GENDER EXPECTATION: EFFECTS OF

STEREOTYPING IN THE BEHAVIOUR AMONG

GRADE 12 STUDENTS AT ASIA

TECHNOLOGICAL SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND

ART

A Research paper

Presented to the

Faculty of Asia Technological School of Science and Arts

City of Santa Rosa Laguna

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of HUMSS for the course

Practical Research 2
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Chapter I

Introduction

      Even now and then, people are still experiencing stereotyping. Although

stereotype can be either positive or negative, they rarely provide true information

about the others. People learn stereotyping through parents, significant others and the

social media. People get stereotyped on their sex, gender identity, race and ethnicity,

nationality, socioeconomic, status, language and other factors. A profiled view or

assumption about the attributes, characteristics of women and men, as well as the

roles they should play, is known as a gender stereotype. When it restricts women's

and men's ability to develop their personal skills, pursue professional careers, or make

life-altering decisions, a gender stereotype is destructive (Office of the High

Commissioner for Human Rights 2014). Gender stereotyping is the practice of

assigning specific roles, characteristics, or traits to a single woman or man based

solely on their membership in the social group of women or men. When it leads to a

violation of human rights or fundamental freedoms, gender stereotyping is

catastrophic (Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights 2014).

Traditionally in gender stereotyping people experience things such as girls and

women is to marry and have children. She is also to put her family's well-being

before her own; be loving, compassionate, caring, nurturing, and sympathetic; and

find time to be sexy and feel beautiful and expected to dress in typically feminine

ways, be polite, and accommodating. Men are to be the financial provider. He is also

to be assertive, competitive, independent, courageous, and career‐focused; hold his

emotions in check; and are generally expected to be strong, aggressive, and bold,

because of these, gender stereotyping is a big issue within our society, it can affects

people in many ways. That is why the researchers conducted this study to know the

effects in the behaviourof those students who experience gender stereotyping. This is

the researcher’s research topic: Gender Expectations: Effects of stereotyping in the

behavior among Grade 12 students at Asia Technological School of Science and Art

SY. 2022 - 2023. It is all about the effects of gender stereotyping in the

students behaviours. Extreme gender stereotypes are harmful because they forbid

individuals from completely expressing their thoughts and feelings. Men who feel

that they aren't allowed to cry or exhibit sensitive feelings, for instance, suffer from

this. Additionally, it is bad for women to believe that they are independent,

intelligent, or ambitious (Plant Parenthood Care 2022). Hence, a gender stereotype is

bad when it restricts the ability of both men and women to advance their personal

qualities or professional skills and to make decisions about their lives and objectives

(Iberdrola 2022). Gender stereotypes affects both genders around the world, because
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of this, children at a very early age reducing their aspirations and limiting their career

options, it can also affect with their learning and academic performances.

    Gender Stereotyping affects people's clothing, hobbies and perspective, Moreover

it gives a negative repercussions to people's self esteem, relationship and influence to

other people. Gender stereotyping is detrimental because they may influence us to

perceive things differently. The pursuit of true gender equality is seriously hampered

by gender stereotyping, which also contributes to discrimination against gender. First

and foremost, the researcher’s objective is to know and to gather useful knowledge

that will help the researchers in the future. The second goal is to help people define,

and to determine what is gender stereotyping, what are the causes of stereotyping in

the students life. The third goal is to help the readers to discover new ideas and ensure

that students make the best use of existing good information and finally to gain

experience that the researchers desperately need. The researchers selected this issue

because gender stereotyping affects a large number of people, and the researcher

wants to know how it influences the learners.

Background of the Study

     Stereotype referred as an excessive belief connected to a category. By

understanding stereotypes as distinctly cognitive phenomena, this definition

distinguishes them from other types of intergroup bias based on Allport (1979, p.

191). Stereotypes are beliefs and assumptions individuals hold about someone based
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on that person's perceived membership in a particular social group (Fiske, Cuddy, &

Glick, 2007). Stereotyping refers to putting someone into a predetermined mold and

denying their uniqueness. The word is derived from a copying technique developed

by William Ged in 1725. Furthermore, in 1922 book, Lippman was the first who

coined the term stereotype in order to characterize the perceived qualities of a social

group to determine the social group's perceived characteristics (Hewstone, Glick &

Esses, 2010).

