1 INTRODUCTION: THE RIGHT IN LATIN AMERICA Elite power, hegemony and the struggle for the state ‘The election, in 1998, of Hugo Chivez to the presidency of Venezuela was the eping over Lat and during that time most of South America in Central America elected Left-leaning govemments. By 2014 the momentum did not seem to be faltering, with ten countries ~ Bfazil, Uruguay, Argentina, Chile, Bolivia, Ecuador, Venemuela, Nicaragua, El Salvador and, of coune, ‘Cuba ~ having Lefi-led governments. It is unsurprising then that most academic ‘work on politics in the region has been directed at studying this phenomenon." The literature, of coun, has varying views on the nature and characteristics of these governments and notes degrees of diversity within them. Nevertheless, a level of consensus exits in so far as chese disparate governments are viewed a¢ continued implementing neoliberal policies undé ‘which had been instituted under President Alberto Fujimori (1990-2000), ‘chi. afer2 Thefightin Late Arica sings Pn ade bcs 9S : th Right President Sebastian Panera ( oxy a Pacific Alliance, 3 loose roped io a ade and founded in 2012 and vo ‘information brochure re for 35 percent of the ral GDP of perce wae and 36 pt igh pin! momertum in hereon with wi can Proposl patlamentary elections. And while mos constitutional boundaries, these limits are someti impeachment of Lef-of-centre President Femando abandoned, asin the failed coup agai ‘Chavez tat tide, u st ty to force back ight continu in the past with litle work dedicated to the subject? although there has been cicero tnt tg bled more reer” This book aims to bud on this legacy but ako to go beyond te cece eee cere ADD | Frenne i tseciay fem Te ec cea ee L finding invariabl Right-wing : or otherwise pivotal org al outcomes regularly and subst ‘The Right in Latin America 3“4 The ight in atin Amen and agreeing with Bobbio! is fitting considering the but ako in argue that gical manifestations sociery organisations, uncovering Tend thinking underpins ach policy to a wide-ranging degree. Concer sof equality ~ clas, race and gender ~ and stat has been challenged most by Left govem- coviented. political partes and ness ofthe need to tackle poverty. The chaprer ill uniformity of elite thinking around neoliberal suies such as chat by Reis on Bra, among others. In Chapter 4, 1 examine the situation in those countries which are most dominated by neoiberlsm, to illustrate empirically how the five sources of social power support the neoliberal project in the region, First I briefly review earlier writings on Central America where I argued that tively intact acros all five power areas, with, howe' made by Left government in El Salvador and which elites accrue fom these policies asa rest epee {In Chapter 5, | retum to Mann’ fa ee ‘Mann's framework to argue that despite this deep ‘sm across the power structure in most countries the The Right in Latin America [ght has lost elements of hegemony in some of the power networks under the “pink tide”. [examine the areas of power identified ~ economic, political, ideo ing proxy forms of measurement drawn or liberal-leaning think tank indexes, 1 illustrate graphically the extent to which Left governments have halted or reversed neobiberalised elite dominance in some of these areas. While the extent of reversal in Lefi-governed at it has been reversed in any manner siculate a response to ths sbeanlly in Chapter 6. Here, I depart ned typologies” and instead develop a ving around pragmatic rik asesme. Th, vod threat fel fom the Left co the availble. These are explicitly reversal implemented by Leftled government, althouy subjective astessment of threats by elite actors, which ean vary from country to in Chapter 7, [then summarise findings and asess che prospects forthe Lefé in the context of those Tn this way, thi going with regard to iatve from the Lef fe aim is not just to help us ‘American Right in the current context innovative manner which eapeures more fally the phenomenon’s complenit the nature and ut co do 50(6 The Right in atin Arena se: Dyn Rg iP Nn peda, Ae Nate Damssason, Loan: Ze ‘Aneran Li London: Ves Le “Te Rese of the Lom Ameriat Manwell A-and Enc Henbberg “Togestoes of Change, Boulder, CO: (Cannon, ry 3d Feat Kiby ( ‘A Biri, 1992, The Right aed Demaory also points to the importance of these actors erful think tanks" 2* pow their weak expresion in the field of competi because eli ‘specially television, are playing in shaping the In these accounts, then it b not Right n ier the paramount expressions Understanding the Latin Amerian Right 17 all four areas to be the various accounts in the on the subsidiarity of these other ideed, offen they are not recognised as bur rad ily equipped to analyse the * which the vertiginous