UNITS $ Paversemiconductor periees amd éommuteuion Peer cledrents a combmeton % cerho|! epreus Pewer ENG UNeCSWG eleehrmnic engmeama a — pewar engineering olcals with high amount 2 few 77 generation, fhamsimnesysia7 » olohi but”? 1 ele eral eng s &q fF Power engincering equipment. motor, gerne amd Tr] ¢ : . —> contre engonceneg deals with gtatic and Aynamie chaictéberHcs 0} ele chic eqiripments ‘ £9 401 Centre| engineering systems ave digital ond aneclog- Systems: —> Elechenic engunering deals ui th pewr egutpment - t One dehynition s Pouser electronic tg dotigued ar Application oy: Seid stat, clecWobutor: Contre . + ard lenvemaon ele USGL enegy %y classteienet , : NEE on powes Semicond ctoy devices. hane ane 7 yp “ . ) we meumly laud pied into Stupe - ee ON ovnd controled og BIT, MOSFET, TART ete 2 centretled ON amd Uncontrolled OFF Faz sca ‘Leto comount diédes 9 Tomsateu MOSFET ete - 3 > “ntontwelled On amd OFF. ’ Eq? Diode. SR + Csilicon Cortbittect ph 60 fou! ‘ Neonchicctng 2” eet fier +) » 2 tewninal, iim B gun? Pewey—> Te .& alyo Known as Heyaistere « : i teed FO MPP ply —> The tewméina tehich connect ed . ce 33 @kted anode nd Ihe tewninal usnich ws os tO lower e-layut is autted Cothodk (1) e the mral ushich us wonneetid to low ieee oe Construction 4 Sef cquivatent Cee” Pr? — 4 &, : | 4 | 4 i k ok WoRKaNg - workrng ©) SCR Cam be explained dn 8 opereting meds + }) Revewe blocking mode : 2) Fewvard bloctwsg mede omd 3) Pouvcud Gonclu cing meds - / DRevewe blocking mece s- fy thes mecle OM odle Les negative visit vespect to Cathede amd Junctions T and Ig axe R. Bamotte 4 J 4 1 F-B moete There 3 no pes bility. fry Hlewving suesient {70m Cathodes to amede- But Soret SAP Rowers leaerege Curent (AI A) flows from Cathods to anecle - ScR ack | OS O Open Susi tth. | &) Petward blockwny ttercle © Ty tha mele» anecte vu Sw vwoith respects to Cathede amd Sun® 9, and Tz ae so F-Brmece and Sy os HRB Meda » thee is no posi bility |jor flowing Curent 4rroro cathode. to Randa, ~ enty Sra amount gy jouecrdf teaa ceusent flocs |) aneécle bo Cathede-ScRacth as open Busitch - prov 2) Poured londucting Hode t Fn the mothe, aneds a tue wr'te cathode ) Tunchons 3, ond Ty cu wn FA Gy Jp RB + BU tn creaneng the veltage anos cuvnede ¢, Cathede Cet) we Cam inject * Some cherge CARERS by app uping Votkage at gate: tewmwal pue to this high arnount &) voltage : the width oy Ty cleewerses and punalty Comes wmnto FB. SceR act as Closed guitch and SCR tonclucting 4tag Hugh ormount busscne flocess [rem amecle FO Cec thede Chanarc FEALENA A SER 8 thoy Rew Pelvamterqey m SCRE 1) SR cam blecK high amount oy veltage (neew fokv) 2) Ak allows the high arnount o} cuent (IKA) ) Lifetrne | SCR ib Large: 3 SCA us a faut aebing Suitchy 5) the Spercabag frequency oy R ds JOKHA - Dw Ad Vornboges oy) IN Acatute forced Commedat 4ot bumuing opti Sch + 2) pow amd « uitchyng les € kas b%) Feucsad voltage crop ates Rus (> le the Perpeumanee. c) SCR dan be Oiraliused by Wing due types 4 cheer cecedenistics + Static vee ch ceueberistics — ¢, WE charachrnsh cé -a - sect al 1) Slahic Chewartuiaia % For Obtauring Mertic tara fee wwe J quice bane cee diagsary That Che clea revrn) | . . : i os Finewn as elomentamry ChE LiAGUM "| | ¥ load |} ——_, s a cae - a : K . a iE) Sn Hus amods ancl cathecle anu éonneled 60 vateage 4ourte through load and gat dewnuiral vis Connected to anethn voltage sourte Hough suites and Venable susttbor Canet) t- urhen Sunteh cu pen y anode becemes cut lors te vathode . 7, and Taw wn RB Ad 3, dl un FB “ently ALUULE, feanage Ceusent flouss from eureth Cathode to anedk. Ip ws Poduatty uncug Hho voltage lol aneclu and catheds at Ponti cel) voltage sen) J, also tomes dn RB amd coment is suddenly um Cwanes » This Phenemeney 3b Known as! oNaltaunche Phenomenc. evnd voltage UW Kmoun us | as sitense breakdown ve lenge HOY)? Lohan Steitch wa Bpen, amoce loecomnes +e worty tahode Ty eG Ty cue din FB amd 3, us R-B- 1k altows OY Fervard deakage lumens - Gor Wi) when omeck is ue ud ¥- fe Cathocte “Ee cdua tty Wn CHAD the Volkage atios anode am Cathode Ob pouricular vetkage the width g fonn' us Alttacarses and tome into i £6 that Votkage 6 Ey} fos foward buakoun Votkage- in this eon high Benownk oy cumin plowing tron cue Jo cathede- twy dD bynomnic dhroroeknstt a ¢ Determination ay, Voltag ates ScR amd cument flowreg Hough Scr auwwng bun ON and