There is frequently broad agreement regarding gender stereotypes, which are

generalizations about how men and women behave. The unequal distribution of men

and women in social roles at home and at work, according to social role theory, is the

source of gender stereotypes (Eagly, 1987, 1997; Koenig and Eagly, 2014). In

foraging societies as well as more socioeconomically advanced ones, there has long

been a division of work based on gender (Wood and Eagly, 2012). There has

apparently been discrimination against citizens based on their gender for many years.

According to Plous, 2003; Whitley & Kite in year 2006, it appears that mass media,

which includes movies, television, and ads, is replete with stereotypes and is a key

source of stereotypes people learn as a result of the globalization of media coverage

over the previous few decades. Despite the fact that the media did not invent

stereotyping, it has a significant impact on its creation and maintenance (Cooke-

Jackson & Hansen, 2008). Every day, stereotypical pictures are presented in the

media, and these portrayals may lead to prejudice against out-groups, resulting in
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people having unfavorable and emotional reactions toward members of these groups

(Ramasubramanian, 2005).

As a result of how boys and girls are raised and taught, research shows that gender

disparities emerge over the course of a person's life. In this process, biological

variations pave the way for common conceptions of the distinctive qualities and

capacities of men and women. The findings of the study,

However, indicate that it is not biological differences between men and women but

rather the many cultural roles and power positions that men as economic providers

and women as homemakers occupy that exacerbate and magnify initial inequities.

Social roles have been discovered to have a gender-neutral impact on the regulation

of hormones, self-control, and social behaviour, which ultimately results in diverse

thoughts, feelings, and behaviours in men and women (Eagly & Wood 2013).

Given the cited information above, it is reasonable to infer that gender stereotyping

has a significant effect on how an individual behaves. In order to understand the issue

of gender stereotyping effects on an individual, numerous researchers have conducted

studies. For instance, according to Institute of Physics (2018) they demonstrated how

gender stereotypes impact how people view themselves, how they view others, and

how they participate in the workforce. They may have an effect on a student's

wellbeing, academic performance, preferred subject matter, and classroom experience

in a school environment. People might be biased against boys and girls, whether
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consciously or unconsciously, which could result in students being given less

opportunities or receiving different treatment based on their gender.

In the present study, researchers sought to determine the will be encounter problem

and effects of gender stereotyping among Grade 12 students at Asia Technological

School of Science and Arts. This study aims to raise public awareness of the

damaging effects gender stereotyping has on society, a person's sense of self-worth,

mental health, and daily life.

Furthermore, comprehending the relevance of gender stereotyping entails having

information about femininity and masculinity, allowing their emotions to express

themselves, knowing how to be true to themselves, and etc.

Theoretical Framework

    This review is upheld by the theory of Performance among men and women can

be affected by gender concepts and the judgment of members of a community based

on their behavior and way of life as individuals, due to the contrast of a person's

behavior with what they expect by Lips (2001)

In the theory presented above, the connection of the study related to the theory is

women and girls are more likely than men to experience situations that threaten

stereotypes when evaluating the behavior they have been affected by it, according to a

study by the American Sociological Association (ASA). The ASA study looks at how
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people use language labels, gender appearance conventions, and how, because people

have different and high expectations, they use it to judge someone who doesn't meet

their standards. (Bigler & Liben, 2007). 

Conceptual Framework 

 Figure 1 present the Conceptual Framework of the study. The effects of

stereotyping is the independent variable and the behavior among Grade 12 students is

the dependent variable. However, the gender is the moderator variable of the study.

These three varieties are directly related based on the research’s descriptive analysis.

Statement of the Problem 

    This study aims to determine the problem encountered and the effects of gender

stereotyping among Grade 12 students at Asia Technological School of Science and

Arts.

The researchers frequently look for answers to the following queries:

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1 Age;

1.2 Gender;

1.3 Strand;

2. What problems could gender stereotype cause to in terms of;

2.1 Behavior

2.1.1 Personality;

2.1.2 Attitudes
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2.1.3 Clothing

3. What are the effects of stereotyping on the behavior of Grade 12 students in terms

of;

3.1 Mental Health

3.1.1 Self-esteem

3.1.2 Social well-being

Scope and Limitations of the Study

     This study will be conducting to determine the effects of gender stereotyping

among the Grade 12 students at Asia Technological School of Science and Art S.Y

2022-2023. The researcher wants to know the effects of gender stereotyping in terms

of behaviour and mental health, specially to those students who are experiencing this.

     The researchers will focus on Grade 12 students at Asia Technological School of

Science and Art. Due to the fact that it is vital to collect data or acquire information

for the reason that researchers has varied experiences when it comes to this.

