Study Guide in Teaching and Assessment of Literature Studies FM-AA-CIA-15 Rev.

0 10-July-2020

Module 1 – An Overview on the Nature of Literature and its Genres

Module No. 1

An Overview on the Nature of Literature and its Genres

MODULE OVERVIEW

Enumerated below are topics that you need to study in this module.

1) Literature as Significant Human Experience

2) Purposes of Literature
3) Prose vs. Poetry vs. Drama
4) Fiction vs. Non-Fiction
5) A Survey of Authors a. Filipino Authors b. International Well-Known Authors

MODULE LEARNING OBJECTIVES

At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to:

a) explain the purposes and genres under the literature umbrella; and
b) identify notable authors appropriate for literature study in K to 12 English Literature.

LEARNING CONTENTS

Literature as Significant Human Experience

Literature makes us experience a lot of things as a human. Here are the following:

1) Literature helps us grow both personally and intellectually

- Since it reflects significant human experiences, it allows us to grow personally by learning from the
experience of other people, thus, enabling us to handle varied human situations that we never
experience before; and intellectually because it enhances our vocabulary range vis-à-vis our
mental faculty, thus, making us think critically to articulate and defend our point of view;
2) Literature links us with the world of which we are a part
- It helps us understand the people across nations – their cultures, traditions, beliefs, and religious
practices; thus, making us live harmoniously by recognizing and respecting individual differences;
3) Literature enables us to transcend our immediate time, place, and culture and to make
connections with other human beings and their concerns.
- It enables us to break away from or go beyond our present reality through the
power of imagination, enabling one to travel thru time and space at the same time establish good
human relations by realizing peoples’ angst evident in the literary pieces that we are exposed to;
4) Literature encourages us to develop mature empathy with all forms of life – human, animal, and
plant.
- It nurtures our sensibility and compassion for the environment and everything in it by making us
grasp the interconnectedness of life on earth, that the obliteration of one tree is tantamount to the
extinction of animal and plant species, and with that, we were reminded to be the stewards of God’s
creation for the earth serves as the habitat of all;
5) Literature sharpens our sense of moral judgment.
- It hones our sense morality by delineating the distinction between art and pornography, right from
wrong, moral and immoral, and that what is ethical may not necessarily be good in our own personal
consciousness; it enables us to make our personal judgment based on our standard of morality;

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Module 1 – An Overview on the Nature of Literature and its Genres

6) Literature stimulates our imagination and ingenuity.

- It fuels our imagination and creativity to reconstruct the plot; these are essential to make sense of
any literary work, whether it is read, performed or viewed;
7) Literature shows the significance of irony, paradox, oxymoron, and ambivalence.
- It acquaints us to different poetic devices and poetic dictions to unearth the message of the poets
different from fictionists and playwrights; most of the time, it will require us to have working
knowledge of literary theories or approaches to recreate the writer’s intended meaning;
8) Literature allows us to see the world to see the world in different vantage points.
- It enables us to see the world in different perspectives; what is perceived to be “good” may not be
good in your own standard, in the same way that what is perceived to be “bad”
may not necessarily be bad in your own consciousness because we see things in different angles.
9) Literature relives history.
- It has historical grounding, thus making the readers aware of some important facts in the past to
make sense of the present circumstances where we are in. In short, we are able to establish the
connection between the past and the present, and what tomorrow may bring.
10) Literature reminds us that we are human beings
- It makes us realize that we have our own limitations, insecurities, and imperfections; that despite our
shortcomings, we learn from our experiences and from the experiences of other people, making us
better individuals – responsible, self-reliant, compassionate, God-loving, and God-fearing

Purposes of Literature

The Purpose of Literature

One of the primary goals of this course is to develop an understanding of the importance of literature
as a vital source of cultural knowledge in everyday life. Literature is often viewed as a collection of made-up
stories, designed to entertain us, to amuse us, or to simply provide us with an escape from the “real” world.