aymmetties of power present in the Lat ‘Similar difficulties can be found in Consewative Petes, a book on c in Latin America edited by Kevin Middlebrox (of conservative political partes in i that, in fact, such parties are of mi suuccessfil conservative political. ‘Mexico and Venezuela wih al ofthe notable exception of Brazil. Fe his introduction: “Economic , however, Middlebrook observes in mony exercised 1 nisutions can be “privat Privately controlled mass media, business asociations, and 1 tural organisations”. These can act in a complementary a to political paries and existing corporat pattems.” Middlebrook also notes the f exploring the implications of this fact more he relationship between the po conservative parties and the Rij moved on litte then from the cone! in effect offers fe between the p erties, and researchES ee ee Udertarden te Lata bratesn ight 9 18 Undentandg the ttn American ght riding that such parties do not mater that much excep hey should despite the siderable elements of advantage, imcluding the continued friday ible economic resources “which enal icies in which Moreover, they imporance of connections with the United Sutes, both in terms of 1 suppor and funding, and logical, strategic and other suppor Right-orieted non-governmental organisations (NGOs), ‘not a comparative text ind indeed, the different case satiety of theoretical perspectives and conceptual approaches n goes furthest from a traditional political science appe prblenatiqe ofthe Right in Latin America, emphasising fiding influence of, the power of elites over and beyond po deliberately refuses to offer a coherent and comprehs fom whch to examine the dere pate of gh pees ie integrated phenomenon, , ie rome is scateer , Resilience, the editors make electoral factors with inequality. al activ strategy is 7? and can social power held by eles. The ise of ateyies” as in fact expresions of profound and extemuve | er then should be centel to any 7Sing te atin American Fight 20 Unders sex socal power than any other GrOUp in Latin pet a To need 0 100k BEyODS policy ve fru on plc power, and in pa te fn the pheno ot cre shiv tin 2 more integrand cease which can go beyond the sts broader poiel theory on social pow Latin American Right in the fuller, more comprehensive manner required, tical sociology, social power and the study of the Right \merica in which “operate simultaneously and ae i when a “fixed amount of power can be distributed am the power of A ovr B. Collective power manifest inl paties or majority in the tsk at hand. Hence, ‘which will usually be sanctioned b of the social group in which both operat Power operates chrough “multiple overlapping and intersecting sociospatial networks of po chin a specifically identified te power reflec the four sources of ideological, 6 f fer altemative organisational means of socal p hasprimacy in and of self but can develop such primacy at dis in different societies, depending on the context fous can develop autonomous orton lig ih men in tine and ‘Mann defines each power network as Weberian “ideal types" with their pa clr oration foms dial osarthen is “whe ean nom dstinctive sociospatial in ; hod a Covioptily tancende “s Understanding the Latin American Right 21 of the objects of nature and those “able to monop scl dfece ands sea fro inate military organisa nal groups, asin contemporary Colombia, Police! power “derives ftom the useil tmutural power is when 5 ingfastuctures penetrating universally throughout civil society, throu} political can extract resources from, and provide services to all its subjects" In vanced democracies, sate power is despotially weak but infia~Understanding the ‘American Right 23 in the 1980s. This opened 09 mae reig iinet Sea ct npn nie gna Increased violence ie of proceses of rmiore force= than those tational procenes, in general these are a ee =e te TTompatison to Europe, where these developed pressre for firer tax systems. In Latin America the obverse was the case ~ With the world economy rather than US power, lessening these. Thind, violence has been led “war on drugs drugs problem, offering repress Hes to have low solution) or satist agrarian re low taxes if ata. already over-stretched state coercive and legal capabilites, In sum, the filures of Latin American der ctsis of the nation-state” Economic development has remained teritorally concentrated, with only certain sectors, mosly in urban areas, benefiting. As 2 result “economic and socal integration remained weak” tn aifeences hve remained penitent fr 3 longer period than in Europe alo, which in tum reinforce clas diferences with white elites perceiving themselves 28 culturally superior to citizens of other races. These meant that" long possessed unusually step and deeply entrenched clas/caste