tum OFF times ty SCR ne Vyneien as Ay narnie ehasatupba These ore clave Wnewn as transient ehoroetistics 6D auntehing ! * Chenactratics - ) Dynamic charackeustG duavn g tuumont proant 9° SCR: : cs time taken boy He ScR te Change from Fem » 10 Fom ts Frneren 28 tun Onl Eine @ SCR* ue > Duwing tha duration dynamic cheracter tics a Clantitied wink 3 types - . D Delay ‘tine? Time srecysirect by the to side from deakage Cuvriné bo (0% Te Fre aequied by amedte Voltage to fatl from vy ‘te 40%) Va" 2) Rise times aime acquacd by amedg Utuent to due fom 10% 0) Jo to 10% 9 Ta) time sequixel toy amode voltage tofau from aoryy #0 (0% HV," : 2) Spread times iene scqucied by ances Cosont Mee prom aor % Ja tO Taco time Aeauiud oot voltage to rat trom joy °) Va to fe C1-2V <= Vvelertge dat anede Cutert2 Pynamvic Chasacten.ctics. cluwng tin off »Pariod 2) SCR “the fame cluxation ble -SCR chounges prom Foy 40 TBM uy Brown as tua oe Hime 2) ScB- PNG the Ech is 9 Conducting mede ley w?Mgdng Sema evmewnt ey Atuuse volkage only We Gun tum OFF 1 the SCR- > In this dutahen , dignaymic- reharactaitics 2 two type | 1) Reverse wueéoursy Lime Ge +The bm taken boy | the amede lesent to aermious thange Contes Grom Outer fom T, a Tg 45 Kou as acticuse owed 2) Gate vecoueny Heme 15) : uniL) time Thrns. Leulten hy the — anode Lucent to domow. 4 ecu Caran brorry by Aceomblnation pypcess Hee ge To “2 Known ay * Va Gate Accomesy Ame «Tern ON [triggering Methods “the Paves oy kung ON the ScK ds hewn as tgqguong + va when amede becomes swe wer lo Gethode pF) Gz aw wo Fe and SD is wn BB: vr Se @n be temes imto FB by wang fou nels, ) ae Veurage aigquting ¢ . Yo by - Ge teggerg: 2) temperate (20 thermal higgening- A) light ©) radiation mggenng « , 6) Akt iggenng - , y Fesvoctiel Veltage daigqenng 2 era thee methoel by Pacdually wnarcaseng the. foneesd Veleeege anes anode and cathode at partilelor temp. vege the width ey J, detcoares omd.comes unto FB and Ser comes perm FOM&S Fem Day tnggevog & the Rewrge Bick jw? hamang the chewacterutics a capacitance t€ it dees not allew Audden: Changes vin VE Uteige lee Cj be the fue capaci ecm Q@ i the cheage caves gu Sy y is the chargrng Cusscnt c vis the fun? veucge - } we Knew thak c= & PO Gees rE ie 1,2 Aa jo = AG. Ley) y ag, ie d reyes COM 4 ie ACG We GAT SE t - ae ev i (es constant’) | Ceawing the Veltcige aes the fon, we cantoa en the OCR >) Tenpeatioe can thevnrd drigqenog : ied Motbcige 1, Ih the anethod lhe tote applied VOMCg | on dul S, which wg Appecss across the acucre dias & 2 ab) . . a wwotsecun Vig “He Jen? ternpevtune Gwe be then 9 4 heres : UDA * Applied voltage sthe qua? levng CD 2 to FB and <4 Ok Particular yatuc y cemes Wa ON Con ducking, taocle + 4) light @a Aadiation Liggeniog~ Io thes method SCR Combe tuvord ON by Gavng high encgs Pa ie Phetont and meetin’ 5) Gate Aiqqenng > An this Ingqenincy -Sex Cem be torn ont by apply dle Ck cyrerl Mortage. SOULE Ak gate Lemminal * Pepencry tipon the type oy a MIP, ee es Aawsibicd wnto thee, Epes “They ane i) DE gate tigqenng - ? Oe eto 3) Putse qeute YNe gate ay J 27 toicgqenmo, ) eget Eiggerag “the cane: volkage ywe Cam Lumon the SeR, bY Cpplyvng of — In the tngqening » thou s mo Bolebhoy bfuy power Ckt -Canede to athede] and Contwl cke Cqecte to cathode) . j . i VD fc gale tagewn L= Sn this pre Goss by Loving ds lection, teams former We Cam ELM On the SCR. —> Dusring +ue hay Fey cle, %) 3)p Veleage , SCR és us Conducting sage and: —we. hale Cycle ut & vy 0 tn tha caus | fer stipping cleum the vettags ** | we Acduite Blepclown HE Lehich wircuaoc Hy coph Pulse GO Magenng? In ther ear ythe €¢R Caw Chem on by applying pave ar Acgubd tinyTk as a aetable method amd cord ptaetival appl koa taro | lagyening (FERRE OLE Lrommutction mcthoeds the Pr (ae " tuvndng off the Tew ety Benen ay , Cmimatation > Tees Classipied nto free type - ) Natal Commatetion © line Comm allon - 2) Peated 4) Load commutation 1) Alatecal OD Line demmutetion = In Hhey proce t Mv ScR lan be. bun OF F without LOW, ny Caley Ue > Tf ifp sis are g then il autaynatidatles eenics ka aca at sequler (rive oles vols * rH ifp o ac then the COR gata Ip be OFF Stele - pthés Lupe. q femmudaticn -cs onain ly tae un Ace FICS > Forced commatection on toad ; Sn this procas th» Sop Cam he. bum off using euteynal Clee ° > Dp 3 |p des > Go by vwvng ent encttwnal Cet the Ip a atre Of jp as Ber > ece