CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Skin, one of the parts of the Integumentary System, has an important role to

different individuals for it was the largest organ of the body with a total area of about 20

square feet. The skin has 3 contributions: First, the skin is an organ of protection. Second,

the skin is an organ of regulation. Lastly, the skin is an organ of sensation. And with

these functions of skin, people should give care to their skin because diseases might

damage the skin.

According to Martini (2003), the skin protects the body from harmful ultraviolet

(UV) rays. The pigment melanin is produced in special cells called melanocytes, which

are found at the base of the epidermis. Melanin production is influenced by sunlight.

When skin is over-exposed to the sun’s rays, it becomes red with erythema (flushing of

the skin in response to dilatation of blood vessels in the dermis) due to inflammation. The

skin then turns brown as melanin is produced. Melanin absorbs UV light and prevents it

damaging cellular DNA.

Martini (2003) mentioned that Eccrine sweat glands assist in reducing body heat.

There are about 2-5 million of these glands and their distribution varies in different body

areas. "These glands have their own nerve and blood supply and produce sweat when the

skin’s temperature rises above 35°C", (Hinchcliff, 1996).

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 The skin is the body’s largest sensory organ and its sensory (or afferent) nerve

receptors detect a number of different stimuli: mechanical, such as pressure or stretching;

and thermal, in terms of heat and cold (Marieb, 2003). This ability to sense and provide

information about contact of the skin with the outside world allows the brain to interpret

and act upon the stimuli and helps to protect the body and avoid damage to it.

Several criteria are used to classify the different types of skin. For example,

Fitzpatrick's classification, first described in 1975, is based on skin color and its response

to sun exposure. It is used to determine the proper type of sun protection factor or to

predict the risk of skin cancer, among others (Gupta, V., Sharma, V.K., 2019). However,

from a cosmetic point of view, skin is classified according to several factors related to its

balance: sebaceous secretion, hydration and sensitivity level. Thus, each type of skin will

have its own characteristics and require different cares. The type of skin is determined by

genetics, although it will also be affected by other factors and can change with time.

Based on these characteristics, there are five types of healthy skin: normal, dry, oily,

combination (both oily and dry skin) and sensitive (Roberts, W.E., 2009).

Hinchliff (1996) believed that nurses can gain a lot of information about patients’

health and well-being simply by examining patients’ skin. Physiological changes in the

skin are common - when we are hot, the skin reddens and sweat breaks out; when we are

in pain, it tends to be pale; patients experiencing a heart attack often look grey; a yellow

tinge to the skin may be a sign of jaundice; blue (cyanosis), a sign of oxygen deficiency.

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 Skin diseases affect 20-33% of the UK population at any one time (All

Parliamentary Group on Skin, 1997) and surveys suggest around 54% of the UK

population will experience a skin condition in a given year (Schofield et al, 2009).

According to the University of Tennessee Medical Center, moisturizing everyday

can reduce the chance of developing extreme dryness or oiliness. Both extremes are

harmful for skin and cause common skin conditions like acne. Using a daily moisturizer

ensures that the skin’s blemishes are camouflaged. That is because moisturizing tends to

make the skin have a slight sheen, and those with any tint or self-tanner even out different

skin tones.

In the perspective of Harvard Health Publishing (2019), Dry skin by itself isn't a

medical worry, although serious cases can result in cracks and fissures that invite

infection and inflammation. The real issue is discomfort — dry skin can be sore, tender to

the touch, and often itchy (although not all itchy skin is dry). There's also the red, rough,

scaly appearance lamented in many advertisements for moisturizers.

There are increasing interests in using natural antimicrobial compounds,

especially extracted from plants as medicines. Systematic screening of these

antimicrobial compounds may result in the discovery of novel effective antimicrobial

compounds (Tomok, et al., 2002). Cucurbitaceae, with 800 species included currently in

130 genera (Jeffrey, 2005), is among the most economically important plant families,

particularly those edible like pumpkin Cucurbita pepo (Cogniaux, 1981 and Jeffrey,

2006).

