DSE Revision-S4 Term2a
DSE Revision-S4 Term2a
4 CHEMISTRY Past DSE Exam Questions 7. Which of the following reaction routes can best be used to prepare barium sulphate from barium carbonate?
Part 2 – ACIDS & BASES
MC questions:
1. A small amount of a powder can dissolve in water to form a clear solution. When this solution is mixed with K2CO3(aq), a
white precipitate is obtained. What can the powder be?
A. sodium sulphate B. calcium sulphate
C. sodium hydroxide D. calcium hydroxide [2013‐Q8]
[2012‐Q2] 8. Which of the following statements about potassium hydroxide solution is INCORRECT?
2. Which of the following statements concerning CH3COOH and HCl is correct? A. When potassium hydroxide solution is added to iron(III) sulphate solution, a dirty green precipitate is formed.
A. CH3COOH is a stronger acid than HCl. B. When potassium hydroxide solution is heated with ammonium chloride solution, ammonia gas is liberated.
B. The pH of 0.1 M CH3COOH(aq) is lower than that of 0.1 M HCl(aq).
C. Dilute potassium hydroxide solution contains K+(aq) ions, H+(aq) ions and OH‐(aq) ions.
C. Both CH3COOH(aq) and HCl(aq) react with NH3(aq), each giving a salt.
D. Concentrated potassium hydroxide solution is corrosive.
D. Both CH3COOH(aq) and HCl(aq) react with Ag(s), each giving a colourless gas.
[2013‐Q9]
[2012‐Q4]
9. Consider the four solutions W, X, Y and Z listed below:
3. A sample of 1.02 g of potassium hydrogenphthalate (C8H5O4K) is dissolved completely in distilled water, and then diluted to
W: 0.01 mol dm‐3 HNO3(aq)
250.0 cm3. What is the concentration of the solution obtained?
X: 0.01 mol dm‐3 H2SO4(aq)
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, C = 12.0, O = 16.0; K = 39.1)
Y: 0.01 mol dm‐3 KOH(aq)
A. 0.004 M B. 0.010 M
Z: 0.10 mol dm‐3 KOH(aq)
C. 0.020 M D. 4.080 M
Which of the following represents the four solutions arranged in increasing order of pH?
[2012‐Q10]
A. W, X, Y, Z
4. In which of the following processes would a colourless gas evolve?
B. W, X, Z, Y
(1) Magnesium is added to dilute sulphuric acid.
C. X, W, Y, Z
(2) Ammonium chloride is heated with calcium hydroxide.
D. X, W, Z, Y
(3) Water is added to a solid mixture of citric acid and sodium hydrogencarbonate.
[2013‐Q10]
A. (1) and (2) only B. (1) and (3) only
10. Which of the following pairs of aqueous solutions, when mixed, would give a precipitate?
C. (2) and (3) only D. (1), (2) and (3)
A. lead(II) nitrate and ammonia
[2012‐Q19]
B. copper(II) sulphate and sodium nitrate
5. Which of the following methods can be used to distinguish between ZnCl2(aq) and CaBr2(aq)?
C. calcium chloride and sodium nitrate
(1) adding NH3(aq)
D. iron(II) sulphate and acidified potassium dichromate
(2) performing flame test
[2013‐Q11]
(3) evaporating to dryness
11. 50.0 cm3 of 0.6 M FeSO4(aq) is mixed with 150.0 cm3 of 0.2 M Fe2(SO4)3(aq). What is the concentration of SO42‐(aq) ions in the
A. (1) and (2) only B. (1) and (3) only
resulting mixture?
C. (2) and (3) only D. (1), (2) and (3)
A. 0.3 M B. 0.4 M
[2012‐Q20]
C. 0.6 M D. 0.8 M
6. Solid Y is soluble in cold water. When an aqueous solution of Y is added separately to sodium hydroxide solution and to
[2014‐Q6]
acidified silver nitrate solution, a white precipitate is formed in both cases. Which of the following compounds might Y be?
12. Which of the following pairs of aqueous solutions, upon mixing, would have the lowest electrical conductivity?
A. ammonium carbonate
A. 20.0 cm3 of 0.1 M HNO3 and 20.0 cm3 of 0.1 M KOH
B. zinc carbonate
B. 20.0 cm3 of 0.1 M H2SO4 and 20.0 cm3 of 0.1 M Ba(OH)2
C. lead(II) chloride
3
C. 20.0 cm of 0.1 M CH3COOH and 20.0 cm3 of 0.1 M NH3
D. magnesium chloride
3
D. 20.0 cm of 0.1 M HCl and 20.0 cm3 of 0.1 M C6H12O6(glucose)
[2013‐Q3]
[2014‐Q7]
13. In an experiment, standard HCl(aq) was added from a burette to a known volume of NaOH(aq) placed in an expanded 18. Which of the following statements is correct?
polystyrene cup. The graph below shows the temperatures of the mixture in the cup during the process: A. All aqueous solutions contain H+(aq) ions.
B. The pH of all acid solutions is greater than zero.
C. All acidic compounds contain hydrogen as their constituent elements.
D. A ‘corrosive’ hazard warning label must be displayed on all reagent bottles containing acid solution.
[2015‐Q1]
19. In an experiment, 25.0 cm3 of HCl(aq) is measured with apparatus X and is placed in apparatus Y. The HCl(aq) in Y is then
titrated with a standard NaOH(aq). Which of the following combinations is correct?
