Coordinates: 39°55′48″N 32°51′00″E

Ankara
Ankara (/ˈæŋkərə/ ANG-kə-rə, US also /ˈɑːŋ-/ AHNG-kə-rə;
Turkish:  [ˈaŋkaɾa] ( listen)),[a] historically known as Ancyra[b] and Ankara
Angora,[13][c] is the capital of Turkey. Located in the central part of Capital city and metropolitan
Anatolia, the city has a population of 5.1 million in its urban center and municipality
over 5.7  million in Ankara Province,[6][4] making it Turkey's second-
largest city after Istanbul.

Serving as the capital of the ancient Celtic state of Galatia (280–64 BC),

and later of the Roman province with the same name (25  BC–7th
century), the city is very old, with various Hattian, Hittite, Lydian,
Phrygian, Galatian, Greek, Persian, Roman, Byzantine, and Ottoman
archeological sites. The Ottomans made the city the capital first of the
Anatolia Eyalet (1393 – late 15th century) and then the Angora Vilayet
(1867–1922). The historical center of Ankara is a rocky hill rising 150 m
(500 ft) over the left bank of the Ankara River, a tributary of the Sakarya
River. The hill remains crowned by the ruins of Ankara Castle. Although
few of its outworks have survived, there are well-preserved examples of
Roman and Ottoman architecture throughout the city, the most
remarkable being the 20 BC Temple of Augustus and Rome that boasts
the Monumentum Ancyranum, the inscription recording the Res Gestae
Divi Augusti.[15]

On 23 April 1920, the Grand National Assembly of Turkey was

established in Ankara, which became the headquarters of the Turkish
National Movement during the Turkish War of Independence. Ankara
became the new Turkish capital upon the establishment of the Republic
on 29 October 1923, succeeding in this role as the former Turkish capital
Istanbul following the fall of the Ottoman Empire. The government is a
prominent employer, but Ankara is also an important commercial and
industrial city located at the center of Turkey's road and railway
Clockwise, from top: Söğütözü skyline,
networks. The city gave its name to the Angora wool shorn from Angora
Anıtkabir, Gençlik Park, Kızılay Square,
rabbits, the long-haired Angora goat (the source of mohair), and the Ankara Castle, Kocatepe Mosque, Atakule
Angora cat. The area is also known for its pears, honey and muscat Tower
grapes. Although situated in one of the driest regions of Turkey and
Nickname: Heart of Turkey (Turkish:
surrounded mostly by steppe vegetation (except for the forested areas Türkiye'nin Kalbi)
on the southern periphery), Ankara can be considered a green city in
terms of green areas per inhabitant, at 72 square meters (775 square
feet) per head.[16] Ankara

Contents
Location within Turkey
Etymology Show map of Turkey
Show map of Asia
History Show all
Ancient history Coordinates:
Celtic history
Country Turkey
Roman history
Region Central Anatolia
Byzantine history Province Ankara
Ecclesiastical history Founded by Mustafa Kemal
Seljuk and Ottoman history Atatürk
 Turkish republican capital Districts 25

Economy and infrastructure Government

 • Mayor Mansur Yavaş
Geography (CHP)
Climate  • Governor Vasip Şahin
Demographics Area[1][2][3][4]
Transportation  • Capital city and 24,521 km2
metropolitan (9,468 sq mi)
Ankara public transportation statistics municipality
Politics  • Urban 2,767.85 km2
(1,068.67 sq mi)
Main sights
Ancient/archeological sites Elevation 938 m (3,077 ft)
Ankara Citadel Population (31 December 2021)[6]
Roman Theater  • Capital city and 5,747,325
Temple of Augustus and Rome metropolitan
municipality
Roman Baths
 • Rank 2nd in Turkey
Roman Road  • Urban 5,156,573[5][4]
Column of Julian  • Urban density 1,863/km2
Mosques (4,830/sq mi)
Kocatepe Mosque  • Metro density 234/km2 (610/sq mi)
Ahmet Hamdi Akseki Mosque Demonym Ankaran
Yeni (Cenab Ahmet) Mosque Time zone UTC+3 (TRT)
Hacı Bayram Mosque Postal code 06xxx
Ahi Elvan Mosque Area code 1
Alâeddin Mosque Vehicle registration 06
Modern monuments GDP (Nominal) 2019[7]
Victory Monument  - Total US$ 70.533 billion
Statue of Atatürk  - Per capita US$ 12,508
Monument to a Secure, Confident Future HDI (2018) 0.855[8] – very high
Hatti Monument Website www.ankara.bel.tr
Inns (http://www.ankara.
bel.tr)

Suluhan
www.ankara.gov.tr
Çengelhan Rahmi Koç Museum (http://www.ankara.
gov.tr)
Shopping
Culture
The arts
Music
Theater
Museums
Museum of Anatolian Civilizations
Anıtkabir
Ankara Ethnography Museum
State Art and Sculpture Museum
Cer Modern
War of Independence Museum
Mehmet Akif Literature Museum Library
TCDD Open Air Steam Locomotive Museum
Ankara Aviation Museum
METU Science and Technology Museum
Sports
Parks
Education
Universities
Fauna
Angora cat
Angora goat
Angora rabbit
International relations
Twin towns and sister cities
Partner cities
See also
Notes
References
Attribution
Further reading
External links

Etymology
The orthography of the name Ankara[17] has varied over the ages. It has been identified
with the Hittite cult center Ankuwaš, [18][19] although this remains a matter of
debate.[20] In classical antiquity and during the medieval period, the city was known as
Ánkyra (Ἄγκυρα, lit "anchor") in Greek and Ancyra in Latin; the Galatian Celtic name
was probably a similar variant. Following its annexation by the Seljuk Turks in 1073,
the city became known in many European languages as Angora; it was also known in
Ottoman Turkish as Engürü.[21][15] The form "Angora" is preserved in the names of
breeds of many different kinds of animals, and in the names of several locations in the
US (see Angora).

History
The region's history can be traced back to the Bronze Age Hattic civilization, which Seated Woman of
was succeeded in the 2nd millennium BC by the Hittites, in the 10th century BC by the Çatalhöyük on display at the
Phrygians, and later by the Lydians, Persians, Greeks, Galatians, Romans, Byzantines, Museum of Anatolian
Civilizations, Ankara.
and Turks (the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm, the Ottoman Empire and finally republican
Turkey).

Ancient history

The oldest settlements in and around the city center of Ankara belonged to the Hattic
civilization which existed during the Bronze Age and was gradually absorbed c. 2000
– 1700  BC by the Indo-European Hittites. The city grew significantly in size and
importance under the Phrygians starting around 1000  BC, and experienced a large
expansion following the mass migration from Gordion, (the capital of Phrygia), after
an earthquake which severely damaged that city around that time. In Phrygian
tradition, King Midas was venerated as the founder of Ancyra, but Pausanias
Alaca Höyük bronze standard
mentions that the city was actually far older, which accords with present
on display at the Museum of
archeological knowledge.[22]
Anatolian Civilizations, Ankara.
 Phrygian rule was succeeded first by Lydian and later by Persian rule, though the
strongly Phrygian character of the peasantry remained, as evidenced by the
gravestones of the much later Roman period. Persian sovereignty lasted until the
Persians' defeat at the hands of Alexander the Great who conquered the city in
333  BC. Alexander came from Gordion to Ankara and stayed in the city for a short
period. After his death at Babylon in 323  BC and the subsequent division of his
empire among his generals, Ankara, and its environs fell into the share of Antigonus.