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 Cucurbita pepo L. (pumpkin, squash, gourd) is an economically important

member of the Cucurbitaceae family and is among the 10 leading vegetable crops

worldwide, being the extensively grown in temperate and subtropical regions of the

world (Paris 1996; Tadmor et al., 2005).

Previous pharmacological tests have shown that it possesses antiviral, anti-

inflammatory, analgesic, antihelminthic, and cardiovascular properties (Wang, et al

2005).

The core of its fruit contains mineral elements like iron, phosphorus, magnesium

and also sugars, starch, proteins and vitamin A, B, C, while other parts contain

isoprenoids and Cucurbitacin-B and some other compounds like phytostearin, globulin,

terpinnone, and borneo (Ali, 2002).

Squash contains 68 micrograms of vitamin A, a powerful antioxidant essential for

good skin, vision and mucous membranes. What's more, polyphenolic

carotenoid/flavonoids such as beta-carotenes and cryptoxanthin-ß convert to vitamin A in

the body for a one-two punch of protection. Every 100-gram serving of squash offers

12.3 milligrams of vitamin C, providing infection protection, among other things. The

potassium and calcium content in squash is also beneficial, with 350 milligrams and 28

milligrams respectively, along with vitamin E, thiamin, niacin, folate, magnesium,

riboflavin and pantothenic acid.

The emergence of antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria and fungi is widespread

(Agarwal and Prakash, 2014) and this calls for the search and utilization of alternative

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source of antimicrobial agents against most human pathogens and microbes with

potential of causing diseases in man.

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. (family; Malvaceae) is a profusely flowering, perennial,

woody ornamental shrub distributed widely in the tropical regions. Previous studies have

indicated H. rosa-sinensis to possess bioactive properties and is recommended to be used

as an herbal alternative to cure many diseases (Obi et al., 1998).

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis has played a prominent role in human health due to the

presence of specific biologically active classes of organic compound (Joshi and Dhawan

2005).

Various research studies proved that the different parts of Hibiscus rosa sinensis

plants possesses Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Antidiabetic, Antiulcer, Hepatoprotective,

Antifertility, Antigenotoxic and Anti-inflammatory properties, which helps in treatment

of many diseases.

Hibiscus is often touted to be a miracle flower, which comes with natural anti-

ageing properties, thus earning it the moniker 'botox plant'. It can help improve the skin's

elasticity and prevent early signs of ageing naturally.

Dolly Kumar (2020), cosmetic engineer and founder of beauty brand Skinella

says, "Hibiscus is an amazing flower, which can make your skin fresher, younger and

give you a smoother-looking complexion. The natural acids present in hibiscus help

purify your skin by breaking down dead skin cells while helping control acne breakouts.

It's naturally occurring oils also help keep your skin moisturised."

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Mansi Chowdhary (2020), co-founder and director of beauty brand Body Cupid says,

"The antioxidant properties present in hibiscus does skin wonders like bringing firmness

and tightening the skin layer, keeping the skin oil and moisture balanced, and also

exfoliating the dead cells by turning to be a natural skin cleanser."

Statement of the Problem

The general objective of this study is to make an antibacterial lotion using

gumamela (Hibiscus) and squash (Cucurbita).

Specifically, it seeks to;

1. To know the level of effectiveness of this antibacterial lotion.

2. To design and produce a good antibacterial lotion that can be used by

consumers in their daily lives.

Hypothesis

 The Antibacterial lotion is effective because of the antibacterial components of

our main ingredients which are the gumamela (Hibiscus) and squash (Cucurbita).

 It can make your skin soft and healthy as well.

 The finished product could make not only improved the physical state of your

skin but also it can prevent from pathogen like bacteria if you apply it.

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Research Paradigm

Figure 1 presents the research paradigm showing the input, process and output.

The input is the information about vegetables and plants that have an antibacterial

component the main ingredients are gumamela (Hibiscus) and squash (Cucurbita). In the

process is the gathering of ingredients and equipment used in the production of

antibacterial lotion, mixing of materials and putting the mixture in a small jar that serves

as a container and placing it in a cool place. The output is an antibacterial lotion made out

of gumamela (Hibiscus) and squash (Cucurbita).

