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SHS Level 1st year 2014/2015 CHOUCHANI.A. Med

◄ Psychology ►

At the end of This lecture you are going to learn the followings :

- What means by psychology?

- What are the main aims of psychological studies? 06 page| 01
- Which topics do psychologists deal with?
- What are the main fields of psychological studies? And what are the particular
characteristics of it?

Definition :
It is an academic and applied discipline that involves the scientific study of mental
functions and behaviours. From Latin which means the study of the soul. The first
English reference in psychology was ‘ The Physical Dictionary’ by Steven
Blankart.1694.

Tip : The professional practitioner in this field is called psychologist. He/she can be
classified as a social behavioural or cognitive scientist.

Aims of psychology:
It has two main aims :
1. understanding individuals and groups by both establishing general principles
and researching scientific cases.
2. Look for people benefits ;happiness, welfare , wisdom ,etc.

And other aims like those of other sciences :

 To describe : After observing and measuring behaviour and mental processes

the psychologist has to describe the aforementioned.
 To explain: The meaning of data collected in study.
Quite often, psychologists explain data by formulating a theory.
A theory is a coherent group of assumptions that can explain data.
 To predict : Behaviour and mental processes by using a set of circumstances to
anticipate what will happen next.
 To use: Utilization or application of the knowledge gained through study to
promote human welfare.1

Topics of psychology:

Psychologists explore different concepts such as :

1
http://researchcooperative.org/profiles/blogs/psychology-and-its-educational
SHS Level 1st year 2014/2015 CHOUCHANI.A. Med

Perception – Attention- Cognition – Emotion – Motivation – Brain Functioning –

Personality – Behaviour – Interpersonal relationships....

Methods of research in psychology

1. Naturalistic observation : This research paradigm involves observing or 06 page| 02

studying animals or people in their natural habitats. For example students are
best studied in a classroom environment. The researcher does not interfere with
the behaviour of the observed to avoid bias. Such observer bias is also denoted
the guinea pig effect or the Pygmalion effect.
2. Case study :With the purpose of generating hypothesis psychologists examine
an individual’s personal life, such as how a teacher plans a lesson.
3. Survey:This method uses questionnaires administered to samples of people
from what is referred to as a population to find out about attitudes and
behaviour.
First identify the group of subjects he/she may wish to survey- population.
Second select the subjects to participate in the survey at random- sample.
This ensures that every subject or respondent is given an equal chance of being
involved in the study.
4. Correlational study :In this research paradigm psychologists consider the
relationship between two or more variables which can either be positive or
negative. A correlation coefficient is computed to establish either a positive or
negative relationship between the variables under study. Once an association
between variables is established, it becomes possible for one to predict
important events with regard to the variables. Many variables can be studied
using this method. However, it should be remembered that correlation does not
mean causality. Correlation cannot establish cause and effect but can only
predict.
5. Experimentation In this research paradigm psychologists treat an object of
study in a specific way and then observe the effects of that treatment. Whereas
correlational research only predicts about behaviour experiments can be able to
establish cause and effect------that is roots and nurturance of behaviour. In
experiments, psychologists study animals as well as people. Animals are
studied either out of interest in animals themselves or as models for human
behaviour. This may create misconceptions two of which are:
Anthropomorphic fallacy- tendency to treat animals as if they have human
characteristics.
Rattomorphic fallacy- tendency to treat human beings as if they were rats.

Fields of The Study:

There are many fields which can be classified under the psychological studies :
SHS Level 1st year 2014/2015 CHOUCHANI.A. Med

01-Structuralism : Wilhelm Wundt ( the father of experimental studies)18/19th

century.
02-Functionalism : William James ( Principles of Psychology1890.)
03-Psycho-analysis : Sigmund Freud 1890/1939.
04-Behaviourism : John B Watson 20th 06 page| 03
05-Humanistic : Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers. 1950.
06-Gestalt : Wolfgang Kohler , Kurt Koffka formed Gestalt psychology. 19th .
07-Existentialism : Martin Heideggar 1950.
08-Cognitivism : Noam Chomesky. 2

Branches of pure psychology

 · General psychology
 · Abnormal psychology
 · Social psychology
 · Experimental psychology
 · Physiological psychology
 · Para-psychology
 · Geo-psychology
 · Developmental psychology

Branches of Applied psychology

Concerned with the application of theories, principles and techniques of psychology

includes:

 · Clinical psychology
 · Industrial psychology
 · Legal psychology
 · Military psychology
 · Political psychology
 · Organizational psychology
 · Marketing psychology
 · Educational psychology3

Characteristics of Psychology :

- It deals with the mind and personality of the individual.

