WEEK 1: Phonetic & Phonology
Phonentics: deal with the production of speech sounds by humans, often without prior knowledge of
the language being spoken.
Phonology:
Trachea/ winpipe: khis quanr
The pharynx: space behind the tounge, above the tounge, up towards the nasal cavity
Palate: soft/velum & hard palate: ngacj cung& mem
Uvula:
Những nguyên âm: /ʌ/, /ɑ:/, /æ/, /e/, /ə/, /ɜ:/, /ɪ/, /i:/, /ɒ/, /ɔ:/, /ʊ/, /u:/, /aɪ/,
/aʊ/, /eɪ/, /oʊ/, /ɔɪ/, /eə/, /ɪə/, /ʊə/ Những phụ âm: /b/, /d/, /f/, /g/, /h/, /j/, /k/,
/l/, /m/, /n/, /ŋ/, /p/, /r/, /s/, /ʃ/, /t/, /tʃ/, /θ/, /ð/, /v/, /w/, /z/, /ʒ/, /dʒ/
WEEK 2: DESCRIPTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF SOUNDS
I.Consonant: 24 cons , 20 vowel sounds
- Defi:
- Classification:
The place of articulation: vị trí cấu âm (theo thứ tự dần dần từ vị trí 2 môi -> môi, răng -> chỉ có
răng -> ko cần răng -> ……)
The location of the obstruction of the air-stream
a. Bilabial (vi tri 2 moi): /p/ /m/ /b/ /w/
b. Labio-dental: the lower lip brought up against the upper front teeth. Tounge in rest
position /f/ /v/
c. Dental: tip of the tounge protrudes bwt the teeth/θ/ /ð/
d. Alveolar: tip of the tongue /t/ /d/ /s/ /z/ /l/ /n/
e. Palato-alveolar: bwt the alveilar ridge and the palate /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /tʃ/, /dʒ/, /r/
f. Palatal: front of the tongue is brought up against the hard palate /j/
g. Velar: /k/, /ɡ/, /ŋ/
h. Glottal: /h/
bilabial Labio- dental alveolar Palato- palatal velar glottal
dental alveolar
Stop b
p
Nasal m
Fricative
Affricate
Approximan
t
Lateral
Retroflex
Glide
The manner of articulation: cách thức cấu âm
The way the air stream os obstructed or altered in the production of sounds
Describes the types of obstruction caused by the narrowing or closure of the articulators.
a. Stop (oral stop): 2 articulars comes apart quickly => air escapes through the oral tract.
/p/, /t/, /k/, /b/, /d/, /g/
b. Nasal: (nasal stop) air-stream stopped in the oral cavity => velum raised => air-s go out
through the nose
/m/, /n/, /ŋ/
Note: For every stop position in E, there is a nasal articulated in the same position.
c. Fricative: articulators come close together but there’s still a small opening => AS is
partially obstructed => an audible friction nose is produced
/f/, /v/, /θ/, /ð/, /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /h/
d. Affricate: /tʃ/, /dʒ /
e. Approximant: /l/ /r/ /w/ /j/
VOICING:
1. Voiced consonants: /b/, /v/, /d/, /z/
2. Voiceless consonants: /p/, /f/, /t/, /s/
II.VOWEL => none of the articulators come very close together => air-stream is relatively
unobstructed and the air can get out freely.
Classification: classified according to three variables:
a. Tongue height
b. Part of the tongue which is raised
c. Degree of lip rounding
Describing diphthongs
Describe the glide from the first vowel to thesecond.
• /aɪ/: low central to high front diphthong
• /eɪ/
• /ɔɪ/
• /eə/
• /ɪə/
• /ʊə/
• /əʊ/
• /aʊ/
Describing: vowels phonetic notation
– long/short
– high/low
– front/back
– rounded/unrounded.
PHONEMES & ALLOPHONES
I. PHONEMES : âm vị
Minimal pairs => differ by only 1 phoneme, in identical environment (ở đúng vị ví đó)
Pit => p /1/ i /2/ t/3/
1. Bit, sit
2. Pet, pat, put
3. Pick/k/, pig
Problems:
– A letter can be represented by different sounds. (ex: trong alphabet chữ a đọc là/ei/,
nhưng trong chữ “cat” đọc là /cat/)
– A phoneme can be represented by different letters or combinations of letters.
(ex: /i:/ được biểu hiện bằng combination of letters: ee, ea, …; /k/ => ck, c, k )
II. ALLOPHONES: biến thể âm vị
The nature of syllables
• A minimum syllable is a single vowel in isolation.