Another important expansion took place under the Greeks of Pontos who came there
around 300 BC and developed the city as a trading center for the commerce of goods
between the Black Sea ports and Crimea to the north; Assyria, Cyprus, and Lebanon
Alaca Höyük bronze standards to the south; and Georgia, Armenia and Persia to the east. By that time the city also
is a pre-Hittite tomb dating to took its name Ἄγκυρα (Ánkyra, meaning anchor in Greek) which, in slightly
the third millennium BC. It is modified form, provides the modern name of Ankara.
considered the symbol of the
city still today.
Celtic history

In 278  BC, the city, along with the rest of central Anatolia, was occupied by a
Celtic group, the Galatians, who were the first to make Ankara one of their main
tribal centers, the headquarters of the Tectosages tribe.[23] Other centers were
Pessinus, today's Ballıhisar, for the Trocmi tribe, and Tavium, to the east of
Ankara, for the Tolistobogii tribe. The city was then known as Ancyra. The Celtic
element was probably relatively small in numbers; a warrior aristocracy which
ruled over Phrygian-speaking peasants. However, the Celtic language continued
to be spoken in Galatia for many centuries. At the end of the 4th century, St.
Jerome, a native of Dalmatia, observed that the language spoken around Ankara
was very similar to that being spoken in the northwest of the Roman world near The Dying Galatian was a famous
Trier. statue commissioned some time
between 230 and 220 BC by King
Attalos I of Pergamon to honor his
Roman history victory over the Celtic Galatians in
Anatolia. Roman marble copy of a
The city was subsequently passed under the Hellenistic work of the late 3rd
control of the Roman Empire. In 25  BC, century BC, at the Capitoline
Emperor Augustus raised it to the status of a Museums, Rome.
polis and made it the capital city of the
Roman province of Galatia.[24] Ankara is
famous for the Monumentum Ancyranum (Temple of Augustus and Rome)
which contains the official record of the Acts of Augustus, known as the Res
Ancyra was the capital of the Celtic Gestae Divi Augusti, an inscription cut in marble on the walls of this temple. The
kingdom of Galatia, and later of the ruins of Ancyra still furnish today valuable bas-reliefs, inscriptions and other
Roman province with the same architectural fragments. Two other Galatian tribal centers, Tavium near Yozgat,
name, after its conquest by and Pessinus (Balhisar) to the west, near Sivrihisar, continued to be reasonably
Augustus in 25 BC. important settlements in the Roman period, but it was Ancyra that grew into a
grand metropolis.

An estimated 200,000 people lived in Ancyra in good times during the Roman Empire, a far greater number than
was to be the case from after the fall of the Roman Empire until the early 20th century. The small Ankara River ran
through the center of the Roman town. It has now been covered and diverted, but it formed the northern boundary
of the old town during the Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman periods. Çankaya, the rim of the majestic hill to the south
of the present city center, stood well outside the Roman city, but may have been a summer resort. In the 19th
century, the remains of at least one Roman villa or large house were still standing not far from where the Çankaya
Presidential Residence stands today. To the west, the Roman city extended until the area of the Gençlik Park and
Railway Station, while on the southern side of the hill, it may have extended downwards as far as the site presently
occupied by Hacettepe University. It was thus a sizeable city by any standards and much larger than the Roman
towns of Gaul or Britannia.
 Ancyra's importance rested on the fact that it
was the junction point where the roads in
northern Anatolia running north–south and
east–west intersected, giving it major
strategic importance for Rome's eastern
frontier.[24] The great imperial road running
east passed through Ankara and a succession
of emperors and their armies came this way.
They were not the only ones to use the
Roman highway network, which was equally
convenient for invaders. In the second half of
the 3rd century, Ancyra was invaded in rapid
succession by the Goths coming from the
west (who rode far into the heart of
Marble head of a Roman woman on Cappadocia, taking slaves and pillaging) and
display at the Museum of Anatolian later by the Arabs. For about a decade, the
Civilizations, Ankara. town was one of the western outposts of one
of Palmyrean empress Zenobia in the Syrian
Desert, who took advantage of a period of The Res Gestae Divi Augusti is the
weakness and disorder in the Roman Empire to set up a short-lived state of her self-laudatory autobiography
own. completed in 13 AD, just before his
death, by the first Roman emperor
The town was reincorporated into the Roman Empire under Emperor Aurelian Augustus. Most of the text is
in 272. The tetrarchy, a system of multiple (up to four) emperors introduced by preserved on the walls of the
Diocletian (284–305), seems to have engaged in a substantial program of Monumentum Ancyranum.
rebuilding and of road construction from Ancyra westwards to Germe and
Dorylaeum (now Eskişehir).

In its heyday, Roman Ancyra was a large market and trading center but it also
functioned as a major administrative capital, where a high official ruled from the
city's Praetorium, a large administrative palace or office. During the 3rd century,
life in Ancyra, as in other Anatolian towns, seems to have become somewhat
militarized in response to the invasions and instability of the town.

Byzantine history The Roman Baths of Ankara were

constructed by the Roman emperor
The city is well known during the 4th century as a center of Christian activity (see Caracalla (212–217) in honor of
also below), due to frequent imperial visits, and through the letters of the pagan Asclepios, the God of Medicine, and
scholar Libanius.[24] Bishop Marcellus of Ancyra and Basil of Ancyra were active built around three principal rooms:
in the theological controversies of their day, and the city was the site of no fewer the caldarium (hot bath), the
than three church synods in 314, 358 and 375, the latter two in favor of tepidarium (warm bath) and the
Arianism.[24] frigidarium (cold bath) in a typically
laid-out 80-by-120-meter (260-by-
The city was visited by Emperor Constans I (r. 337–350) in 347 and 350, Julian 390-foot) classical complex.
(r. 361–363) during his Persian campaign in 362, and Julian's successor Jovian
(r. 363–364) in winter 363/364 (he entered his consulship while in the city).
After Jovian's death soon after, Valentinian I (r. 364–375) was acclaimed emperor at Ancyra, and in the next year his
brother Valens (r. 364–378) used Ancyra as his base against the usurper Procopius.[24] When the province of Galatia
was divided sometime in 396/99, Ancyra remained the civil capital of Galatia I, as well as its ecclesiastical center
(metropolitan see).[24] Emperor Arcadius (r. 383–408) frequently used the city as his summer residence, and some
information about the ecclesiastical affairs of the city during the early 5th century is found in the works of Palladius
of Galatia and Nilus of Ancyra.[24]

In 479, the rebel Marcian attacked the city, without being able to capture it.[24] In 610/11, Comentiolus, brother of
Emperor Phocas (r. 602–610), launched his own unsuccessful rebellion in the city against Heraclius (r. 610–
641).[24] Ten years later, in 620 or more likely 622, it was captured by the Sassanid Persians during the Byzantine–
 Sassanid War of 602–628. Although the city returned to Byzantine hands after the end of
the war, the Persian presence left traces in the city's archeology, and likely began the
process of its transformation from a late antique city to a medieval fortified settlement.[24]

In 654, the city, also known in Arabic sources as Qalat as-Salasil ("fortress of the
chains"),[25] was captured for the first time by the Arabs of the Rashidun Caliphate, under
Muawiyah, the future founder of the Umayyad Caliphate.[24] At about the same time, the
themes were established in Anatolia, and Ancyra became capital of the Opsician Theme,
which was the largest and most important theme until it was split up under Emperor
Constantine V (r. 741–775); Ancyra then became the capital of the new Bucellarian
Theme.[24] The city was captured at least temporarily by the Umayyad prince Maslama ibn
Hisham in 739/40, the last of the Umayyads' territorial gains from the Byzantine
Empire.[26] Ancyra was attacked without success by Abbasid forces in 776 and in 798/99.
In 805, Emperor Nikephoros I (r. 802–811) strengthened its fortifications, a fact which
probably saved it from sack during the large-scale invasion of Anatolia by Caliph Harun al-
The Column of Julian Rashid in the next year.[24] Arab sources report that Harun and his successor al-Ma'mun
(362) was erected in (r. 813–833) took the city, but this information is later invention. In 838, however, during
honor of the Roman the Amorium campaign, the armies of Caliph al-Mu'tasim (r. 833–842) converged and met
emperor Julian the at the city; abandoned by its inhabitants, Ancara was razed to the ground, before the Arab
Apostate's visit to armies went on to besiege and destroy Amorium reaching as far as Smyrna.[24] In 859,
Ancyra. Emperor Michael III (r. 842–867) came to the city during a campaign against the Arabs,
and ordered its fortifications restored.[24] In 872, the city was menaced, but not taken, by
the Paulicians under Chrysocheir.[24] The last Arab raid to reach the city was undertaken
in 931, by the Abbasid governor of Tarsus, Thamal al-Dulafi, but the city again was not captured.[24]

Ecclesiastical history

Early Christian martyrs of Ancyra, about whom little is known, included Proklos and
Hilarios who were natives of the otherwise unknown nearby village of Kallippi, and
suffered repression under the emperor Trajan (98–117). In the 280s we hear of
Philumenos, a Christian corn merchant from southern Anatolia, being captured and
martyred in Ankara, and Eustathius.