X Y
A. measuring cylinder beaker
B. measuring cylinder conical flask
C. pipette beaker
What is the greatest temperature rise of the mixture in the cup as estimated from the graph above? D. pipette conical flask
A. 2.0 C B. 4.6 C [2015‐Q8]
C. 6.2 C D. 6.6 C 3 ‐3
20. In an experiment to prepare calcium sulphate, excess dilute sulphuric acid is added to 10.0 cm of 1.0 mol dm calcium nitrate
[2014‐Q12] solution. Which of the following is the theoretical mass of the calcium sulphate obtained?
14. Which of the following gases, after dissolved in 1 dm3 of water, would give a solution with the highest pH? (Relative atomic masses: O = 16.0, S = 32.1, Ca = 40.1)
A. 0.002 mol of NO2 A. 0.68 g
B. 0.002 mol of SO2 B. 1.36 g
C. 0.002 mol of NH3 C. 2.72 g
D. 0.002 mol of HCl D. 4.08 g
[2014‐Q13] [2015‐Q9]
15. Which of the following hazard warning labels should be displayed on both the reagent bottle storing concentrated sulphuric 21. The pH of a sample of sulphuric acid is 2.6. 100 cm3 of this sample is mixed with 100 cm3 of water. What is the pH of the
acid and the reagent bottle storing concentrated hydrochloric acid? resulting mixture?
A. 5.8
B. 2.9
C. 2.6
D. 1.3
A. (1) only B. (2) only [2016‐Q6]
C. (1) and (3) only D. (2) and (3) only 22. Consider the following experimental set‐up:
[2014‐Q15]
16. Which of the following processes would show a blue colour?
(1) adding litmus to NaOH(aq)
(2) mixing CuSO4(s) and NH3(aq)
(3) mixing K3Fe(CN)6(aq) and FeCl2(aq)
A. (1) and (2) only B. (1) and (3) only
C. (2) and (3) only D. (1), (2) and (3) A colourless gas is given out when water is dropped to the mixture. Which of the following statements is correct?
[2014‐Q21] A. Oxalic acid ionizes in water to give hydrogen ions.
17. Which of the following salts CANNOT be prepared from the reaction of a metal with a dilute acid? B. Zinc ionizes in water to give zinc ions.
A. zinc sulphate B. iron(II) chloride C. Water reacts with oxalic acid to give the colourless gas.
C. calcium chloride D. copper(II) sulphate D. Water reacts with zinc to give the colourless gas.
[2015‐Q4] [2016‐Q7]
23. Which of the following pairs of substances, when mixed together, can be used to prepare copper(II) sulphate crystals? 29. Which of the following statements concerning NaOH(aq) and NH3(aq) is/are correct?
A. CuO(s) and H2SO4(aq) (1) Both of them can react with MgCl2(aq).
B. CuO(s) and MgSO4(aq) (2) Both of them can form a deep blue solution with Cu(OH)2(s).
C. Cu(s) and H2SO4(aq) (3) NaOH(aq) can react with CH3COOH(aq), but NH3(aq) cannot.
D. Cu(s) and MgSO4(aq) A. (1) only B. (2) only
[2016‐Q8] C. (1) and (3) only D. (2) and (3) only
24. Which of the following statements concerning vinegar is/are correct? [2017‐Q17]
(1) The process of forming hydrogen ions in vinegar is reversible. 30. Which of the following can distinguish a sample of AgNO3(aq) from a sample of NaNO3(aq)?
(2) Neutralisation occurs when sugar is added to vinegar. (1) adding Cu(NO3)2(aq) to the samples
(3) The pH of vinegar used in kitchen is around 1. (2) adding HCl(aq) to the samples
A. (1) only B. (2) only (3) adding KOH(aq) to the samples
C. (1) and (3) only D. (2) and (3) only A. (1) and (2) only B. (1) and (3) only
[2016‐Q18] C. (2) and (3) only D. (1), (2) and (3)
25. The hazard warning label below is displayed on a bottle containing chemical Z: [2017‐Q21]
Which of the following chemicals may Z be? 31. Dilute sodium hydroxide solution is added to a 0.1 M solution until in excess. Which of the following combinations is correct?
(1) sodium Solution Observation
(2) trichloromethane A. zinc sulphate white precipitate formed
(3) concentrated aqueous ammonia B. calcium nitrate white precipitate formed
A. (1) only B. (2) only C. lead(II) nitrate yellow precipitate formed
C. (1) and (3) only D. (2) and (3) only D. iron(III) sulphate dirty green precipitate formed
[2016‐Q19] [2018‐Q6]
26. Which of the following statements concerning hydrochloric acid is INCORRECT? 32. Consider the solutions W, X, Y and Z below:
A. It is a mineral acid.
W 100 cm3 of 0.20 M HNO3(aq)
B. It completely ionizes in water.
X 50 cm3 of 0.20 M HCl(aq)
C. It contains aqueous hydrogen ions.
Y 100 cm3 of 0.20 M CH3CO2H(aq)
D. It does not contain aqueous hydroxide ions.
Z 50 cm3 of 0.10 M NaOH(aq)
[2017‐Q2]
27. Which of the following is NOT the appropriate substance for preparing magnesium sulphate by directly mixing it with dilute Which of the following statements is correct?
sulphuric acid? A. The pH of Y equals –log 0.2.
