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Comptia A+ (220-1101 & 220-1102) Chapter 2 - Hardware Components

This document is a chapter summary for CompTIA A+ (220-1101 & 220-1102) that covers hardware components. It discusses motherboards, firmware, power supplies, CPUs, memory, and storage. Specifically, it describes motherboards as the main circuit board that includes various components and provides connectivity. It also explains that chipsets, including the northbridge and southbridge chips, help define the functions and capabilities of the PC by controlling components like memory, I/O devices, and expansion buses. Finally, it briefly mentions different connector types and form factors used in computer hardware.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

401 views73 pages

Comptia A+ (220-1101 & 220-1102) Chapter 2 - Hardware Components

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Phillip Kennedy

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CompTIA A+ (220-1101 & 220-1102)

Chapter 2 – Hardware Components

Slide 1

Chapter 2 – Hardware Components

 Motherboards
 Firmware
 Power Supplies
 Central Processing Unit (CPU)
 Memory
 Storage

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Slide 2

Topic A

 Motherboards

Motherboards

 The motherboard is the main circuit board in a PC

 Includes various components
 Provides connectivity for integrated and add-on components

Data Communication

 The primary connection method for devices on the motherboard is

called a bus, simply a “data pathway”
 Front Side Bus (FSB) or System Bus
 Backside Bus
 Address, Data, and Control Bus
 Expansion Bus

Chipsets

 Chipsets – one or more chips embedded onto the motherboard

that provide a variety of functions for the computer
 Memory control
 System bus functions
 Audio functions
 Video display functions
 System management functions

 The two most important parts of the chipset are the Northbridge
and Southbridge chips, which together with the CPU define the
functions and capabilities of the PC

Northbridge

 Northbridge – the chip connected directly to the CPU and

responsible for the tasks that require the highest levels of
performance
 Separation of duties due to the difficulty of implementing multiple functions
on a single chip
 Modern processors have implemented northbridge chip functionality on-die

Southbridge

 Southbridge – the second of the two major chips

 Implements the slower capabilities of the motherboard
 Not connected directly to the CPU but instead used to interact with I/O
devices
 Interrupt controllers
 Drive controllers
 USB
 PCI devices

Connector Types

 Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI)

 PCI Express (PCIe)
 Power
 SATA
 eSATA
 Headers
 M.2

Form Factors

 Form Factors – refer to the size and shape of a motherboard as

well as describing the power supply and case that can be used
 ATX – created by Intel in 1996 and still very popular
 Mini-ATX
 Micro-ATX
 FlexATX
 ITX, Mini-ITX, Pico-ITX – used to support ATOM and Core I3/I5/I7
CPUs

Installing a Motherboard

 Installing a motherboard
 Locate the holes on the
motherboard
 Align with the holes in the chassis
 Screw tightly but do not overtighten
 Use risers if provided
 Ensure motherboard is not in contact
directly with chassis
 Connect cables
 Power
 Speakers
 Front ports
 USB
 Memory cards

Replacing Motherboards

 Replacing motherboards – tips and tricks

 Eliminate other possibilities first!
 Keep track of cables, pins, and screws
 Don’t apply too much force!
 Make SURE the motherboard is not touching the chassis!
 Always use anti-static gear when handling computer parts
 Extra care needs to be taken with slimline PCs

Motherboard Compatibility

 CPU sockets
 AMD
 Intel
 Server
 Multisocket
 Desktop
 Mobile

Topic B

 Firmware

BIOS/CMOS

 Two integral parts to the motherboard are the BIOS and CMOS
chips which provide setup, configuration, and troubleshooting
capabilities
 BIOS – Basic Input/Output System – is a set of software instructions stored
on a chip on the motherboard that enables based computer functions
 CMOS – Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor – is an area that stores
the BIOS configuration information

 These terms are almost always used synonymously but actually

refer to different components

UEFI

 Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI)

 A standard firmware interface for PCs designed to replace BIOS
 Advantages
 Better security, including securing the pre-boot process
 Faster startup times and resuming from hibernation
 Support for drives larger than 2.2 TB
 Support for 64-bit firmware device driver
 Backward compatible

