ATPL

Table 1 Chart Classifications .............................................................................................. 2

Table 2 Radio Spectrum Classification............................................................................... 3
Table 3 Radio Emission Classification ............................................................................... 3
Table 4 HF Frequency Classification ................................................................................. 3
Table 5 Loading Type Classification .................................................................................. 4
Table 6 AI Turning Errors .................................................................................................. 4
Table 7 Jetstreams and Global Latitude Reference............................................................. 5
Table 8 Macro Atmosphere Structure ................................................................................. 6
Table 9 Troposphere Structure............................................................................................ 6
Table 10 Pressure Datum Relationships (QNH/QFF) ........................................................ 6
Table 11 Fire and Extinguisher Classifications .................................................................. 7
Table 12 Pre-Ingnition and Detonation Characteristics ...................................................... 7
Table 13 Equipment Requirements ..................................................................................... 7
Table 14 Supplemental Oxygen Requirements................................................................... 8
Table 15 Safety Equipment Requirements ......................................................................... 8
Table 16 Reporting Requirements ...................................................................................... 8
Table 17 Separation Question Matrix ................................................................................. 9
Table 18 Separation .......................................................................................................... 10
Table 19 Light Signals ...................................................................................................... 10
Table 20 ICAO Annexes ................................................................................................... 11
Table 21 Licensing Requirements .................................................................................... 11
Table 22 - Visual Flight Rules .......................................................................................... 11
Table 23AIP Contents and Subdivision ............................................................................ 12
Table 24 ATS and SAR Classification ............................................................................. 12
Table 25 Holding Speeds .................................................................................................. 12
Table 26 Intenational Conventions ................................................................................... 12

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Table 1 Chart Classifications

Mercator Conic/Lambert Polar Stereo

Scale Scale at Xº = Expands outside standard Expands away from
1/Scale*CosXº (Div by ||s Contracts between, pole. Radius of || of
Cos Xº if going toward correct at std ||. || of lat is 2R tan(co-lat/2).
equator). origin slightly North of For scale map R
Or Scale at A*CosB=Scale midpoint. Max Lat =250M/Scale. Co-lat
at B*CosA spread 24º 2/3 inside, 1/6 is 90º-latº (ie. degrees
ea outside. to pole)
RL Straight (see below for Concave to pole Concave to pole
variants)
Convergency Correct at tangency (Std Chart Convergency longitude (ie. Sin
Equator, TVM - central longitude(mins) * Sin || lat= 1
meridian & equator, OM - of origin. Same formula
GC tangency and poles). for grid convergence.
Radio Add conversion  to all on Convergency @ station Convergency @
Bearings Std, Otherwise only to to ADF AWR. station to ADF AWR.
ADF/AWR.
GC Poleward of RL Poleward of RL Poleward of RL
Concave to point of Concave to point of Concave to point of
accurate convergence accurate convergence (|| accurate convergence
(Equator) of origin) (meridian)
Other Usable to 70ºN&S and Usable 80ºN&S. Usable 65N up.Light
350nm either side of GC shone from opposite
of tangency. pole
Variants Transverse – Central Simple – Cone touches
meridian of longitude is earth once, std = origin
tangency. GCs are
straightish/ concave to
central meridian. RLs
concave to pole. ||s of lat
are elipses xcpt equator.
Oblique – Specific Route

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Table 2 Radio Spectrum Classification

VLF LF MF HF VHF UHF SHF EHF
Very Low Med High Very Ultra Super Extra
Freq 3-30K 30- 300K- 3M- 30M- 300M-3G 3G-30G 30G-
300K 3M 30M 300M 300G
Wavelength 100km- 10Km- 1Km- 100m- 10m- 1m-10cm 10cm- 1cm-
10km 1Km 100m 10m 1m 1cm 1mm
Myria Kilo Hecto Deca Metric Deci Centi Milli
Space
Waves
Sky Waves
Surface 4000nm 1000nm 300nm 100nm
Waves
Ionos Duct
Atmos.
Attn
Surface
Attn
Ionos Attn
Static
Uses Loran NDB Comms Comms Gldslp Radalt
NDB 1750k 2850K- 118M- GPS 4.3G
190k 22M 137M 1.5G(L1)C/A MLS
1.2G(L2) ATC/Wx
SSR Radar
DME 9-10G