A. magnesium metal B. Mixing W and Z gives a neutral solution.
B. magnesium oxide C. The pH of the mixture of W and X is lower than that of W.
C. magnesium nitrate D. The pH of the mixture of W and X is lower than that of the mixture of X and Y.
D. magnesium carbonate [2018‐Q11]
[2017‐Q6] 33. 25.00 cm3 of 0.051 M C4H4O4(aq) can completely neutralize 22.18 cm3 of 0.115 M KOH(aq). What is the basicity of the acid
28. Calcium phosphate is insoluble in water. What is the theoretical number of moles of calcium phosphate obtained when C4H4O4?
100.0 cm3 of 0.30 mol dm‐3 CaCl2(aq) is mixed with 300.0 cm3 of 0.10 mol dm‐3 Na3PO4(aq)? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
(Relative atomic masses: O = 16.0, Na = 23.0, P = 31.0, Cl = 35.5, Ca = 40.1) [2019‐Q4]
3 3
A. 0.010 34. 25.00 cm of 0.50 M lead(II) nitrate solution is mixed with 50.00 cm of 1.00 M sodium chloride solution. Insoluble lead(II)
B. 0.015 chloride is formed during mixing. What is the concentration of Cl–(aq) in the mixture?
C. 0.020 A. 0.33 M B. 0.50 M
D. 0.030 C. 0.75 M D. 1.50 M
[2017‐Q10] [2019‐Q5]
35. Aqueous calcium hydroxide can be used to
(1) neutralize acidic substances in soil. Solutions
(2) distinguish carbon dioxide from carbon monoxide. 1. D (54%) 2. C (71%) 3. C (88%) 4. D (59%) 5. A (71%)
(3) remove sulphur dioxide from a polluted air sample. 6. D (64%) 7. C (41%) 8. A (64%) 9. C (75%) 10. A (62%)
A. (1) and (2) only B. (1) and (3) only 11. C (64%) 12. B (32%) 13. D (48%) 14. C (76%) 15. B (70%)
C. (2) and (3) only D. (1), (2) and (3) 16. D (32%) 17. D (74%) 18. A (46%) 19. D (88%) 20. B (87%)
[2019‐Q20] 21. B (59%) 22. A (58%) 23. A (66%) 24. A (85%) 25. C (27%)
36. The diagram below shows a common glass apparatus: 26. D (64%) 27. C (55%) 28. A (57%) 29. A (59%) 30. C (68%)
31. B (65%) 32. D (50%) 33. B (83%) 34. A (59%) 35. D (49%)
36. D (53%) 37. D (51%) 38. C (48%)
Which of the following statements concerning the transfer of an acid using this apparatus are INCORRECT?
(1) The bulb should be firmly held in the hand when being filled with acid.
(2) Exactly 20.00 cm3 of acid can be transferred using this apparatus.
(3) The apparatus should first be rinsed by distilled water, then immediately followed by the transfer of acid.
A. (1) and (2) only B. (1) and (3) only
C. (2) and (3) only D. (1), (2) and (3)
[2019‐Q21]
Consider the following statements and choose the best answer:
1st statement 2nd statement
37. All acidic gases can react with CaO(s) to form salt All acidic gases contain hydrogen as one of
and water only. their constituent atoms.
[2014‐Q24]
38. To completely neutralize 1 mole of HCl(aq), the NH3(aq) is a weaker alkali than KOH(aq).
number of moles of NH3(aq) needed is more
than the number of moles of KOH(aq) needed.
[2018‐Q24]
Answer keys for Q37 – 38:
A. Both statements are true and the 2nd statement is a correct explanation of the 1st statement.
B. Both statements are true but the 2nd statement is NOT a correct explanation of the 1st statement.
C. The 1st statement is false but the 2nd statement is true.
D. Both statements are false.
2. A fertilizer only contains ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) and potassium chloride (KCl). An experiment was performed to
Structural questions:
determine the percentage by mass of NH4NO3 in this fertilizer. The set‐up used is shown below:
*1. Outline the steps in preparing solid lead(II) sulphate from solid lead(II) nitrate. You have to state the additional chemical
reagents that are required, but need NOT mention the apparatus involved.
(4 marks)
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
The KOH(aq) was added slowly to the fertilizer and the mixture formed was heated gently. The ammonia liberated from the
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ reaction between NH4NO3 and KOH was first cooled in a condenser, and then passed through an inverted funnel to a solution
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ containing 0.0485 mol of HCl. The solution was finally made up to 100.00 cm3 and labelled ‘S’.
(a) Write an ionic equation for the reaction between NH4NO3 and KOH.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
(a) Give the systematic name of this dibasic acid.
(ii) State the colour change at the end point of the titration.
(1 mark)
‐3
(b) A student expected a 0.0500 mol dm standard H2C2O4(aq) to have a pH of 1.0. However, the pH of the solution, when
measured with a calibrated pH meter, was found to be greater than 1. Explain this observation with the aid of a chemical
equation.
(iii) Calculate the percentage by mass of NH4NO3 in this fertilizer.
(Molar mass of NH4NO3 = 80.0 g)
(2 marks)
(c) Solid sodium hydroxide is available in school laboratories. However, standard NaOH(aq) CANNOT be directly prepared by
weighing NaOH(s) and then dissolving it in water. Explain why.