is wy OFF State > > This tape q commutation % tmamly wed wn inverters aund choppers’ 1 Po MW) (pc -» Ded then H Meuer Lomes lo Bee: etude Rew meric i Foiced commutation lo clanipied anlo 6 types * I } ) Clases s) classt , 3) came 6) Claas £4 seal ON 2nd OFF Seen) cand — 8) 6 er ) BIT s~ (Bipelar gw? Taamsiston). Tra loipolar devices becaure He @s clue to the mobility a rey t ctorng o Cunent eharge wanes 9b uy Q Liment rec mtn | Depenctiog upon cuusent Alivection these ane ines two type s- )P-n-p amd 2) 9-p-n ‘nly P- np De pending cpan the Applicutiens thine oe connie an thse tongiqruation )ecommen Base - - —&, &) Commen Calectof 9). Comme emitter e | Depending up en Some, advantages commen enitt Leenjauoaticn oe sited wD all ae | npigqueahen -Pao BIT cow be _— eeecoe ol : amelysed ly fury KefPes ©) characteristics - PES Mev 6 tice iy : D Input eharaelinistia and 2) Op hata cterishes *) Llp Chanaurersties «= (ays thise tehasiaclircistl Gives the elation bh i Pacamétiw (Tp,V5 Vee) by vamging the Olp parameu. ee) [Vee,> Yee, 1B Net Vee, > Vee 2) Olp charcrcterish'es “Hhuse chewerctoristies @iue the. selation Hus lp Pasametus Co VE Vee) by Vanying the Jp Panenints fp If Z “n fea eugion Camel foo kus Le, ° we Tp. : a 2 ope Te eet 77 Te v —> vce Ceutr Off Aeqion Cepen switch) )Maseer s Crretat Once Semiconductor bet ego ect a framsistor) ; 2k is & unipolar’ cluvice weeoruse cn thes jlowma tument 3 alue to only amajonty seherrge aa eak + Depencting upon tne mayority chowae. ovens theae Qe ogy tie! Wile two beype ' ) n- thennel enhancement MOSFET 4 i ) Channel enhancement naostet .* te A btigec. Cevmirvaldenice. cond +t 4 C610.) dorirolted Clinica + es Q VoltagePy t t—__|o ' 1 A 5 n-channel Conthuction ot MOSFET gy f- nibshat mp tn the ge and Bounce. are digpusedl ceith N Seg J and thue ae made UP oY sikidon andl cloped with 370, Ve ltcge. rN pcm Lome tas len Shu Lowee evn quls throu Swity ‘5’ % extemal Vottage sousce its wonneetid betrscen and alrain Sy Source. Hrrough thecuigh-a Crusent Liniting Avvite Rp. then Swite is tloted the vottewgs source opplied to Q 2G tevmninal lie 0 an dsounte elrelnic. field odueed upon = exmumas ond get tevmiral act of a pees Bipot. > rad amount % and induces eat a the srrparte and it keePsecuction a - thamnef atrthe upper pouak Pe sutshat and this W hanned allows Ihe yaleLowwog F7] ewienk pom liar to 40irce - > Th wie unccare ithe ANength t voltage. source clialn kunent enhamntés 40, ib 4s Catled n-.Charrof i enhameernmtl MOSsPET - . | | Gace): when sustteh 4 open, then thiag: 3.0 electri pield aspund ‘the Gate terminal amd upper poo of pes ateas open eve and thine. i mo flows gq cee porn Haan ko sour oe we | charcutcnin tics: : Corisider - the equi velent cKE yet mas FET ; ee clasnigied ante bose p eG on ° )Tramjo. chaarenslies * 2) Olp chenacteenishics - ) rhe. chavcreveristia wshi ch daunent and gate be dian to source volkaye- Vos dai), qwes the Acleution blw ¢ aoune vollage, ly vausird the . ‘nF Vp. 4 Wye, ) M2, Whee Veer ob the Hueshoid bo tetuce 10 FY btiys The antrum Vel for Vast ws (1- a” pe The uhatatterstis ushida gives the actation b/w | cursuntgliam to Zouree Voltage’1487 Cdnsulatid Gece pipotan -tavnsiston ) By rcomboininy haraclaistice a B97 acl s0sReT we Get TG BT > Te a voulage tonbrol device * >It a bipolat devi betause wn thy cteesent as due to booth electrons and holes « 3 i a truce tomumal denice The teumenals ae gee ; vepuettor and emiller ae eaui natn e denghostion: ye, oe . Mew Ove | hwo - types ened 2% Card volere cies wo LE RT thy ane F a . ) Gaack eguivolene Ae -t- 2) Bop Hime cau Valent CEE ImNaa al Maas | whavevetews es « eee eens i een Ae 1) Tenn spor Chayattew dics: “hee ul shh yh | v, u , Riko ws hich glues the Aclation ship hs te 4 ie bY vamyving Olp paimetu lee . 4g i Veer Veen. i Vee 2) Gly chava istics those oh earactertsties gis the Acationghip bla Fe |. Vee by hangin g the | ip prramtin Vee” fee GES | Vee“ Vege.,< ed ~ NGED ae Mey > Vee CE ' | Salianl feos Iq BT ) power Lasser cere irs Lohen cLarnpastl to Othe clevices - wa has dow. Awitelimg Hew ¢ 2) Good peck tuskent éapalrlity ha high Jlp wped ance- dap dusing pnd? ab Less:Consinections ¢ sqer)! : " . 