POST

 The BIOS performs a very important task during the boot process
known as POST (Power On Self Test) which is part of the built-in
diagnostics of the system

 POST is a check of core hardware functions

 CPU, BIOS, CMOS is checked, and problems are identified through beep
codes
 Video subsystem is checked
 BIOS identifies itself with version and manufacturer
 Tests main system memory
 Locates a boot device according to the boot sequence and executes the
Master Boot Record program on the boot sector

Configuring the BIOS

 BIOS Settings
 Date and Time
 CPU options
 Hard drive and floppy options
 Serial and Parallel ports
 Integrated devices
 Plug and Play
 Power Management
 Boot order
 Virtualization support

Fan Speed Considerations

 Fan speeds can also be monitored in the BIOS

 CPU fans
 Other system fans
 Programs are available to monitor this and send alerts if necessary

Security Settings

 BIOS / UEFI Security settings

 BIOS passwords
 Supervisor password
 Boot password
 Trusted Platform Module (TPM)
 A security chip on the motherboard used for full volume encryption
 Prevents tampering with hardware components
 Can be combined with a PIN number required to start the system
 Hardware Security Module (HSM)
 USB permissions

Secure Boot

 Secure Boot
 A standard requiring the operating system to check the integrity of all system
files before allowing the boot process to proceed
 Configured on UEFI systems
 Sometimes requires changes in order to successfully boot the device to an
OS setup

Topic C

 Power Supplies

Power Supplies

 Power supply – the PC component that converts AC wall voltage to

the various DC voltages required by the computer components
 Converts AC into DC
 Drops 110 Volts down to 3.3, 5, and 12 volts
 Some power supplies can be configured to run on 110- or 220-Volt wall
outlets
 Power supplies are rated according to the watts of DC power they are capable
of outputting
 More devices = increased watt requirement

Installation Considerations

 Two main issues arise when you are looking to install a power
supply into a computer system
 The power supply must provide ample wattage to power all the components
 You can figure the wattage by multiplying the voltage by the current used by a
device
 If a device uses 5 amps of +3.3 V and .7 amps of +12V it would use a total of 25
watts
 Most devices will be labeled with their wattage requirements
 The power supply must provide the correct types of connectors

Powering Drives

 The SATA power connector is more common in modern systems

 3 pins are designated for 3.3V, 5V and 12V with each pin carrying 1.5 amps
 A total draw of about 30 watts

Motherboard Power

 Motherboard connectors
 Single P1 20- or 24-pin connector in modern motherboards
 4/8 Pin 12V
 Used beginning with Pentium 4
 Used in addition to the main motherboard connector to provide supplemental
power
 PCIe 6/8 pin – connects to higher-end video cards with increased power
requirements

Choosing Power Supplies

 Additional considerations when purchasing a power supply

 Wattage – you should have more than the minimum necessary
 Dual-rail power supplies use multiple wires (or “rails”) to supply the power
 Does not increase power
 Decreases likelihood for overheating
 Most manufacturers claim to implement separate rails
 Size – the physical dimensions must match the chassis
 Number of connectors
 Redundancy
 Modular power supply

Replacing Power Supplies

 Power supplies are a component in the PC that is REPLACED rather

than repaired
 The power supply contains capacitors that are capable of retaining
a large charge even when the system is powered down
 From a safety perspective, you should NEVER open up a power
supply and attempt to repair individual components

Topic D

 Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Central Processing Unit

 The CPU is truly the “brains” of the computer, responsible for

controlling activities between components and processing all data
on behalf of hardware and software
 CPU Components
 Arithmetic Logic Unit
 Control Units
 Registers

Central Processing Unit

 Packaging – describes the physical characteristics of the package

containing the CPU microchip and is made from plastic, ceramic,
glass, metal, or other types of materials
 PGA – Pin Grid Array (80286, 80386, 80486)
 SPGA – Staggered Pin Grid Array (Pentium, Pentium Pro)
 FC-PGA – Flip Chip PGA (Pentium III and Celeron)
 SECC – Single Edge Contact Cartridge (Pentium II and Pentium III)
 SECC2
 LGA – Land Grid Array – Pentium 4 and later CPUs
 Ceramic Pin Grid Array (CPGA)
 Organic Pin Grid Array (OPGA)