Although literature does serve these purposes, in this course, one of the ways that we will answer
the question “What is literature for?” is by showing that literature can provide us with valuable insights about
the world in which we live and about our relationships to one another, as well as to ourselves . In this sense,
literature may be considered a vehicle for the exploration and discovery of our world and the culture in which
we live. It allows us to explore alternative realities, to view things from the perspective of someone completely
different to us, and to reflect upon our own intellectual and emotional responses to the complex challenges
of everyday life.

By studying literature, it is possible to develop an in-depth understanding of the ways that we use
language to make sense of the world. According to the literary scholars, Andrew Bennett and Nicholas Royle,
“Stories are everywhere,” and therefore, “Not only do we tell stories, but stories tell us: if stories are
everywhere, we are also in stories.” From the moment each one of us is born, we are surrounded by stories
— oftentimes these stories are told to us by parents, family members, or our community. Some of these
stories are ones that we read for ourselves, and still others are stories that we tell to ourselves about who we
are, what we desire, what we fear, and what we value. Not all of these stories are typically considered
“literary” ones, but in this course, we will develop a more detailed understanding of how studying literature
can enrich our knowledge about ourselves and the world in which we live.

If literature helps us to make sense of, or better yet question, the world and our place in it, then how
does it do this? It may seem strange to suggest that literature performs a certain kind of work. However,
when we think of other subjects, such as math or science, it is generally understood that the skills obtained
from mastering these subjects equips us to solve practical problems. Can the same be said of literature?

To understand the kind of work that literature can do, it is important to understand the kind of
knowledge that it provides. This is a very complex and widely debated question among literary scholars. But

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Module 1 – An Overview on the Nature of Literature and its Genres

one way of understanding the kind of knowledge that can be gained from literature is by thinking about how
we use language to make sense of the world each day.

Literature in Education

For the majority of people around the world, our first serious encounter with literature comes from
school. Reading and writing has been drilled in all of us from an early age and this is set in motion with the
start of examinations.

Being able to empathize with a group of characters written on a page is categorical and from a
student’s perspective a necessary skill. Additionally, the ability to sense themes and messages opens us up
to another way of thinking. Literature becomes a vessel. The 130 million books which have been published
around the world are guides for the reader and generate a bridge for them to learn something new.

Literature within history

History is not only a gateway to the past, it’s also suggestive of our present and the future. Within
every time period lies different people and within them, different stages in our ever-growing culture. Each
individual before was a product of their own time. As a species we evolve every day and without that
timestamp that literature gives us, we would know nothing about the past.

Literature allows a person to step back in time and learn about life on Earth from the ones who
walked before us. We can gather a better understanding of culture and have a greater appreciation of them.
We learn through the ways history is recorded, in the forms of manuscripts and through speech itself.

In periods from ancient Egypt, we can gather their history through hieroglyphics and paintings. The
symbols Egyptians left behind are what we now use to understand their culture. This is different to Greek
and Roman culture, which is found with greater ease, because of their innate desire for accuracy in their
writing. This is the power that words have. They have the ability to spark a meaning, reform a nation and
create movements while being completely eternal. Inevitably, they will outlive their speaker

Prose vs. Poetry vs. Drama

What is difference between prose drama and poetry?

Poems are written in lines and stanzas instead of sentences and paragraphs. Prose is made up of
sentences and paragraphs without any metrical (or rhyming) structure. Drama is a piece of writing that tells a
story; it is performed on a stage and uses dialogue.

How is drama different from prose or poetry?

Simply put, the differences between prose, poetry and drama stems from their composition. While
prose is written in paragraphs and mostly narrative language, it is also mostly arranged into chapters. Drama
is basically written into acts and scenes.

Beside above, what are the similarities between prose drama and poetry? Poetry is similar to prose
because it can have a beginning, middle, and end and tell a story. Prose is different from poetry because it
is written in stanza form, can rhyme, and meter. Can you think of any other similarities or differences? Poetry
and drama are similar because they both tell a story.

What is the main difference between prose and drama?

As nouns the difference between prose and drama is that prose is language, particularly written
language, not intended as poetry while drama is a composition, normally in prose, telling a story and intended
to be represented by actors impersonating the characters and speaking the dialogue.