7 _ ; Nae Inthi enither 4 Sepavated unto two park avd ddjuscd usith nt Aeqion ond Connected to the ex tOmal Voltage 4ouee Ver thapugh Cunrut limiting Avxeter R, amd volbage Aunts Vay ch Connected bh ne Pau kipa oy enittor cud qccte through & Swi tthe ‘3, pt Acgion yolrich 4s wconneeted to tecleetoy cs Calted DN kegion which us .alooue, Lo the pt 4eq won os | Called ditt ALGION - : P region which is below tothe m7 aeq wy ws Quad body Layer Workings Gage (1) 2 when 's’ Cevwitch) ty closed am elictrica yield is deucleped acwrs cate | and Htaek wa p coattel pak apanci tor fa ded > the VP per part Ba p-layer rol acl & A N~ Channel: This n-channel atlous the {low a elbehem Bom ont aegis do vy Lager: aa) .~—» Pue- to the ceppliation oy extern Vollage. bake Vee s holes ase ungected from pl Aegion Aegion tow Aqen . . > Ty athe shrength. 2} elections and pels tp te ny Acq eon annases it eause the plowing 4 Cumsert from eollettos to emit cone r- tohen 6’ ay open, wn this 0a thie vA mo plow ey tluncnt $som tolector bo eritler Aut Mo volkage sue ts applied to gat ternal - sok “Dejunitions : pf Pate / i) Holding Comcnt (14) “equcd 10 tusn OFF thysisloy 2 ) he yng Cursent (TL) > “phe guint Ainode Ce seeped to lum Onl the Cle th elation hy latching and holdvng use eral aye a xa |% » (ato as) Ty | 4) TH» ove a ——— Th : mer Gnede cssert went nt A Reprcsentation a Holdurg & latching Cinml | |pyeee qa musent cn Stelle V-L chara cttu tia Sa ra —~ > TH) Si. oO ———p Veo, Vo, Yeo Va So By unceasing the Gate Lussent y the fouversel valk. Aeros dhe SCR vill decectuc % SCR kLees Wiunt ame +0 tun ON: .D pur + ogermati congue P fieunsisterr sug t sikton unilateral suettch: ») See's Sili¢on vontyp! Suidcb 4) sath gatic induction ‘Thysistay - y b) Ror 2, Revue Control thgyscstor ; 6) Mert Mas Lontrol. Hyysat or’ ») G0 + Gate Twn OFF vbhyatue : 8) LASER + Light AHvated Gicon tone ACF 4) AScR+ Asyochrenous &flicon conbrt he TWO TRANSISTOR ANALOAY OF SCRE J) Merten Q SCR eam be analyse by uarng 'wo tamsister mewn as toe transistor Ancilegy 2) SCR: —> by bisecting the micidte) two lagers a SCR We fom get “the. two KaNedreL mecel HM AP 40 FR: aio His the bear a one framsistor ® connected fo. | coueter 0) other Hamssio Ve Toye Fey Reuse ticxend qaun por tanecs tv oO x= a 5 Sej7H Fe Fy —O 7 . i From the eke | ik is “clea that’ WON) yoy Sere Py # My) > Ty = Te MO Equate OM and © ' ao Te,—N, = Ae, Leo, Tye Te, (ext) - No, —@ Reverse eument gain yor tranvatou® sy fe = aATe, +07 2 Dy,e % CIB + Ito, (es Le,-NeJ ae e ge Pet) be (Ta 2q)+ Sep —® ce Te GG equccte and @) . Be ll-a)- Teo, = Ta FH, Ig +h Je, — Jeo Loa, Wy Sat % Te + Peay ene Geo, = %y, Sat My Tq4 Seo, falrea—%] © % 164 Feo,4 Teo, Ga > thTe + (Legs Te,) 1 — (dit a) Case > Tp ap yay=) then amocte cuuient us upriety and Sc < wn On! Skerte * Caselti)e- Fy % fAcpational qate cuncnt Tg | inecasing Tes Tg TP ancl finally SCR Cornswile onl stab - : : Con Wi > By oinecasing aumese, Leatiags Coront Cnock coment intases and fratly ScR Comes wy to Ont Stole: oS a | Njeations 9 sae Applications o BIT + 1) 9 fo Ac Con Applianons A GBT 4 | Sutth ack Wythe net ce e) 1) Ac bo ve convesters 2) Contaotted mectipers - 3 Ae Vootage,controlless de - verter 2) Ups (eA + 3) smi ps ") OScRUAL OS * *) chaype: alt ibreat ot rec to. Ac conuartiw 9) UPS 3) Chopper - i) Ac motos dure QuePec Creston. oa un We Ne v the pan tess Oy wonton Ee veuedge OH) AE Crier tn de worteuye (ed cle Cg sent ay Kenan ts UCNp GACH She tcecedls Wsecl for sertipration aw banwn | ACK EE! App ate 2) Gy type transenision Lene ) Speed Centr 6) Ae emetors: » Hectic oees 4) Bathory chan ung G 5) Ulecticplating » Ma my | ANON Keech pes 4 heh gene . eel Oased on Vp sep rly L l wg oo Lf Paved on ofp Vig i t — Tt" 4 Pp Hath bp bay Puttgtonty Ued Semicenbrolled Lectute locee : J eased OM Consign t 1 Mid pomt tyr ndge by px 1 Baned on no- v4 {huprislons L FauConbo led eons Conbro Wed /pety Contest led 6, Phase amg to bolle t ecluucque Rechpiers are genosalted| genesaily classified as wnconyolled cuncl Contre led exe ctipiers- puimcontrotled neceipiess early consish ©} enctrduied devices (Ateclos)« In this the efp Vatkeuge Aepenets only 2) magnivivde a) ip volkaqe - > lon Froid cect fees dona ls 4 Lorbinled howe) CSce) H) Hh bole veteage. depenels on mmagnitucla 3 ip Vege K SacUs wl a By Yarryeng the phase angle we an control the | Olp Votkage -and this Lechaiaue ds Frown as Phare jP Ameyle ontotled Feehniqut owing aw A amngl(ct) Tt is a’ angle geromn the ee geuerer on which sR is tus ON Subgle phrse haljiwoue cuctipien ul AO Tn thas AMcekiyer Srdgle SCR donee clecl on Sones uth secondamy windang aq tip amd cupttive dead. tive load, Sh this bype wy Aceti pie la siinypliy i(GIOM) We aL Lonsicoring becuke andi tee, AS BEIC- 4 Casi) + Duwig ue hats : p = : s SCF Ro 5 Gyele y anede beéomres sput with uuspeet fo cathode and $c8 a vo PBM 7 pnch cee As a pen eevee: i€ Torcl velvage APplans ALS the thy si tr .