Conceptual Framework

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

1. Information about Gathering of

vegetables and plants ingredients, and
Antibacterial
that have an equipment used in
antibacterial the production of lotion made out of
component. antibacterial lotion.
gumamela (Hibiscus)

2. The main Mixing of materials

and squash
ingredients are Putting the mixture (Cucurbita).
gumamela (Hibiscus) in a small jar that
and squash serves as a container
(Cucurbita) which and placing it in a
have an organic and cool place.
antibacterial
compounds.

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Figure 1

Significance of the Study

This study would help to clarify the awareness of people about the efficacy of

gumamela (Hibiscus) and squash (Cucurbita) as an alternative antibacterial lotion.

Students. This analysis would be an immense resource for students to acquire

information about the effects and impacts of gumamela (Hibiscus) and squash

(Cucurbita) Antibacterial Lotion.

Teachers. This research would increase the understanding of teacher about the benefits

of gumamela (Hibiscus) and squash (Cucurbita) Antibacterial Lotion which can provide

other individuals a way to pass on this information.

School. This information would be an assist and provide of the school with proper

guidance and information to help people understand what does this disinfectant lotion

could do to human skin.

Parents. This experiment would be a useful reference to give the parents the gumamela

(Hibiscus) and squash (Cucurbita) Antibacterial Lotion concept and facts to educate and

illuminate the awareness of their children about the efficacy of this complementary

antibacterial lotion.

Society. For the society where we live, this will provide everyone with adequate analysis

of the impact of gumamela (Hibiscus) and squash (Cucurbita) as an alternative

antibacterial lotion and the significance including its benefits that this lotion can offer to

our society or community.

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 Scope and Delimitation

The main focus of this study was the effectiveness of gumamela and squash as an

antibacterial lotion. This product will be using gumamela and squash as the main

ingredients since they contain antibacterial properties that make not only protect from

bacteria but also moisture the skin due to the presence of specific biologically active

classes of organic compound. By this method, it also followed the processes and

procedure like mixing all the ingredients until it comes to the right mixture. The proposed

study is limited only in reducing different pathogens to invade the skin. The researcher

conducted three trials to evaluate the most successful trial during the year 2021.

Definition of Terms

 Hibiscus- scientific name of gumamela.

 Cucurbita - scientific name of squash.
 Integumentary System- one of the human systems that is responsible for our
skin.
 Antioxidant- a substance that protects the cells of the skin from damage.
 Bioactive- it helps in maintaining good health because of its components.
 Ultraviolet Rays- a radiation from sun and other artificial sources that are
harmful for the skin.
 Receptors- these are nerve endings in charge of detecting different activities
for people to give a response in specific situations.
 Stimuli- different features of the environment that affect different organisms.
 Moisturizer- a product used in sustaining the quality of the skin.
 Infection- numerous microorganism and parasites occupy the skin.

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 CHAPTER II

METHODOLOGY

This chapter contains information on our research methodology; as well as the

processes we used to gather data, create a product and the data for the purpose of our

research that was used by the researchers to help them initialize more information about

the product.

Research Design

As for this analysis, Experimental research methods were used by the

investigators.

Research Design is done by separating the study in a physical state apart from the

usual living cycle and modifying one or more independent variables under strictly

defined, functional and regulated conditions. Since it develops various therapies and then

investigates their effectiveness, it is considered the most comprehensive research process.

It is probably that outcomes of this sort would lead to the most clear-out understanding

In concrete words, Laboratory / Controlled Experiments is the research design

that the investigators implemented to this undertaking. In a well-controlled environment

(not generally a laboratory), this type of experiment is undertaken where precise

measurements are possible.

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 In what conditions and using a standardized procedure, the investigators' advisors

determine where the study will take place, at what moment, with which participants. Each

independent variable category is randomly assigned to the researchers.

A. Ingredients B. Materials

 Flowers of Gumamela  Blender

 Flesh of Squash  Tablespoons and teaspoons
 Distilled Water  Large pan
 Coconut Oil  Glass bowls
 Vegetable Glycerin  Mixer machine
 Emulsifying Wax  Small bottles

Procedures

STEP 1: Dry the flowers of the gumamela plant under the sun for one day. After

that day, prepare all the ingredients and the measuring tools to be used.

STEP 2: Grind the flowers of the gumamela plant (Hibiscus) and the flesh of

squash (Cucurbita)

STEP 3: In one container, add the vegetable glycerin to distilled water and to

another container mix the emulsifying wax and coconut oil.

STEP 4: Using a large pan with a hot water on it, put the two containers (one

mixture for vegetable glycerine and emulsifying wax and coconut oil) and leave it

until the two mixtures melt. Once the two mixtures melt, combine it into one

container. Then stir it.

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 STEP 5: Add the grind gumamela and squash into that container then with the

help of the mixer tool, use it until the texture of the mixture is creamy. Check the

temperature of the mixture, make sure it is still warm.

STEP 6: Transfer the final mixture of the antibacterial lotion by pouring it in a

small bottle.

Treatment of Data

The researchers conduct three (3) rounds of trial and error to find the best

ingredients for a more effective antibacterial lotion. The effectiveness of gumamela and

squash as antibacterial lotion is shown in the table below. The experiment was done by

the researchers.

Trials Flowers of Flesh of Distilled Coconut oil Vegetable Emulsifying Time

Gumamela Squash Water (Tbsp) Glycerin wax (min)

(tsp) (tsp) (tsp) (Tbsp) (tsp)

1 2 2 20 4 2 10 25

2 1 1 7 3 2 3 10

3 1 1 7 3 3 3 10

Treatment number 1 has an impure texture. The gumamela and the squash are still

visible in the mixture, which irritates the skin when added to it. The antibacterial lotion

has a milder fragrance than most lotions. Coconut oil dominates the aroma.

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 Treatment number 2 has a texture that is in the right consistency. It is already

smooth on the skin. The strength of coconut oil has gradually decreased but it still smells

like coconut oil.

Treatment number 3 is similar to the outcome of treatment number 2, with the

exception of the odor. Since the coconut oil scent has disappeared, the antibacterial

lotion's final result is odorless.

CHAPTER III
I. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A. Effectiveness of Ingredients

A. Trial 1

The researcher who used trial 1 stated that the product does not smell

pleasant for an antibacterial lotion, and that the main ingredients, gumamela and squash,

are still visible in the mixture. In addition, the researcher rated the antibacterial lotion's

performance at seven out of ten.

B. Trial 2

The researcher who used trial 2 stated that the lotion applied to the skin

feels as smooth as other lotions. However, the product still has a coconut oil odor to it.

The antibacterial lotion's efficiency received an eight out of ten rating from the

researcher.

C. Trial 3

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 The researcher who used trial 3 stated that the lotion has a good

consistency of mixture as it is smooth on skin when you rub it. The odor of the product

doesn’t has any smell due to the replacement of the coconut oil ingredient so it is an

odorless antibacterial lotion. Ten out of ten is the rating received from the researcher.

As a result, the researchers found that among the antibacterial lotion trials,

treatment number three is the best and most successful.

B. Level of Effectiveness as an Antibacterial Lotion

Legends:
1-2 Low Effectiveness
3-4 Average Effectiveness
5 High Effectiveness

1. If you apply the antibacterial lotion to your hands and feet, does it make the skin
smooth?
1-2 (Low Effectiveness)
3-4 (Average Effectiveness)

5 (High Effectiveness) 

2. Does the antibacterial lotion hydrate the skin after application?

1-2 (Low Effectiveness)
3-4 (Average Effectiveness)

5 (High Effectiveness) 

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3. Does the antibacterial lotion have the correct consistency to avoid causing skin
irritation?
1-2 (Low Effectiveness)
3-4 (Average Effectiveness)

5 (High Effectiveness) 

4. Is your skin not reacting violently to the antibacterial lotion?

1-2 (Low Effectiveness)
3-4 (Average Effectiveness)

5 (High Effectiveness) 
5. Does the product gives satisfaction to your skin as an antibacterial lotion?
1-2 (Low Effectiveness)
3-4 (Average Effectiveness)

5 (High Effectiveness) 

According to the researchers, applying the antibacterial lotion to your hands and

feet is a highly effective way to smooth your skin. In addition, the antibacterial lotion is

very good at hydrating the skin after application. They also mentioned that maintaining

the proper quality is crucial in avoiding skin irritation. The antibacterial bacterial lotion

will not cause any damage to your skin and will not respond violently. Even, as an

antibacterial lotion, it is highly successful and highly effective that provides satisfaction

to your skin.

C. Convenience
Legends:

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 1-2 Low Effectiveness
3-4 Average Effectiveness
5 High Effectiveness
1. Does the antibacterial lotion convenient to use?
1-2 (Low Effectiveness)
3-4 (Average Effectiveness)

5 (High Effectiveness) 
2. Does the application of the antibacterial lotion changes your skin condition?
1-2 (Low Effectiveness)

3-4 (Average Effectiveness) 

5 (High Effectiveness)
3. Do you consider the product useful?
1-2 (Low Effectiveness)
3-4 (Average Effectiveness)

5 (High Effectiveness) 

4. Does the antibacterial lotion lasts on your hands and feet?

1-2 (Low Effectiveness)
3-4 (Average Effectiveness)

5 (High Effectiveness) 

5. Did the antibacterial lotion meet your standards after receiving and using it?
1-2 (Low Effectiveness)
3-4 (Average Effectiveness)

5 (High Effectiveness) 
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 The antibacterial lotion was given a "High Effectiveness" rating by the

researchers, indicating that it is convenient to use. They also responded with “Average

Effectiveness" to demonstrate that this antibacterial lotion does not improve your skin's

condition; rather, it simply prevents bacteria from invading your skin. They also found

the antibacterial bacterial lotion to be beneficial, which is why they gave it the highest

ranking. They also say that this lotion will last for a long time on your skin. And then,

they mentioned that the antibacterial lotion met their expectations when they used it,

which is why they gave it a high effectiveness rating.

CHAPTER 4

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION

This chapter presents the summary of the finding, the conclusion at base on the

findings and recommendation offered.

Summary

The study is entitled “The Effectiveness of Gumamela (Hibiscus) And Squash

(Cucurbita) As an Antibacterial Lotion” that the general objective is to make an

antibacterial lotion using gumamela (Hibiscus) and squash (Cucurbita). The specific

problem are; a.) To know the level of effectiveness of this antibacterial lotion, b.) To

design and produce a good antibacterial lotion that can be used by consumers in their

daily lives.

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 By gathering all the needed information through the use of online resources, the

researchers were able to learn the components of the main ingredients which are the

gumamela (Hibiscus) and squash (Cucurbita) to make a valid production of the

antibacterial lotion. With that, the researchers conducted three trials to find out the best

and effective treatment for the product.

The researchers conducted an experimental research to see how efficient this

antibacterial lotion is at preventing bacterial infections. Researchers used the study to

gather the data they wanted to prove the efficacy of gumamela (Hibiscus) and squash

(Cucurbita) in preventing bacteria from invading our skin and keeping it safe. The

researchers were able to observe and evaluate the most successful trial by analyzing the

outcomes of the trials they performed, which was trial number three or the last trial.

Conclusion

The researchers concluded that, gumamela (Hibiscus) and squash (Cucurbita) is

effective and efficient alternative antibacterial lotion. The main ingredients which are the

gumamela (Hibiscus) and squash (Cucurbita) have an antibacterial components that aid in

protecting our skin from pathogens such as bacteria and the antibacterial lotion created is

environmentally friendly due to its organic nature.

Recommendations

1. Further studies should be conducted to make the gumamela and squash

antibacterial lotion more effective in making the skin healthy and hydrated.

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2. Gumamela and squash should be promoted to other people in order to try the

effectiveness of this alternative antibacterial lotion.

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