UNIT 3: SPIRITUAL SELF: BELIEVE IT OR NOT!

Spiritual self is one of the four (4) constituents of the “self” according to William
James in his book, The Principles of Psychology in 1890. The spiritual self is the
most intimate, inner subjective part of self – the most intimate version of the self
because of the satisfaction experienced when thinking of one’s ability to argue and
discriminate, of one’s moral sensibility and conscience, and our unconquerable will
is purer than all other sentiments of satisfaction.

(What are the four constituents of the self according to James?

The classic formulation suggests that James (1890) meant physical objects and
cultural artifacts (material self), human beings (social self), and mental processes
and content (spiritual self)

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of this unit, you will be able to:
1. Identify various religious practices and beliefs;
2. Understand the self in relation with religious beliefs; and
3. Explain ways of finding the meaning of life.

LESSON PROPER
Religion

Rebecca Stein (Stein 2011) works on the definition of religion "as a set of beliefs
and practices that usually includes some or all of basic characteristics. These
characteristics are:

1) A belief in anthropomorphic supernatural being, such as spirit and gods

2) A focus on the sacred supernatural, where sacred refers to a feeling of
reverence and awe
3) The presence of supernatural power or energy that is found on supernatural
beings as well as physical beings and objects.
4) The performance of ritual activities that involves the manipulation of sacred
object to communicate to supernatural beings and/or to influence or control
events
5) The articulation of worldview and moral codes through narratives and other
means
6) Provide the creation and maintenance of social bonds and mechanism of
social control within a community; provide explanation for unknown and a
sense of control for individuals.

An individual life in a society where there are many practices of religion. The
choice of religious belief lies within the spiritual self although the choice may
be influenced by the society and its culture.

Ritual—

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 It is the performance of ceremonial acts prescribed by a tradition or sacred law
(Britannica 2017). Ritual is a specific, observable mode of behavior exhibited
by all known societies. It is thus possible to view ritual as a way of defining or
describing humans.

There are three fundamental characteristics of rituals according to Penner

(Britannica 2017).
Ritual has the characteristics of:
1) A feeling or emotion of respect, awe, fascination, or dread in relation to
the sacred
2) Dependence upon a belief system that is usually expressed in the
language of myth
3) Is symbolic in relation to its reference

The self can be described as a ritual being who exhibits a striking parallel between
their ritual and verbal behavior. Just as language is a system of symbols that is
based upon arbitrary rules, ritual may be viewed as a system of symbolic acts that
is based upon arbitrary rules. Participation to rituals is expressions of religious
beliefs.

Some World Religious Beliefs and Practices—

There are different religions with different beliefs and practices. Some of the major
world religions are Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, and Judaism. Excerpt
of some religious beliefs and practices are found in the University of London's
Religion and Belief Guide 2017.

Core beliefs
(18)Buddhism believes that life is not a bed of roses. Instead, there are suffering,
pain, and frustrations. When people suffer, they want to experience the goodness of
life and avoid disappointments. It becomes a habit known as the reactive cycle of
wanting and hating, like and dislike, band craving and aversion. This reactive cycle
can be broken through the practice of mediation, acquiring more wisdom and
deeper understanding, and acceptance of things as they are.

Customs and Practices—

There are two types of meditation practices: samatha and vipassana. The Samatha
is practiced as mindfulness of breathing and development of loving kindness
(Metta Bhavana). Vipassana practices aim developing insight into reality.
Acquiring wisdom is by studying Buddha's teaching, the Dharma. Through the
reflection of Dharma, Buddhist can achieve a deeper understanding of life.
Buddhists believe in non-violence principle.

Some of the major Buddhist celebrations are ParinirvanaDay in February; Buddha

Day (Wesak) in May; Dharma Day in July; PadmasambhavaDay in October; and
Sangha Day in November.

Christianity—
Core beliefs

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(19)Christians believe in Trinitarian God. One God in three personas: God the
Father (Creator), God the Son (Savior), and God the Holy Spirit Sustainer).

Eternal after death will be achieved through faith in Jesus Christ. Jesus Christ is,
God the Son, who came into flesh, to spread the good news of salvation. He died
on the cross for the sins of the humanity but resurrected from the death, so that
anyone who believes in him will besaved in have eternal life.