Table 3 Radio Emission Classification

X3E (Comms) AXW X0N AXA

J HF SSB Sup Carr 8 ILS P DME 1 NDB Ident
A VHF DSB 9 VOR N NDB Carrier 2 Alt NDB Ident

Table 4 HF Frequency Classification

Lowest Usable HF Maximum Usable Optimum Frequency

Frequency
Static & Ionospheric Best combination – use End of skip distance – a bit
attenuation highest frequency that temperamental
works

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Table 5 Loading Type Classification

Airplane incl
Basic Empty
unusable fuel &
Mass
oil Dry Operating
Crew & crew Mass (Wet if
Zero Fuel Mass bags, catering, includes Fuel)
Variable Load
special All Up Mass
equipment
Passengers &
Traffic Load
Freight Useful
Fuel (Disposable) Load
Fuel

Table 6 AI Turning Errors

Pitch

Over Turn

Under 90º 180º 270º

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Table 7 Jetstreams and Global Latitude Reference

Jan Jul Character EMEA Americas Far East/Pacific

90 Highs, Light Easterlies Greenland, Canada Northern
65 Territories
▐ 65 Disturbed Temperate Europe (Madrid, Rome, Nthn California to NY, Mongolia Kazakhstan &
▐ 80-120 (Travelling Westerlies) Istanbul) to Arctic Circle, Northern US States, Alaska, Russia (Sakhalin,
80-120 ▌ Russia,, Canada Kamchatka), Japan
▌ 40 (Hokkaido)
▌120 40 Temperate Transitional Southern med (Lisbon, Mid California, Colorado, China (Beijing to Xian),
35 (Mediterranean) Athens, Izmir, Tehran, Virginia Japan (Honshu, Tokyo)
Kabul) Korea
▌2/300 35 Arid Subtropical Nth Africa (Morocco, Algeria Sthn California, Texas, Sthn China (Xian to HK)
▌ Highs, Desert , Libya, Egypt, Saudi, Middle Georgia, Mexico City & Nth N India (Kashmir to
20 East Mexico Mumbai)
▌20N* 20 Tropical Transitional Oman, Sudan, Mauretania, Cuba, Sthn Mexico, Central India (Mumbai to
▌ Savannah & Trades Senegal, Mali, Niger, Chad, , America, Carribean Bangalore) Thailand,
▌*10N ▌25/50 10 Yemen Laos, Vietnam.
▌ ▌ 10 Equatorial Easterlies, weaker S facing strip of W Africa Northern S America Singapore Malaysia
▌25/35 ▌5S even v light westerly in (Lagos) to Horn (Addis (Panama, Venezuela) to mid Indonesia, Sri Lanka &
▌orW 10 winter. Ababa), Congo to Tanzania, Brazil Sthn tip of India
▌15S 10 Tropical Transitional Angola, Zambia, N Southern Brazil, Bolivia S Nth Australia
20 Savannah & Trades Mozambique Peru
20 Arid Subtropical Namibia, Sth Africa Uruguay, N Argentina Central Australia to
▌90/1T 35 Highs, Desert Sydney/Perth
▌70/80 35 Temperate Transitional Mid Argentia, Chile Melbourne, Auckland NZ
40 (Mediterranean) North Island
▌60/70 ▌60/70 40 Dist Temp Sth Argentina, Chile, Tierra NZ South Island,
65 del Fuego Tasmania
65 Polar Antarctica Antarctica Antarctica
90
*Bombay/Oman/Sudan Cuba is northern limit of tropical easterlies in summer
*Lagos Addis Ababa/Panama/Singapore is northern limit of tropical easterlies in winter