CPU Architecture

 CPU Architecture
 x86 vs. x64
 Advanced RISC Machine (ARM)
 Speeds
 Cores
 Single-core
 Multi-core

 Multithreading
 Virtualization support

Cooling

 The CPU generates an incredible amount of heat and thus

requires additional cooling techniques to prevent overheating
and damage
 Heat sink
 Cooling units
 Thermal paste / pads
 Fan assemblies
 Alternative cooling
 Refrigeration
 Liquid

Liquid Cooling

 Liquid-based cooling cases are available and circulate water around

the components to increase cooling capabilities
 More expensive than normal cases
 More difficult to install
 Results in an almost completely silent system
 Problems can occur with various components
 Pump failure
 Leaks and corrosion on hoses and fittings

Topic E

 Memory

Memory

 Memory
 Stores data for CPU and applications
 Primary storage
 Memory types
 Random Access Memory – the term used to describe main system memory
for running applications
 Read-Only Memory (ROM) – the term used to describe chips on the
motherboard and devices that store instructions permanently

Memory Units

 Actual storage locations on a memory chip are referred to as

“cells” and each cell stores a single bit of data

 Basic Memory Units

 Bit
 Nibble – 4 bits
 Byte – 8 bits
 Kilobyte – 1024 bytes
 Megabyte – 1024 KB
 Gigabyte – 1024 MB
 Terabyte – 1024 GB

DDR RAM

 DDR – Double Data Rate

DRAM
 DDR 2 – Double Data Rate
2
 DDR 3 – Double Data Rate
3
 DDR 4
 DDR 5

Error Recovery

 Memory Error Recovery

 Parity – a scheme that enables the detection of memory errors using either
even or odd parity schemes. The use of an additional parity bit is used by
both the memory controller and CPU
 ECC – Error Correcting Code – permits the computer not only to detect errors
in memory but also to correct them

 Largely eliminated except for high-end workstations and servers

RAM Configurations

 RAM configurations
 Single sided vs. double
sided
 Single channel
 Dual channel
 Triple channel
 Quad channel

Installing RAM

 Installation and Handling Techniques

 Banking requirements
 Proper handling
 Slot insertion
 RAM compatibility

Topic F

 Storage

Storage Overview

 Hard drives represent the secondary permanent storage available

on the computer system
 Various types of storage devices are currently available with
varying characteristics
 Access time
 Storage capacity
 Physical type of media being used
 Types
 Magnetic
 Optical
 Solid state / flash drives

Storage Overview (cont.)

 Various hard drive interfaces exist for modern computers, and

many have been outdated
 An interface represents the communications standard that defines
how data flows to and from the disk drive
 A controller is the adapter board that plugs into the PC’s expansion
slot or that is built on to the motherboard
 Drives can be connected using various standards

Drive Architecture

 Drive types  Drive standards

 Magnetic  PATA / IDE
 Optical  SATA
 Solid state (SSD)  eSATA
 SCSI

 Form factors
 2.5
 3.5

Drive Speeds

 Evaluated in RPMs and primarily apply to magnetic hard drives

 5400 rpm
 7200 rpm
 10000 rpm
 15000 rpm

SATA

 Serial ATA
 Currently there are three SATA standards, and the drives and interfaces are
widely popular in modern computers, having almost completely replaced
parallel ATA
 SATA 1 – Original specification with 150 Mbps transfer rate
 SATA 2 – Second-generation SATA with 300 Mbps transfer rate
 SATA 3 – Third-generation SATA with up to 600 Mbps transfer rate

eSATA

 eSATA was officially standardized in 2004 and intended for external

connectivity
 Most external devices used USB and Firewire but were, in fact, PATA/SATA
devices
 Translation was done by a controller on the external drive itself, causing
some inefficiency
 eSATA does not suffer from these issues and provides a new method for
connecting external drives and achieving the full speeds of SATA 3

eSATA Cables and Connectors

 eSATA Cables and Connectors

 Maximum cable length of 2 meters
 Cables still use 7 pins as internal cables but lack the “L” shape, which
prevents using internal cables for external drives and vice versa
 Additional shielding is provided for the connector with retention features to
prevent inadvertently unplugging
 Many computers do not have eSATA connectors, but this can be added via an
expansion card