As in other Roman towns, the reign of Diocletian marked the culmination of the
persecution of the Christians. In 303, Ancyra was one of the towns where the co-
emperors Diocletian and his deputy Galerius launched their anti-Christian persecution.
In Ancyra, their first target was the 38-year-old Bishop of the town, whose name was
Clement. Clement's life describes how he was taken to Rome, then sent back, and forced
to undergo many interrogations and hardship before he, and his brother, and various
companions were put to death. The remains of the church of St. Clement can be found St. Theodotus of Ancyra
today in a building just off Işıklar Caddesi in the Ulus district. Quite possibly this marks
the site where Clement was originally buried. Four years later, a doctor of the town
named Plato and his brother Antiochus also became celebrated martyrs under Galerius. Theodotus of Ancyra is also
venerated as a saint.

However, the persecution proved unsuccessful and in 314 Ancyra was the center of an important council of the early
church;[27] its 25 disciplinary canons constitute one of the most important documents in the early history of the
administration of the Sacrament of Penance. [27] The synod also considered ecclesiastical policy for the
reconstruction of the Christian Church after the persecutions, and in particular the treatment of lapsi—Christians
who had given in to forced paganism (sacrifices) to avoid martyrdom during these persecutions.[27]

Though paganism was probably tottering in Ancyra in Clement's day, it may still have been the majority religion.
Twenty years later, Christianity and monotheism had taken its place. Ancyra quickly turned into a Christian city,
with a life dominated by monks and priests and theological disputes. The town council or senate gave way to the
bishop as the main local figurehead. During the middle of the 4th century, Ancyra was involved in the complex
theological disputes over the nature of Christ, and a form of Arianism seems to have originated there.[28]
In 362–363, Emperor Julian passed through Ancyra on his way to an ill-fated campaign against the Persians, and
according to Christian sources, engaged in a persecution of various holy men.[29] The stone base for a statue, with an
inscription describing Julian as "Lord of the whole world from the British Ocean to the barbarian nations", can still
be seen, built into the eastern side of the inner circuit of the walls of Ankara Castle. The Column of Julian which was
erected in honor of the emperor's visit to the city in 362 still stands today. In 375, Arian bishops met at Ancyra and
deposed several bishops, among them St. Gregory of Nyssa.

In the late 4th century, Ancyra became something of an imperial holiday resort. After Constantinople became the
East Roman capital, emperors in the 4th and 5th centuries would retire from the humid summer weather on the
Bosporus to the drier mountain atmosphere of Ancyra. Theodosius II (408–450) kept his court in Ancyra in the
summers. Laws issued in Ancyra testify to the time they spent there.

The Metropolis of Ancyra continued to be a residential see of the Eastern

Orthodox Church until the 20th century, with about 40,000 faithful, mostly
Turkish-speaking, but that situation ended as a result of the 1923 Convention
Concerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations. The earlier
Armenian genocide put an end to the residential eparchy of Ancyra of the
Armenian Catholic Church, which had been established in 1850.[30][31] It is also
a titular metropolis of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople.

Both the Ancient Byzantine Metropolitan archbishopric and the 'modern'

Armenian eparchy are now listed by the Catholic Church as titular sees,[32] with Ottoman houses in Hamamönü
separate apostolic successions. district

Seljuk and Ottoman history

After the Battle of Manzikert in 1071, the

Seljuk Turks overran much of Anatolia. By
1073, the Turkish settlers had reached the
vicinity of Ancyra, and the city was captured
shortly after, at the latest by the time of the
rebellion of Nikephoros Melissenos in
1081.[24] In 1101, when the Crusade under
Raymond IV of Toulouse arrived, the city had
President Mustafa Kemal Atatürk been under Danishmend control for some A view of the old general directorate
(center) and Prime Minister İsmet time. The Crusaders captured the city, and building of Ziraat Bank. It was
İnönü (left) leaving the Grand handed it over to the Byzantine emperor designed by Istanbul-born Italian
National Assembly of Turkey during Alexios I Komnenos (r. 1081–1118). [24] Levantine architect Giulio Mongeri
the 7th anniversary celebrations of Byzantine rule did not last long, and the city and built between 1926 and 1929.
the Turkish Republic in 1930. was captured by the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
at some unknown point; in 1127, it returned
to Danishmend control until 1143, when the Seljuks of Rum retook it.[24]

After the Battle of Köse Dağ in 1243, in which the Mongols defeated the Seljuks, most of Anatolia became part of the
dominion of the Mongols. Taking advantage of Seljuk decline, a semi-religious cast of craftsmen and trade people
named Ahiler chose Angora as their independent city-state in 1290. Orhan I, the second Bey of the Ottoman Empire,
captured the city in 1356. Timur defeated Bayezid I at the Battle of Ankara in 1402 and took the city, but in 1403
Angora was again under Ottoman control.

The Levant Company maintained a factory in the town from 1639 to 1768.[15] In the 19th century, its population was
estimated at 20,000 to 60,000.[21] It was sacked by Egyptians under Ibrahim Pasha in 1832.[15]

From 1867 to 1922, the city served as the capital of the Angora Vilayet, which included most of ancient Galatia.

Prior to World War I, the town had a British consulate and a population of around 28,000, roughly 1⁄3 of whom were
Christian.[15]
Turkish republican capital

Following the Ottoman defeat in World War I, the Ottoman capital

Constantinople (modern Istanbul) and much of Anatolia was occupied by the
Allies, who planned to share these lands between Armenia, France, Greece, Italy
and the United Kingdom, leaving for the Turks the core piece of land in central
Anatolia. In response, the leader of the Turkish nationalist movement, Mustafa
Kemal Atatürk, established the headquarters of his resistance movement in
Anıtkabir, the mausoleum of
Angora in 1920. After the Turkish War of Independence was won and the Treaty
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in Ankara, is
of Sèvres was superseded by the Treaty of Lausanne (1923), the Turkish
visited by large crowds every year
nationalists replaced the Ottoman Empire with the Republic of Turkey on 29
during national holidays such as
October 1923. A few days earlier, Angora had officially replaced Constantinople
Republic Day on 29 October.
as the new Turkish capital city, on 13 October 1923,[33] and Republican officials
declared that the city's name is Ankara.[34]

After Ankara became the capital of the newly founded Republic of Turkey, new development divided the city into an
old section, called Ulus, and a new section, called Yenişehir. Ancient buildings reflecting Roman, Byzantine, and
Ottoman history and narrow winding streets mark the old section. The new section, now centered on Kızılay Square,
has the trappings of a more modern city: wide streets, hotels, theaters, shopping malls, and high-rises.

Government offices and foreign embassies are also located in the new section.
Ankara has experienced a phenomenal growth since it was made Turkey's
capital in 1923, when it was "a small town of no importance".[35] In 1924, the
year after the government had moved there, Ankara had about 35,000
residents. By 1927 there were 44,553 residents and by 1950 the population
had grown to 286,781. Ankara continued to grow rapidly during the latter half
of the 20th century and eventually outranked Izmir as Turkey's second-largest
city, after Istanbul. Ankara's urban population reached 4,587,558 in 2014, The Presidential Complex is located
while the population of Ankara Province reached 5,150,072 in 2015.[36] inside the Atatürk Forest Farm

After 1930, it became known officially in Western languages as Ankara. After

the late 1930s the public stopped using the name "Angora".[37]

The Presidential Palace of Turkey is situated in Ankara. This building serves as the main residence of the president.

Economy and infrastructure

Ankara has long been a productive agricultural region in Anatolia. In the
Ottoman period, Ankara was well known for producing grain, cotton, and
fruits.[38]

The city has exported mohair (from the Angora goat) and Angora wool
(from the Angora rabbit) internationally for centuries. In the 19th century,
the city also exported substantial amounts of goat and cat skins, gum, wax,
honey, berries, and madder root.[21] It was connected to Istanbul by
railway before the First World War, continuing to export mohair, wool,
Söğütözü business and shopping district berries, and grain.[15]

The Central Anatolia Region is one of the primary locations of grape and
wine production in Turkey, and Ankara is particularly famous for its Kalecik Karası and Muscat grapes; and its
Kavaklıdere wine, which is produced in the Kavaklıdere neighborhood within the Çankaya district of the city. Ankara
is also famous for its pears. Another renowned natural product of Ankara is its indigenous type of honey (Ankara
Balı) which is known for its light color and is mostly produced by the Atatürk Forest Farm and Zoo in the Gazi
district, and by other facilities in the Elmadağ, Çubuk and Beypazarı districts. Çubuk-1 and Çubuk-2 dams on the
Çubuk Brook in Ankara were among the first dams constructed in the Turkish Republic.
Ankara is the center of the state-owned and private Turkish defence and
aerospace companies, where the industrial plants and headquarters of the
Turkish Aerospace Industries, MKE, ASELSAN, HAVELSAN, ROKETSAN,
FNSS,[40] Nurol Makina,[41] and numerous other firms are located. Exports
to foreign countries from these defense and aerospace firms have steadily
increased in the past decades. The IDEF in Ankara is one of the largest
international expositions of the global arms industry. A number of the global
automotive companies also have production facilities in Ankara, such as the
German bus and truck manufacturer MAN SE.[42] Ankara hosts the OSTIM
Industrial Zone, Turkey's largest industrial park.