The holy bible is a selection of books, which is divided in to two, the Old
Testament and New Testament.

Customs and Practices—

Sacrament of Baptism and Sacrament of Communion are practiced by Christian
churches. The sacrament of Baptism symbolizes the birth in Christian world, while
the sacrament of communion is an act of remembrance of Jesus Christ 's sacrificial
love. Jesus Christ teaching in unconditional love that is expressed in loving the
poor, oppressed, and outcast of the society.

Christmas and Resurrection (Easter) are the two major celebrations in Christianity.
Christmas, usually on December 25, commemorates the birth of Jesus Christ while
Resurrection Sunday (depends on the lunar calendar, sometime in March or April)
celebrates the resurrection of Jesus Christ from death.

Hinduism Core beliefs:

Hinduism covers a wide range of traditional beliefs and religious groups; thus,
there is no single founder or leader. Hindus believe that existence is a cycle of
birth, death and rebirth, governed by Karma. Karma is a concept where the
reincarnated life will depend on how the past life was spent. Hindus believe that
the soul passes through a cycle of successive lives and it's next in carnation is
always dependent on how the previous life was lived. Vedas are sacred Scriptures
of Hindus. Mahabharata and Ramayana are two other important texts of the
Hindus.

Custom and practices—

Diwali and Navrati are the most celebrated festivals of the Hindus. (21)Diwaliis
the festival of lightswhile Navratiis the festival of nine (22)nights, which celebrate
the triumph of good over evil. Hindus have set dates to honor particular
manifestations of God.

Islam
Core beliefs
Muslims believe in Allah, who is their "One God" They believe in the unity and
universality of God. Muslims also have a strong sense of community or "ummah"
and an awareness of their solidarity with all Muslims worldwide. Islam means
"willing submission to God ".
Muslims believe that Mohammed is the last and final prophet sent by God.
Mohammed was born in Mecca in 570 CE and received revelations from God
through the Angel Gabriel over a period of 23 years.The Holy Bible of Islam is

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called the Quran, which was taught to be recited in Arabic because any translation
is seen as inadequate.

Customs and practices—

Muslims believe in the five pillars of Islam, which are the foundation of Muslim
life:
1) Shahadah - statement of faith: "There is no God but the one true God and
Mohammed is his messenger".
2) Salat - the prayer that is practiced five times a day.
3) Zakat - the monetary offering for the benefit of the poor. It comprises the
2.5% of a Muslim's assets. (24)
4) Haji – the yearly pilgrimage to Mecca. Muslims who can afford are asked to
do the pilgrimage at last once in their lifetime.
5) Sawm – the fasting. Muslims do fasting from food, drink, and sexual act
during the celebration of Ramadan s the ninth month of the Islamic lunar
calendar. The fast is from dawn to sunset.

Two of the major festivals in Islamare Eidul-Fitr and Eidul-Adha. The first one
refers to the celebration at the end of Ramadan, while Eidul-Adha is the
celebration within the completion of the Pilgrimage, the Haji.

Judaism
Core beliefs—
The Jews believe in the God of Abraham,the same God that liberated the
Hebrew slaves from Egypt to Canaan, the promised land through the leadership
of Moses and later, Joshua.

The Jews believe in the coming of Messiah, the Savior. The sacred scripture of
the Jews is called the Torah or the Law. The Torah is the guide of the Jewish
living. The study and interpretation of Torah is part of the Jewish culture.

Customs and Practices:

There are five major festivals observed by the Jews:
1. Rosh Hashanah - the New Year
2. Yom Kippur - the Day of Atonement
3. Pesach - Passover
4. Shavuot - Pentecost
5. Sukkot - Tabernacles. The Jewish Sabbath begins on Friday evening at
sunset and is an important time when families gather for the Shabbat meal.

Finding and Creating Meaning of Life—

Another extensive study of self can be found in the works of Dr. Viktor E. Frankl.
[The following are the excerpts from the website:
http://www.victorfranklinstitute.org/About_Viktor_Frankl.html

He was born on March 26, 1905 in Vienna, Austria, where famous psychiatrists
Sigmund Freud and Alfred Adler lived. He graduated with medical degree from the

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University of Vienna in 1930. He was assigned in Vienna Hospital suicide ward
and headed thee Rothschild Hospital.