2
For more details , check wikipedia .
3
http://researchcooperative.org/profiles/blogs/psychology-and-its-educational
SHS Level 1st year 2014/2015 CHOUCHANI.A. Med

- It is a social science because humans are social creatures; where it can focus on
the individual and his/her physical process .
- Psychologists prefer to use more objective scientific methods to understand ,
explain and predict human behaviours.
- Psychological studies are highly structured; start with a hypothesis that is then 06 page| 04
empirically tested.
- It focuses on the use of different psychological principles to solve real world
problems.
- It has two major areas of focus :
 Academic psychology : which focuses on the study of different subtopics;
personality , social behaviours, etc.
 Applied psychology : which seeks to solve the everyday problems.

Educational psychology: It is the branch of psychology concerned with the scientific

study of human learning. The study of learning processes, from both cognitive and
behavioral perspectives, allows researchers to understand individual differences in
intelligence, cognitive development, affect, motivation, self-regulation, and self-
concept, as well as their role in learning. The field of educational psychology relies
heavily on quantitative methods, including testing and measurement, to enhance
educational activities related to instructional design, classroom management, and
assessment, which serve to facilitate learning processes in various educational settings
across the lifespan4.

The importance of educational psychology for teachers5 :

1. A teacher acts as a philosopher and a guide to the students. He must know the
growth and development of the child and his requirements at different levels.
Educational psychology helps the teacher to study the ability, interests,
intelligence, needs and adopt different techniques of teaching for effective
communication. The utility of educational psychology for the teachers has been
emphasized in both theory and practices of teaching and learning.
2. The study of educational psychology is very useful for teachers for planning,
organizing and evaluating the teaching learning activities in the class.

(I) To study teaching and learning situations : Educational psychology contributes a

lot for increasing the teaching efficiency of the teacher in different areas mentioned
below:-

4
From wikipedia.
5
http://www.preservearticles.com/201105206833/importance-of-educational-psychology-for-teachers.html
SHS Level 1st year 2014/2015 CHOUCHANI.A. Med

(a) To know Individual difference : A teacher has to deal carefully with a group of
students in class room situation. As there, are wide variations in different abilities
among the students. Therefore it is very essential to understand the individual
difference of students regarding their ability, interests, attitudes & need at different
levels of growth and development.
06 page| 05
(b) To know the classroom teaching-learning process : A well developed theory of
class room teaching and learning is helpful for transacting the content to the students
effectively, which includes class-room climate and the teaching competence which are
required for effective communication and presentation of content. A teacher must
know the appropriate principles of teaching-learning, different approaches to teaching
for better result of teaching-learning process.
(c) Awareness of effective methods of teaching : The method of teaching is based on
the developmental characteristic of the students. For example History is taught
effectively to small children with the help of story telling method because small
children like stories. So the classroom teaching depends on the teachers’ knowledge
about the interest of students and methods of teaching for the students of different age-
groups.
(d) Curriculum development : The course of study of particular degree or diploma is
prepared by teachers. Knowledge of psychology is helpful in developing curricular of
different levels of students in different subjects. The developmental characteristics and
needs of the students are also taken into account in the formulation of curriculum.
(e) To study mental health of students : In the process of teaching & learning
activities in the classroom, mental health of the teacher and the taught plays significant
role. As the mental condition influence directly the achievement of students. The
mental health of teacher and students must be normal or healthy. There are different
causes of mental illness of the teacher and the taught. It should be known to the
teachers to regulate teaching - learning process.
(f) Guidance to the students : A teacher has to play different roles in school as guide,
philosopher, and leader. Guidance is a type of assistance to the students to solve their
problems by themselves. The knowledge of psychology enables the teacher to provide
necessary educational and vocational guidance to the students of different age groups.
(g) Measuring learning outcomes : Teacher has to perform two important activities in
classroom such as teaching and testing. The testing activities help in measuring
learning outcomes of the students to judge their improvement and effectiveness of
teaching-learning process.
(II) Application of teaching and learning principles.
(a) Objectives of Education : Education is a purposive attempt to bring about desirable
changes in the students behavior. The objectives of education are realized in terms of
behavioral changes among the students. Teachers have to create the learning
conditions to provide knowledge and experiences to the students for the changes of
behavior. They have to relate teaching to learning by appropriate method of teaching.
SHS Level 1st year 2014/2015 CHOUCHANI.A. Med