A large percentage of the complicated employment in Ankara is provided by Kızılay Square in central Ankara, with the
the state institutions; such as the ministries, subministries, and other Emek Business Center (1959–1965), the
administrative bodies of the Turkish government. There are also many first International Style mixed-use office
foreign citizens working as diplomats or clerks in the embassies of their tower and shopping center in Turkey.[39]
respective countries.

Geography
Geographically, Ankara is located in the middle of the Kızılırmak and
Sakarya rivers, and the Sakarya River forms its border with Eskişehir in the
west. Ankara shares its borders with Bolu and Çankırı in the north; Konya in
the south and Kırıkkale in the east.[43]

Ankara and its province are located in the Central Anatolia Region of
Turkey. The Çubuk Brook flows through the city center of Ankara. It is
YDA Center in Söğütözü, Ankara
connected in the western suburbs of the city to the Ankara River, which is a
tributary of the Sakarya River.

Climate
Ankara has a cold semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification: BSk).[44]
Under the Trewartha climate classification, Ankara has a temperate humid
continental climate (Dc). Due to its elevation and inland location, Ankara has
cold and snowy winters, and hot and dry summers. Rainfall occurs mostly during
the spring and autumn. The city lies in USDA Hardiness zone 7b, and its annual
Soğuksu National Park
average precipitation is fairly low at 414 millimeters (16  in), nevertheless
precipitation can be observed throughout the year. Monthly mean temperatures
range from 0.9  °C (33.6  °F) in January to 24.3  °C (75.7  °F) in July, with an
annual mean of 12.6 °C (54.7 °F).[45]
 Climate data for Ankara (Turkish State Meteorological Service Compound, Keçiören), 1991–2020, extremes 1927–2021

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Record high 18.4

21.3
27.8
31.6
34.4
37.0
41.0
40.4
39.1
33.3
24.7
20.4
41.0

°C (°F) (65.1) (70.3) (82.0) (88.9) (93.9) (98.6) (105.8) (104.7) (102.4) (91.9) (76.5) (68.7) (105.8)

Average 4.7
7.4
12.2
17.5
22.8
27.3
31.0
31.0
26.5
20.3
13.0
6.7
18.4

high °C (°F) (40.5) (45.3) (54.0) (63.5) (73.0) (81.1) (87.8) (87.8) (79.7) (68.5) (55.4) (44.1) (65.1)

Daily mean 0.9

2.7
6.7
11.5
16.5
20.6
24.2
24.3
19.6
13.9
7.3
2.8
12.59

°C (°F) (33.6) (36.9) (44.1) (52.7) (61.7) (69.1) (75.6) (75.7) (67.3) (57.0) (45.1) (37.0) (54.66)

Average low −2.2

−1.2
1.9
6.0
10.5
14.1
17.2
17.4
13.1
8.4
2.7
−0.3
7.3

°C (°F) (28.0) (29.8) (35.4) (42.8) (50.9) (57.4) (63.0) (63.3) (55.6) (47.1) (36.9) (31.5) (45.1)

Record low −24.9

−24.2
−19.2
−7.2
−1.6
3.8
4.5
5.5
−1.5
−9.8
−17.5
−24.2
−24.9

°C (°F) (−12.8) (−11.6) (−2.6) (19.0) (29.1) (38.8) (40.1) (41.9) (29.3) (14.4) (0.5) (−11.6) (−12.8)

Average
38.6
36.6
46.9
44.5
51.0
40.2
14.8
14.6
17.9
33.4
31.9
43.2
413.6

precipitation
(1.52) (1.44) (1.85) (1.75) (2.01) (1.58) (0.58) (0.57) (0.70) (1.31) (1.26) (1.70) (16.28)
mm (inches)

Average
precipitation 13.60 12.67 13.87 13.40 14.53 11.47 4.60 5.10 5.50 9.23 8.93 14.00 126.9
days

Average
relative 79 75 65 58 57 51 43 41 46 56 70 78 60
humidity (%)

Mean
monthly
68.2 101.7 148.8 189.0 238.7 279.0 328.6 316.2 264.0 195.3 129.0 74.4 2,332.9
sunshine
hours

Mean daily
sunshine 2.2 3.6 4.8 6.3 7.7 9.3 10.6 10.2 8.8 6.3 4.3 2.4 6.4
hours

Percent
possible 25 35 42 48 54 65 74 76 70 58 43 28 52
sunshine

Average
ultraviolet 2 2 4 6 8 10 10 9 6 4 2 1 5
index

Source 1: Turkish State Meteorological Service[45]

Source 2: Deutscher Wetterdienst (humidity 1931–1960)[46]

Demographics Historical population

Year Pop. ±% p.a.
Ankara had a population of 75,000 in 1927. As of 2019, the population of the 2007 4,466,756 —    
Ankara Province was 5,639,076.[48] When Ankara became the capital of the 2008 4,548,939 +1.84%
Republic of Turkey in 1923, it was designated as a planned city for 500,000 2009 4,650,802 +2.24%
future inhabitants. During the 1920s, 1930s and 1940s, the city grew in a planned 2010 4,771,716 +2.60%
and orderly pace. However, from the 1950s onward, the city grew much faster 2011 4,890,893 +2.50%
than envisioned, because unemployment and poverty forced people to migrate 2012 4,965,542 +1.53%
from the countryside into the city in order to seek a better standard of living. As a 2013 5,045,083 +1.60%
result, many illegal houses called gecekondu were built around the city, causing 2014 5,150,072 +2.08%
the unplanned and uncontrolled urban landscape of Ankara, as not enough 2015 5,270,575 +2.34%
planned housing could be built fast enough. Although precariously built, the vast 2016 5,346,518 +1.44%
majority of them have electricity, running water and modern household 2017 5,445,026 +1.84%
amenities.
2018 5,503,985 +1.08%
source:[47]
Nevertheless, many of these gecekondus have been replaced by huge public housing
projects in the form of tower blocks such as Elvankent, Eryaman and Güzelkent; and
also as mass housing compounds for military and civil service accommodation.
Although many gecekondus still remain, they too are gradually being replaced by mass
housing compounds, as empty land plots in the city of Ankara for new construction
projects are becoming impossible to find.

Çorum and Yozgat, which are located in Central Anatolia and whose population is
decreasing, are the provinces with the highest net migration to Ankara.[49] About one Ankara metropolitan area
third of the Central Anatolia population of 15,608,868 people resides in Ankara.

The literacy rate in the whole province for people who are 15 years old or older is 98.18% according to 2020 TÜİK
data. Ankara Province also has the highest percentage of tertiary education graduates in Turkey with 29.08% of the
population having either an undergraduate, master's or doctor's degree.[50]

Transportation
The Electricity, Gas, Bus General
Directorate (EGO)[51] operates the Ankara
Metro and other forms of public
transportation. Ankara is served by a
suburban rail named Ankaray (A1) and three
subway lines (M1, M2, M3) of the Ankara
Metro with about 300,000 total daily
Ankara railway station is a hub for The new ATG terminal is a hub for
commuters, while an additional subway line
conventional trains. the high-speed rail (YHT) services.
(M4) is under construction. A 3.2  km
(2.0  mi) long gondola lift with four stations
connects the district of Şentepe to the Yenimahalle metro station.[52]

The Ankara Central Station is a major rail hub in Turkey. The Turkish State Railways operates passenger train
service from Ankara to other major cities, such as: Istanbul, Eskişehir, Balıkesir, Kütahya, İzmir, Kayseri, Adana,
Kars, Elazığ, Malatya, Diyarbakır, Karabük, Zonguldak and Sivas. Commuter rail also runs between the stations of
Sincan and Kayaş. On 13 March 2009, the new Yüksek Hızlı Tren (YHT) high-speed rail service began operation
between Ankara and Eskişehir. On 23 August 2011, another YHT high-speed line commercially started its service
between Ankara and Konya. On 25 July 2014, the Ankara–Istanbul high-speed line of YHT entered service.[53]

Esenboğa International Airport, located in the north-east of the city, is Ankara's main airport.