Magnetic Drives

 The vast majority of hard drives today are fixed disk drives that
use mechanical parts and magnetism in order to read and write
information to provide a permanent storage location

 Fixed Disk Drives are made up of a number of components

 Platters – metal or plastic disk coated with magnetic material
 Spindle – the axis or central hub that the platters spin around
 Read/Write heads – magnetic devices that both read and write data on the
platters and are attached to arms
 Voice Coil actuator – mechanism that moves the heads very precisely into
position over tracks written on the platters

Hard Drive Geometry

 Hard Drive Geometry

 Tracks – concentric circles written on the platter
 Sectors – each track is divided into sectors
 Cylinder – logical collection of all the tracks at a given distance from the axis
 Cluster – logical grouping of sectors

 Each sector typically holds 512 bytes and represents the smallest
physical space that can be written to on the drive
 Each cluster contains between 4 – 64 sectors and represents the
smallest logical space the operating system can write files

Hot Swappable

 Some drive types will support a hot-swappable configuration

 USB
 FireWire
 SATA

SSD Overview

 Solid-state hard drives are becoming more popular for consumer

use because their use of memory instead of mechanical moving
parts allows for much higher access speeds

 Features and Benefits of SSD

 Use nonvolatile memory chips containing no moving parts
 Faster startup and access
 Noiseless
 High reliability

SSD Overview (cont.)

 Solid state drives differ from other flash media in that they are
meant to be a permanent replacement for internal storage devices
 Different techniques are used to retain data
 Non-volatile flash
 Volatile RAM and external power or batteries
 Heavily used in smartphones, tablets, and laptops

SSD Communications Interfaces

 Interfaces
 Non-volatile Memory Express (NVMe)
 SATA
 PCIe

 Form factors
 M.2
 mSATA

Flash Drives

 Flash drives and storage cards using flash media have become the
overwhelmingly popular choice for removable storage

 Flash drives offer the following benefits

 High storage capacity in comparison with other media types
 Hot-swapping capability due to USB interface
 Smaller than other storage media

 Storage cards using flash media are primarily used for phones and
digital cameras

Memory Cards

 Flash Storage media used in cameras varies by manufacturer

 Compact Flash
 SD
 Micro-SD
 Mini-SD
 xD

Optical Drives

 Optical drives work using a laser rather than magnetism to change

the characteristics of the storage medium
 Multiple types exist that vary in speed and capacity
 CD
 DVD
 Blu-ray
 Additionally, drives are read only or rewritable
 CD-R and CD-RW
 DVD-R and DVD-RW
 BD-R and BD-RE

Drive Components

 CD Drive Components
 Drive motor – spins the disc
 Laser lens and laser pickup – focus in and read the disc
 Tracking drive and motor – moves the laser to follow the tracks on the CD

 Optional Components
 Navigation buttons
 Volume control dials
 Headphone jacks
 Small hole used to open the drive without power

DVD

 DVD (Digital Video Disc) – optical drives that differ greatly from
CDs
 Features and Benefits
 DVDs have same diameter as CDs but are thinner, higher density discs
 The higher density requires a different type of laser
 DVDs have the capability of at least 4.7 GB of data storage and are read at a
higher rate of speed than CDs

DVD Types

 DVD Types
 DVD 5 – standard DVD disc, capable of 4.7 GB of data
 DVD 9 or DVD-DL – single-sided, double-layered disc, capable of 8.5 GB of
data which requires a different laser capable of refocusing on the second
layer or pits
 DVD-10 – double-sided, single-layer disc, holding 9.4 GB of data
 DVD-14 – double-layer on one side, and single-layer on the other, capable of
holding 13.3 GB of data
 DVD-18 – double-layered and double-sided, capable of 17.1 GB of data
 DVD +- R are writeable once, whereas DVD+-RW are erasable