| : Vee 2 Vin reer ioe ' A wt =o% 9 apply gele -ornp use de tagysistos they SR Cores ror) Porcad bloceurg Modi to Fan Lerduceingmedc and oe aels ay see load uyent {Lows inihe cldectiOn oy P- Sek ge Vlead - p amd botah S[p voleage appears ateess dhe lea ie ‘ V ae i Noe a Ve KeM- ew ( x Duwng Ve heey cycle pancde Arius wrt Cob Ocle. cunch SCR “wn bik an A O-c «Thee ts mo path fey caudiv i}p to O[p sand ethur {otal ‘fp Voge Abaen acyoss the thy ses tov re) , , p >: MeO 7 Vy Vins Io! ape df . thus al (eve S pwwng 4 ve hath ry do y lay TR hoe a... i | {loeP byorn ‘Ip © ofp avid total i]p voltage apras acess Loeecl: q Some proce dine epeals ter the Wlavepevme + TO ge cre Coming cael, oO $9 7 ¥Y fh st Neo 1 rr \ \ : \ stot | “jn en tonya aq | aa ae Ni Nose | a N. \ ' : \ ° : aot ee a ON? ‘\ pay /' Ny i \Y ™ — EC Characreristic pararneters 0) Red iio CELA p teage ofp veckagt + 4 P Vauug s * i Bee) AE ; ' a . » Whue T= ame period = ae — Suovd pure ~ starting pot 4 te Te @r+ a) Ha = 2 3£OEY = Vin spe i — (* Ginwt Av” ANG zy z a. ein Feoswt ar Eceewe | ae = mx Ca a” 8) Qn a = Vm ( tos at) 1 2) Average ofp duvent: Taya * “4 Sag = ie (races) ) Rene ofp volkage® Wyn * (2 peg det Ame ely P3 ° Vv ee ams > f a wn : ‘Q \ an § (vp Bowe dwt) - Ee yan J ett det - Yat , V8Gel-& we] - Fnawt jr NGO] - (o- ‘Boed) | 27 ie j Mat yr tls2u0t awe v= Ve sin2& oe a Z ee iced ee [EB ve ar oR & _ Ta + 9029") ae ar on | 3 anti- —g = Vame | AYRmS op Guunt 5, ,.> “me ee cr mo er 1-4 \_, Wn24 7 oS ( a tae 5) lp ple cre the salio a ppurt clelivercel to the amitive Aeacl to Wn saving o% foepg = RO ik yyy 8 Aabeng = VMems toms = Vis Vers 21S viens Ve + Doms Zs | 6) fon pactow = eis the neutes oNrms Ho Va yg’ p-Pp= Vams Vavq Fes iw Rey Bnae un On Vy oe (1+ cos «) 5) Ripple factor + gt ds depined a8 Te antic G Q-¢ Component +o de comport 7 Repple is the amount 9) °C Parwent wn 6 Compennt - uk. RF = Qo c = Vac : Vee the ace Wide ‘ x Z We 2T 2 Marne = Vat Velo| ttt a get Vue Wale Ces y- . Vade Ve Ber Ven) J pector (ue)? PEG 7 ination A) scweq oun Wailinale “nenestive, doad bo 5 he sates O poiuur dolevered tor P “le VA Aching ef Zecondeyn| | orncumng ©} Tur. veces [ts va -ceenncdamy rowidvog %} We 4) Rectipion efpiciency~ Jp ds the Aatio e) Ac pow to the. acc POL - ' Ne = Pac — Varn Sawa, 5 “Pac Vows “Fang : ro) PeTVe ge is the Mmanimum cumouwnt FD dhe thyristor whee ct for halk foave sechprey 4 PLV™ Vay MN) eeicuitt tim oF F time (te ge athe cluratio & time ch which ScR cs wn OFF state Pye AMR =O : | >for hath conue Aectipion » &, = QT-T = wt & n ec | Probl : z > Nath wave rectipion having An aniston ye toed) 5 Le Supplied bua Qaov , GOKS . cugplyovre 5cR a piqgeed ot arn @ feng angle BUSS yheer 5 clase uring ALckigio eificenty wy 2) Pecd& anwerre. vetrage(\)Saar cen erent ool Given date = SF . pls , Vet 230Vy f AICHE y KP4G = H 4 Vv aM ' \ a) = j ang on [\+tese'] = E ou [i+ €es( (| Vasa, >82-34V SOUME? Ye = Vayrng > Yo x : Vaug = \PerA x = @ (Mune - Vy mp 8 2 cs Ve £2-3F x196% SB Bloat 220. * Greer, pare” KOS it wo nw DPEV = Y= aoe, 3 Ikw elecnc he fan A Su i Hrrough ame] = Bangin a 40 rand GO” pele ‘a Leckie Jreater pe Pelkwe, 1, $7 SOHS. yV- 2a0v-V, T. KO : “230 FE Pye 1 poneyd tela | ne x wa power Consume clTy sev Py wnceaaing the péing ongle Hhe pour ley the fe sad cig Aceneases > La (G0 Single pulse sce converey I~ hace. a woith RL (op Trductve loced s 6 Es J Gnths Sck us veountdls Wh Sie to Cornlaurrtion P| Susistive amd wncutiy, t? it ‘ V. A i Ss ie 5 Bre leer amd Secordavars } sof 4 t .) 