INTERNAL

REGULATION
 TEMPERATURE REGULATION
TEMPERATURE REGULATION IS A VITAL TO THE NORMAL

FUNCTIONING OF MANY BEHAVIORAL PROCESSES.

HOMEOSTASIS REFERS TO TEMPERATURE REGULATION AND

OTHER BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES THAT KEEP CERTAIN BODY

VARIABLES WITHIN FIXED RANGE.

 TEMPERATURE REGULATION
SET POINT REFERS TO A SINGLE VALUE THAT THE BODY WORKS
TO MAINTAIN .
PROCESSES THAT REDUCED DISCREPANCIES FROM THE SET
POINT ARE KNOWN AS NEGATIVE FEEDBACK.
ALLOSTASIS REFERS TO THE ADAPTIVE WAY IN WHICH THE
BODY CHANGES ITS SET POINT IN RESPONSE TO CHANGES
IN LIFE OR THE ENVIRONMENT.
 TEMPERATURE REGULATION
BASAL METABOLISM IS THE ENERGY USED TO MAINTAIN A
CONSTANT BODY TEMPERATURE WHILE AT REST.
POIKILOTHERMIC REFERS TO THE IDEA THAT THE BODY
TEMPERATURE MATCHES THE ENVIRONMENT.
HOMEOTHERMIC REFERS TO THE USE OF INTERNAL
PHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS TO MAINTAIN AN ALMOST
CONSTANT BODY TEMPERATURE..
 TEMPERATURE REGULATION
BODY TEMPERATURE REGULATION IS PREDOMINANTLY
DEPENDENT UPON AREANS IN THE PREOPTIC AREA/ ANTERIOR
HYPOTHALAMUS (POA/AH) .
BACTERIA AND VIRUSES TRIGGER THE RELEASE OF
LEUKOCYTES WHICH RELEASE SMALL PROTEINS CALLED
CYTOKINES.
TEMPERATURE REGULATION
 THIRST
MECHANISMS OF WATER REGULATION VARY FOR HUMANS.
WATER CAN BE COSERVED BY;
EXCRETING CONCENTRATED URINE.
DECREASING SWEAT AND OTHER AUTONOMIC RESPONSES.
VASOPRESSIN IS A HORMONE RELEASED BY THE
POSTERIOR PITUITARY WHICH RAISES BLOOD PRESSURE
BY CONSTRUCTING BLOOD VESSELS. IT IS ALSO HELP TO
CONPENSATE FOR THE DECREASED WATER VOLUME
 THIRST
VASOPRESSIN ALSO KNOWN AS ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE
BECAUSE IT ENABLES THE KIDNEYS TO REABSORB WATER AND
EXCRETE HIGHLY CONCENTRATED URINE.
2 KINDS OF THIRST
OSMOTIC THIRST IS A THIRST RESULTING FROM EATING
SALTY FOODS.
HYPOVOLEMIC THIRST IS A THIRST FROM LOSS OF FLUIDS
DUE TO BLEEDING OR SWEATING.

SODIUM -SPECIFIC HUNGER-STRONG CRAVING

FOR SALTY FOODS
 THIRST
HYPOVOLEMIC THIRST IS A THIRST ASSOCIATED WITH
LOW VOLUME OF BODY FLUIDS.
-TRIGGERED BY THE RELEASE OF THE HORMONES
VASOPRESSIN AND ANGIOTENSIN II, WHICH CONSTRICT
BLOOD VESSELS TO COMPENSATE FOR A DROP IN BLOOD
PRESSURE.
ANGIOTENSIN II SIMULATES
NEURONS IN AREAS ADJOINING THE
THIRD VENTRICLE.
 THIRST
SUPRAOPTIC NUCLEUS
PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS
BOTH CONTROL THE RATE AT WHICH THE POSTERIOR PITUITARY
RELEASES VASOPRESSIN

RECEPTORS ALSO RELAY INFORMATION TO THE LATERAL

PREOPTIC AREA WHICH CONTROLS DRINKING.
 HUNGER
ANIMALS VARY IN THEIR STRATEGIES OF EATING, BUT
HUMANS TEND TO EAT MORE THAN THEY NEED AT THE GIVEN
MOMENT
THE FUNCTION OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM IS TO BREAKDOWN
FOOD INTO SMALLER MOLECULES THAT THE CELLS CAN USE.
DIGESTION BEGINS IN THE MOUTH WHERE ENZYMES IN THE
SALIVA BREAKDOWN CARBOHYDRATES.
HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND ENZYMES IN THE STOMACH
DIGEST PROTEINS.
 HUNGER
THE SMALL INTESTINE HAS ENZYMES THAT DIGEST PROTEINS,
FATS AND CARBOHYDRATES AND ABSORB DIGESTED FOOD
INTO BLOODSTREAM.
LARGE INTESTINE ABSORBS WATER AND MINERAL AND
LUBRICATES THE REMAINING MATERIALS TO PASS AS FECES.
A CARNIVORE IS AN ANIMAL THAT EATS MEAT AND
NECESSARY VITAMINS ARE FOUND IN THE MEAT
CONSUMED.
 HUNGER
HERBIVORES ARE ANIMALS THAT EXCLUSIVELY EAT PLANTS.
OMNIVORES ARE ANIMAL THAT EAT BOTH MEAT AND PLANTS.