hierarchie ‘Whites moxly benefited from economic development as these the cites, reinforcing cultural industrialised heir indigenous compatriots in the interior, or with descendants of ‘African slaves. The combination forced a structural inequality {0 this diy, undermining national solidarity, State in structures .. do not penetrate evenly’ actos sate teritorics, and justice inffastructures are undermined by violence. ... Taxati ictures are undemmined by comuption and ero undercut by violence and bureaucracy by patrimonilism, the nation is divided and weakened by enormous inequalities, greater than anywhere else in the world, ako leading to vi state and nator ‘Mann is lear that i¢ and develop more democratic societ be fostered “through economic, p famers and the next 10 per cent “are twice as high as in the result that “the very rich in Latin America almost live on another plan therefor, isthe region's “enduring *s Band allows state capture by clite Femains a8 strong a, if not sometimes ‘capturing of state resources with the poor, The resHe 24 ndesandng te Ltn Areca” fiom politcal resources pace 10 thou : aan ae ere Hok it ovis weil additionally fools tin Anes. Neves cee ew oe over of eo iL a deci a sates poveret a et ia Aen pte te pan ings Conclusion “The central ise therefore in order for Latin American states to develop demo- crtcally is, acconding to Mann, the lesening of inequalities, which in cum requires the reduction of in favour of state infrastructural power. Yet collective power across each ‘qualaton Moreover, 2 Fuel shows, nclibrasm has increased rather scuctul and insrumental power ieology, both nati In ths chapter Ihave gue around isues of equality, with the Right seing inequalities as natural and thete- fore not requing state umn action and hence remedibl, usually through the action other words sae infasucturl power needs to be developed in the realm of th the provision of univer services in education and health thro could, stom nd istuiondied trang Bonet a rested by eit, who sand to lose important quotas of suctl Power if enacted. Moreover, argue that analyses ofthe sprue adequately the complexity of these prO- Power and hi we of sae e228: Mann's concepe of sae infrastruc F-neworks as & conceptual tool from which © Understanding te Latin Amencan Right 25 rework has already been used ely by Es beralsm by social mov 1996. Left snd Rig: The Significance of 4 Pot Diino. nity of Chicago Pros, ippe Thévien, 2008, Land Right in Gob! Pais. Came Rew, Oxford: Oxford Univenity tanta, 2008, Ow th Plial. Abingdon: Routledge, p =12, 1 CF apd London: Yale Unie26. Understanding the Latin America Fgh Soe: Lo 208, lte Theory in So rye ppen/nn se. Aces pr une Net Jose ° Democracy snd Democratization. Ba i Chine cake and New York: Paigate Nel oy Did Sle Ct Sel Cpy Co (Oxford: Oxford Univenixy rs p. 3. 31 ibd, 32 Mouse, On de Poi, p. 18. ae edited and translated by. M1 Gran Amosi, 1971, Sins fom he Pion Natl edited an 7 2 fae, and Now Sa New York itera Polen. 35 Mad, pid 36 Milind ced in Raniome, P 192, Annie Gums: Yost Haver Whee p. 132. 37 Hal, Suan B Lumley, nd McLennan, 1977. Ox Usigy London: Hutchinson, eat 38 The, p69 39. Gras, Pm Nob, pp, 24-235 40 Ratome, dns Gn 41. Mout One Pla p18 42 Chumen, Dongs A Mana do Carmo Camp de Souza and 1982. The Right and Demo in Ltn cmon, New Yorks Praeger hd, pr Irodution. New 45 Tod pe ‘46 ODonnel, Guslemo, 1978. ‘Refecioms on the Patems of Change in the Bareauratie-Authontaran Sut’ in Lain Amory Reach Revo Hodson’ in Chen a, The Right and Dena ences mv Beco Moveents and Coalition Building, and the Latin Amer ‘Me Right ond Dono, pp. 13-43, 85° Bord, Ato, 1992, Rog in derstanding te Latin American Right 27 Pai ‘Luna and Bs in Luna and Rovira Kalewaser, Res Cena ‘9 AD 1760, Cambridge: Cambridge Us Tip 2, author's emphasis Iba, p. 3. re Panes, pp. 1-58 6, (and Lefi) Politics n Co PP. nes, “The Auhoriaran Root of New Rigs Pa et, the Right, and Dery ty Pres ight in Contemporary Latin vrs Kaliwaser, Reale, pp, e, 19R6, The Sous of Sxl Paver: ine 1, Hisay of Powe fom niversty Pres.28 nestanig the Latin Ameria Right alle ae worsen, Cnn mia, pe 0-13. ae sun, cn cote pe Acne: 106/215 2. voy fa IIS lt, Niel, 2008 luc Po pam fp. 38-365, 356 Revit in Suds in Compo, 2. "Ctaing Nedton in Latin America, Cambridge: Cp, Imndge Univers Pres. . ‘Mann, ‘The Cis ofthe Latin American State ‘nups/eprints eae. ireld, Several Power p.4 ‘0 Full Confit Theory: a Neo-Weberian P eneruel’. Unpublished manuscript. Ava tow sasupenn.edu dce/files/uploadh/ Smid NeNConflic’20Theory pf. Accesed 11/06) Ee 3 RIGHT-WING POLIcy DIscol LEFT-LED LATIN AMERICA eel Introduction 15 studies provide overviews of opinion on pol abour the cultural bi te actors to poverry and ineguiliy, deeper cultural work