4) sd d 4h nL teundung © Te . a Fox en oruidet wou uinduian@ aa oe ! erkaring «- Pung +ve haty tye. , In this hai } stgcle Leumunal pis ue, | FAM amd act aya o-c Wtal ilp voltage, APs Aewse hes wWerrty ‘s' ahd SR ups tey fe yVyi, Vin? Vy and Jy 79 Cont (iy ee : pe HE EK npply qaate am patsy . thysistor And Hy Pot dems Ln m fom tofem and att AS a S.c 5 dead tusrent fieasi iy ly aacetiony ey firnenad p> Mhyrster—> GK) Led | bot! Hp p Volrage IR SS ALppecess aur Ne = Vin » Foto und v.ely Vigz@ amd vy = 0+ but { tuent doumot bitome Sew: because warnedariter which u pacsent oh) dhe Lead aw nol alloc pueden F ages Lon bunt + Ndad eusent teuies seane kvine to betome ev hw doris Load euent 0 [p Velbacpe aincreanc i Aaurse dihection GA) & After becoming Lead Lt a : > ale eyck- © lp Velkage ws Lonnce fed to sce: as tn RBM Gack as AOd-c % total I/p vectage Opp EAS the thiwtcr : —? Same pwedure ‘Ae peas for rcrnmaining £4 CU” WAVE Fowns «- oorh Aw ‘io ws Baw Ve 50 SCR sent 4 Batension omale (p)e~ Te the and & bem Aufetonte A are pomt at volte Curent entencled LO 2er0- le pe et ?Gra toclc porromele tg 7 10he % 2 ' ‘) Average Ofp ye thage 3 Vag * = { F(E) dt co Vang > J noe oon Vn inate et ol Men 7 (pete | PP on Le qm [ Ctesp - Cord) ] un [eau - ap] ») Nverage- ofp Curenk: Vavg 7 2 Mo aug ? Re ie On ( See, ~ Cap i ao . 2 7 Lage ry 2) $e Ye vettage yt! (Roce) - ee B 2 ams a Lows ah 2 [ae or (Snaee)? i OVE (5 rhage ted) rerea we (i + wi [snap - Sine &) = Vn [ Bak pp (inex ~ simpy) Me oar pr | 4) Rms ofp wusent Tye -> Yams ee to Troms 2 BrA 4 (sinoa- snp.) yn enw 5) Ccuit tun twen OF fine = We = QT+A-P <7 t, = ONE cer ot Problem. 6 B)he. dakching cuuent wpa SOR anthe given OL 4) atlasmA The minimum pulse Width voagpined tO kum ON See ds ISUSec- State SK Y ONICD ool J, =95me , ° a aon oD) = ftg7 PS HUSec: vet Ure Pe per— Terje @=f Hez4 DME ye }20 (i 5 ere) ce é + * shnat o-olan OITA gga Ch Gurent o> o-c1ath wo low Hho the latches ugsant . $0 Ute uw be in OFF Steue - othe datcning Cursiemt 9) ASR WM fre Y Amr Hun deteymime mini, duncan & pile thw ON SE 77 QD? ! = 6 fy" te I a : 7, oe | oe Si20 dt ov T T= Le xpoxe — QO B 7 ie Gooxt Hy £ = AKIO = BBaSec | Goo gs 2) A a30v, 5DHa , Sopply as appued ko bangle Puls SCR Convery which is name at an angle 7) 60” amd coment Eeeket tog? te pocome BAT then CekCurrtne Owesade op valtagu errs © |p voltage 8, peal’ um use Vall cage g by Comriclonng inductive. (ad hee Re 9-2 &L= gy \. 2 Vn La COS >) : _ ad ([ (ES COB, £2 nn an fe Ow = 230 [cos 6o°- cosnc') = Bp Xj & a [ : He oY oi +8M% — IPP _ we Vag = Vm \ an * 230 Top _ = oo. we e°-§ 4 902. Ts — sin ay Gtr —___ er = 107 26yxva = (QGGa8V- IP hatpocue acctipey with face wheelving Diode a ea eee | AR BHO Hb HWW with Induce load We axe getting —Ve voreciqe acioys the dead Cu — Us auqesve velodge the Cucrall @fp Ee] a Archies AI Olecreared + Fer ouLrtominng this alesaduensegeALG GLE tig ETA Load. aed pied wyd it al bypass dicde - 3 vin antipacat 0 BRE chesling yg kengruen Levert aking dieds (ov ee | p ret 6. . _ 1 whe 7 ¢ 3 ae 3 ae he ale % Le 1 Jy 13: -| Liat ue T 5 fer replay (ern den uncluckaince tb ZU. WORKING Quel) Dusan tue Wal ligele. C2 fp yee We with nespece +0 WY and SCF ds ain FET & ura) »Potena Diode win KB. Beth See, Dieds act and ketal ip vetkage appends aL) ¢ 4,79, VpF 0, Var Via . COM Lt kb (KX < wh 27) ~ At wt =n. , BE py Gat: dropulse, bo Hiysiler © £ceR Moms fron pen to bas Bt, ee Dedk Ri dy RB Sep nels ma Sond toad cused Hews in the diediono, P» Tyo p> 6 Bs21 amd vin ductor Blaiti eharging end tobe ify © Volkage appeay avcs the lead Mo = Mn Le 7. Me F e xis Care cot < 27) ‘Prwe- mw , i[p vouage busma Bere amd , Olp vetrage ds ole Bere and Lnclucte’ EOS . : a = Ahtough the path vin clucteY soryI ain the pow op heat -wy the « Poucy fy auisipetled and lacing thes acquan we. heteg Cyele. % Ip Voitage stemes onto prcerie aarel binds aon Ly and SCR uw an RBM Tt discharg eng +My Or Vv I Vin Cax (ri) « . : , NC ametbcana ov) AL wes Qn y windurlor crown plete by atischeng and suc hay “4 clo. e%) ip Aupply Pars Dp bb pict and same procedure ee peats fe the acmnenurning ey eles: NaLepomngs, 5 uniog ee Wheeling died. ; load cocirentwae pom Vinproud «Hen@. the oucsall ofp 2) the alte ws dntacaned « | 2) at oe the We ong 4 voltages - i 2 the tip P& a -sipsting ce ss Aiaded: Page ef age» Vv 7 eee) Te AWA raze ang” + 8 Vv ang i a 5° nick: ‘duot a Es = fe cost ]." Noung? 