CHEMISTRY

PROJECT FILE

TOPIC:-
To Extract essentials oils present in
saunf(aniseed),ajwain(Carom)&
Elaichi(Cardamom).
Acknowledgement:-
I wish to express my deep gratitude and sincere
thanks to the principal Dr. A.K. Gaur for his
encouragement and for all the facilities that he
provided in this project work. I sincerely
appreciate this magnanimity by taking me into
his fold for which I shall herein indebted to
him. I extent my hearty thanks to Mr. Umesh
Pandey sir, Chemistry teacher, who guided me
to the successful completion of this project . I
take this opportunity to express my deep sense
of gratitude for his invaluable guidance,
attitude and immense motivation, which has
sustained my efforts at all stage of this project
work
Submitted by
DHRUV PATEL
XII-C
S.no contents Page.no
1 introduction
2 experiment

3 Theory
4 Procedure&
requirement
s
5 Observations
6 Conclusion
and
precautions
7 Bibliography
INTRODUCTION:-
We are all familiar with the pleasant odours
coming out from flowers, spices and many
trees. The essence or aromas of plants are due
to volatile oils present in them. These smelling
volatile oils present in plants are called essential
oils. Cinnamon, clove, cumin, eucalyptus,
garlic, jasmine, peppermint, rose, sandalwood,
spearmint, thyme, wintergreen are a few
familiar examples of valuable essential oils. The
term “essential oils” literally means “oils
derived from the essence” of plants. Essential
oils are mainly used for their pleasant odours
and flavors in perfumes and as flavoring agents
in foods. Some are used in medicines (e.g.,
camphor, wintergreen, eucalyptus) others as
insect repellants (e.g., citronella).
Chemically essential oils are composed of
complex mixtures of ester, alcohols, phenols,
aldehydes, ketones and hydrocarbons. They are
essentially non-polar compounds and are thus
soluble in non-polar solvents such as petroleum
ether, benzene etc. Essential oils may occur in
all parts of the plant, but they are often
concentrated in the seeds or flowers. They are
obtained from the plants by the process of
steam distillation and extraction. The technique
of steam distillation permits the separation of
volatile componentsfrom non-volatile materials
without raising the temperature of the
distillation above 100° C. Thus steam
distillation reduces the risk of decomposition of
essential oils.

Experiment
To extract essential oil present in :-

 Saunf (aniseed)

 Ajwain(carom)

 Elaichi(cardamom)
  Aniseed Essential oil
Aniseed, on steam distillation, yields an
essential oil, known as `Oil of Aniseed`,
which has now replaced the fruits for
medicinal and flavoring purposes. Aniseed
oil is a colorless or pale-yellow liquid
having the characteristic odour and taste of
the fruit.
 The yield of oil generally varies from 1.9 to
3.1 per cent. Higher values up to 6 per cent
have been reported from Syrian aniseed.
Crushing of fruits prior to distillation gives
better yields of oil. The material should be
distilled soon after the crushing to prevent
any loss of oil due to evaporation.

Aniseed oil is a highly refractive liquid, which

solidifies on cooling. The congealing point
depends much on the anethole content and is a
valuable criterion for evaluating the oil.
Exposure of the oil to air causes
polymerization, and some oxidation also takes
place with the formation of anisaldehyde and
anisic acid. The chief constituent of aniseed oil
is anethole, which is present to the extent of 80
to 90 per cent and is mainly responsible for the
characteristic flavor of the oil. The oil also
contains methyl chavicol , p-methoxyphenyl
acetone, and small amount of terpenes and
sulfur containing compounds of disagreeable
odour.
USES OF ANISEED OIL:-

In aromatherapy, aniseed essential oil is used to

treat colds and flu.

 Aniseed oil can be made into a liquid scent and

is used for both hunting and fishing. It is put on
fishing lures to attract fish.

Anethole, the principal component of anise oil,

is a precursor that can eventually produce 2,5-
dimethoxybenzaldehyde which is can be used in
the clandestine synthesis of psychedelic drugs
such as 2C-B, 2C-I and DOB.

 Oil of aniseed is also reported to be used as an

aromatic carminative to relieve flatulence, and
as an ingredient of cough lozenges in
combination with liquorice.
Carom essential oil:

Carom seeds are also known as ajwain ,Thymol

seeds, Onum , Ajma , Ajmodika and bishops
weed. They are the tiny, cute, delicate and oval
shaped herbs with a penetrating fragrance.
Carom seed belongs to the family of cumin and
parsley. These seeds have been used since years
as they consists number of medical properties.
Because of their strong aroma, carom seeds are
highly used for the Indian culinary.
Carom seeds are sharp and hot with the
burning taste, that’s why few seeds are enough
to bring the flavor in any Indian recipe. Carom
seeds can be whole or powdered one. It is
always advisable to buy whole carom seeds as
they can be easily turned into powder form just
by grinding them in a smooth powder.