(5 marks)
(e) Suggest a test to show the presence of a potassium‐containing compound in the fertilizer. (1 mark)
(d) In a titration experiment, 25.00 cm3 of a 0.0500 mol dm‐3 standard H2C2O4(aq) and a few drops of phenolphthalein indicator
were placed in a conical flask. NaOH(aq) of unknown concentration was then added from a burette into the flask. 17.20
cm3 of the NaOH(aq) was required to reach the titration end point.
(i) State the colour change at the titration end point.
(1 mark)
(ii) From the titration results, calculate the concentration of the NaOH(aq), in mol dm‐3.
(3 marks)
(e) The following were considered as INAPPROPRIATE practices when carrying out the experiment in (d). For each of them, 5. A bottle of concentrated hydrochloric acid HCl(aq) is shown below:
explain why it would lead to inaccurate titration results:
(i) rinsing the conical flask with the standard H2C2O4(aq) before transferring 25.00 cm3 of the acid solution to it
(ii) carrying out the titration with the filter funnel remained on top of the burette after using it to fill the burette with the
NaOH(aq)
(a) According to the information on the label, calculate the concentration of the concentrated hydrochloric acid in moldm‐3.
(2 marks)
4. A student diluted a sample of concentrated sulphuric acid for making a lead‐acid accumulator used as car batteries.
(i) Describe how concentrated sulphuric acid can be diluted in a laboratory. State a safety precaution needed during the
dilution process. (2 marks)
(b) To find out the concentration of the acid, a laboratory technician first drew from the bottle a sample of 10.0 cm3 of the
concentrated acid and diluted it to 100.0 cm3 in a volumetric flask. The diluted acid sample was then used to titrate a
standard sodium carbonate solution placed in a conical flask using an appropriate indicator. 10.0 cm3 of 1.06 mol dm‐3
sodium carbonate solution required 20.30 cm3 of the diluted acid sample to reach the end point.
(i) Briefly describe the procedure in preparing a standard sodium carbonate solution.
(ii) 5.00 cm3 of the solution in the lead‐acid accumulator made contains 2.48 g of sulphuric acid. Calculate the molarity of
the sulphuric acid in the solution.
(Molar mass of sulphuric acid = 98.1 g)
(ii) Using the titration result, calculate the concentration, in mol dm‐3, of the concentrated hydrochloric acid in the
bottle.
(5 marks)
(5 marks)
(c) Suggest a reason why the concentration of the concentrated hydrochloric acid in the bottle obtained from (b)(iii) would 7. Citric acid is a tribasic acid found in lemon. It is a white solid and soluble in water.
be smaller than that obtained from (a) above. (a) In the structure of citric acid shown below, circle ALL ionisable hydrogen atom(s) making it a tribasic acid.
(1 mark) (1 mark)
(b) A solid sample contained citric acid and other soluble inert substances. 1.65 g of the sample was dissolved in deionized
*6. Explain, with the aid of a chemical equation, why NH3(aq) is regarded as a weak alkali. Suggest how you would show that
water and diluted to 250.0 cm3 in apparatus X. After that, 25.00 cm3 of the diluted solution was withdrawn and titrated
NH3(aq) is a weaker alkali than NaOH(aq) through an experiment.
with 0.123 M NaOH(aq) using phenolphthalein as an indicator. 18.45 cm3 of the NaOH(aq) was required to reach the
(6 marks)
end point.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ (i) What is apparatus X ?
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
(4 marks)
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ (c) A few drops of lemon juice are added to sodium hydrogencarbonate powder.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ (ii) Write the ionic equation for the reaction involved.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
(2 marks)
*8. Three unlabeled reagent bottles each contains one of the white solids listed below: 9. Barium (Ba) is an element in Group II of the Periodic Table. Its chemical properties are similar to those of calcium.
ZnSO4 MgSO4 MgSO4 7H2O (a) A gas with a pungent smell is formed when Ba(OH)2(s) is heated with NH4Cl(s). State the reason why the gas CANNOT be
Outline how you would carry out tests to distinguish these three solids. collected by each of the following methods.
(6 marks)
(i)
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Reason :
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
(ii)
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Reason :
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ (2 marks)
(b) An experiment was carried out to study the change in electrical conductivity of the mixture formed when a dilute H2SO4(aq)
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
was added gradually to a fixed volume of a dilute Ba(OH)2(aq). The graph below shows the results of the experiment.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
(i) State the expected observation when dilute H2SO4(aq) is added to dilute Ba(OH)2(aq).
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
(ii) Explain the change of electrical conductivity in the following stages:
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ (1) From A to B
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
(2) From B to C
(3 marks)
10. Concentrated sulphuric acid is a reagent commonly found in laboratories. 11. This question involves the preparation of ammonia gas and the investigation of the properties of ammonia gas in a laboratory.
(a) Circle TWO hazard warning labels that should be displayed on a bottle of concentrated sulphuric acid : (a) Solid calcium hydroxide reacts with solid ammonium chloride to form ammonia gas. Draw a labelled diagram to show
the set‐up involved and how ammonia gas is collected.
(1 mark)
(b) In order to determine the concentration of a sample of concentrated sulphuric acid, 5.00 cm3 of the sample was diluted
3 3 ‐3
to 1000.0 cm with deionized water. Portions of 25.00 cm of the diluted sample were titrated with 0.189 mol dm
NaOH(aq) using methyl orange as an indicator. An average of 22.20 cm3 of NaOH(aq) was used to reach the end point.