32 me [14 tos.) ag ae a) ens cle Voteage 1 i ieee 2) ' Vim § a They ie » dtot - Vv. = ms \ aa Gin Soe (Mm Gnwet) “ak * ° poe tl Mer fy thoes ale a +. im [ery Soe oi Lo) 7 eam v oetof hapevreue, puetipier usith PLE load diy d HWR with RUE load » See ee a See with RYbtA 4 wnductor amd a volbage . Sewvee Fer Avmpliyi@ation we donddyy sincluctamce ts Boo: te sul , “Workings caneti) (0 swt<) Pung sve heute ycle 4 je voleage » P WY rhe Wor ty Ss amd sce is win FAM and aus “) as Oc: V Vy = Ey 1,=0, V4.2 V 107 Covet) A < wt oT by ap Plyrrng qate inpulse ‘bo the SCR » ] -" rem f Fem amd Scr acl O38 S.c- : — T, f° 7| Leh Full toave scceipiers - the eenveslus in vohich elp vellage. is Con ber led uring ave heutf cycle cmd —\ye hac eycle +) the Jp yeu “these tonvertiu aic Kroon as prull we tonues teu - >t. as also fated ay tivo pute onvicalers ° Pulse Noy..e he mo: Puke Present din olp voleage 70) ome tompleti Lycle oy inpue voltag vt tuted) 2 2 mgt secs oy snp # Depending upon the ConpiGur ction ful auc | Aechities au ulassified jotd iwe types Mic port /ni-n Ae chipes > Baidge Aectipies J ga Rect pias’ | pe accipiers 2 Mais type q ecrgf ees _ . ie ScR's and ene single phase [ & durowll ent Leppeel Se¢ond any tornding- . PP tut weue mectipior wlth swerisdtive - htorkaing + ‘M Grew pusv { ] Pear aes ng’ +ve b va | S Nc ; cages 4] Cycle o iJp supply , Phat sve tor tog. —-~ fnecke Theypsisloy 7, becomes 4+ve Ard amcde 9 Ayaistov T, beeemes -ye ‘ n . a ty > Tis UM FOMands, i i" wp RBM. , i? Peth Hie thes istoss Al as a Oc . h€ T=O, Vero J case Ge pt wk = 0 2 Apply gatigcropilye to 7, at Comes 470M FBM to Fem anc act asa SC. Cursent flows un he atiection Y PPT 3M 20A amd tora i[p Volege appears Bevis the lead - | : At tok = 1 » Ip vowtage- becomes B00 and op ‘is aso 4 hv- : | Case Cs puring —ve hath ey ele , on this Lane Ral pue wathty p . Anode a Ta ss -+ve anal es QM -B whegative - $07, wis 00 ROW ovnel Ty a wo FB» Both ae asa open eke - re T20,V,=0 Ge OYE when wok 2 T+a 5 apply g ating vans [i the thysistor Ty: + So ct is in ECM amd Cursent | dlews un the direceion 9 Q->7, 20 09K: wet Dn this oe abo Guus flows win thre Aare alu s Hat Oy PAlh tye - he Velbage aesets toad is 4 Ve Tet 0, Vox5 ou ove aihysisten T, ty bs REM and ae asa Awe - AM» ilp voltage -s BaD euncl ofp A oo Bee + . act une pwacdecre Acpeala tow the Amnaning “cle —> we > lot — > >We > we Parameters < . Dpvercge |p voltage + Yayg = t fTpce)-cltot ° (a) = alae ci. \ th T= 14-4 ’ Voowg 2 { ft Vop nwt“ Te, =. ¥V ee Voang = ¢ m (ces cot )® Yn (1080) 9) Avoage olp cusrent - Toawg = 1 (i+ lose | 2) tons aaig olp vottage > Vine = [Lf "peer p arms >] J pte i ae : if J “uns ce 3 Cvmbnwt- dw e ©| ven" [ A . (0210 da en oo we CL fos A, (agnoist Bay iz (Corer gS) \ ie (3 fot) — b (42 A) J Ven Wak 4 HN2K Qn apr 1 1 AND. > Vn ie 4 \ un n) fms fp cament © rms ® S/S eG FWR with R-L lead lon vinuctive lard + . — (eontinerons, Ney; r To Uris due cote wine Heo Sek ancl uncluctme ia dead 25 Poppe etod at Conlu w Oh the seeondany trodn dung ere - Ky. . WwewmMnagt- Caney * Ousing sue Melh tyele r¢ — —Y . LOX obee) + Gn this cluuing tue hay cycle % | Votkaqe aneds aT) beeomes + uc, and anede a Tr beternos atue, Tye FRM and To us RBM- Both at as A Ow Thee sis no path fer Lead éwnenr ancl vetsage Begs) Ped us ano. 7 0.70, Ty =0, EO ba x cot ( : og Km AL we-a apply pred pie ko T) ovnd) si stad toncveting and Lead , wink Hew in the diertion ty POT IM Oh “a lead or “Grd fetal ifp Volage. app OS abo, Us dood and To i FEM - Bp —> POT? m-So-> logd > Up7 Vin 1 Jp 0+ que (it) (T Myc” a Jam s - vn XNG conver acl her oO Sx Bo? >A a, ten Gta, > yy -o. From ny 863 aut ~ 7 aS KONE Gp A= W. =F Vo™ Qi \Vo, we wT apy wectiicetion 7 ~ WOE Ih EwR with R-L lead [biscontintous mode!) o * a Tn thi Ge, considey load, a Jinvonss\ tument breomes Baro at wt pi tite mock - p ttae pd wre je lus than * E cyclo RY A . fom p fo Tra ic aluuing —ve halt at T-4 4in Rann ond T, wis wn COM. Ane THyTe a a O.c and secd votkage % locel current HVESwot 3 ae > dol > Coe > Cot Here dead yunent and Load votlaage oltsCentinuoce grem pte TH & + thes Mects &) Epueien iy bmowmn as Aigronbnuoey epesuts mM q fete wewe Acer ier Parcmetiur t- ) avenge ofp .volkage + Hough Sere dect Te i al Notug « d (em Binet deol Yoong = dn FFeesor) “ f Ma [cosa -cos p 2) Average ao. ne 4 ‘) NeRg® Cp evans TMeota = YO Ciesn- cop) z ae5) prs Olp vokages J “ere x dwt 3 Vins? J. ab acest | 2. { a Coot yP_ cal ee PY | idp =GiN? x) eo [MF [35 Cp) ~ = Vin (&*- Girep- sory] an apy 8) _Revs-op Cueencrtt oy Tams J th Vino (% a (ome soe) | ms: zz Pn ort inf FW R tet bec hecwng clfocte = aoe ° Whore cox tii) +e gcook04 » and indudos stants wharging cund Vig appears CLUS cant) + Tut