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Fiction vs. Non-fiction

What is the difference between "FICTION" and

"NONFICTION"?

"Fiction" refers to literature created from the

imagination. Mysteries, science fiction, romance, fantasy,
chick lit, crime thrillers are all fiction genres. Examples of
classic fiction include To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee, A
Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens, 1984 by George
Orwell and Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen. Our Fiction
Department also has a large selection of popular movies and
television shows on DVD.

"Nonfiction" refers to literature based in fact. It is the

broadest category of literature. The Nonfiction Department
has books and videos in many categories including
biography, business, cooking, health and fitness, pets, crafts,
home decorating, languages, travel, home improvement,
religion, art and music, history, self-help, true crime, science
and humor. We also have a section of popular and award-
winning documentary DVDs.

A Survey of Authors

NICK JOAQUIN Filipino Authors

Winning the National Artist award for Literature, Nick Joaquín is

probably the most esteemed writer the Philippines has produced. Joaquin
came from a well-educated family and was published at the early age of 17.
After winning a scholarship in a nationwide essay contest, he left the
Philippines to study in Hong Kong. On his return to Manila he worked for many
years as a journalist, and his highly intellectual writing raised the standards of
journalism in the country. Joaquin’s book, The Woman With Two Navels is
essential reading Philippine literature. However many of his short stories, such
as “May Day Eve,” are extremely accessible and enjoyable for those new to
the Philippines.

F. SIONIL JOSE

A writer deeply concerned with social justice, F. Sionil Jose’s

novels have been translated into 22 languages, and he’s one of the
most widely read Filipino authors. Sionil Jose’s Rosales Saga is
a five-volume work that follows the Samson family and their
changing fortunes over a 100-year timeframe. Isomaltose’s books are
especially illuminating for anyone interested in provincial life in the
Philippines, the revolution against Spain, and the framework
of the Filipino family. His anti-elitist views have made him a
somewhat unpopular author within the Philippines, but Sionil

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Jose’s works are among the most highly acclaimed

internationally of any Filipino writer. He won the Ramon
Magsaysay Award for Literature in 1980

MERLINDA BOBIS

Award-winning writer Merlinda Bobis started off as a painter, but grew into
a writer as “painting with words was cheaper.” Bobis’ books, short stories,
and poems tell of lesser-known aspects of Filipino life, often from a strong
feminist stance. One of her most well-known novels, Fish-Hair Woman,
describes a romance between a young village woman and an Australian
soldier in the middle ofa harrowing conflict that threatens the entire province.
The Australian called it a “superb novel” that “maintains its tragic intensity
throughout.” Bobis has also won the international Prix Italia award for her play
Rita’s Lullaby and the Steele Rudd Award for her short story “White Turtle.”

LUIS FRANCIA

Award-winning author Luis Francia has lived in New York for

decades, but his experiences of growing up in the Philippines continue
to shape the stories he tells the world. The poet, author, and teacher
emigrated to the U.S. after finishing college, where he wrote and
co-edited the Village Voice newspaper for more than 20 years. His
memoir Eye of the Fish: A Personal Archipelago won a PEN Open
Book Award and an Asian American Literary Award. Amitav Ghosh,
author of The Glass Palace, described Francia’s memoir as “a hugely
readable travelogue and an indispensable guide to a fascinating and
richly varied archipelago.”

JOSE RIZAL

The Philippines’ national hero was also a prolific writer, poet, and essayist.
Jose Rizal’s two novels, Noli me Tangere and El Filibusterismo were social
commentaries that sharply revealed the injustices of Spanish colonization
while praising the Filipino in his most natural state. The novels, which are
surprisingly wry and romantic, crystallized the growing anti-Spanish sentiment
and were banned within the Philippines. The execution of Jose Rizal at 35
years old set off the Philippine Revolution and paved the way for the country’s
independence. Even without these dramatic events, Rizal’s books and his final
poem, “Mi Ultimo Adios,” stand on their own literary merit, and have influenced
scores of Filipino writers since.