Ankara public transportation statistics

The average amount of time people spend commuting on public transit in Ankara on a weekday is 71 minutes. 17% of
public transit passengers, ride for more than two hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop
or station for public transit is sixteen minutes, while 28% of users wait for over twenty minutes on average every day.
The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 9.9 km (6.2 mi), while 27% travel for
over 12 km (7.5 mi) in a single direction.[54]

Esenboğa International Airport

Politics
 Since 8 April 2019, the Mayor of Ankara is Mansur Yavaş
from the Republican People's Party (CHP), who won the
mayoral election in 2019.

Ankara is politically a triple battleground between the ruling

conservative AK Party, the opposition Kemalist center-left
Republican People's Party (CHP) and the nationalist far-right
MHP. The province of Ankara is divided into 25 districts. The
CHP's key and almost only political stronghold in Ankara lies
within the central area of Çankaya, which is the city's most
populous district. While the CHP has always gained between 60 and 70% of the vote in
Çankaya since 2002, political support elsewhere throughout Ankara is minimal. The
high population within Çankaya, as well as Yenimahalle to an extent, has allowed the
Mansur Yavaş of the CHP CHP to take overall second place behind the AK Party in both local and general
is the Mayor of Ankara, elections, with the MHP a close third, despite the fact that the MHP is politically
elected in 2019. stronger than the CHP in almost every other district. Overall, the AK Party enjoys the
most support throughout the city. The electorate of Ankara thus tend to vote in favor of
the political right, far more so than the other main cities of Istanbul and İzmir. In
retrospect, the 2013–14 protests against the AK Party government were particularly strong in Ankara, proving to be
fatal on multiple occasions.[55]

The city suffered from a series of terrorist attacks in 2015 and 2016, most
notably on 10 October 2015; 17 February 2016; 13 March 2016; and 15 July Ankara district
2016. Municipalities

Local elections, 2019

Melih Gökçek was the Metropolitan Mayor of Ankara between 1994 and 2017.
AK Party 19 / 25
Initially elected in the 1994 local elections, he was re-elected in 1999, 2004 and
2009. In the 2014 local elections, Gökçek stood for a fifth term. The MHP's
CHP 3 / 25
metropolitan mayoral candidate for the 2009 local elections, Mansur Yavaş,
stood as the CHP's candidate against Gökçek in 2014. In a heavily controversial
MHP 3 / 25
election, Gökçek was declared the winner by just 1% ahead of Yavaş amid
allegations of systematic electoral fraud. With the Supreme Electoral Council
and courts rejecting his appeals, Yavaş declared his intention to take the irregularities to the European Court of
Human Rights. Although Gökçek was inaugurated for a fifth term, most election observers believe[56] that Yavaş was
the winner of the election.[57][58][59][60][61] Gökçek resigned on 28 October 2017 and was replaced by the former
mayor of Sincan district, Mustafa Tuna; who was succeeded by Mansur Yavaş of the CHP, the current Mayor of
Ankara, elected in 2019.

Main sights

Ancient/archeological sites

Ankara Citadel

The foundations of the Ankara castle and citadel were laid by the Galatians on a
prominent lava outcrop (39.941°N 32.864°E), and the rest was completed by the
Romans. The Byzantines and Seljuks further made restorations and additions.
The area around and inside the citadel, being the oldest part of Ankara, contains
many fine examples of traditional architecture. There are also recreational areas
Ankara castle and citadel
to relax. Many restored traditional Turkish houses inside the citadel area have
found new life as restaurants, serving local cuisine.

The citadel was depicted in various Turkish banknotes during 1927–1952 and 1983–1989.[62]

Roman Theater
The remains, the stage, and the backstage of the Roman theater can be seen
outside the castle. Roman statues that were found here are exhibited in the
Museum of Anatolian Civilizations. The seating area is still under excavation.

Temple of Augustus and Rome

The Augusteum,[63] now known as the Temple of Augustus and Rome, was built
25  x  20  BC following the conquest of Central Anatolia by the Roman Empire.
Ancyra then formed the capital of the new province of Galatia. After the death of At the Monumentum Ancyranum
Augustus in AD  14, a copy of the text of the Res Gestae Divi Augusti (the (Temple of Augustus and Rome) in
Monumentum Ancyranum) was inscribed on the interior of the temple's Ulus, the primary intact copy of Res
pronaos in Latin and a Greek translation on an exterior wall of the cella. The Gestae written by the first Roman
temple on the ancient acropolis of Ancyra was enlarged in the 2nd century and emperor Augustus survives.
converted into a church in the 5th century. It is located in the Ulus quarter of the
city. It was subsequently publicized by the Austrian ambassador Ogier Ghiselin
de Busbecq in the 16th century.

Roman Baths

The Roman Baths of Ankara have all the typical features of a classical Roman
bath complex: a frigidarium (cold room), a tepidarium (warm room) and a
caldarium (hot room). The baths were built during the reign of the Roman Roman Baths of Ankara
emperor Caracalla in the early 3rd century to honor Asclepios, the God of
Medicine. Today, only the basement and first floors remain. It is situated in the
Ulus quarter.

Roman Road

The Roman Road of Ankara or Cardo Maximus was found in 1995 by Turkish archeologist Cevdet Bayburtluoğlu. It
is 216 meters (709 feet) long and 6.7 meters (22.0 feet) wide. Many ancient artifacts were discovered during the
excavations along the road and most of them are displayed at the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations.[64][65]

Column of Julian

The Column of Julian or Julianus, now in the Ulus district, was erected in honor of the Roman emperor Julian the
Apostate's visit to Ancyra in 362.

Mosques

Kocatepe Mosque

Kocatepe Mosque is the largest mosque in the city. Located in the Kocatepe quarter, it was constructed between 1967
and 1987 in classical Ottoman style with four minarets. Its size and prominent location have made it a landmark for
the city.

Ahmet Hamdi Akseki Mosque

Ahmet Hamdi Akseki Mosque is located near the Presidency of Religious Affairs on the Eskişehir Road. Built in the
Turkish neoclassical style, it is one of the largest new mosques in the city, completed and opened in 2013. It can
accommodate 6 thousand people during general prayers, and up to 30 thousand people during funeral prayers. The
mosque was decorated with Anatolian Seljuk style patterns.[66]

Yeni (Cenab Ahmet) Mosque

It is the largest Ottoman mosque in Ankara and was built by the famous architect
Sinan in the 16th century. The mimber (pulpit) and mihrap (prayer niche) are of
white marble, and the mosque itself is of Ankara stone, an example of very fine
workmanship.

Hacı Bayram Mosque

This mosque, in the Ulus quarter next to the Temple of Augustus, was built in the
early 15th century in Seljuk style by an unknown architect. It was subsequently
restored by architect Mimar Sinan in the 16th century, with Kütahya tiles being
added in the 18th century. The mosque was built in honor of Hacı Bayram-ı Veli,
whose tomb is next to the mosque, two years before his death (1427–28).[67] The
usable space inside this mosque is 437 m2 (4,704 sq ft) on the first floor and 263 m2
(2,831 sq ft) on the second floor.

Top: Kocatepe Mosque (1987)

Ahi Elvan Mosque Bottom: Ahmet Hamdi Akseki

Mosque (2013)
It was founded in the Ulus quarter near the Ankara Citadel and was constructed by
the Ahi fraternity during the late 14th and early 15th centuries. The finely carved
walnut mimber (pulpit) is of particular interest.[68]

Alâeddin Mosque

The Alâeddin Mosque is the oldest mosque in Ankara. It has a carved walnut
mimber, the inscription on which records that the mosque was completed in
early AH 574 (which corresponds to the summer of 1178 AD) and was built by the
Seljuk prince Muhiddin Mesud Şah (died 1204), the Bey of Ankara, who was the
son of the Anatolian Seljuk sultan Kılıç Arslan II (reigned 1156–1192.) Hacı Bayram Mosque (1428)

Modern monuments

Victory Monument

The Victory Monument (Turkish: Zafer Anıtı) was crafted by Austrian sculptor
Heinrich Krippel in 1925 and was erected in 1927 at Ulus Square. The monument is
made of marble and bronze and features an equestrian statue of Mustafa Kemal
Atatürk, who wears a Republic era modern military uniform, with the rank Field
Marshal.[69]

Statue of Atatürk

Located at Zafer(Victory) Square (Turkish: Zafer Meydanı), the marble and bronze
statue was crafted by the renowned Italian sculptor Pietro Canonica in 1927 and
depicts a standing Atatürk who wears a Republic era modern military uniform, with
the rank Field Marshal.