(i) Explain why concentrated sulphuric acid should NOT be titrated directly with NaOH(aq). (2 marks)
(b) An experiment was performed to investigate the properties of ammonia gas with the set‐up shown below:
(ii) State the colour change at the end point of the titration.
(iii) Calculate the concentration of the sample of concentrated sulphuric acid, in mol dm‐3.
The round‐bottomed flask was initially full of dry ammonia gas. Several drops of water were injected into the flask from
the dropper. The water containing phenolphthalein was then automatically sucked into the flask through the glass tube.
(i) Briefly explain why the water containing phenolphthalein was sucked into the flask.
(5 marks)
(ii) State, with explanation, an observation related to phenolphthalein in the flask.
(c) With the help of a chemical equation, state the observation when hot concentrated sulphuric acid reacts with copper.
(For S5 students ONLY)
(4 marks)
(2 marks)
12. An experiment was performed to determine the number of water of crystallization, n, in a sample of hydrated sodium 13. Solid potassium hydrogenphthalate can be used to prepare standard solutions. Its structure is shown below:
tetraborate (Na2B4O7 nH2O). 0.452 g of the sample was dissolved completely in about 50 cm3 of deionized water in an
apparatus X. The solution obtained was alkaline and was immediately titrated in X with 0.125 M HCl(aq) using methyl orange
as an indicator. It required 18.98 cm3 of the acid to reach the end point.
(a) Name X.
(a) You are provided with 1.12 g of solid potassium hydrogenphthalate.
(i) Describe briefly how a 250.0 cm3 of a standard solution containing 1.17 g of potassium hydrogenphthalate can be
(1 mark) prepared in a laboratory.
(b) State the colour change at the end point of the titration.
(1 mark)
(c) It is known that in the reaction during the titration, the mole ratio of B4O72‐(aq) to H+(aq) is 1 : 2. Calculate the number of
water of crystallization, n.
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, B = 10.8, O = 16.0, Na = 23.0)
(ii) Calculate the molarity of the standard solution obtained in (i).
(Formula mass : potassium hydrogenphthalate = 204.1)
(3 marks)
(d) It is known that hydrated sodium tetraborate can be used to prepare standard solutions. (4 marks)
(i) What is meant by the term ‘standard solutions’? (b) At room conditions, the pH of a 0.060 M of potassium hydrogenphthalate solutions is 3.30. Based on this information and
appropriate calculation, comment whether the –COOH group in potassium hydrogenphthalate is completely ionized.
(ii) Suggest one use of standard solutions.
(2 marks) (2 marks)
Marking scheme for structural questions Q.3 [2013‐Q4]
Q.1 [2012‐Q6] (a) Ethanedioic acid 1
Dissolve solid lead(II) nitrate in water. 1 (b) H2C2O4(aq) ⇌ C2O42‐(aq) + 2H+(aq) / H2C2O4(aq) ⇌ HC2O4‐(aq) + H+(aq) 1
Then mix with excess sulphuric acid / K2SO4 / Na2SO4 solution. 1 H2C2O4(aq) is a weak acid. It undergoes incomplete ionization in water. (1)
Filter the mixture to obtain the solid residue (PbSO4), wash it with deionized water and then dry in oven. 1 As pH = –log[H+(aq)] and [H+(aq)] in 0.05 M H2C2O4(aq) is less than 0.1 M, its pH is thus greater than 1. 1
*Communication mark 1 (c) NaOH(s) is deliquescent / hygroscopic / absorbs water from the atmosphere. 1
(chemical knowledge = 0 to 2: communication mark = 0 or: NaOH(s) reacts with CO2(g) in the atmosphere. (1)
chemical knowledge = 3 to 4: communication mark = 0 or 1 The mass of NaOH(s) cannot be accurately determined by weighing.
incomplete answer / difficult to understand, communication mark = 0) (d) (i) from colourless to pink 1
Satisfactorily answered. However, some candidates missed the crucial step of dissolving Pb(NO3)2(s) in water. Moreover, many candidates
(ii) concentration of NaOH(aq)
.
wrongly treated PbSO4(s) as a soluble salt. A few candidates misinterpreted the question as the preparation of Pb(NO3)2(s) from PbSO4(s).
= (award step mark if the mole ratio of reactants is correct, i.e. 1:2) 1*
.
= 0.145 (mol dm‐3) 1
Q.2 [2012‐Q7] (e) (i) Rinsing the conical flask with H2C2O4(aq). Some H+(aq) ions/acid/H2C2O4(aq) remain in the flask, and 1
(a) NH4+ + OH‐ NH3 + H2O 1 more alkali (as revealed from the burette reading) than actually required is used to reach the
(b) KOH is very corrosive. / NH4NO3 is explosive. / HCl is corrosive. 1 titration end‐point.
(c) Prevent sucking back as NH3(g) is very soluble in water. 1 (Do NOT accept the concentration of H+(aq) increases.)
(d) (i) pipette 1 (ii) NaOH(aq) clinging onto the stem of funnel may fall into the burette. The volume of alkali used (as 1
(ii) changes from red to orange. 1 revealed from the burette reading) is smaller than what is expected.
(iii) number of moles of HCl(aq) remained in the beaker:
(a) Most candidates were weak in chemical nomenclature. Some suggested incorrect names such as ‘ethandioic acid’ or ‘ethanoic acid’.