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International Well-Known Authors

Authors throughout history have helped capture something about their lives, their era, and the society
around them. From Homer in the 8th century BC all the way until now, there is something in the works of
these authors that can capture our imagination and help us expand our knowledge. Here are some of the
greatest authors in history and a little something about the works that they created

Famous Authors of Antiquity

Homer (8th Century BC)

Nationality: Greek
Known for: Iliad, Odyssey
o Homer is considered to be the greatest of the ancient Greek poets as he wrote two epic poems that
still live on today – the Iliad and the Odyssey. These stories were epic poems that detailed Greek
culture, including the geography, history, and ideals. It also set a precedence because other empires
wanted similar epic poems written about their cultures

Sun Tzu (544-496 BC)

Nationality: Chinese
Known for: The Art of War
o Sun Tzu was a military strategist in ancient China. His book – The Art of War – was written as a
strategy for the Chinese military. It is still widely read today by leaders of armed forces. In fact, it is
on the list of recommended reading for the US Marine Corps and other divisions of the military

Virgil (70 BC-19 BC)

Nationality: Roman
Known for: Eclogues, Georgics, Aeneid
o Widely known as one of Rome’s greatest poets, Virgil had a major influence on Western literature.
The Aeneid is modeled after Homer’s works and it tells the story of a Trojan, named Aeneas, who
was adopted by the Romans. His work had such an impact that Dante used him in his Divine Comedy
to guide him through hell

Dante Alighieri (1265-1321)

Nationality: Italian
Known for: Divine Comedy
o Dante’s Divine Comedy is considered one of the greatest works in all of literature. He is often referred
to as the “Father of the Italian language” and he is one-third of “the three crowns,” along with Petrarch
and Boccaccio. Some of his other works include Convivio, or “The Banquet,” and Monarcha, a
treatise on political philosophy.

Famous Authors of the 1500s to 1700s

William Shakespeare (1564-1616)

Nationality: English
Known for: Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, Othello, King Lear
o Shakespeare, known as the “Bard of Avon,” is one of the best known English writers in history. He
is credited with writing nearly 40 plays, more than 150 sonnets, and several poems. His first recorded
works include Henry VI and Richard III, which were written during the 1590s.

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Jane Austen (1775-1817)

Nationality: English
Known for: Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, Mansfield Park
o Much of Austen’s work focused on the woman’s social standing in the 18th century and how it
depended greatly on the man that they marry. She did not receive many positive reviews for her work
as she generally critiqued the societal norms of her time. It was not until the 1940s after her memoirs
were published when she achieved posthumous fame as a prominent English writer.

Famous Authors of the 1800s

Alexandre Dumas (1802-1870)

Nationality: French
Known for: The Count of Monte Cristo, The Three Musketeers
o Dumas is one of the most prominent French writers with his historical novels that tell of adventurous
tales. Since the early 20th century, his works have been made into about 200 movies. His complete
works total 100,000 pages and due to the level of success of his early works, he was able to be a
full-time writer and dedicate himself solely to writing.

Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849)

Nationality: American
Known for: The Raven, The Pit and the Pendulum, The Tell-Tale Heart
o Poe was one of the premier writers during the Romantic Movement. His works are known for their
mystery and grim themes, many of which include the death of one of the characters. He is credited
with being the father of detective fiction as well as one of the early science fiction writers.

Charles Dickens (1812-1870)

Nationality: English
Known for: Oliver Twist, A Tale of Two Cities, A Christmas Carol
o Often referred to as the greatest novelist of Victorian times, Dickens had several works that were
praised by critics and peers. His first recognized work was in 1836 with The Pickwick Papers. He
helped popularize serial publications, which meant pieces of his work were published in magazines
in installments.

Herman Melville (1819-1891)

Nationality: American
Known for: Moby Dick
o Known mainly for his work Moby Dick, Melville was virtually unsuccessful as an author and novelist.
He had other small successes, such as Typee in 1845, which became a bestseller in London. He
also published Omoo based on the success of his previous work. But his later years were not nearly
as successful as his earlier ones

Jules Verne (1828-1905)

Nationality: French-Algerian
Known for: Journey to the Center of the Earth, Around the World in 80 Days
o Verne was one of the leaders in the science fiction genre of literature. In fact, he is often referred to
as “The Father of Science Fiction,” along with H.G. Wells. Many have called his works of exploration
inspirational, including Jacques Cousteau, the astronauts on Apollo 8, and J.R.R. Tolkien.