x Bes lord > and total Ofp VEttege APPEL Qt the lad. PSE] ae 2 Gotti) > P< coe OE PF 1, IPs Orage WP total ily vatkage appecrss Asi lod asa ue to theayeest OF TG TU Ce FBAM rlWhe Qn, Vinze and epee fon aemnaureng Cycles * Sa ) ang 1 S Poy. dt =NO b+ wa) 7). C80 anig 2 Vedavg Loam § = no [32 “4 + sms) Ug 4) Coden = (Ws foutly cork ip at a, At a ' Care Git) (CR Sc0t : . - Sy Anis kepe- the Cothodas) two bhysgtoe 0 Onnected ab Acme potential» 2 » Wnsemrach cl (wo 2 ssyenetneel se CLIO 7 Sin tha type * he Cathodes 0 toe Hye COU an, stonnectect at ckipgewent potentiate: : sith scnistive load Ip Hey Conbyplied Aectipier: C cuasymnetnca} sock ie) _ “a eB c ; Jn 7 ; ) Hig |HO 7 «Fe FE Se indus ee _ | KG nw LB) whine to -& Ty yO gummmeuion 7% i To Hreugh wn loming Taps toss (7, @ Tama Curgouy nyrabors (73% Ty) amd Conrider load Cunent To 2 tonetonk - . + Initvotly veonticla eukgowng um tonduckvog, State and toe Lead eurunt Ly ak wor=X 5 apply qating pee fo T,% Te, Hen athese Hhaypsis toxs Stowe vonduching ond tarment Ty Ztarts ap cuaning -srem BEM to move): Value “Bu Ts & Ty stark, Lommlutatng and Fy skate decay sro vrary: Value fo 2e0- ak wk Uy T) GT Starts Conducting ard load urvent By amd Ty @Ty cas ain KOM G Ze°0. and total i[p veteage appears ‘ato the dead -! ab wk=T , i/p betemes acm amd ofp also becomes Sew drut Ioad eryrent door Hor beeovney Zorvy awe to this kead tuners , vollag? acs O]p uincrases ww Magarus di ection + / Ak mb mtx , app ating pulse to Te ety 2 WNicvx, T) & Ty stats Lonmutabng & : T3% Ty ckats vonduchng t. ° ° Vo. =O epapistoe Cy HIMCb = TH eM TG Th, Qu wn ROM =) T 20 } Ta, Ty ore um FOM Tye B, ’ wotz2n , Vin = Vp =O 4 3p FO 7» Ge : ia voltage and elp voltage, betomen Bevo and MOAN erwenk choo, mat becone Bum Out 0 the, dead duaent volkage vin ncayner .in nag ative Kiet, AE WE = BMF » Ty Ty oe starts worcucton vs Th, ond Ty — $ tank vommuteting Tr 7 at p oO Sane procedure. arpeats bor the Aemetining GYoly teipitol ane a Condlucting & ele peng hme 2 > Fe sy bie in Aucords 9 dpning cone euldeing aunts a 20‘I - (oug oop f Med ae (BAA C00 4-0) TAK cok f wrap » YN Sinwt clot - Yo. (Cos & + Coste 0) —O 7 - ) 7 a oO” _. \ \ Dok “ si ‘ Tet TH NT Tn4y | covets coven’ Oe ep Fully contelied with face sheeting icde 9) RL-loaolx Veh Fatty co! - DT “xte 7 AFWlled wetition with RLE load. coniilled “wetitior usith RUE load e m Tg, | peek ‘an 1 Be Seswin t we Saye ot \ 54994 at | No E cot So oe oa Pith 2g 3am Comemuahon 4 e4g eee ty Forte, tnd cFcuace, on Ratti pier conmiden equiverent eke for pple badge austen with R41 dead and route uincluctomnee- ee ee mole Bets (59) 8 2p = = Vy Smvot . n= Vp anvot 4+¢ Apply KVL to AB UDA yg Ep-teAt 41 dite _ (a Psat “de ae P> 2m G els fan — o's (ae “ae J —® Noe TI, = Pith We 6 1 é. (oF const « O= dry 4d zs di odie de de ade ae: 2Ven SIN oot = ts [adh ] dediy zc Ven sin uot © ae Ts. ’ divi .dte = m BS eo) = — Coser No To ofr ° — > 180° Dew, 2 . TNE _ Yen af Prdeticnl decal ower These Qn eeitied woto feo types they Ow > ) Dual Coverters without cen. culalteng Ceugenhs ubl Ath wer Cy : 8, ee iCemertan wsith 2.culatin Lean jp IA tonvertirg without. eiaulating eroment, ons, Ore ronwuntin is din tonditting sage. ata time & total f. Olp Voltage is die to thy ordutting honvelere pal wonunky With Citeuladting éscuest 7 =, ae Ty the two veorwerts, wit conducting at & by Aatiiing ate oa 180°)a stcntifi’ ound at —7 Ir u , convetu. cuel a In dh sone ton Boe uniae tonuut ate ar “Ihe samae time. Sebo ppenenee, Oy lp vettages wanes an volkcige total ofp velcge cs Ane Bigg 4) tone © and @ . thi 44 perpduer Some. tix Autatting Luan - - ee ee| clawnage the thyristor ain orden’ to bn ste. 28 Curhacting Gunerd conncetad vin 10 He. AUS in Agies te tonuadi se - a —> In Hb tonunta frov 21 mo teme olulay blu ragers a, Teysutou un donuntuUl and @ Boh Aeckipiers:- Bu using B-p acetigios Lhe no- a) prclses aa the ©]p volrage Unesecses —> Bh the purses anesecises pthe olp voltage as almost £0 Ac native: and the havmentts a6 dus and Losses are aloo Lu: > toad wunent gets Continous on opercition * Ty per a Bp Rectifiers | Depenching ' upon the Mo- 0) SeR- These, dau clamipied vinto by types ) B-p HNR . 2) 3-9 bopnicoritro ted ALLE fir” %) ap ae Pally conivoted crsetified - h) 3h Converkes : D ng upon dhe no- %y pulses - -hese Wwe classified: into By pes (2 ) S-pulse Conwertit 3) Twelgve Pulse Convert " ») 6—pube convert, : 2Ln dp ube, eonvertn lp veltage hawing B-pulses dwg one eomnplete veyele A 7 |p volkege