    Furthermore, the collection of all data and information will be the Grades 12

student, since researchers do not have a certain strand, it is more convenient if the

researchers include the other strand, which are the HUMSS, ABM, GAS, STEM, and

TVL.

Significance of the Study 

    This study conducted to determine the effects of stereotyping in the behavior

among grade 12 students at Asia Technological School of Science and Art and what

actions did the students to overcome the behavioral problem based on gender

difference.

To readers. This study will provide those who might experience the same situations

and information on how they can obtain this kind of situation.

To students. this study can influence the reader for their additional knowledge about

stereotyped on the basic of sex, gender identity, nationality, socio-economic status,

language, etc.

To teachers. This study can help for their teaching process and for their studies about

the terms and how they respect the roles that should be performed by men and

women.

To researchers. This study can provide for their advance knowledge about their

research proposal.

To the future researchers. This study can help them to gain information and can be a

basis for their future researchers. 

Definition of Terms

 
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To facilitate vivid understanding, the following terms were defined operationally

and conceptually as to how the following words were used and applied in the study.

Academic Performance.

Academic performance is the measurement of student achievement across various

academic subjects. Teachers and education officials typically measure achievement

using classroom performance, graduation rates and results from standardized tests.

This term in this paper pertains to the level of competency a student has to offer.

Femininity.

Femininity describes qualities or attributes regarded as characteristics of women. This

term pertains to the actions or speech conduct that is supposed to display feminine or

womanly charm.

Gender Identity.

An individual's personal sense of having a particular gender. This term that is utilized

in this study describes how individuals see themselves in a particular gender.

Gender Equality.

Gender equality happens when people of all genders have equal rights,

responsibilities and opportunities. This term in the study emphasizes that both men
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and women's interest, needs, and priorities are considered, recognizing the diversity

of various groupings of men and women.

Gender Stereotyping.

Gender stereotyping is a generalized view or preconception about attributes, or

characteristics that are or ought to be possessed by women and men or the roles that

are or should be performed by men and women. This term in the research refers to

how society ascribe or assign roles to an individual man or woman, assigning specific

attributes, traits, or roles to people depending on their gender.

Masculinity.

Masculinity describes qualities or attributes regarded as characteristic of men. This

term contrary to femininity, in the paper describes traits and behavior that is

supposedly masculine or manly.

Power Position.

Power position is a concept from Feng Shui, the ancient Chinese practice of studying

one's position within one's surroundings. In Feng Shui, the Power Position or "Dragon

Seat" is the physical position in the room for a business meeting, which supposedly
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has the most power. This phrase in the study refers to the position of power and

authority which is mostly occupied by men in our modern society as described in this

paper.

Stereotype.

Stereotype is a widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular

type of person or thing. This term pertains to the perspective or the implied general

views of the society towards a certain place, event, people.

Synthesis

There are many types of social issues in our society today but the most problematic is

gender stereotyping. It is said that stereotype is the criteria of the people who

determine whether a person is appropriate for their gender or not. Gender stereotypes

that exaggerate the real physical, social, and psychological differences between the

sexes have resulted from the concept of opposites. Gender Stereotyping is a

predetermined set of attitudes and behaviors that are one-sided and exaggerated

images of men and women that are deployed repeatedly in everyday life.

In gender stereotyping people experience discrimination and it can also affect how

men and women define themselves. It is confirmed that men and women behave

following their stereotypical gender roles to conform to society's expectations.

In today's society, gender stereotypes are widespread even though many things

have changed everyone still holds the same beliefs about how we should expect men

and women to behave, dress, and present themselves. People thought stereotyping is

natural because of their interaction with family, media, peers, etc.; and unconsciously

they have adopted those attitudes and expectations.

Stereotypes in the Philippines are heavily influenced by western cultures, the

stereotypical man is the breadwinner who provides for their family, whereas the

stereotypical woman is the stay-at-home mother. Stereotypes are problematic because

they ignore the true diversity of genders and sexualities in the human population.

Above all and beyond ideas, literature, and studies about stereotype simply state

that gender stereotype is very harmful in our society because it gives negative effects

on people's self-esteem, behaviors, and mental health. Gender Stereotyping always

results in prejudice in both sexes, it also gives exaggerated expectations to everyone.

Moreover, the difference between other people's conducted studies and the

literature evaluated in this chapter for the current study were useful in providing

deeper insights and new information about the effects of gender stereotyping on the

behavior of grade 12 students. The researchers were able to learn new things about

this study, it also gave the researcher more useful knowledge that can help in our

future studies. Additionally, those individuals or cited people have contributed

amazing ideas and big information that will help to improve the current study.
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Chapter III

Research Methodology

The methods used throughout the investigation are described in this chapter. In

this, the research design, methods, participants, instrumentation, sampling strategy,

data collection process, and statistical analysis employed in the study were

introduced.