USES OF CAROM SEEDS:-

These seeds are used for the tempering or
tadka’s in the dishes.
Ajwain has strong, dominant and distinctive
taste and flavor, that’s why few seeds are
enough to bring exotic fragrance to the
vegetarian and non-veg food.
Ajwain can be used for making pickles as well.
The aroma and unique taste of ajwain is used
for making various types of roti’s, parathas,
thepla’s and so on.
They are specially used in different types of
meat, snack recipes and dal recipes to enhance
the flavor.
Soups, stocks and stews can be flavored with
few seeds of ajwain.
Ajwain are highly incorporated for making
various salad dressings and Indian bakery
items.
Cardamom Essential oil:
Cardamom provides a warming and
stimulating tonic .Cardamom is also an
excellent choice for the digestive system. I am
sure I don’t have to tell you that Cardamom is
greatly admired and extensively used as a
culinary spice all over the world. You can also
try a gargle with Cardamon if you suffer with
halitosis (bad breath). Why not try 1 drop
Cardamon and one drop of Peppermint in a
small amount of water as an effective way to
freshen your breath! 14
USES FOR CARDAMOM :-
1 Smoothies
Add some cardamom to fruit smoothies to give
them an extra edge. It doesn’t matter what
flavor the basic smoothie is – in fact, the more
exotic the better.
2 Fruit loaves
If you want to jazz up your banana bread or add
a bit of life to your tired fruit loaf recipe, then a
touch of ground cardamom will make a world of
difference. Just add the spice when you are
mixing in the rest of the dry ingredients and you
will get a lovely warm, rich flavor from the
finished loaf.
3 Bread
As with fruit loaves, a sprinkling of cardamom
will do wonders for your bread rolls and loaves.
Don’t worry about the cardamom turning
savory breads into sweet; the spice will just a
hint of warmth to the flavor and you can add as
little or as much as you like, depending on taste.
4 Puddings
Many desserts benefit from the addition of
cardamom – rice pudding works especially well,
but you could also try adding a little ground
cardamom to ice cream, set custards, yogurt,
and baked fruit.
5 Casseroles
A few pods added to a casserole dish will give a
lamb, chicken or vegetable casserole an extra
zing and makes a great entertaining or moving
house meal.

REQUIREMENTS:-
Steam generator (Copper Vessel), round
bottom flask (500 ml), conical flask, condenser,
glass tubes, iron stand, sand bath, separatory
funnel, tripod stands, burners, Ajwain(Carum),
Petroleum ether(60-80°C),Saunf(Aniseed) .

PROCEDURE:-
Set the apparatus as shown in the picture of
Experimental Setup. The apparatus consists of a
steam generator connected to the round bottom
flask through a glass inlet tube. The flask is
connected to a water condenser through a glass
outlet tube. Condenser is further attached to a
receiver through an adaptor. Take about 750 ml of
water in the steam generator and start heating to
produce steam. In the round bottom flask take
about 75 gm of crushed saunf. A vigorous current of
steam from steam generator is passed through the
round bottom flask. A part of the steam condenses
in the round bottom flask. As more and more steam
is passed, the steam volatile components of saunf
pass through the condenser along with steam. These
contents on condensation are collected in the
receiver. The contents in the round bottom flask
may be heated by a bunsen burner to prevent
excessive condensation of steam.
The process of steam distillation is continued for
about half an hour. Transfer the distillate to a
separating funnel and extract with 20 ml portions of
petroleum ether 3 times. Combine the petroleum
ether extracts in a 250 ml conical flask and dry it
with the help of anhydrous sodium sulphate.
Remove the solvent from the dried filtrate by careful
distillation in a water bath. The essential oil is left
behind in the distillation flask. Find the weight of
the extracted essential oil. Note the colour, odour
and weight of the essential oil
Name of Item Weight of Initial Weight of Weight of Percentage Colour Odour
Item taken Weight bottle + essential oil of essential of the of the
(x) essential extracted oil oil oil
oil (y-x) (y/100)*100
(y)

1. SAUNF
100g 10g 11- 1.25 1.25 colour Saunf
like
less
(ANISEED):- smell

m m 25g gm %
m
2. AJWAIN
(CAROM):-
75g 10 11g 1gm 1.33 colo Ajwa
in
urles
m gm m % s
like
smell

Conclusion
“HENCE WE HAVE EXTRACTED
ESSENTIAL OILS FROM 75 GM OF
SOUNF(ANISEED), AJWAIN(CAROM) AND
ELAICHI(CARDAMOM)”
Precautions
 If you accidentally spill essential oils – Clean
any spillage with an absorbent material such
as kitchen roll.
 If you accidentally get essential oils in your
eye – Flush with copious amounts of MILK
for at least 15 minutes and seek medical
advice if symptoms persist.
 If you accidentally swallow essential oils –
Rinse mouth with MILK and seek medical
attention.
 Handling – Do not eat, drink or smoke when
handling. Respect good personal hygiene.
 Always mix with carrier oil before applying
to the skin. Never apply to inflamed or
broken skin.
 Do not use neat on skin.
 Do not take internally. If pregnant seek
medical advice before using.
 Storage – Store in a cool, dry place away
from heat and direct sunlight. Always use
original containers. Avoid contact with
polished surfaces and plastic.
 Keep essential oils away from children and
pets