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Table 8 Macro Atmosphere Structure

Discontinuity Height Thermal Character Other/Notes

F Layer (Appleton) 225km (150-350Km) Temp Rises High Ion Density
E Layer (Kenelly-Heavyside) 125km (100-150Km) Temp Rises Med Ion Density
Mesopause 80km Temp falls
D Layer (Day Only) 75km (50-100km) Low Ion Density.
Stratopause 50km Temp rises at
0.3C/1000ft
ISA Limit 20km Temp steady -56.5 Unless tropopause height
under ISA drops at specified. Then use
2C/1000ft under JSA actual tropopause temp.
Tropopause 11km Sum Wtr Temp drops at 25,000ft -45C Pole
30º 16k 16k 2C/1000ft 40,000ft -55C mid lat
55,000ft -75C equator
50º 12k 9k
70º 9k 8k

Table 9 Troposphere Structure

Height. Press/Ht per HPa TUC Other

P dominates T affects P/H 96T(ºA)/P(HPa) (2 if from 7-8000ft cabin alt)
58,000ft 100/200ft
49,000ft Need radiation monitoring
43,000ft 8-12secs
40,000ft 20secs O2 under pressure required
O3 a problem to 75,000ft
38,000ft 200mb/102ft
35,000ft ¼-½min
30,000ft 300mb/73ft ½-1min
25,000ft 376mb 2-4min
22,000ft 4-8min 35mm in lungs/
unconsciousness
18,000ft 500mb/48ft 30min 50mm in lungs
10,000ft 700mb/36ft Indefinite
5,000ft 850mb/31ft
Sea Level 1013mb/27ft. Use 160mm but only 100mm
this for <2000ft. in lungs due H2O & CO2

Table 10 Pressure Datum Relationships (QNH/QFF)

Below ISA Above ISA

Above MSL QNH/QFF QFF/QNH
Below MSL QFF/QNH QNH/QFF

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Table 11 Fire and Extinguisher Classifications

Water Foam Dry Powder Carbon BCF
(oil/fuel not (metal/brakes) Dioxide (elec fire in
brakes) (engine/elec) cabin)
Class A Solid ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Class B Liquid/Gas ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Class C Electrical ✓ ✓ ✓
Class D Metal ✓ (or H2O atomiser)
Table 12 Pre-Ingnition and Detonation Characteristics

PreIgnition Detonation
Cause Hotspots in cylinder cause Mixture detonates rather than
mixture to ignite before spark burning
Timing Before Spark After Spark
Increasing RPM Worsens Improves
Mixture sensitivity Weak mixtures

Table 13 Equipment Requirements

MultiTurbine Max Cert TOM 15,000kgs 27,000kgs Warning

With >9 seats >5700kgs or 30 seats Required
Altitude ✓ ✓ Visual up,
Alerting Aural down.
GPWS ✓ ✓ ✓ Aural
1
DFDR 10h Apr/98 On Type II ✓ Type I
25h All A/C Jun/90 On (Enh. Rec.)
Turbine only B4 Jun/90
CVR 30m Jan/90 On 2hrs Apr/98 On ✓
30 min B4 Apr/98
TCAS II Jet/turbo plus all a/c >19 Jet/turbo ✓
seats by 2005
TAWS New jet turbo Jet/turbo ✓ Aural and
from 2003 by 2005 visual with
display
AWR <5700kgs >9 Seats at night or IMC
All press.a/c pressurised <9 where TS expec.
seats may use
stormscope
Windshield ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
wipers
Intercom Or 19 seats ✓ ✓

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Table 14 Supplemental Oxygen Requirements

Over 10,000ft Over 13,000ft Over 14,000ft Over 15,000ft Minimum

Pressurised 25kft >25kft
Flight Deck After 30 mins Entire time 30min 2hr
Cabin Crew After 30 mins Entire time 30 min
10% Pax After 30 mins
30% Pax Entire time
100% Pax Entire time 10 min
Unpressurised
Flight Deck Entire time
Cabin Crew After 30 mins Entire time
10% Pax After 30 mins
100% Pax Entire time