Eg. Are, or, err
• Some syllables have an onset (âm đầu)
Eg. My /mai/
• Some syllables may have no onset but have a
coda (termination) (âm cuối)
Eg. On
• Some syllabes have both an onset and a coda.
Eg.meat
LECTURE 5: MORPHOLOGY
1. Definition of Morphemes
• A morpheme is the SMALLEST MEANINGFUL unit in a language.
• Like the phoneme, the morpheme refers to either a class of forms or an ABSTRACTION from the
concrete forms of language.
E.g.:
• Grammatical morphemes (HÌNH VỊ): a, in, can, plural morpheme, present tense morpheme.
• Lexical morpheme: book, eat, “-er”, “re-”
Characteristics
Internally indivisible: it cannot be further subdivided or analyzed into smaller meaningful units.
Internally stable: nothing can be interposed in amorpheme
Externally transportable: it has positional mobility or free distribution, occurring in various context
2.Types of morphemes:
SMALL,
PART OF WORDS N, V, ADJ , ADV PART OF WORDS
INDEPENDENT
AFFIX: PHỤ TỐ
This classification is based primarily on MEANING.
LIMITED NUMBER
PREDICTABLE
ADDED
1. Definition of Morphs
concrete
FORM
MORPHEMES => MEANING !!!
Ex:
2. Types of MORPHS
FORM
ATTACHED
MEANING CORE
ATTACH TO
SUXFIX
PREFIX SUFFIX
ONE ONE
LIMITED
CLASS CHANGING: THAY ĐỔI TỪ LOẠI N, V..
CLASS MAINTAINING
PRECEDE LAST
CONTRACTION
INDEPENDENT
Meaning of the root
Meaning of the root Ex: duck – duckling
The part of speech of the root
a-
Be-
En-
Semantic classes
More than 1
More than one
Exact
Ablaut
Rhyme
zero
Run, drive, walk
Head, shoulder, contact
Better, empty
Blue-collar (worker) , head (book keeper)
Poor, rich
Down, up, offf
Tiểu từ
Down, up, offf
Down, up, off
No phonological
Derivational suffix
Derivaton: them hau to, phu to
Duplication: gaaps doi len (initial vowels)
More than 1
opaque
A single word Single syntactic unit
Ex: a good looking pop singer => 1 noun phrase
externally Internally
Mobility
One
5. Blending
• Blending is accomplished by taking only the beginning of one word and joining it to the
End of the other word.
• E.g.
- gasso(line) + (alco)hol → gasohol
- Sm(oke) + (f)og → smog
- Mo(tor) + (ho)tel → motel
• Sometimes one or other morphemes is left intact.
E.g.
sky + (hi)jacker → skyjacker
docu(mentary) + drama → docudrama
6. Back formation
• A word of one type is reduced to form a word
of another type is called back formation.
• Back formation is the opposite of derivation
• E.g.
- Emotion → emote
- Peddler → peddle
- Connotation → connote
7. Shortening
• Shortening is the segment of sound
segments without respect to morphological
boundaries.
• 3 types:
- Clipped forms
- Acronyms
- Initialism
7. Shortening
• Clipping: the result of deliberately dropping
part of a word, usually either the ................. or
the ................., while retaining the same
meaning and same word class.
• E.g.
- Fanatic → fan - Microphone → mike
- Mitten → ............. - Hamburger → .............
- Refrigerator → .................
7. Shortening
• Clipping:
• A word or part of a word in a phrase is
clipped
narcotics agent → narc
moving picture → movie (a diminutive affix may be
attached to the clipped form)
• A clipping may leave behind a prefic or suffix
................ rather than (part of) the root
ex-husband → ex
7. Shortening
• Acronyms: The initial letters of words in a
phrase are pronounced as a word.
• E.g.
- WASP: White Anglo Saxon Protestant.
- NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization
- Radar: radio detecting and ranging.
7. Shortening
• Initialism: The letters of words in a phrase are
pronounced as ................. .
• E.g. - a.m
- p.m
- B.C
- A.D
8. Root Creation
• Root creation is the invention of an entirely new
root morpheme.
• E.g: brand names
– Onomatopoeic words: their pronunciation are
imitative of animal sounds or natural sounds.
– Literary coinages (trong các tác phẩm văn học => tạo ra 1 từu mới hoàn toàn)
Note:
1. Hậu tố
2. 3 loại: …..
3. Thay đổi về từ loại, stress location
4. Combinding 2 or more group, di chuyển cả cụm với nhau, thường rơi vào trọng âm đầu tiên
5. Mix giữa , bỏ phần cuối từ 1, phân đầu từ 2 , chú ý morphology
6. Original form và converted form => xem là derivation or back formation