A survivor of the holocaust, he published a book about logotherapy. In 1959, the

book was translated to English and was revised in 1963 as The doctor and the Soul:
An Introduction to Logotherapy. His book, Man‟s search for meaning has been
used as a textbook in high school and college courses. He died in 1997.

Logotherapy
It is a psychotherapy introduced by V. Frankl, who is considered the father of
logotherapy. The main belief of logotherapy is that “man‟s primary motivational
force is search for meaning.”Logotherapy aids individuals to find personal
meaning of life, whatever life situation they may be.

In logotherapy, meaning can be discovered by creating a work or doing deed,

experiencing something or encountering someone and the attitude toward
unavoidable suffering. According to V. Frankl institute of logotherapy, it uses the
philosophy of optimism in the face of tragedy, where people are capable of turning
suffering into human achievement and accomplishment deriving from guilt the
opportunity to change oneself for the better; and deriving from life‟stransitoriness
an incentive to take responsible action.

Basic concept of Franklian Psychology

There are three basic concepts using Franklian Psychology:

1) Life has meaning under all circumstances.
2) Main motivation for living is our will to find meaning in life.
3) Freedom to find meaning.

Furthermore, his psychology aims to:

1) become aware of spiritual resources;
2) make conscious spiritual resources; and
3) use defiant power of the human spirit and stand up against adversity.

Logotherapy assumptions (that cannot be proven w/ certainty) These include the

following:
1. The human being is an entity consisting of body [soma], mind [psyche] and
spirit [noos]. i.e. according to him, the body and mind are what we have and
the spirit is what we are.
2. Life has meaning under all circumstances, even the most miserable. Ie. It’s
hard to grasp but it is something everyone experiences and it represents an
order in a world w/ laws that go beyond human laws.
3. People have a will to meaning. When we see meaning, we are ready for any
type of suffering. This is considered to be different than our will to achieve
power and pleasure.
4. People have freedom under all circumstances to activate the will to find
meaning. This deals with change of attitudes about unavoidable fate.
5. Life has a demand quality to w/c people must respond if decisions are to be
meaningful. The meaning of the moment is more practical in daily living
than ultimate meaning. Unlike ultimate meaning this meaning can be found
and fulfilled. 6. The individual is unique. This enhanced by the realization

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 that we are irreplaceable. In essence, all human are unique w/ an entity of
body, mind and spirit. We all go through unique situations and are
constantly looking to find meaning.

Frankl’s Sources of Meaning—

There are three possible sources of meaning of life:
1) purposeful work– meaning of life is unique to every individual;
2) courage in the face of difficulty – a meaningful life is a life with suffering.
Suffering is part of life; and
3) love – is the only way to grasp another human being in the innermost core of
his personality. The ultimate factor to find meaning of life is love.

Costello captured V. Frankl’s message: “The ultimate secret on the spiritual

foundation of life is that love is salvation and joy eternity.” The ultimate factor to
find meaning of life is love.

Name: ____________________ Date: _________________ Rating: _______

Course /Yr. & Section: _________________ Student No. ______________

ACTIVITY 1 Reflection paper: Reflect on V. Frankl’s sources of the meaning of

life.

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Name: ____________________ Date: _________________ Rating: _______

Course /Yr. & Section: _________________ Student No. ______________

ACTIVITY 2—
Make a documentary report about Filipino rituals and commentaries covering the
municipality of Tiwi with reaction paper.

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 UNIT 4: MORAL SELF: LIVING WITH PURPOSE

This lesson primarily defined moral and morality as having to do with right and
wrong in the context of societal norms and expectations. The lesson went on to say
that one‟s level of morality is tested especially when one is placed in a dilemma in
w/c s/he has to make a decision on what best course of action to take while taking
into account that his/her decision does not disturb, offend or hurt other people.

It will be pointed out that the process of moral development is in sync w/

intellectual development. It implies that moral development has cognitive or
intellectual foundations. As one goes through each stage of moral development
[Kohlberg], s/he also experiences the corresponding stage of intellectual
development [Piaget].

The importance of teaching the children the ability and skill to determine what is
right or wrong was likewise emphasized. Parenting styles are considered a
significant factor in developing moral reasoning. The four styles or parenting were
also described in this lesson.