Table 15 Safety Equipment Requirements

Pax Seats Fire Extinguishers Crash axe Megaphone First Aid Kits
(Of which BCF) /deck
7-30 1 1
31-60 2 (1)
61-200 3 (2) 1+1100 <100 1
201-300 4 (2) 2 <200 2
301-400 5 (2) <300 3
401-500 6 (2) <400 4
501-600 7 (2)
>601 8 (2)
Plus 1 BCF in Cockpit

Table 16 Reporting Requirements

Subject Reporting
Unlawful Interference ASAP
Nav Irregularity/Met eg. VA, Radiation ASAP
Accident Quckest available means
Emergencey which endangers safety & tereby Local authority without delay, if required by state
violates local regs or procs to appropriate authority then to state of origin in
writing within 10 days.
Flight Incidents which (may) endanger safe ops Authority within 72 hours
Technical defects and excess of tech limitations Recorded in tech log
Air Traffic Incidents endangerment by other ICAO PANS RAC
flying device/ATC etc.
Birdstrike ASAP ATC

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Table 17 Separation Question Matrix

1.33

1.37

1.40

1.45

1.46

1.53

2.46

1.47

2.48

2.49

2.51

2.52

2.55

3.32

3.33

3.36
3.46
3.47
3.53

3.55

4.34
4.36
4.37
4.45
4.50
5.37
5.40
5.41
5.48
5.53
6.33
6.37
6.38
6.42
6.45
AIRLAW EXAM PAPER REFERENCE
Disappear from radar suggest missed approach2nm 2nm 2nm
No clearance Missed approach instruction within 2nm
Minimum Radar separation 3nm
A/c taking off in different directions <1mn
Navaids freq fix TAS +40 Timing 3mn 3mn
Same Localiser 2.5mn 3nm
Standard min radar sep 5nm
Min RNP RNAV 50nm
Wake turb on same localiser 5nm
RNAV sepration same on track minimum 80nm
Medium after heavy wake turb same rwy 2mn 2mn
Climbing thru opp traffic DME 10nm 10nm
Min separation adequate radar 2.5nm 2.5nm
Same level DME +20kt 10nm
Parallel rwy vector ontol ILS b4 2nm
Same level /speed DME 20nm
RNAV in Mach No space 80nm
Min sep +40kts (departure) 2mn 2mn
Non precision min dist clearance to land 4km
Max time between approach and another t/o 5mn
Heavy missed app, light t/o opp 2mn
Light after heavy 1000ft blw 6nm
descend trhru level of other a/c min 10mn
Min time navaids permit 10mn
Dist from td for change of speed 4nm 4nm
Minimum radar separation 3nm

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Table 18 Separation

Type Description
Vertical During ascent or descent 15 mins whilst vertical separation does not exist,
down to 10 where navaids permit, or 5minutes if less than 10 minutes of an
actual timed position report.
Lateral VOR/RNAV 15 more than 15nm from facility.
NDB 30 more than 15nm from facility.
DR 45 more than 15nm from intersect
Longitudinal DME (On track) 20nm or 10nm where front a/c is 20kt+ faster. Also 10nm
when climbing or descending through level.
Timing - 15mins, down to 10mins if navaids permit, down to 5 mins if
front a/c is +20kts, to 3mins if +40kts.
Mach number 10-5mins. Each minute less than 10 requires an additional
.01M from leading a/c starting at 0.02M up to 0.06M.RNAV 80nm.

RNP RNAV 80nm (RNP 20) verified every hour, 50nm (RNP 50) verified
every ½ hour. Otherwise 80nm when same on-track waypoint.