(b) Use of Audio-Visual aids in teaching : · The teacher can take the help of scientific
devices. The Topic of presentation in the classroom can be made interesting by
involving more students’ participation. Television is a more popular device as
compared to radio, because television it provides both audio and visual experiences.
Many difficult concepts can be made easy and interesting by the use of audio-visual
teaching aids. The knowledge of psychology is necessary to plan and teaching aids 06 page| 06
appropriately.
(c) Co-curricular activities : Education is to have all-round development of the child.
The curricular exercise develops only cognitive aspects of j the child. Therefore other
activities like games, sports scouting, girls guiding, debates, cultural programmes are
essential along with curricular activities for whole some development of the child.
(d) Preparation of time table : The Class-room teaching of various subjects is
organized by perfectly arranged time table. Knowledge preparation of time-table needs
thoroughly psychology. As the difficulty subjects like mathematics and science are
placed in the first I periods and other subjects like history, geography are usually |
taught in the last periods.
SHS Level 1st year 2014/2015 CHOUCHANI.A. Med

◄ Psychopedagogy ►

At the end of this lecture, you are going to learn the followings :

- What means by Psychopedagogy ?

- The famous names in this science.
- What are the areas of work of this science .
- What are the main aims of psychopedagogical studies.
- Psychopedagogy and teaching.

Definition :

It is a combination of two main branches of scientific studies; pedagogy and

psychology. Pedagogy is the science of education , especially the instructional theory
studies.1
Psychopedagogy is the science which main topics are looking for :
- The interdisciplinary conductive methods and activities in education.
- Therapy and rehabilitation for children with behavioural disorders.
- And other topics related to people with their different ages who needs
development in their emotions and behaviours suffering from disturbances and
problems of adaptation.

Main Aims of Psychopedagogy :

01-To find and cure by using complex background knowledge:
- psychic developmental disturbances,
- educational problems,
- social-cultural disadvantages.
02-It embraces theoretical principles from psychology and the practical application
of those principles in teaching with the central aim of enhancing learning and
its effective context.

Hint :
Who is the good instructor ? He is the one who develops the conceptual knowledge
and manage the content of learning activities in pedagogical settings.

Who is the pedagogue ?

 The word pedagogue used before to refer to this:

“ A Pedagogue is another name for "teacher," but one who is strict, stiff or old-
fashioned, as in a pedagogue who stands in the front of the room and lectures for the
entire class period, boring the students to tears.The noun pedagogue, pronounced

1
From wikipedia
SHS Level 1st year 2014/2015 CHOUCHANI.A. Med

"PED-uh-gog," is the Old French word for "teacher of children." The emphasis here is
on "old." To call a teacher a pedagogue is a deliberate choice because it implies that he
or she is "the teacher that time forgot," possibly using notes and handouts from twenty
years ago, standing in that same spot, year after year, saying the same things, as
students stare out the same windows.”1

But now, it refers to :

The one whose job focuses on teaching children life preparing knowledge such as
social skills and cultural norms . Big focus on care and well being of the child. Also ,
the pedagogue is the one who supports children in their mental and social
development. 2

Famous Names of the science :

Some of the most influential authors in this field are Jean Piaget, Ausubel, Jerome
Bruner and Lev Vygotsky. Important contributions have also been made by Mary
Warnock.

Where we can use this science? We can use this science in many fields such as:
 Different institutes of early development,
 Pedagogical services,
 Day nurseries,
 Early developmental centres,
 Civil associations,
 Health services,
 Neo-natalogic and baby and children centres.3
 Mass media

Psychopedagogy studies :
To study Psychopedagogy is important for language learners because :
 It provides students with tools needed to take part in the different stages and all
the areas of teaching/learning process.
 It enables them to elaborate and develop counselling activities and programmes
to help the education community in improving and renewing the education
process.

1
http://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/pedagogue
2
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedagogy
3
http://fr.slideshare.net/marijaz1951/psycho-pedagogy