Mark Twain (1835-1910)

Nationality: American
Known for: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Huckleberry Finn, Pudd’nhead Wilson
o Often referred to as the “Father of American Literature,” Twain has contributed a great deal to the

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culture. His 1885 novel – Adventures of Huckleberry Finn – is credited with being the “Great
American Novel.” Twain served as a pilot on a riverboat along the Mississippi River for some time
before becoming an author.

Oscar Wilde (1854-1900)

Nationality: Irish
Known for: The Picture of Dorian Gray, The Importance of Being Earnest
o Wilde was known as one of London’s most prominent playwrights during the last decade of the
1800s. He had one novel published during his career – The Picture of Dorian Gray – along with
several plays that were performed on stage. He also wrote several essays and shorter fiction pieces,
including The Decay of Lying and The House of Pomegranates.

Jack London (1876-1916)

Nationality: American
Known for: The Call of the Wild, The Sea Wolf, White Fang
o As an advocate of ideals like socialism and unionization, London worked these themes into many of
his works, including The Iron Heel and The People of the Abyss. He had more straightforward works
that explored these themes, including essays like How I Became a Socialist and What Communities
Lose by the Competitive System.

James Joyce (1882-1941

Nationality: Irish
Known for: Ulysses, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man
o Joyce was innovative in some of the techniques he used and perfected in his writing, including the
idea of stream of consciousness, referencing a character’s psychic reality, and exploring a
character’s inner monologue. In his work Finnegans Wake, he discarded the tradition of having a
conventional plot and he used free dream associations, obscure language, puns, and literary
allusions throughout the book.

Famous Authors of the 1900s

Fernando Pessoa (1888-1935)

Nationality: Portuguese
Known for: The Book of Disquietude
o Pessoa is often referred to as the greatest poet of the Portugese language. He wrote under several
different pseudonyms, includnig albert Caeiro, Alvaro de Campos, and Ricardo Reis. In addition to
his original works, Pessoa translated many English works into Portugese, including The Scarlet
Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne and Poe’s “The Raven,” among others

J. R. R. Tolkien (1892-1973)
Nationality: English
Known for: The Lord of the Rings, The Hobbit
o Credited with bringing the fantasy genre back into the mainstream, Tolkien is often referred to as the
“father of modern fantasy literature.” He was ranked sixth on The Times’ list of 50 great British writers
of the latter half of the 20th century in 2008. He died in 1973, but he made the Forbes 2009 list of
top-earning celebrities at number five

F. Scott Fitzgerald (1896-1940)

Nationality: American
Known for: The Great Gatsby, The Beautiful and Damned
o Fitzgerald was part of the “Lost Generation” group of writers. This was a group that served in WWI
and it also included T.S. Eliot, Waldo Pierce, Ernest Hemingway and others. The term referred to

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their feelings of emptiness due to the war. Fitzgerald’s work often exemplified this feeling as much
of it centered on consumerism, greed, and alcohol to suppress or hide those negative feelings.

C. S. Lewis (1898-1963)
Nationality: American
Known for: The Chronicles of Narnia, The Screwtape Letters
o Lewis was a novelist, essayist, and Christian apologetic who used his writings to explore ideas about
religion and other themes. His The Chronicles of Narnia has been turned into a series of motion
pictures. He also authored Space Trilogy, a science fiction work for adults, and The Pilgrim’s
Regress, his first novel after converting to Christianity.

Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961)

Nationality: American
Known for: A Farewell to Arms, The Sun Also Rises, The Old Man and the Sea
o Hemingway started out as a journalist before becoming a novelist. His first job out of high school was
being a reporter for The Kansas City Star. Before long, he left to go to Italy to enlist as an ambulance
driver for World War I. His time serving in WWI and in the Spanish Civil War gave him inspiration for
his novels. He won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954.