Blu-Ray

 Blu-Ray
 Record and play more information than standard DVD, using a similar optical
technology
 Features and Benefits
 Uses a shorter wavelength blue-violet laser that allows for almost six times
the data storage of a standard DVD
 Battled with and won the formatting war with HD-DVD
 Significantly higher capacity than DVD

Blu-Ray Types

 Blu-ray
 Types
 BD-R – write once
 BD-RE – rewritable
 BD-J
 More sophisticated additional features than DBVD
 Includes network access, - BD Live
 Includes picture-in-picture and access to expanded local coverage – BD View
 Capacities
 25 GB the original standard with 50 dual layer
 Currently 100 GB or more with higher speeds on the horizon

Installing Optical Drives

 Internal optical drives take

advantage of the ATAPI specification
and generally use standard IDE
connections
 Drives are installed on a separate
channel for best performance,
isolated from fixed disk drives
 External drives can use a variety of
interfaces, such as SCSI, FireWire,
USB, and parallel
 Unique installation technique for
optical drives is connecting standard
analog or digital cables to the
motherboard or sound card

RAID Technologies

 Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID) – technologies that

provide high availability for storage devices and data

 RAID is implemented through either hardware or software

 Hardware uses a dedicated controller built into the motherboard or using an
add-in controller
 Software uses the operating system resources

 Redundancy is provided using parity and mirroring

RAID Levels

 RAID Levels
 RAID 0 – Disk Striping
 RAID 1 – Disk Mirroring
 RAID 5 – Disk Striping with Parity
 RAID 6 – Disk Striping with Double Parity
 RAID 1 + 0 – Mirrored Stripe Sets

Chapter 2 Review

 Motherboards
 Firmware
 Power Supplies
 Central Processing Unit (CPU)
 Memory
 Storage

1. Which component in the personal computer holds data for the CPU and
programs?
A. Motherboard
B. Hard drive
C. Memory
D. Flash drive

2. Which of the following refers to small areas of memory within the CPU used as
holding areas for processing data and instructions?
A. ALU
B. Registers
C. SRAM
D. Control Units

3. Which of the following refers to the concept of running a CPU over its rated
speed capabilities?
A. Hyperthreading
B. Multiprocessing
C. Overclocking
D. Throttling

4. Which of the following CPU chip types are the most common for the latest Intel
P4 chips?
A. PGA
B. LGA
C. SPGA
D. FC-PGA

5. Pentium 4 Processors come in which of the following pin number arrangements?

(Choose all that apply)
A. 423
B. 478
C. 370
D. 242
6. Which of the following is the newest Intel standard motherboard form factor
released in 2004?
A. ITX
B. ATX
C. LPX
D. BTX

7. Which of the following memory types are characterized by not losing data when
power is removed?
A. Volatile
B. Non-volatile
C. Static
D. Dynamic

8. A memory chip for DDR2 would most commonly come in what chip form factor?
A. 168 pin DIMM
B. 200 pin DIMM
C. 240 pin DIMM
D. 204 pin SO-DIMM

9. Which of the following are not characteristics of SATA drives?

A. Data cable has 7 pins
B. Power cable uses the Molex connector
C. Power cable is wider 15 pin shape
D. Maximum cable length of 2 meters

10. Which of the following terms describes a condition that hard disks suffer from
when pieces of larger files are split apart and spread across the disk, decreasing
performance?
A. Defragmentation
B. Corruption
C. Fragmentation
D. Virtual memory
11. A customer asks you how much data can fit on a typical DVD purchased from a
local computer store. Which of the following DVD standards is the most popular
for consumer use?
A. DVD-9
B. DVD+R
C. DVD-R
D. DVD-5

12. Which of the following file systems supports security and compression of local
files but does not support legacy versions of Windows?
A. FAT 16
B. FAT 32
C. NTFS
D. CDFS

13. When installing a CD drive into a system that has a single hard drive, you are
trying to determine the recommended location for the new CD drive. Which
controller should you place the drive on and what jumper settings should be
used? (Choose two)
A. Primary IDE
B. Secondary IDE
C. Cable Select
D. Master

14. These drives are gaining in popularity significantly because of their highly
portable nature and the ability to hold large amounts of data.
A. Flash disks
B. ZIP drives
C. DVD
D. Floppies
Answer Key:

1. C
This is the best answer as the Memory in the system is used to hold data that is
being processed currently by the CPU.