= 0.100 x 0.04100 x (100.00 25.00) = 0.0164 1*
(b) Very few candidates wrongly were able to provide an explanation based on incomplete ionization of ethanedioic acid. Many used the terms
number of moles of NH3(g) produced
‘ionisation’ and ‘dissociation’ interchangeably. Some overlooked the fact that ethanedioic acid is a dibasic acid, and wrongly calculated the
= 0.0485 – 0.0164 = 0.0321 1*
pH of 0.05 M H2C2O4(aq) as 1.3.
percentage by mass of NH4NO3 in the fertilizer
(c) A few candidates wrongly mentioned that NaOH(s) reacts with water to give an explosive gas.
= (0.0321 x 80) / 3.150 x 100% = 81.5% 1
(d) (i) The titration mixture changes from colourless to pink. However, some candidates wrongly mentioned ‘from clear to red’. Some simply
Atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers
stated a pink colour is observed.
(e) Flame test – gives a lilac flame. 1
(ii) In general, candidates were weak in handling chemical calculations. Some were not able to demonstrate an understanding that H2C2O4(aq)
reacts with NaOH(aq) in 1:2 mole ratio.
(a) Generally well answered. However, some candidates gave a complete equation instead of an ionic equation.
(e) (i) Some candidates wrongly mentioned that the residual acid affects the concentration of the acid in the conical flask instead of its volume.
(b) Well answered.
(ii) Well answered.
(c) Poorly answered. Only a few candidates recognized that the function of the inverted funnel is to prevent sucking back when a
very soluble gas (e.g. NH3) is dissolved. Most candidates wrongly suggested the function of the inverted funnel was to prevent
the ammonia from escaping to the surrounding by providing a larger surface area for dissolution. Q.4 [2015‐Q4(d)]
(d) (i) Well answered. (i) Pour a small amount of the concentrated sulphuric acid to a large amount of water with constant stirring 1 + 1
(ii) Fairly answered. Many candidates wrongly answered ‘red to yellow’, where the titration is over‐shot when using methyl Wear goggle / safety spectacles / safety glasses / gloves 1
orange as indicator. (ii) number of mole of sulphuric acid = 2.48 / 98.1 = 0.0253 1
(iii) Poorly answered. Only a few candidates were able to perform the calculation involving back titration. Most candidates Molarity of sulphuric acid = 0.0253 / 0.005 = 5.06 M (or 5.056 M) 1
failed to recognize which compounds are involved in each step of the experiment. They were not able to demonstrate a good (Accept answer without unit, zero mark if wrong unit)
mastery of chemical stoichiometry.
Many candidates incorrectly suggested a procedure of using apparatus like a pipette or a volumetric flask for the dilution of concentrated sulphuric
(e) Well answered.
acid. Candidates’ performance in part (ii) was very good; in particular, they demonstrated a good mastery of the calculation on molarity.
Q.5 [2014‐Q7]
The performance of candidates in this question was fair. About two thirds of the candidates were able to state NH3 is a weak alkali because it ionizes
(a) mass of HCl present in 1000 cm3 (1 dm3) of the concentrated acid = 1.18 1000 36% = 425 g 1*
slightly in water, and about half of them were able to give the correct chemical equation. About a third of the candidates were able to suggest an
formula mass of HCl = 36.5
appropriate experimental method for demonstrating that NH3 is a weaker alkali than NaOH but, about half made conceptual mistakes. Common
425
concentration = = 11.6 (mol dm‐3) (accept max. 3 decimal place; NOT accept 12.0) 1 mistakes included ‘comparing the rates of neutralization between HCl and NH3/NaOH’, ‘comparing the amounts of HCl needed to neutralize a sample
36.5
of NH3/NaOH’, and ‘comparing the voltages generated by the chemical cells constructed with NH3/NaOH as the electrolyte’, etc. Some candidates
(b) (i) weigh accurately the amount of sodium carbonate needed and dissolve it in deionized / distilled water 1
stated an incorrect instrument for carrying out measurements, such as using a voltmeter to measure the current of a circuit. Lastly, about a third
(NOT accept “add water” only)
of the candidates were not able to state the appropriate conditions for carrying out a fair test.
rinse all apparatus used and transfer all the solution made (include all washings) to a volumetric flask 1
add deionized water to the graduation mark of the flask and
Stopper the flask and mix the content thoroughly Q.7 [2016‐Q6]
(ii) no. of mole of Na2CO3 = 1.06 10 / 1000 = 0.0106 mol. (a)
no. of mole of HCl = 0.0106 2 = 0.0212 mol. 1*
concentration = 0.0212 / (20.3/1000) 10 1* 1
= 10.4 (mol dm‐3) (accept max. 3 decimal place) 1
(c) concentrated HCl is volatile / some HCl(aq) escapes/vaporizes from the acid in the form of HCl(g) 1 (b) (i) volumetric flask 1
(ii) number of moles of NaOH(aq) = 0.123 x 0.01845 1
The performance of candidates in this question was poor.
number of moles of citric acid reacting with NaOH(aq) = 0.123 x 0.01845 3
(a) About half of the candidates were able to calculate the concentration of the acid by using the data of density and % by mass of HCl in the
number of moles of citric acid in the sample = 0.123 x 0.01845 3 x 10 1
acid. However, when converting the density 1.18 g cm‐3 into g dm‐3, some candidates wrongly divided 1.18 by 1000, but did not multiply
percentage by mass of citric acid in the solid sample
it by 1000.