Monument to a Secure, Confident Future

This monument, located in Güven Park near Kızılay Square, was erected in 1935
and bears Atatürk's advice to his people: "Turk! Be proud, work hard, and believe in Top: Victory Monument (1927)

yourself." (There is debate on whether or not Atatürk actually said "Use your mind" Bottom: Hittite Sun Course
(Turkish: öğün) instead of "Be proud"(Turkish: övün))[70] Monument (1978)
The monument was depicted on the reverse of the Turkish 5 lira banknote of 1937–1952[71] and of the 1000 lira
banknotes of 1939–1946.[72]

Hatti Monument

Erected in 1978 at Sıhhiye Square, this impressive monument symbolizes the Hatti Sun Disc (which was later
adopted by the Hittites) and commemorates Anatolia's earliest known civilization. The Hatti Sun Disc has been used
in the previous logo of Ankara Metropolitan Municipality. It was also used in the previous logo of the Ministry of
Culture & Tourism.

Inns

Suluhan

Suluhan is a historical Inn in Ankara. It is also called the Hasanpaşa Han. It is

about 400 meters (1,300  ft) southeast of Ulus Square and situated in the
Hacıdoğan neighborhood. According to the vakfiye (inscription) of the building,
the Ottoman era han was commissioned by Hasan Pasha, a regional beylerbey,
and was constructed between 1508 and 1511, during the final years of the reign of
Sultan Bayezid II.[73]
There are 102 rooms (now shops) which face the two
yards.[74] In each room there is a window, a niche and a chimney.[75]
Çengelhan Rahmi Koç Museum
courtyard has been covered with a
Çengelhan Rahmi Koç Museum
glass roof.
Çengelhan Rahmi Koç Museum is a museum of industrial technology situated in
Çengel Han, an Ottoman era Inn which was completed in 1523, during the early
years of the reign of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent. The exhibits include industrial/technological artifacts from
the 1850s onwards. There are also sections about Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the founder of modern Turkey; Vehbi Koç,
Rahmi Koç's father and one of the first industrialists of Turkey, and Ankara city.

Shopping
Foreign visitors to Ankara usually like to visit the old shops in Çıkrıkçılar Yokuşu
(Weavers' Road) near Ulus, where myriad things ranging from traditional
fabrics, hand-woven carpets and leather products can be found at bargain prices.
Bakırcılar Çarşısı (Bazaar of Coppersmiths) is particularly popular, and many
interesting items, not just of copper, can be found here like jewelry, carpets,
costumes, antiques and embroidery. Up the hill to the castle gate, there are many
shops selling a huge and fresh collection of spices, dried fruits, nuts, and other
produce.
Armada Shopping Mall
Modern shopping areas are mostly found in Kızılay,
or on Tunalı Hilmi Avenue, including the modern
mall of Karum (named after the ancient Assyrian merchant colonies called Kârum that
were established in central Anatolia at the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC) which is
located towards the end of the Avenue; and in Çankaya, the quarter with the highest
elevation in the city. Atakule Tower next to Atrium Mall in Çankaya has views over
Ankara and also has a revolving restaurant at the top. The symbol of the Armada
Shopping Mall is an anchor, and there's a large anchor monument at its entrance, as a
reference to the ancient Greek name of the city, Ἄγκυρα (Ánkyra), which means anchor.
Likewise, the anchor monument is also related with the Spanish name of the mall,
Armada, which means naval fleet.
Atakule Shopping Mall
As Ankara started expanding westward in the 1970s, several modern, suburbia-style developments and mini-cities
began to rise along the western highway, also known as the Eskişehir Road. The Armada, CEPA and Kentpark malls
on the highway, the Galleria, Arcadium and Gordion in Ümitköy, and a huge mall, Real in Bilkent Center, offer
North American and European style shopping opportunities (these places can be reached through the Eskişehir
Highway.) There is also the newly expanded ANKAmall at the outskirts, on the Istanbul Highway, which houses
most of the well-known international brands. This mall is the largest throughout the Ankara region. In 2014, a few
more shopping malls were open in Ankara. They are Next Level and Taurus on the Boulevard of Mevlana (also
known as Konya Road).

Culture

The arts

Turkish State Opera and Ballet, the national directorate of opera and ballet
companies of Turkey, has its headquarters in Ankara, and serves the city with
three venues:

Ankara Opera House (Opera Sahnesi, also known as Büyük Tiyatro) is the
largest of the three venues for opera and ballet in Ankara.

Ankara Opera House of the Turkish

Music State Opera and Ballet (1933)

Ankara is host to five classical music orchestras:

Presidential Symphony Orchestra (Turkish Presidential Symphony Orchestra)

Bilkent Symphony Orchestra (BSO) is a major symphony orchestra of Turkey.
Hacettepe Symphony Orchestra was founded in 2003 and directed by Erol Erdinç
Başkent Oda Orkestrası (Chamber Orchestra of the Capital)[76]

There are four concert halls in the city:

CSO Concert Hall

Bilkent Concert Hall is a performing arts center in Ankara. It is located in the Bilkent
University campus.
MEB Şura Salonu (also known as the Festival Hall), It is noted for its tango
performances.
Çankaya Çağdaş Sanatlar Merkezi Concert Hall was founded in 1994.
CSO Ada Ankara serves
The city has been host to several well-established, annual theater, music, film festivals: as Presidential
Symphony Orchestra
Ankara International Music Festival, a music festival organized in the Turkish capital Concert Hall in the
presenting classical music and ballet programs. capital

Ankara also has a number of concert venues such as Eskiyeni, IF Performance

Hall, Jolly Joker, Kite, Nefes Bar, and Route, which host the live performances
and events of popular musicians.

Theater

The Turkish State Theatres also has its head office in Ankara and runs the
following stages in the city:
Ethnography Museum of Ankara
125. Yıl Çayyolu Sahnesi
Büyük Tiyatro,
Küçük Tiyatro,
 Şinasi Sahnesi,
Akün Sahnesi,
Altındağ Tiyatrosu,
İrfan Şahinbaş Atölye Sahnesi,
Oda Tiyatrosu,
Mahir Canova Sahnesi,
Muhsin Ertuğrul Sahnesi. The Presidential Library is the
largest library in Turkey, with a
In addition, the city is served by several private theater companies, among which collection of over four million books.
Ankara Sanat Tiyatrosu, who have their own stage in the city center, is a notable
example.

Museums

There are about 50 museums in the city.

Museum of Anatolian Civilizations

The Museum of Anatolian Civilizations (Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesi) is situated at the entrance of the Ankara
Castle. It is an old 15th century bedesten (covered bazaar)[77] that has been restored and now houses a collection of
Paleolithic, Neolithic, Hatti, Hittite, Phrygian, Urartian and Roman works as well as a major section dedicated to
Lydian treasures.

Anıtkabir

Anıtkabir is located on an imposing hill, which forms the Anıttepe quarter of

the city, where the mausoleum of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, founder of the
Republic of Turkey, stands. Completed in 1953, it is an impressive fusion of
ancient and modern architectural styles. An adjacent museum houses a wax
statue of Atatürk, his writings, letters and personal items, as well as an
exhibition of photographs recording important moments in his life and
during the establishment of the Republic. Anıtkabir is open every day, while
the adjacent museum is open every day except Mondays.

Ankara Ethnography Museum Atatürk's Mausoleum is the mausoleum

of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, founder of the
Ankara Ethnography Museum (Etnoğrafya Müzesi) is located opposite to Republic of Turkey.
the Ankara Opera House on Talat Paşa Boulevard, in the Ulus district. There
is a fine collection of folkloric items, as well as artifacts from the Seljuk and
Ottoman periods. In front of the museum building, there is a marble and bronze equestrian statue of Mustafa Kemal
Atatürk (who wears a Republic era modern military uniform, with the rank Field Marshal) which was crafted in
1927[78] by the renowned Italian sculptor Pietro Canonica.