Research Design

This study used descriptive design research as its methodology due to the fact that

descriptive studies are typically the most effective methods for gathering information

that will demonstrate relationships and describe the world as it currently exists. The

goal of descriptive research is to accurately and thoroughly describe a population,

situation, or phenomenon. (Shona McCombes, 2022)

This design aims to identify gender stereotypes and their effects on behavior

among Grade 12 students at Asia Technological School of Science and Arts.

Descriptive Research design was used due to the fact that the researchers' study is

looking for an answers of a repercussions in a specific situation or a phenomenon

which is gender stereotyping is under to this research design.

Participants Respondents of the study

The researchers chose Grade 12 students at Asia Technological School of Science

and Arts. Sy. 2022-2023 as their respondents for the reason that they have enough

knowledge to answer the problems posed in their study and they have varied

experiences when it comes to the problem.

Researchers selected 15 respondents in each strand in their study. So the

researchers will be conducting a survey and ask some information about their

experiences when it comes to gender stereotyping.

Instrument

The researchers devised a researcher-made questionnaire. Three specialists in the

field of language were asked to face validate and content validate the test in order to

maintain validity and reliability.

The survey questionnaire has a total of 30 items excluding the demographic

profile. The survey questionnaire is composed of four essential parts. The first part

consists of the demographic profile of the respondents. The second part is composed

of 10 items, a Yes or No question to measure respondents' motivation. The third part

consisted of 10 items, Agree or Disagree questions. The last part is composed of 10

rating scale questions to measure which among the Grade 12 students of Asia

Technological School of Science and Arts has experienced the effect of gender

stereotyping.

Sampling Technique
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The researchers will use Purposive Sampling wherein all Grade 12 students who

experience gender stereotyping were the respondents of the study. Based on

Crossman (2020) A purposive sampling is a non-probability sample that is selected

based on characteristics of a population and the objective of the study. The

respondents were chosen on the basis of their knowledge and experience of the

information desired.

Data Gathering Procedure

The following procedures will be followed by the researchers to determine the

Effects of Gender Stereotype on Behavior Among Grade 12 Students in Asia

Technological School of Science and Arts School Year 2022-2023.

1. The researcher created survey questionnaires to determine the effects of gender

stereotype in the behavior of grade 12 students. 

2. The researchers will provide the survey questionnaire in printed questionnaires

paper. 

3. Teachers will be ask for face and content validate the questionnaire. 

4. The researchers will present the letter of request to the school's principal in order to

conduct the surveys. The survey will be conducted once the request has been

approved by the Principal.

5. During respondents' second subject break, the researchers will distribute the survey

questionnaire. The printed survey questionnaire will be given to respondents for 30

minutes to answer.

6. The survey questionnaire will be collected and checked by the researchers.

Survey Questionnaire

There will only be a Yes or No answer to this questions.

1. Do people often perceive you as weak when you’re emotional?

2. Is gender stereotyping have impact on your personality?

3. I have a hard time getting along with other people, since I'm afraid of what

they might say and think about me.

4. Would gender stereotyping can affect how your mindset work?

5. In terms of how they act or make conversation with individuals of the

opposite sex, gender stereotyping has an equal impact on men and women.

There will be only a Agree and Disagree answer to this questions.

1. Everytime i go out with my friends who are the opposite sex to me, everyone

thinks im gay/lesbian.

2. After experiencing gender stereotyping, my motivation decreased on doing

something to myself.
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3. Because of gender stereotyping I learned to self-defeating talk myself; (ex.,

sabotaging you success, lower your potential, reduce your confidence, and

etc.)

4. After experiencing gender stereotyping, I gained the fear of failure and

making mistakes, i unconsciously became perfectionist.

5. They will recognize men as gay if they cry, because they believe men are too

strong to cry.

Rating scale will provide to answer this questions.

o Always

o Sometimes

o Neutral

o Rarely

o Never

1. Whenever I wear clothes that don't agree with the standards of femininity and

masculinity clothing, people think I am gay/lesbian.

2. Did gender stereotype affect your social well-being?

3. I feel uncomfortable whenever someone noticing my clothing style.

4. I isolate myself from people, who think differently about my actions that are

not according to their point of view.

5. My daily life is affected by how other people view me and how they expect

me to behave.
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