= (0.123 x 0.01845 3 x 10 x 192.0 1.65) x 100%
(b) Many candidates failed to recognize the correct procedure of preparing a standard solution from solid sodium carbonate. Commonly
= 88.0 % 1
observed mistakes include treating the whole process as a dilution of a concentrated acid, failing to use distilled water/deionized water
(c) (i) colourless gas bubbles form. / Effervescence occurs. 1
for dissolving Na2CO3, wrongly dissolving the sodium carbonate powder directly inside the volumetric flask, and using inappropriate
(ii) H+ + NaHCO3 H2O + CO2 + Na+ 1
apparatus for carrying out the process, etc.
(c) A very high proportion of the candidates did not realise that HCl(g) would escape from concentrated hydrochloric acid. The performance of candidates in this question was good.
(a) About 70% of the candidates were able to point out the three ionisable H atoms in the structure of citric acid.
Equation: NH3 + H2O ⇌ NH4 + OH + ‐
1 ‘beaker’, ‘burette’ and ‘pipette’, etc. In part (ii), two thirds of the candidates were able to do the required calculation.
Method: measure the pH / electrical conductivity / temperature change in neutralization 1
Observation: Q.8 [2016‐Q9]
pH / electrical conductivity / temperature rise in neutralization of NH3(aq) is lower than that of NaOH(aq) 1 Dissolve the solids separately in water. 1
Fair comparison: between NH3(aq) and NaOH(aq) 1 Add aqueous ammonia / NaOH(aq) to each of the solutions obtained until excess. 1
measurement of pH & electrical conductivity – same concentration of NH3(aq) and NaOH(aq) White precipitate formed initially for all of them. But only the precipitate of ZnSO4 dissolves in excess aqueous 1
measurement of temp rise – same volume and concentration of NH3(aq) and NaOH(aq) ammonia / NaOH(aq).
*Communication mark 1 Heat respectively the two remaining solids in a test tube and place a piece of dry CoCl2 paper in the mouth of 1
(chemical knowledge = 0 to 3: communication mark = 0 the tube.
chemical knowledge = 4 to 5: communication mark = 0 or 1 Only MgSO4 7H2O can turn dry CoCl2 paper from blue to pink. 1
incomplete answer / difficult to understand, communication mark = 0) *Communication mark 1
The performance of candidates in this question was fair. About 40% of the candidates were able to give correct tests to distinguish the solids, and
Q.11 [2018‐Q2]
predicted the observations correctly. However, most candidates failed to use water to dissolve the solids first. Many candidates incorrectly
(a)
considered that flame test can be used, and gave incorrect answers like bright white light for MgSO4(s) or MgSO4 7H2O(s). Some candidates wrongly
2
stated that when heated strongly, ZnSO4(s) would show a yellow colour, and when cooled a white colour. [which is true for ZnO(s)]
2
Q.9 [2017‐Q1]
(a) (i) ammonia is less dense than air. 1 (b) (i) Ammonia is soluble in water / ammonia reacts with water to form aqueous ammonia 1
(ii) ammonia is soluble in water. 1 As all ammonia dissolves, the atmospheric pressure forces the water in the trough to inject into the 1
(b) (i) White solid forms. / white precipitate forms. / Heat evolves. 1 flask through the glass tube.
(ii) (1) When H2SO4(aq) is added, BaSO4(s) and H2O(l) are formed, the concentration of mobile ions 1 (ii) The water in the flask turns from colorless to pink 1
in the mixture decreases. It is because aqueous ammonia is alkaline. 1
(2) Excess H+(aq) and SO42‐(aq) ions are introduced into the solution. / 1
The performance of candidates in this question was satisfactory.
The concentrations of H+(aq) and SO42‐(aq) ions in the solution increase. /
(a) About a third of the candidates were able to give a correct labelled diagram for the experimental set‐up. A small number of candidates wrongly
The concentration of mobile ions in the solution increases when H2SO4(aq) is in excess.
drew a set‐up that the ammonia gas is collected by displacement of water.
The performance of candidates in this question was good. (b) In part (i), less than half of the candidates were able to give the correct answer. Some candidates were able to state that ammonia is soluble
(a) In part (i), just under half of the candidates were able to give the correct answer. About one third of the candidates wrongly stated that the in water, but failed to explain why the water is sucked into the flask. In part (ii), just less than half of the candidates were able to state the
gas cannot be collected because the apparatus is not covered. In part (ii), about three quarters of the candidates were able to give the correct correct colour change of phenolphthalein and give a correct explanation. A small number of candidates only stated the colour change in the
answer. answer without giving any explanation, or wrongly stated that the NH4+ ion is alkaline.
(b) In part (i), a small number of the candidates wrongly stated that gas bubbles are formed. In part (ii), about half of the candidates were able
to give the correct answers. A small number of the candidates wrongly stated that the conductivity increases from B to C because BaSO4 is
Q.12 [2018‐Q7]
soluble in acid, and mobile Ba2+ and SO42‐ ions are formed.