State Art and Sculpture Museum

The State Art and Sculpture Museum (Resim-Heykel Müzesi) which opened to the public in 1980[79] is close to the
Ethnography Museum and houses a rich collection of Turkish art from the late 19th century to the present day.
There are also galleries which host guest exhibitions.

Cer Modern
 Cer Modern is the modern-arts museum of Ankara, inaugurated on 1 April
2010. It is situated in the renovated building of the historic TCDD Cer
Atölyeleri, formerly a workshop of the Turkish State Railways. The museum
incorporates the largest exhibition hall in Turkey. The museum holds
periodic exhibitions of modern and contemporary art as well as hosting
other contemporary arts events.

State Art and Sculpture Museum

War of Independence Museum

The War of Independence

Museum (Kurtuluş Savaşı Müzesi) is located on Ulus Square. It was
originally the first Parliament building (TBMM) of the Republic of
Turkey. The War of Independence was planned and directed here as
recorded in various photographs and items presently on exhibition. In
another display, wax figures of former presidents of the Republic of
Turkey are on exhibit.
The War of Independence Museum, used as
the first Turkish Grand National Assembly
Mehmet Akif Literature Museum Library
building

The Mehmet Akif Literature Museum Library is an important literary

museum and archive opened in 2011 and dedicated to Mehmet Akif Ersoy (1873–1936), the poet of the Turkish
National Anthem.

TCDD Open Air Steam Locomotive Museum

The TCDD Open Air Steam Locomotive Museum is an open-air museum which traces the history of steam
locomotives.

Ankara Aviation Museum

Ankara Aviation Museum (Hava Kuvvetleri Müzesi Komutanlığı) is located near the Istanbul Road in Etimesgut.
The museum opened to the public in September 1998.[80] It is home to various missiles, avionics, aviation materials
and aircraft that have served in the Turkish Air Force (e.g. combat aircraft such as the F-86 Sabre, F-100 Super
Sabre, F-102 Delta Dagger, F-104 Starfighter, F-5 Freedom Fighter, F-4 Phantom; and cargo planes such as the
Transall C-160.) Also a Hungarian MiG-21, a Pakistani MiG-19, and a Bulgarian MiG-17 are on display at the
museum.

METU Science and Technology Museum

The METU Science and Technology Museum (ODTÜ Bilim ve Teknoloji Müzesi) is located inside the Middle East
Technical University campus.

Sports

As with all other cities of Turkey, football is the most popular sport in Ankara.
The city has two football clubs competing in the Turkish Süper Lig: Ankaragücü,
founded in 1910, is the oldest club in Ankara and is associated with Ankara's
military arsenal manufacturing company MKE. They were the Turkish Cup
winners in 1972 and 1981. Gençlerbirliği, founded in 1923, are known as the
Ankara Gale or the Poppies because of their colors: red and black. They were the
Turkish Cup winners in 1987 and 2001. Gençlerbirliği's B team, Hacettepe S.K.
(formerly known as Gençlerbirliği OFTAŞ) played in the Süper Lig but currently Ankara Arena (2010)
plays in the TFF Second League. A fourth team, Büyükşehir Belediye
Ankaraspor, played in the Süper Lig until 2010, when they were expelled. The
club was reconstituted in 2014 as Osmanlıspor but have since returned to their old identity as Ankaraspor.
Ankaraspor currently play in the TFF First League at the Osmanlı Stadium in the Sincan district of Yenikent, outside
the city center. Keçiörengücü also currently play in the TFF First League.

Ankara has a large number of minor teams, playing at regional levels. In the TFF Second League: Mamak FK in
Mamak, Ankara Demirspor in Çankaya, Etimesgut Belediyespor in Etimesgut; in the TFF Third League: Çankaya FK
in Keçiören; Altındağspor[81] in Altındağ; in the Amateur League: Turanspor in Etimesgut, Türk Telekomspor owned
by the phone company in Yenimahalle, Çubukspor in Çubuk, and Bağlumspor in Keçiören.

In the Turkish Basketball League, Ankara is represented by Türk Telekom, whose home is the Ankara Arena, and
CASA TED Kolejliler, whose home is the TOBB Sports Hall.

Halkbank Ankara is the leading domestic powerhouse in men's volleyball, having won many championships and
cups in the Turkish Men's Volleyball League and even the CEV Cup in 2013.

Ankara Buz Pateni Sarayı is where the ice skating and ice hockey competitions take place in the city.

There are many popular spots for skateboarding which is active in the city since the 1980s. Skaters in Ankara usually
meet in the park near the Grand National Assembly of Turkey.

The 2012-built THF Sport Hall hosts the Handball Super League and Women's Handball Super League matches
scheduled in Ankara.[82]

Parks
Ankara has many parks and open spaces
mainly established in the early years of the
Republic and well maintained and expanded
thereafter. The most important of these parks
are: Gençlik Parkı (houses an amusement
park with a large pond for rowing), the
Botanical garden, Seğmenler Park, Anayasa
Park, Kuğulu Park (famous for the swans
Gençlik Parkı (Youth Park) received as a gift from the Chinese
government), Abdi İpekçi Park, Esertepe Göksu Park
Parkı, Güven Park (see above for the
monument), Kurtuluş Park (has an ice-skating rink), Altınpark (also a prominent
exposition/fair area), Harikalar Diyarı (claimed to be Biggest Park of Europe inside city borders) and Göksu Park.
Dikmen Vadisi (Dikmen Valley) is a 70 hectares (170 acres) park and recreation area situated in Çankaya district.

Gençlik Park was depicted on the reverse of the Turkish 100 lira banknotes of 1952–1976.[83]

Atatürk Forest Farm and Zoo (Atatürk Orman Çiftliği) is an expansive recreational farming area which houses a
zoo, several small agricultural farms, greenhouses, restaurants, a dairy farm and a brewery. It is a pleasant place to
spend a day with family, be it for having picnics, hiking, biking or simply enjoying good food and nature. There is
also an exact replica of the house where Atatürk was born in 1881, in Thessaloniki, Greece. Visitors to the "Çiftlik"
(farm) as it is affectionately called by Ankarans, can sample such famous products of the farm such as old-fashioned
beer and ice cream, fresh dairy products and meat rolls/kebabs made on charcoal, at a traditional restaurant
(Merkez Lokantası, Central Restaurant), cafés and other establishments scattered around the farm.

Education

Universities

Ankara is noted, within Turkey, for the multitude of universities it is home to. These include the following, several of
them being among the most reputable in the country:
 Ankara University Middle East Technical University
Atılım University TED University
Başkent University TOBB University of Economics and Technology
Bilkent University Turkish Aeronautical Association University
Çankaya University Turkish Military Academy
Gazi University Turkish National Police Academy
Gülhane Military Medical Academy Ufuk University
Hacettepe University Yıldırım Beyazıt University
İpek University

Fauna

Angora cat

Ankara is home to a world-famous domestic cat breed – the Turkish Angora, called
Ankara kedisi (Ankara cat) in Turkish. Turkish Angoras are one of the ancient,
naturally occurring cat breeds, having originated in Ankara and its surrounding region
in central Anatolia.

They mostly have a white, silky, medium to long length coat, no undercoat and a fine
bone structure. There seems to be a connection between the Angora Cats and Persians,
and the Turkish Angora is also a distant cousin of the Turkish Van. Although they are
known for their shimmery white coat, there are more than twenty varieties including
black, blue and reddish fur. They come in tabby and tabby-white, along with smoke Angora cat with odd eyes
varieties, and are in every color other than pointed, lavender, and cinnamon (all of (heterochromia), which is
which would indicate breeding to an outcross.) common among the Angoras

Eyes may be blue, green, or amber, or even one blue and one amber or green. The W
gene which is responsible for the white coat and blue eye is closely related to the hearing ability, and the presence of
a blue eye can indicate that the cat is deaf to the side the blue eye is located. However, a great many blue and odd-
eyed white cats have normal hearing, and even deaf cats lead a very normal life if kept indoors.

Ears are pointed and large, eyes are almond shaped and the head is massive with a two plane profile. Another
characteristic is the tail, which is often kept parallel to the back.