Radar Separation – 5nm standard, 3nm when conditions allow (UK 40nm
from radar head) and 2.5nm on localiser/approach (5nm on localiser for
wake turbulence).
Wake Turbulence Departure Lighter AND from intermediate part of runway (3min)
2mins UNLESS
Arrival LIGHT behind heavier (3min), 4/5/6 & 5nm
Departure 1, 2, 5mins. 1 if tracks diverge by 45 or more. On same track, 2 if speed
difference of 40kts, 5 otherwise. <1 minute if taking off in different
directions. 5 mins max between departing and arriving traffic

Table 19 Light Signals

To An a/c on the ground To an a/c in the air

Green Go (cleared take off) Go (cleared to land)
Red Stop Stop (ie circle and give way)
Flashing Red Get clear of landing area. Stay clear of landing area (ie do not land)
Flashing White Go to start Go to start (ie land here but await signals)
Flashing Green Cleared to taxi Come back and await signals
Red pyrotechnic Belay previous instructions - do not land for the moment.

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Table 20 ICAO Annexes

Annex Subject
1 Personnel Licensing (Getting a license is my Number 1 priority)
2 Rules of the Air (2 Sets of Rules, VFR and IFR)
3 Meteorological Services (3ºC/100ft DALR)
4 Aeronautical Charts (4 Cardinal Points)
5 Dimensional Units (CRP 5)
6 Operation of Aircraft (DC6)
7 Nationality and Registration Marks (The League of Seven Nations)
8 Airworthiness (Looks like a propeller)
9 Facilitation (NEIN in German – Immigration)
10 Aeronautical Communications (100 for the Operator)
11 Air Traffic Control Services (1 to 1 Personal Services)
12 Search & Rescue (The one before Accident Investigation)
13 Accident Investigation (Unlucky for some)
14 Aerodromes (14 Aerodromes around Heathrow)
15 Aeronautical Information Services (Looks like IS)
16 Environmental Protection (16 Age of Consent, use protection)
17 Security (17ft security fence required)
18 Dangerous Goods (At 18 you can drink but it’s DANGEROUS to drive)
19 Safety Management System (SMS)
Table 21 Licensing Requirements

Total Hours PIC Hours XC Hours Night Hours Instrument

Hours
ATPL (21-59) 1500 250 PIC/P1s 200 100 PIC/P2 75
500 MPA 100 sim 100 PIC 100 PIC/P1s 30 ground
Transport 25 Proc trainer
Category a/c
CPL (18- 150 20 5 10
5yrs 300nm flight 5 FSTOL as PIC 5 Ground
PPL (17-
IR (A) 50 PIC
for C/PPL 10 in Airplanes

Table 22 - Visual Flight Rules

Height Vis/Class B CDE FG
8km @ > 10,000ft Clear Clear of Cloud by

5km @ <=10,000ft Of 1500m Horizontally

Cloud 1000ft Vertically 3km @ < 3000ft

COC/ISOS
<140kt

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Table 23AIP Contents and Subdivision

AIP Section Coverage

GEN Location Indicators (1.56)
Charges for aerodromes and air navigation (6.67)
SIGMET Service
ENR Prohibited and Danger Areas
Holding, Approach and Departure procedures
AD Detailed description of met info at AD and indication of met office responsible.
Refuelling Services
Table 24 ATS and SAR Classification

Air Traffic Services Subdivision/Phase Notes

(ATS)
ATC Area Control
Approach Control
Aerodrome Control
Flight Information
Alerting Service Uncertainty Attempted communications fails/late ATS  RCC
Alert Apprehension – init by Flgt Info or ATC
Distress Damaged a/c, impaired needs immediate assistance

Table 25 Holding Speeds

Normal Turbulent
 FL140 170kts (A&B)/230kts 170kts (A&B)/280kts
 FL200 240kts 280kts
 FL340 265kts 280kts

Table 26 Intenational Conventions

Warsaw Tokyo (1963) Montreal Rome

(1926) Hague (1970) (1971) (1933/38/52)
Subject Liability Hijacking/ Non- Ground
Jurisdiction Hijacking Damage
Withdrawal Inform ICAO 6 Months
notice to
contracting
states

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