LEARNING OUTCOMES:

At the end of this unit, you will be able to:

1. Explain the basic concepts related to morality and moral self

2. Identify behaviors characteristic of the different stages of moral
development

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 3. Relate the development of personal values to the development of a
philosophy oflife
4. State the different influences or factors related to moral self
5. Evaluate practices that lead to the development of desirable moral
values and
6. Apply concepts on morality in particular situations to develop a
philosophy of life.

LESSON PROPER

Every day, people are confronted with various dilemmas. Solving them requires
one to decide on what kind of action or response to make. In some instances, it is
easy for one to respond to a difficult situation, while in some cases, choosing the
best response is difficult.

A dilemma is a problematic/complex situation in which a difficult choice must be

made. The kind of responses taken or made when one is in a quandary/
predicament serves as a good test of a person‟s level of moral development.

Moral is related to a sense or standard that determines what is right and what is
wrong. It distinguishes correct/ right/ good from incorrect/ wrong/ evil from
inappropriate.

Decision-making is understandably difficult, the degree of w/c depending on the

situation. An individual who has a good sense of what is right and wrong will be an
honest and upright member of the community possessing a better moral self.

Moral reasoning—
It refers to the judgment people make about what courses of action are correct or
incorrect in particular situations. Reasoning is a cognitive skill, but influences
moral development.

Lawrence Kohlberg came up with the Theory of Moral Development by studying

the concept of moral reasoning. This theory is shaped by and tied up to Piaget‟s
Stages of Intellectual Development. Piaget asserts that intellectual development
proceeds in stages or levels.

The 1st is thesensorimotor stage in w/c the child learns and develops knowledge
about his/her environment by relating sensory experiences to motor action.

2nd is thepreoperational stage in w/c the child learns to use symbols like words or
mental images to solve simple problems.

3rd is theconcrete operations stage in w/c the child develops the ability to perform
a number of logical operations on concrete objects that are present.

And lastly, formal operations stage in w/c the individual acquires the ability to
solve abstract problems in a logical manner.

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This progression is related to the development of moralreasoning. Thus, the
evolution of one’s sense of right and wrong in making decisions depends on his/her
level of intellectual development. This connection implies that advanced levels of
intellectual development are associated with higher stages of moral development.
With this situation, a child cannot exhibit advanced level of moral development if
s/he is still at an early stage of intellectual development.

Early in life, at the lowest level of development, self-preservation and self-interest

are the main reasons for one’s actions and decisions. From there, moral
development proceeds to the next level guided by a more social or other oriented
motivation, like avoidance of criticism or censure from others, or simply for
reasons of gaining social acceptance. At this level, the child conforms w/ then
gradually starts to conform with the laws of society. The highest level of moral
development goes much beyond the self and social reasons. At this point, decision
making considers social justice and the good of the society at large. Moral
reasoning tries to strike a balance b/w individual rights and laws of society.
At times, you might be placed in a dilemma w/c requires you to make a decision.
You 1st have to harness your intellectual capacity and reasoning ability in
choosing what “best” decision to take. When you are at the crossroads of making a
decision, always go back to your goals and your philosophy of life as your guide.

Parenting styles and practices—

The physiological or biological basis of moral and intellectual development has
been discussed earlier. One other factor w/c affect the individual’s development is
environmental influence. This is the external forces outside of the individual
person.

Parenting style—
It is known as the parent’s strategies. According to Diana Baumrind, there are three
parenting styles, namely;
1. Authoritarian [parents attempt to shape, control and evaluate the behaviors
and attitudes of their children in accordance w/ an absolute or respected
authority, thus, obedience becomes a virtue];
2. Authoritative [parents direct their children’s activities in a rational and
intelligent way. They are supportive, loving and committed; support a give-
and-take relationship; discuss their rules and policies w/ children and
encourage children to present their viewpoints] and
3. Permissive [parents are less controlling and behave with an accepting and
non-punishing attitude towards their children‟s desires, actions and
impulses.]
4. The fourth style was introduced by Maccoby and Martin in 1983. They
coined the term uninvolved or neglectful [parents who take on a hands-off
stand in the affairs of their children.]