2. B
Registers are very high-speed sections of memory that exist within the CPU itself
and are used to assist in the processing of data.

3. C
Overclocking is manipulating the frequency of the CPU using the system clock in
order to get the CPU to run at a faster speed then it was tested and certified on.

4. B
LGA 775 was the latest socket for the Pentium 4 CPU.

5. A, B
Pentium 4 Processors come in 423- and 478-pin arrangements.

6. A
ITX was produced as the successor to the long-standing ATX motherboards.

7. B
Another name for non-volatile memory is ROM, or Read-Only Memory.

8. B
The 200 pin DIMM chips are used for DDR2 RAM.

9. B
Molex drives are only for the PATA/IDE drive format.

10. C
Fragmentation occurs with frequent moving and deleting of files and folders while
defragmentation rearranges the pieces of data into contiguous portions of the
disk.
11. D
The DVD-5 format supports data storage up to 4.7 GB and is the most common
type available for consumers.

12. C
NTFS is the standard choice for modern operating systems for efficiency,
reliability, and security.

13. B, D
This will ensure efficient use of the drive and prevent problems when burning
disks.

14. A
Flash drives range in sizes up to 128 GB and fit in the palm of your hand. They
are the most popular portable storage choice today.

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Comptia A+ (220-1101 & 220-1102) Chapter 2 - Hardware Components

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Comptia A+ (220-1101 & 220-1102) Chapter 2 - Hardware Components

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CompTIA A+ (220-1101 & 220-1102)

Chapter 2 – Hardware Components

Chapter 2 – Hardware Components

 The motherboard is the main circuit board in a PC

 The primary connection method for devices on the motherboard is

 Chipsets – one or more chips embedded onto the motherboard

 Northbridge – the chip connected directly to the CPU and

 Southbridge – the second of the two major chips

 Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI)

 Form Factors – refer to the size and shape of a motherboard as

 Replacing motherboards – tips and tricks

 These terms are almost always used synonymously but actually

 Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI)

 POST is a check of core hardware functions

Configuring the BIOS

Fan Speed Considerations

 Fan speeds can also be monitored in the BIOS

 BIOS / UEFI Security settings

 Power supply – the PC component that converts AC wall voltage to

 The SATA power connector is more common in modern systems

Choosing Power Supplies

 Additional considerations when purchasing a power supply

Replacing Power Supplies

 Power supplies are a component in the PC that is REPLACED rather

 Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Central Processing Unit

 The CPU is truly the “brains” of the computer, responsible for

Central Processing Unit

 Packaging – describes the physical characteristics of the package

 The CPU generates an incredible amount of heat and thus

 Liquid-based cooling cases are available and circulate water around

 Actual storage locations on a memory chip are referred to as

 Basic Memory Units

 DDR – Double Data Rate

 Memory Error Recovery

 Largely eliminated except for high-end workstations and servers

 Installation and Handling Techniques

 Hard drives represent the secondary permanent storage available

Storage Overview (cont.)

 Various hard drive interfaces exist for modern computers, and

 Drive types  Drive standards

 Evaluated in RPMs and primarily apply to magnetic hard drives

 eSATA was officially standardized in 2004 and intended for external

eSATA Cables and Connectors

 eSATA Cables and Connectors

 Fixed Disk Drives are made up of a number of components

Hard Drive Geometry

 Hard Drive Geometry

 Some drive types will support a hot-swappable configuration

 Solid-state hard drives are becoming more popular for consumer

 Features and Benefits of SSD

SSD Overview (cont.)

SSD Communications Interfaces

 Flash drives offer the following benefits

 Flash Storage media used in cameras varies by manufacturer

 Optical drives work using a laser rather than magnetism to change

Installing Optical Drives

 Internal optical drives take

 Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID) – technologies that

 RAID is implemented through either hardware or software

 Redundancy is provided using parity and mirroring

5. Pentium 4 Processors come in which of the following pin number arrangements?

9. Which of the following are not characteristics of SATA drives?

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