CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
Since the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the coronavirus disease 2019
(COVID-19) pandemic on March 11, 2020, the outbreak in Wuhan, China, has spread globally.
COVID-19 vaccination is a critical preventive strategy that has the potential to end this
pandemic. Vaccine hesitancy is a significant impediment to COVID-19 vaccine adoption in
several nations. The purpose of this study is to describe the relation of COVID-19 hesitancy and
its causes in social media's vaccination portrayal among Senior High School students of
JJDVSTVSS.
It is well established that more than half of the world's population will undergo long-term
restrictions in order to prevent the spread of COVID-19. Due to the global spread of the COVID-
19 pandemic, there is an urgent need to create effective vaccinations as the most effective way to
halt the pandemic. Scientists are putting their lives on the line to develop a proven therapy for
COVID-19. This is because developing vaccines against COVID-19 and ensuring their
worldwide availability is a priority for mitigating the pandemic. However, the effectiveness of
this strategy is contingent upon individuals' desire to get vaccinated. Experts are concerned about
questions such as "what will happen if the people do not agree to the injection." As a result,
multiple experts have warned against a global response to the decade-long decline in community
trust in vaccination and the growth in vaccine hesitancy.
LOCAL LITERATURE
A. LOCAL LITERATURE
Vaccine hesitancy is defined as a “delay in acceptance or refusal of vaccines despite
availability of vaccination services.” While the reasons for delays or refusals to accept vaccines
are complex, the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) technical working group has
accepted two working models regarding the determinants of vaccine hesitancy. The 3Cs model,
composed of complacency, convenience and confidence, is a simpler intuitive model. The
Working Group Matrix (“Matrix”) is more comprehensive and aims to categorize the
determinants of vaccine hesitancy into three major groups: contextual influences (influences
arising due to historic, sociocultural, environmental, health system/institutional, economic or
political factors); individual and group influences (influences arising from personal perception of
the vaccine or influences of the social/peer environment); and vaccine/vaccination-specific issues
(issues directly related to vaccines or vaccination). as stated in Report of the SAGE working
group on vaccine hesitancy, Geneva, W.H.O. (2014).
Cited in Attitudes to vaccination: a critical review (Sevdalis, et. al., 2013), It is clear that
vaccine hesitancy is a problem, and addressing its determinants using either model is key at the
policy level to prevent vaccine hesitancy and the emergence of outbreaks of vaccine-preventable
diseases in groups with low vaccination rates.
Evidence about factors associated with vaccine hesitancy in the Philippines is lacking. The
objective of this study was to determine the factors associated with vaccine hesitancy in urban
communities in Manila, Philippines. Identifying and understanding these factors are crucial to
inform interventions that can address the issues and lead to increased vaccination rates.
B. LOCAL STUDIES
According to Vergara, Sarmiento & Lagman (2021), the quest to suppress and end the
Novel Corona Virus has brought about an unprecedented speedy surfacing of vaccines that are
born out of the prodigious research of experts and authorities. Yet, despite of the alleged
scientific warrant and immediate solution to the global health crisis, several people still show
some doubts against the vaccine.
With the advent of vaccine against COVID-19, there is a high hope of ending the
pandemic that has distorted the lives of people. WHO has encouraged all people to promote the
vaccination process. Promotion and encouragement, however, are founded on public trust.
Nonetheless, this study suggests two important essential actions from public health authorities
for public trust: localizing information through education and modelling system that pre-figures
sincerity. The said actions can somehow augment authorities’ strategic communication efforts in
building public trust that is essential in promoting vaccination against COVID-19.
Caple, et.al. (2021) states that, to mitigate the unprecedented health, social, and economic
damage of COVID-19, the Philippines is undertaking a nationwide vaccination program to
mitigate the effects of the global pandemic. In this study, we interrogated COVID-19 vaccine
hesitancy in the country by deploying a nationwide open-access online survey, two months
before the rollout of the national vaccination program.