However, most parents combine different styles in child –rearing.

Effects of Parenting Styles—

Parenting styles influence the development of children’s personality.

1. Authoritarian parents are demanding and their children have less behavioral
problems w/c are easily prevented. However, studies show that children reared

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under autocratic parents tends to become withdrawn, fearful, and dependent.
Children may suffer from low self-esteem.

2. Authoritative parents have children who are independent, reliable, rational and
confident. These children generally feel good about themselves.

3. Permissive parents rarely impose rules and are non-punishing. Thus, they tend to
have children who do not put structure and order in things that they do. For these
children, anything goes.

5. Uninvolved parents are detached and indifferent to the needs of their

children. As such, children grow up feeling unloved and cannot follow
instructions. Some fall prey or sort to substance abuse as a form of
distraction or a way to get attention.

It must be noted that the kinds of parenting styles represent the dominant practices
applied by parents in dealing with their children. it is important that when children
misbehave, they are made to realized the consequences of their behavior. On the
other hand, if they behave well, thecorresponding reward or motivation should be
given.

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Name: ____________________ Date: _________________ Rating: _______
Course /Yr. & Section: _________________ Student No. ______________

ACTIVITY 1
Write your philosophy of life in your journal notebook by considering the
following points and share your output in the class:

a. Goal in life—
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c. What ways, mechanisms, or strategies you should do to achieve your goal/s?

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 UNIT 5: POLITICAL SELF: BEING FILIPINO

What makes a Filipino a genuine Filipino? Do physical characteristics make one a

Filipino? Or is it a person’s language, birthplace, and ethnicity?
If you were to introduce yourself as a Filipino to another nationality and s/he asks,
“Who are Filipinos?” what will you reply?

LEARNING OUTCOMES:

At the end of this unit, you will be able to:

1. Develop a Filipino identity;

2. Identify different Filipino values and traits; and
3. Reflect on your selfhood in relation to your national identity

LESSON PROPER

The Philippines has only emerged in the 1890‟s after over three centuries of
colonization of the Spaniards. Liberation from the last colonizers, the Japanese,
only occurred in 1946. Foreign culture, beliefs, language, and religion have made a
huge dent on our own by setting a foundation to the contemporary Filipino identity
and culture.

An individual’s race, ethnicity, and physical characteristics are not the only factors
that make a person’s national identity. Values and traits also important indicator
that set apart one nationality. Through common goals, principles, and values of its
people a nation empowers. Who is a Filipino? Filipinos globally renowned
personalities; Manny Pacquiao; Lea Salonga; Michael Cinco who have made the
Filipinos recognized around the world through their expertise.

Buwan ng Wika and Independence Day celebrations prompt us to go back to our

roots and reflect on the question: Who is a Filipino? According to the 1973, of
Philippine Constitution, Filipino citizens are;

a. Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines.

b. Those born before January 17, 1973,of Filipino mother.
c. Who elect Philippine citizenship upon reaching the age of majority. d. Those
who are naturalized in accordance with law.

Citizenship is not only a marker of being a Filipino. Culture and history greatly
influenced the manner that Filipinos learn, live and behave to date.

Filipino Values and Traits Philippines is a lush island paradise famous for its
grandiose mountain views, pristine beaches, and rich and diverse culture changing
from province to province. Philippines well known for its awe-inspiring beauty,
perhaps the Filipinos unique traits, reputable values, and laudable talents make the
country a place to be.

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“Mabuhay!” and “Salamat" the common Filipino phrases. “Po” and “Opo” habits
saying to the elders. “Kumain ka na ba?” meaning “Have you eaten yet?” and
importunate(makulit) asking of a Filipino.

The Filipino Hospitality—

Filipino‟s brand of hospitality is known everywhere. Filipinos welcome their
guests and tourists as if they are their own brothers and sisters.

They always make their guests feel at home, offering them something to eat, and or
even a place to stay. They are also fond of giving pasalubong or tokens and
‘pabaon’ or farewell gifts to their visitors.

Respect for Elders—

Filipinos greet their elders by kissing their hand while saying “Mano Po!”
constantly using “Po" and “Opo” in conversation. There is also a wide array of
references to elder people such as ate for elder sister; kuya for older brother; Tito
andTita for uncle and aunt ;Lolo and Lola for grandparents ;and Manong and Aling
for older people outside the family.

