of power supplies, in the
resonant circuits that tune radios to particular frequencies and for many
other purposes. The capacitance is greatest when there is a narrow
separation between large areas of conductor, hence capacitor conductors
are often called "plates," referring to an early means of construction. In
practice the dielectric between the plates passes a small amount of
leakage current and also has an electric field strength limit, resulting in a
breakdown voltage, while the conductors and leads introduce an
undesired inductance and resistance.
Symbol:
Figure:
6. PCB(Printed Circuit Board):
A printed circuit board, or PCB, is used to mechanically support and
electrically connect electronic components using conductive pathways,
tracks or signal traces etched from copper sheets laminated onto a non-
conductive substrate. It is also referred to as printed wiring board (PWB)
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or etched wiring board. A PCB populated with electronic components is a
printed circuit assembly (PCA), also known as a printed circuit board
assembly (PCBA). Printed circuit boards are used in virtually all but the
simplest commercially-produced electronic devices. PCBs are inexpensive,
and can be highly reliable. They require much more layout effort and higher
initial cost than either wire wrap or point-to-point construction, but are much
cheaper and faster for high-volume production; the production and soldering
of PCBs can be done by totally automated equipment. Much of the
electronics industry's PCB design, assembly, and quality control needs are
set by standards that are published by the IPC organization.
Figure:
