International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE)

ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-8 Issue-3, September 2019

Potential Utilization of Waste Material for

Sustainable Development in construction Industry
Sudharsan N, Sivalingam K

Abstract: Billions of waste is produced in the world but the The researchers are doing the work in replacement the waste
wastes are not properly recycled. Recycling of materials also materials in cement, Fine aggregate, Course Aggregate and
different issues and it needs more energy. The waste materials bricks at the time of manufacturing. Some waste materials
are stored in a land also create more amounts of problem and it are directly used and some materials need some treatments.
Leeds to land pollution. The utilization of waste materials in the
manufacturing of building is a challenging task. But it is the
good solution for disposal of waste materials in the developed II. WASTE MATERIAL USED IN CONCRETE
building materials. We need to analyze the waste materials first Now a day’s lot of waste materials is generated due to
then only we can utilize the materials in the perfect way. Now a increment of development of industrial growth and
day’s lot of research is going on in the waste utilization area.
population density. Due to the increment of the industries lot
This literature study mentioned the various waste materials and
how it is used in our real construction field. The waste utilization of wastes are generated. The wastes are as follow
gave two things. First one is reduction of the pollution and the Fly ash
second is save the natural materials for sustainable development. Fly ash is a major by product of thermal power plant
This paper also shows the betterment results of the waste industry. Fly ash size is very small and it is replaced by
utilization technique. cement in concrete. The fly ash is classified as two types
like class C and Class F according to ASTM C618.
Keywords : Fly ash, Mechanical properties, Waste Materials, Depending upon the Calcium, iron, silicon and aluminium
Sustainable development, contents are different in the types. Malhotra (1990)
experimented class F fly ash having very good Pozzolanic
activity and also it gave good mechanical strength, more
I. INTRODUCTION durability and having low permeability.
The basic materials used for construction are Bricks, Haque et al. (1984) investigated the utilization of high
Cement, Course aggregate, Fine aggregate, and Concrete. volume fly ash in concrete. His results showed concrete
For Manufacturing of two tonne of cement it emits two containing 40 to 60% addition of fly ash concrete have very
tonne of Carbon dioxide and other green house gases. It less compressive strength at early age of concrete. But after
affects the environment very heavily and it led to green 28 days the compressive strength of fly ash added concrete
house effect. The temperature of the earth also day by day is equal to without addition of fly ash concrete. They
increasing due to this green house effect.The developing attained the compressive strength of 35 MPa.
countries like India having more amounts of industries. Chung-Ho et al. (2013) studied the mechanical properties of
Those industries also send the huge amount of waste by high volume fly ash concrete. They conducted the
products. The disposals of the waste are a big task for the compressive strength test and Tensile strength test of the
each industry. The industries need to more concentrate on high volume added fly ash concrete up to 365 days.
disposal in a perfect way. If they are disposing the waste in The compressive strength of the concrete was increased
rivers then the water is going to be polluted. But the waste gradually. At 365 days we can get the good amount of the
materials are depositing the land also a big problem. strength when compared to the normal mix. Similarly, the
The soil conditions are changed and it polluted more. flexural strength of the concrete is also increased gradually
Sometimes it affected the ground water also. So Disposal of till 365 days.
waste materials is very difficult task. Lot of small particle The researchers compared the compressive strength and
waste materials is flying in air and creates some problems in tensile strength of the concrete at the various ages and they
the environment. derived the relationship between compressive strength and
If you utilizing waste materials in proper way then we can tensile strength of the concrete.
get some benefits and also pollution free environment. The The shrinkage of the concrete mix also calculated and at the
natural available materials are saving for the future age of 244 days the shrinkage of the high volume fly ash
generation for the sustainable development. Now a day’s lot concrete have more shrinkage because the increment of the
of research is going on in that area of utilization of waste fly ash volume in the concrete. They used two different
materials. types of fly ash (Loss of Ignition is different).

Revised Manuscript Received on September 15, 2019

Dr. N. Sudharsan, Associate Professor in Vidya Jyothi Institute of
Technology, Hyderabad.
Dr. K. Sivalingam, Professor in Global Institute of Engineering and
Technology, Hyderabad.

Published By:
Retrieval Number: C5062098319/2019©BEIESP Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
DOI:10.35940/ijrte.C5062.098319 3435 & Sciences Publication
 Potential Utilization of Waste Material for Sustainable Development in construction Industry

mechanical properties. Soda glass powder has good strength

when compared to Boron and Coloured glass powders

Fig.1 Comparison of Flexural strength and compressive

strength of high volume fly ash added concrete (Chung- Fig.2 Compressive strength of glass powder added mixes
Ho et al. 2013) (Islam et.al. (2017)
Silica Fume . Coconut Shell
Silica fume is a byproduct of ferrosilicon alloys industries. It Coconut shell is a one of the waste material and disposed
have good pozzolanic properties and also improved the to the land. But coconut has some fiber properties. Some
Portland cement properties in concrete. In 1987 on wards researchers started to work on the utilization of coconut
the research was started about utilization of Silica fume. wastes.
Yogendran et al., (1987) examined the effect of silica fume Gunasekaran et al., (2012) investigated the coconut shell
in concrete. They conducted compressive strength test and added concrete have less amount of weight and also have
they got 15 % cement replacement with silica fume gave
good compressive strength. They also discussed the Long
good result. Due to small size of the particles filler may
done and some pozzolanic reaction also happened for the term compressive strength like 365 days strength. The
good compressive strength. strength was very good when compared to the normal
Brooks et al. (1998) also studied the properties of silica concrete.
fume added concrete. The compressive strength was They concluded we can utilize the coconut shell as a fine
increased by replacing cement with silica fume 10%, 15% of aggregate without any special treatment. In the coconut
weight of cement. The durability studies also carried out and shells added concrete not give any bond failure at the
the test was conducted at the age of 90 days.
Wang et al., (2017) they conducted the silica fume added earlier stages even after 365 days also its behave as same.
concrete against sulfate attack. This silica fume added In the water absorption point of view, the coconut shells
concrete gave good result when compared to normal are absorbed the water and it is stored as a reservoir.
concrete. Köksal et al., (2008) studied the micro silica
particles gave good compressive strength and also added the
steel fibres in the concrete.
Heidari & Tavakoli, (2013) made an attempt on adding
silica fume and micro silica together in the concrete. The
both materials added together gave fine amount of
compressive strength in the concrete.
Glass
Glass is an in organic material. Now a day’s lot of peoples
doing their research in utilization of waste Glass. The was
utilized by Course Aggregate (CA), Fine Aggregate (FA),
Cement Replacement.
Meyer and Baxter (1997) conducted the test with
replacement of glass powder in cement concrete. The
specific weight of the concrete also reduced. In 2015, Cota’s
study focused on the particle size of the glass and
metakaolin added concrete. Researcher also discuss about
the alkali silica reaction. The strength was increased up to Fig.3 Size of the Coconut shells (Gunasekaran et
79% when compared to normal concrete. al.,2012)
Islam et.al. (2017) examined the waste glass powder as a They conducted the SEM analysis in the coconut shell
partial replacement of cement in concrete. The compressive added concrete and they mentioned its look like a reservoir.
strength of the concrete is more with addition of Glass They also conducted the coconut shell added concrete have
powder between 0 to 20% replacement of cement when
three different types of curing.
compared to normal mix. In the 10% of replacement of glass
powder in cement gave more compressive strength when
compared to all the mixes.
Sudharsan N & Saravanaganesh S (2019) studied the
different types of glass powder properties and tested the

Published By:
Retrieval Number: C5062098319/2019©BEIESP Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
DOI:10.35940/ijrte.C5062.098319 3436 & Sciences Publication
 International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE)
ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-8 Issue-3, September 2019

Rice Husk Ash

In India, the consumption of rice is more. The rise husk ash
also by product of the manufacturing of the rice. The waste
is dumped to the soil and the soil also getting polluted more
and its led to ground water pollution.
Huang et al., (2017) made an attempt on utilization of Rice
husk ash in a concrete. Rice husk ask containing concrete
have good compressive strength and also have less water
absorption value. The researchers also studied the durability
properties and its have good strength against chloride attack.
Antiohos et al., (2014). In this area still lot of researches are
going and try to improve the durability property of the
concrete.
Concrete Waste
At the time of World War II lot of building structures was Fig.4 The compressive strength of rubber ash concrete at
demolished and lot of concrete waste are generated. Some 90 days (Gupta et al., 2014)
researchers got more interest in utilization of waste concrete Steel slag
in the form of fine aggregate and course aggregate in the The next important waste material is steel slag. In the
newly prepared concrete. manufacturing of one tonne of steel produces nearly 17% of
Merlet & Pimienta, (1993) experimented the concrete waste waste steel slag and it is dumped in the land. The utilization
as a fine aggregate in concrete. As a result drying shrinkage of steel slag in concrete is more helpful to avoid the land
available 30% of waste replaced in concrete. Letelier et al. pollution. In that steel slag contains the various oxides
(2017) studied the concrete containing the concrete waste calcium, Silicon and iron.
aggregates and brick powder. P.S. Ambily et. al (2015) studied the ultra high performance
The waste concrete was used as a aggregate and waste brick concrete using waste copper slag. The copper slag was used
powder used as a replacement of cement in concrete. The as fine aggregate and it is compared with Ennore sand. The
compressive strength of the concrete is increased up to 9% copper slag was used in the ultra high performance concrete.
when compared to normal mix. The flexural strength also The compressive strength of the copper slag added concrete
slightly increased. 30% of recycled aggregate and 5% of is more than the 150 Mpa.
waste brick powder mix gave good compressive strength. The copper slag was replaced 100 % as a fine aggregate then
Rubber and Tyres the compressive strength of the concrete reduced to 10 to
Now a day there is a rapid growth in the vehicles on the 15% when compared to normal mix combinations.
road. Due to increase the population density there are lot of
vehicles are used in this world. The entire vehicle contains
rubber tyres in the wheels.
Due to more number of vehicles lot of rubber tyres are
wasted and it destroyed in the land. Some peoples are
burning the tyres and the lots of green house gases are
formed and the environment gets polluted.
To avoid these situations some researchers made an attempt
to utilization of the rubber in the concrete. The waste tyre
grinding to a small particles and it is used in concrete
replacement of aggregates and cement.
Olivares and Barluenga (2004) studied the waste rubber
used as fiber in concrete. If the percentage of the rubber
increased automatically the strength of the concrete gets
decreased. The rubber content up to 20% used in the Fig.5 The compressive strength of copper slag added
concrete the flexural strength was increased nicely when concrete at 28 days ((P.S. Ambily, 2015).
compared to the normal mix specimens. If we added the
waste rubber tyre particles the concrete gets more flexibility. III. CONCLUSION
(Gupta et al., 2014) studied the concrete containing rubber
In the study, the utilization of waste materials in concrete
material. They used the rubber as a fine aggregate and
was reviewed. The main objective of the study understands
replace the normal fine aggregate. They conducted the
compressive strength test at 90 days. There are three the advantages and disadvantages of the waste materials
different water cement ratios (0.35, 0.45, 0.55) was used in used in the concrete. Some materials are used instead of
that work. The test results showed in 0.35 water cement course and fine aggregates and some materials are used for
ratio the strength gets reduced when compared to other two cement. Fly ash is utilized more in the cement industries.
water cement ratios. Silica fume also have some pozzolanic properties. In recent
year’s waste glass also utilized in the manufacturing of
building materials like bricks,
paver blocks, etc.
The Steel slag, Rubber and

Published By:
Retrieval Number: C5062098319/2019©BEIESP Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
DOI:10.35940/ijrte.C5062.098319 3437 & Sciences Publication
 Potential Utilization of Waste Material for Sustainable Development in construction Industry

Tyres are also replaced as cement, aggregates in concrete.

The main aim of the waste utilization is to control the
pollution and keep the sources for the sustainable
development.

REFERENCES
1. Ambily, P., Umarani, C., Ravisankar, K., Prem., P. R., Bharatkumar,
B., & Nagesh R, I. (2015). Studies on ultra high performance concrete
incorporating copper slag as fine aggregate. Jornal of Construction and
Building Materials, 77, 233–240.
2. Antiohos, S. K., Papadakis, V. G., & Tsimas, S. (2014). Rice husk ash
(RHA) effectiveness in cement and concrete as a function of reactive
silica and fineness. Cement and Concrete Research, 61–62, 20–27.
3. Brooks, J., Cabrera, J., & Megat Johari, M. (1998). Factors affecting
the autogenous shrinkage of silica fume high-strength concrete. Paper
presented at the International Workshop on Autogenous Shrinkage of
Concrete. Hiroshima: Japan Concrete Institute.
4. Chung-Ho, H., Shu-ken, L., Chao-Shun, C., & How-Ji, C. (2013). Mix
proportions and mechanical properties of concrete containing very
high-volume of class F fly ash. Construction and Building Materials,
46, 71–78.
5. Sudharsan N, Saravanaganesh S (2019), Feasibility Studies on Waste
Glass Powder, International Journal of Innovative Technology and
Exploring Engineering (IJITEE), 8 (8), 1644-1647

AUTHORS PROFILE

Dr. N. Sudharsan, working as an Associate Professor in Vidya Jyothi

Institute of Technology, Hyderabad. He completed his U.G in Civil
Engineering, P.G in Structural Engineering and Ph.D in Civil Engineering
from Anna University. He is a Life a life member in IEI, ISTE, IAENG.
His area of research is utilization of waste materials in construction for
sustainable development.

Dr. K. Sivalingam working as a Professor in Global Institute of

Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad.
He completed his Ph.D in civil Engineering from Anna university on 2013.
He completed M.E Structural Engineering from Periyar university on 2000.
He completed his B.E Civil Engineering from University of Madras on
1989. He worked as Assistant Engineer in Tamilnadu Govt. PWD, WRD
from Nov 2011 to Mar 2011.He is a life member in Indian society for
Technical Education. His area of Interest is Concrete Technology, Waste
materials used in concrete.

Published By:
Retrieval Number: C5062098319/2019©BEIESP Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
DOI:10.35940/ijrte.C5062.098319 3438 & Sciences Publication