Close Family Ties—

Filipino maintains a tight relationship with their families regardless if the children
are old enough and already have a family of their own.

Cheerful Personality—
Filipinos have a habit of smiling and laughing a lot. Smiling is a coping strategy
for many Filipinos especially during trying times and calamities. Filipino always
tries to maintain a positive outlook in life which makes them resilient and able to
manage almost everything with a simple smile.

Self-sacrifice—
The self-sacrificing attitude of Filipinos can be seen as an extension of the Filipino
hospitality. Filipinos go out of their way to extend help to their friends, families,
and loved ones.

Bayanihan—
Is the spirit of communal unity and cooperation of Filipinos. Giving without
expecting something in return. Filipinos are always ready to share and help their
friends and loved ones who are in need.

“Bahala na” Attitude—

“Bahala na”is a Filipino version of the famous line “Hakuna Matata,” meaning no
worries. The phrase said originated from the “Bathala na,” where Bathala means
God, and the phrase meaning leaving everything into God's hands. It can also view
as cheerful and positive attitude of Filipinos and allowing situations take care of
themselves instead of worrying about them.

Colonial Mentality—
It is regardedas the lack of patriotism and the attitude where Filipinos favor foreign
products more than their own. It does not only concern goods, but also the desire to

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look more foreign than local and keep up with foreign beauty trends. It is attributed
to the centuries of colonization Filipinos had experienced under the Spanish,
American and Japanese rule.

“Mañana” Habit Filipino term for procrastination. It was derived from a longer
Filipino phrase called “Mamaya na” means dawdling things, which could have
been done at an earlier time. It was a poor habit of laziness that results in heavier
workloads.

“Ningas Kugon"—
“Ningas" is a Filipino term for flame and “Kugon" is a Filipino term for Cogon
grass that easily burns out after it is put into flames. It is refers to the attitude of
eagerly starting things but quickly losing eagerness soon after experiencing
difficulty. Filipinos are regarded as “Juan Tamad” or Lazy Juan because of
laziness.

Pride—
When two parties are not in good terms, they find it so hard to apologize and wait
until the other party asks for an apology first.

Crab Mentality—
Where one resents the achievement of another, instead of feeling happy for that
person. They pull each other down and ruin each other reputation rather than
bringing them up, resulting to no progress.

Filipino Time—
Filipinos have this common attitude of arriving late at commitments, dinner, or
parties especially if they are meeting someone close to them. They tend to not
observe punctuality altogether.

Filipino Markers—
1. Proverbs or Salawikain - Damiana Eugenio, regarded as the mother
of Philippine Folklore, classified proverbs into six categories
(Eugenio,2000);
a. Proverbs expressing a general attitude toward life and the
laws that govern life;
b. Ethical proverbsrecommending certain virtues and
condemning certain vices;
c. Proverbs expressing a system of values;
d. Proverbs expressing general truths and observations about
life and human nature;
e. Humorous proverbs; and
f. Miscellaneous proverbs.

2. Superstitions – Filipinos subscribe to their own set of superstitious

passed down from generation to generation. Some of the
superstitious influenced by beliefs from other cultures, but Filipinos
have retold according to their own experiences and they sometimes
end up even more interesting.
3. Myths and legends

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 4. Heroes and Icons – Heroes serve as a reminder of true patriotism
and nationalism as they have sacrificed their lives for the sake of
their country’s freedom and progress. The last Monday of August we
lend to celebrate our heroes to remember their greatness, bravery,
and resilience that has led to the freedom we know today. Lea
Salonga, Manny Pacquiao, and our national hero Jose Rizal, serve as
important Filipino markers as they have made the Filipino name
pronounced worldwide through their own expertise.

How to be a Good Filipino—

The following are a few ways on how to be a good Filipino;
1. Be an active Filipino citizen.
2. Study the Philippine history.
3. Support local products.
4. Speak the Filipino language.
5. Do not spread fake news and be democratic in engaging with dissent.

Name: ____________________ Date: _________________ Rating: _______

Course /Yr. & Section: _________________ Student No. ______________

Make an acrostic below w/c will describe you, in relation to your being a Filipino.

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F

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