A CONDITIONED TASTE AVERSION IS THE DISTASTE FOR FOOD

THAT DEVELOPS IF THE FOOD MAKES ONE ILL.
THE BRAIN REGULATES EATING THROUGH MESSAGES FROM
MOUTH, STOMACH, INTESTINES, FAT CELLS AND ELSEWHERE. .
 HUNGER
SHAM FEEDING EXPERIMENTS IN WHICH EVERYTHING AN
ANIMALS EATS LEAKS OUT OF A TUBE CONNECTED TO THE
STOMACH OR ESOPHAGUS, DO NOT PRODUCE SATIETY
THE VAGUS NERVE CONVEYS INFORMATION ABOUT THE
STRETCHING OF THE STOMACH WALLS TO THE BRAIN
SPLANCHNIC NERVE CONVEYS INFORMATION ABOUT THE
NUTRIENT CONTENTS OF THE STOMACH .
 HUNGER
THE DUODENUM IS TE PART OF THE SMALL INTESTINE WHERE
THE INITIAL ABSORPTION OF SIGNIFICANT AMOUNTS OF
NUTRIENTS OCCURS
.THE DUODENUM ALSO RELEASES THE HORMONE
CHOLECYSTOKININ (CCK) WHICH HELP TO REGULATE HUNGER.
CHOLECYSTOKININ (CCK) RELEASED BY THE DUODENUM
REGULATES HUNGER
 HUNGER
GLUCOSE, INSULIN AND GLUCAGON LEVELS ALSO
INFLUENCE FEELINGS OF HUNGER
WHEN GLUCOSE LEVELS ARE HIGH, LIVER CELLS
CONVERT SOME OF THE EXCESS INTO GLYCOGEN
AND FAT CELLS CONVERT IT INTO FAT.
WHEN LOW, LIVER CONVERTS GLYCOGEN BACK INTO
GLUCOSE.
.
 HUNGER
PANCREATIC HORMONES INSULIN
THE PANCREATIC BETA CELLS ARE THE CELLS THAT
PRODUCE THIS HORMONE. ABOUT 75% OF THE CELLS THAT
MAKE UP PANCREATIC HORMONES ARE BETA CELLS. THE
HORMONE INSULIN AIDS IN YOUR BODY'S UTILIZATION
OF SUGAR AS AN ENERGY SOURCE. IF YOU DON'T GET
ENOUGH INSULIN, YOUR BLOOD SUGAR LEVELS RISE AND
YOU END UP WITH DIABETES. .
 HUNGER
GLUCAGON.
20% OR SO OF THE HORMONE-PRODUCING CELLS IN
YOUR PANCREAS ARE ALPHA CELLS. THEY GENERATE
GLUCAGON. BY TELLING YOUR LIVER TO RELEASE SUGAR
THAT HAS BEEN STORED, GLUCAGON AIDS IN BRINGING
YOUR BLOOD SUGAR LEVEL BACK UP IF IT FALLS TOO
LOW.
 HUNGER
AMYLIN AND GASTRIN
WHILE THE PANCREASE ALSO PRODUCES SOME GASTRIN,
THE G CELLS IN YOUR STOMACH PRODUCE THE MAJORITY
OF IT. GASTRIC ACID PRODUCTION IS TRIGGERED IN
YOUR STOMACH BY IT.AMYLIN IS MADE IN BETA CELLS
AND HELPS CONTROL APPETITE AND STOMACH EMPTYING.
HUNGER
 HUNGER
SATIETY
THE SENSATION OF BEING FULL, CESSATION OF EATING.
3 PARTS OF HYPOTHATAMUS
VENTROMEDIAL NUCLEI IT IS THE SATIETY CENTER AND
WHEN IT STIMULATED IT CAUSES THE SENSATION OF
FULLNESS.
LATERAL HYPOTHALAMIC AREA IT IS THE FEEDING AREA
AND WHEN STIMULATED, IT CAUSES THE SENSATION OF
HUNGER.
 HUNGER
ARCUATE NUCLEUS IT IS THE SWITCHBOARD THAT
RECEIVES VARIOUS SIGNAL FROM GASTROINTESTINAL
TRACT. THIS NUCLEUS SEND NEURON FIBERS TO REGULATE
THE FEEDING CENTER AND THE SATIETY CENTER.
EATING DISORDERS ARE A RANGE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL
CONDITIONS THAT CAUSE UNHEALTHY EATING HABITS TO
DEVELOP. THEY MIGHT START WITH AN OBSESSION WITH
FOOD, BODY WEIGHT, OR BODY SHAPE.
 HUNGER
OBESITY IS A COMPLEX DISEASE INVOLVING AN
EXCESSIVE AMOUNT OF BODY FAT. OBESITY ISN'T JUST
A COSMETIC CONCERN. IT'S A MEDICAL PROBLEM THAT
INCREASES THE RISK OF OTHER DISEASES AND HEALTH
PROBLEMS, SUCH AS HEART DISEASE, DIABETES, HIGH
BLOOD PRESSURE AND CERTAIN CANCERS.
 HUNGER
ANOREXIA NERVOSA,
OFTEN SIMPLY CALLED ANOREXIA — IS AN EATING
DISORDER CHARACTERIZED BY AN ABNORMALLY LOW
BODY WEIGHT, AN INTENSE FEAR OF GAINING WEIGHT
AND A DISTORTED PERCEPTION OF WEIGHT. PEOPLE WITH
ANOREXIA PLACE A HIGH VALUE ON CONTROLLING THEIR
WEIGHT AND SHAPE, USING EXTREME EFFORTS THAT TEND
TO SIGNIFICANTLY INTERFERE WITH THEIR LIVES.
 HUNGER
BULIMIA NERVOSA
COMMONLY CALLED BULIMIA, IS A SERIOUS,
POTENTIALLY LIFE-THREATENING EATING DISORDER.
PEOPLE WITH BULIMIA MAY SECRETLY BINGE — EATING
LARGE AMOUNTS OF FOOD WITH A LOSS OF CONTROL
OVER THE EATING — AND THEN PURGE, TRYING TO GET
RID OF THE EXTRA CALORIES IN AN UNHEALTHY WAY.