Angora goat

The Angora goat (Turkish: Ankara keçisi) is a breed of domestic goat that originated in
Ankara and its surrounding region in central Anatolia.[84]

This breed was first mentioned in the time of Moses, roughly in 1500 BC.[85] The first
Angora goats were brought to Europe by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, about 1554,
but, like later imports, were not very successful. Angora goats were first introduced in
the United States in 1849 by Dr. James P. Davis. Seven adult goats were a gift from
Sultan Abdülmecid I in appreciation for his services and advice on the raising of Angora goat
cotton.

The fleece taken from an Angora goat is called mohair. A single goat produces between five and eight kilograms (11
and 18 pounds) of hair per year. Angoras are shorn twice a year, unlike sheep, which are shorn only once. Angoras
have high nutritional requirements due to their rapid hair growth. A poor quality diet will curtail mohair
development. The United States, Turkey, and South Africa are the top producers of mohair.

For a long period of time, Angora goats were bred for their white coat. In 1998, the Colored Angora Goat Breeders
Association was set up to promote breeding of colored Angoras. Today, Angora goats produce white, black (deep
black to greys and silver), red (the color fades significantly as the goat gets older), and brownish fiber.
Angora goats were depicted on the reverse of the Turkish 50 lira banknotes of 1938–1952.[86]

Angora rabbit

The Angora rabbit (Turkish: Ankara tavşanı) is a variety of domestic rabbit bred for
its long, soft hair. The Angora is one of the oldest types of domestic rabbit, originating
in Ankara and its surrounding region in central Anatolia, along with the Angora cat
and Angora goat. The rabbits were popular pets with French royalty in the mid-18th
century, and spread to other parts of Europe by the end of the century. They first
appeared in the United States in the early 20th century. They are bred largely for their
long Angora wool, which may be removed by shearing, combing, or plucking (gently
pulling loose wool.) Angora rabbit

Angoras are bred mainly for their wool because it is silky and soft. They have a
humorous appearance, as they oddly resemble a fur ball. Most are calm and docile but should be handled carefully.
Grooming is necessary to prevent the fiber from matting and felting on the rabbit. A condition called "wool block" is
common in Angora rabbits and should be treated quickly.[87] Sometimes they are shorn in the summer as the long
fur can cause the rabbits to overheat.

International relations

Twin towns and sister cities

Ankara is twinned with:[88][89]

Seoul, South Korea (since 1971)[90][91] Astana, Kazakhstan (since 2001)

Islamabad, Pakistan (since 1982)[92] Dushanbe, Tajikistan (since 2003)
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (since 1984) Kabul, Afghanistan (since 2003)
Beijing, China (since 1990)[93] Ulan Bator, Mongolia (since 2003)
Cairo, Egypt (since 2004)
Amman, Jordan (since 1992)
Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan (since 1992) Chișinău, Moldova (since 2004)[97]
Budapest, Hungary (since 1992) Sana'a, Yemen (since 2004)
Khartoum, Sudan (since 1992) Tashkent, Uzbekistan (since 2004)
Moscow, Russia (since 1992) Pristina, Kosovo (since 2005)
Sofia, Bulgaria (since 1992) Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia (since 2005)
Havana, Cuba (since 1993) Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
(since 2005)
Kyiv, Ukraine (since 1993)
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (since 2006)
Ashgabat, Turkmenistan (since 1994)
Minsk, Belarus (since 2007)[98]
Kuwait City, Kuwait (since 1994)
Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina (since Zagreb, Croatia (since 2008)[99]
1994)[94] Damascus, Syria (since 2010)
Tirana, Albania (since 1995)[95] Bissau, Guinea-Bissau (since 2011)
Tbilisi, Georgia (since 1996)[96] Washington, D.C., USA (since 2011)[100]
Ufa, Bashkortostan, Russia (since 1997) Bangkok, Thailand (since 2012)[101]
Alanya, Turkey Tehran, Iran (since 2013)[102]
Bucharest, Romania (since 1998) Doha, Qatar (since 2016)[103]
Hanoi, Vietnam (since 1998) Podgorica, Montenegro (since 7 March 2019)
Manama, Bahrain (since 2000) North Nicosia, Northern Cyprus
Mogadishu, Somalia (since 2000) Djibouti City, Djibouti (since 2017)[104]
Santiago, Chile (since 2000)
Partner cities
Skopje, North Macedonia (since 1995)[105]
Vienna, Austria

See also
Angora cat List of hospitals in Ankara Province
Angora goat List of mayors of Ankara
Angora rabbit List of municipalities in Ankara Province
Ankara Agreement List of districts of Ankara
Ankara Arena List of people from Ankara
Ankara Central Station List of tallest buildings in Ankara
Ankara Esenboğa International Airport Marcellus of Ancyra
Ankara Metro Monumentum Ancyranum
Ankara Province Nilus of Ancyra
Ankara University Roman Baths of Ankara
ATO Congresium Synod of Ancyra
Basil of Ancyra Theodotus of Ancyra (bishop)
Battle of Ancyra Theodotus of Ancyra (martyr)
Battle of Ankara Timeline of Ankara
Clement of Ancyra Treaty of Ankara (disambiguation)
Gemellus of Ancyra Victory Monument (Ankara)
History of Ankara

Notes
1. Ankara Province / Metropolitan municipality (25,653.46 km² including lake / 24,521 km² excluding lake) is a
province (il) of Turkey which has 25 districts (ilçe), and 9 of these districts form the urban area of Ankara city
(2,767.85 km² including lake).

Altındağ = 174.53 km²

Çankaya = 267.61 km²

Etimesgut = 49.19 km²

Gölbaşı = 738.30 km²
Keçiören = 189.88 km²

Mamak = 478.40 km²

Pursaklar = 251.52 km²

Sincan = 344.26 km²

Yenimahalle = 274.16 km²
2. "Area of regions (including lakes), km²" (http://tuikapp.tuik.gov.tr/Bolgesel/menuAction.do?dil=en). Regional
Statistics Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. 2002. Retrieved 5 March 2013.
3. İlker, Alan; Zerrin, Demirörs; Rüya, Bayar; Kerime, Karabacak (10 June 2020). "Markov Chains Based Land
Cover Estimation Model Development: The Case Of Ankara Province" (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
343221023). Ankara University (www.ankara.edu.tr). International Journal of Geography and Geography
Education (IGGE), 42; pg.650-667.
4. "TURKEY: Ankara City" (https://www.citypopulation.de/en/turkey/ankaracity/). City Population.
5. "Nüfus ve Demografi - Toplam Nüfus (kişi)" (https://cip.tuik.gov.tr/) (the year is updated). Turkish Statistical
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31 December 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
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a. [9][10][11][12]
b. /ænˈsaɪrə/ an-SY-rə[11][12]
c. /æŋˈɡɔːrə/ ang-GOR-ə,[14] US also /ˈæŋɡərə/ ANG-gə-rə),[11]

References
Baynes, T. S., ed. (1878). "Angora"  (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Editi
on/Angora). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (9th ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 45.
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911b). "Ancyra"  (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/A
ncyra). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 953.
Parvis, Sarah (2006). Marcellus of Ancyra And the Lost Years of the Arian Controversy 325–345 (https://books.g
oogle.com/books?id=-jgsQihyWTEC). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-928013-1.

43. ilişki durumu evli izle (https://web.archive.org/web/20191122201343/http://www.iliskidurumuevliizle.com/)

Attribution
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Angora".
Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 40–41.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rockwell, William Walker (1911).
"Ancyra". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

Further reading
Members of Staff of the Museum (2006). Guide book to The Museum of Anatolian Civilizations (https://archive.or
g/details/museumofanatolia0000anad). Ankara: "The association for the support and encouragement of the
 Museum of Anatolian Civilizations." Dönmez offset (Printer). ISBN 978-975-17-2198-3.

External links
Governorate of Ankara (http://www.ankara.gov.tr)
Municipality of Ankara (https://web.archive.org/web/20121130080250/http://www.ankara.bel.tr/)
GCatholic – (former and) Latin titular see (http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/former/t0128.htm)
GCatholic – former and titular Armenian Catholic see (http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/former/t2026.htm)
Ankara Development Agency (http://www.ankaraka.org.tr)
Esenboğa International Airport (https://web.archive.org/web/20190417190926/http://esenbogaairport.com/)
Geographic data related to Ankara (https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/223422) at OpenStreetMap

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