(a) conical flask 1
(b) yellow to orange 1
Q.10 [2017‐Q6] (c) number of moles of B4O72‐(aq) = 0.125 x 0.01898 x ½ = 1.187 x 10‐3 1
(a) oxidizing and corrosive 1 (201.2 + 18n) = 0.452 / 1.187 x 10‐3 1
(b) (i) The reaction between concentrated sulphuric acid and NaOH(aq) is highly exothermic. 1 n = 10 1
(ii) red to orange 1 (d) (i) solutions with accurately known concentrations 1
(iii) number of moles of NaOH(aq) used = 0.189 x 22.20 x 10‐3 = 4.20 x 10‐3 1 (ii) It can be used to determine the concentration of another reagent / number of water of crystallization / 1
concentration of the concentrated sulphuric acid = 4.20 x 10‐3 (2 x 25 x 10‐3) x (1000 5) 1 molar mass, etc.
= 16.8 mol dm‐3 1
The performance of candidates in this question was satisfactory.
(c) copper dissolves. / The solution turns blue. / A colourless/choking gas evolves. 1
(a) About half of the candidates were able to state X as a conical flask. Quite a number of them wrote incorrect answers like ‘volumetric flask’,
Cu + 2 H2SO4 CuSO4 + SO2 + 2 H2O 1
‘beaker’ or ‘burette’.
The performance of candidates in this question was satisfactory. (b) About half of the candidates were able to state the colour change at the end point of the titration.
(a) About two thirds of the candidates were able to point out the correct warning labels to be used. (c) About two thirds of the candidates were able to calculate the number of crystallization.
(b) In part (i), about half of the candidates were able to describe why concentrated sulphuric acid should not be directly titrated. In part (ii), about (d) About half of the candidates were able to describe the exact meaning of the term ‘standard solutions’. However, quite a number of them
half of the candidates were able to state the colour change at the end point of the titration. In part (iii), about two thirds of the candidates incorrectly included ‘known volume’ in their answers.
were able to calculate the concentration of the sample.
(c) About half of the candidates were able to write the correct chemical equation and the expected observations. Quite a number of candidates
wrote the following incorrect chemical equation: Cu + H2SO4 CuSO4 + H2
Q.13 [2019‐Q4] *
14. You are provided with common laboratory apparatus and the following chemicals:
(a) (i) to dissolve the solid by adding deionized / distilled water to the solid in a beaker 1
Transfer the solution with rinsing (with deionized/distilled water) into a 250.0 cm3 volumetric flask 1 iron powder zinc powder aqueous ammonia distilled water
and add deionized/distilled water to the graduation mark of the flask. Shake thoroughly. Describe how zinc sulphate crystals can be obtained from a solid sample of zinc sulphate containing copper(II) sulphate as
(ii) molarity of the standard solution = (1.12 / 204.1) 0.2500 1* impurity. (NOT all chemicals must be used.)
= 0.022 (M) 1 (5 marks)
(Also accept 0.02195, 0.02196, 0.0220; NOT accept 0.02192, 0.0210)
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
(Accept max. 4 significant figures i.e. 0.02195)
(Accept answer without an unit, but NOT accept answer with an incorrect unit.)
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
(b) If it ionizes completely in water, [H+(aq)] = 0.06 (mol dm‐3) then the pH will be 1.22 1
However the actual pH (3.3) is higher than 1.22, therefore the –COOH in potassium hydrogenphthalate
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
only ionizes partly in water. 1
(Also accept:
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
The [H+(aq)] in pH 3.30 solution is 0.0005 (mol dm‐3).
However the actual [H+(aq)] (0.0005 mol dm‐3) is lower than 0.06 mol dm‐3, therefore the –COOH in
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
potassium hydrogenphthalate only ionizes partly in water.)
The performance of candidates in this question was good. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
(a) In part (i), about two thirds of the candidates were able to correctly and completely described how a standard solution of potassium
hydrogenphthalate can be prepared in a laboratory. Some candidates failed to state the use of distilled water or deionised water to dissolve ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
the solid when preparing the solution. A small number of the candidates wrongly suggested dissolving the solid directly in the volumetric
flask. A few candidates wrongly suggested using a pipette to transfer 250.0 cm3 of the solution from the beaker to a volumetric flask. In part ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
(ii), about three quarters of the candidates were able to calculate the molarity of the standard solution.
(b) About three quarters of the candidates were able to correctly state and explain that the –COOH group in potassium hydrogenphthalate is ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
not completely ionised.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Q.14 [2019‐Q10]
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Dissolve the sample in (distilled) water. 1
Add excess Zn(s) to the sample solution. 1
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Filter off the solid / Cu(s) and excess Zn(s) to collect ZnSO4(aq) / filtrate / solution 1
Evaporate the filtrate, allow ZnSO4 solid crystallises out / collect crystals and then dry (with filter paper / desiccator) 1
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
/ heat the filtrate to concentrate / saturated, cool down to allow crystallization / collect crystals and then dry
(Do NOT accept “heat to dryness”, dry crystal in an oven”)
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
*Communication mark 1
chemical knowledge = 0 to 2: communication mark = 0
chemical knowledge = 3 to 4: communication mark = 0 or 1
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
incomplete answer / difficult to understand, communication mark = 0
(Need to indicate excess Zn(s) has been used at least once in the answer)
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
The performance of candidates in this question was fair. Only a small number of the candidates provided a comprehensive description on how to
obtain the zinc sulphate crystals. A high percentage of the candidates failed to point out that the key step of separation is the use of excess amount
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
of zinc powder, and did not present their answers in a systematic way. Some candidates did not realize that the amount of zinc used should be in
excess. A few candidates attempted to dry the sample in oven, unaware of the fact that anhydrous powder would be obtained otherwise.