John Steinbeck (1902-1968)

Nationality: American
Known for: The Grapes of Wrath, Of Mice and Men, East of Eden
o The collection of Steinbeck’s work includes 16 novels, six books of non-fiction and five short stories.
In 1962, he won the Nobel Prize for Literature to the dismay of many of his critics and literary analysts
of the time. His most recognized work – The Grapes of Wrath – was published in 1939 and it won a
Pulitzer and a National Book Award.

George Orwell (1903-1950)

Nationality: English
Known for: 1984, Animal Farm
o Orwell is considered one of the greatest British writers of the 20th century. In fact, he was listed as
number two in 2008 on a list published by The Times. The themes he explores in his books, namely
1984 and Animal Farm, have been termed “Orwellian,” but he has coined other popular phrases,
such as “Big Brother” and “thought police.”

Dr. Seuss (1904-1991)

Nationality: American
Known for: Green Eggs and Ham, The Cat in the Hat, How the Grinch Stole Christmas!
o Theodor Seuss Geisel, popularly known as Dr. Seuss, is known for his children’s picture books that
he wrote and illustrated. He published 46 of them with some of the most imaginative rhymes and
characters. In his early career, he was an illustrator for various businesses and organizations,
including the U.S. Army.

Albert Camus (1913-1960)

Nationality: French-Algerian
Known for: The Stranger, The Myth of Sisyphus, The Plague
o As a philosopher/author, Camus worked many of his philosophical thoughts into his novels. In The
Stranger, for instance, he explored the theme of existentialism as well as nihilism and stoicism
through characters like Meursault and Masson. His novel The Plague discussed the human condition
and the idea of destiny.

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Literature Competencies in English K to 12 Curriculum

For more information visit the following links:

https://dcpnhs.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/English-MELCs.pdf
www.deped.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/English-CG.pdf

LEARNING ACTIVITY 1

Name: ___________________________________________ Student No. _______________________

(Surname, Given Name, MI)

Note: Upon submitting your activity, follow this name format: SG1_Learning Activity 1
Instructions: Discuss some ideas by answering the following questions. Explain and/or give examples. Be
guide by the rubric below. 5 points will be given for each item.

1. Which among the following mentioned in the “Literature as Significant Human Experience” best attest your
human experience in Literature? Elaborate.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________

2. How can literature provides learning to students?

_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________

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_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________

3. Discuss the importance of literature in Education?

_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________

4. How will you integrate literature in language teaching? Provide specific skill.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________

LEARNING ACTIVITY 2

Name: ___________________________________________ Student No. _______________________

(Surname, Given Name, MI)

Note: Upon submitting your activity, follow this name format: SG1_Learning Activity 2

Instructions: Create a Concept Map about the Nature of Literature and Its Genres. Strictly NO Copy +
Paste from the internet. Be guided by the rubric below.

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Performance Above Standards Meets Standards Below Standards

Indicators (15-11 Points) (10-6 Points) (5-1 Points)
Most concepts and Most relevant Most relevant
all significant concepts are concepts are
Content concepts selected, included and correct. included and correct.
and they clearly
relate to the topic.
Arrangement of Arrangement of Arrangement of
concepts concepts concepts illustrates
Arrangement demonstrates demonstrates less understanding of
complete understanding of the the topic.
understanding of the topic.
topic.
Concept Map is net, Concept Map is net, Concept Map is
Presentation clear, legible, and legible but somehow untidy and uneasy to
easy to follow. Has uneasy to follow. Has follow. Has more
no spelling errors. some spelling errors. spelling errors.

REFERENCES

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/atd-fscj-literatureforhumanities/chapter/the-purpose-of-literature/

https://askinglot.com/what-is-difference-between-prose-drama-and-poetry

https://www.hooverlibrary.org/faq/fiction_vs_nonfiction?sfw=pass1645685409

Study Guide in Teaching and Assessment in Literature Studies. Adapted and Retrieved at
https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/pangasinan-state-university/bsed-english/el-106-sg-1-lecture-notes-1-
in-literature/19895454

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