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1. Option c is correct.
Option a is incorrect. The Swadesh Bandhab Samiti was set up by Ashwini Kumar Dutt (not Bipin
Chandra Pal) to propagate the Swadeshi Movement.

Option b is incorrect. The Swadesh Bandhab Samiti was set up in Barisal, Bengal. Its Headquarters were
not located in Calcutta.

Option c is correct. Through the activities of Swadesh Bandhab Samiti, whose 159 branches reached out
to the remotest corners of the Barisal district, Ashwini Kumar Dutt was able to generate an unparalleled
mass following among the predominantly Muslim Peasantry of the region.

Option d is incorrect. Chittagong armoury raid, also known as the Chittagong uprising, was an attempt on
18 April 1930 to raid the armoury of police and auxiliary forces from the Chittagong armoury in the
Bengal Presidency of British India by armed Indian independence fighters led by Surya Sen. It did not
have active involvement of the Swadesh Bandhab Samiti.

2. Option a is correct
Statement 1 is correct. This group met Lord Minto and demanded for separate electorates for the Muslims
and representation in excess of their population in view of ‘the value of the contribution’.

Statement 2 is incorrect. In 1906, Shimla Deputation met Lord Minto, the group was led by Agha Khan
(and not Mohammad Ali Jinnah). The same group quickly took over Muslim League in December 1906.
Source: Spectrum Modern India 2015 edition 97

3. Option b is correct.
In 1907, the congress session was held at Surat where a split took place in the congress. Both Moderates
and Extremist differed in view of spreading swadeshi and boycott movements to the entire country.
Extremists wanted to spread it throughout India unlike Moderates. Moderates still believed in struggle
through constitutional and legal means.
In 1907, Extremist wanted the session to be conducted in Nagpur under the presidency of Tilak whereas
Moderates never wanted presidency in the hand of Tilak, hence were of the view that the session should
be conducted in Surat.
They choose Surat in order to exclude Tilak from the presidency as the leader from the host province
cannot be session president. Moderate wanted Rash Behari Ghosh as the president and sought to drop the
resolutions on swadeshi, boycott and national education.
Source: Spectrum Modern India 2015 edition 90-91

4. Option b is correct.
The Partition of Bengal made by Lord Curzon in 1905 lasted until 1911, when King George V announced
to annul the partition of Bengal at the Royal Darbar in Delhi in 1911. . It was decided to annul the
partition of Bengal in 1911 mainly to curb the menace of revolutionary terrorism.
The Partition of Bengal was a territorial reorganization of the Bengal Presidency implemented by the
authorities of the British Raj in 1905. The decision had come after Lord Curzon claimed that Bengal was
too large to be governed effectively.
The partition separated the largely Muslim eastern areas from the largely Hindu western areas on 16
October 1905 after being announced on 20 July 1905 by Lord Curzon, the then Viceroy of India.

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The former province of Bengal was divided into two new provinces -- 'Bengal' (which comprises of
western Bengal and the province of Bihar and Orissa) and Eastern Bengal and Assam, with Dacca as the
capital of the latter.
On 22 March 1911, a royal proclamation announced that the Durbar would be held in December to
commemorate the coronation in Britain a few months earlier of King George V and Queen Mary and
allow their proclamation as Emperor and Empress of India. Without public forewarning, the
announcement of the move of India’s capital from Calcutta to Delhi was also made at the Durbar. King
George V also announced to annul the partition of Bengal.
Source: UPSC Prelims 2014

5. Option c is correct.
Arthur Zimmermann was State Secretary for Foreign Affairs of the German Empire from 22 November
1916 until his resignation on 6 August 1917. His name is associated with the Zimmermann Telegram
during World War I.
However, he was closely involved in plans to support rebellions in Ireland and in India and to assist the
Bolsheviks to undermine Tsarist Russia.
As part of the Zimmerman Plan, German foreign office assisted in establishment of Berlin Committee for
Independence in 1915 by Virendranath Chattopadhyay, Bhupendernath Dutta, Lala Hardayal and others.
They aimed to mobilize Indian settlers abroad to send volunteers and arms to India to incite rebellion
among Indian troops.
Source: Spectrum Modern India 2015th edition 102

6. Option c is correct.
Statement 1 is correct. Montagu’s statement declared that the long-term goal of British rule in India is
self-government. This pacified the moderates who had joined the League after Besant’s arrest. This led to
weakening of the movement.

Statement 2 is correct. The statement provide that the government alone would decide the nature and the
timing of advance towards a responsible government and Indian were resentful that the British would
decide what was good and what was bad for Indians.
Source: Spectrum Modern India 2015th edition 106 and 109

7. Option c is correct.
Statement 1 is incorrect. Rash Behari Bose and Sachin Sanyal staged a bomb attack on Viceroy Hardinge
while he was making his official entry into the new capital of in Delhi in 1912. On the other hand, Alipore
conspiracy is related to the trial of revolutionary nationalist who threw a bomb at a carriage supposed to
be carrying a white judge, Kingsford, in Muzaffarnagar. Aurobindo Ghosh and Barindra Ghosh were also
tried in this case.

Statement 2 is incorrect. Publications which promoted revolutionary activities included Sandhya and
Yugantar in Bengal and Kal in Maharshtra.

Statement 3 is correct. The first of revolutionary activities in Maharashtra was organization of Ramosi
Peasant Force by Vasudev Balwant Phadke in 1879. It instigated an armed revolt against the British by
disrupting communication lines.
Source: Spectrum Modern India 2015 edition 94-95

8. Option d is correct.

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The Home Rule Leagues and the associated activities had some positive effects and contributed to the
fresh direction that the freedom struggle was to take in the coming years. Its positive contribution
includes:
(1) The movement shifted the emphasis from the educated elite to the masses and permanently deflected
the movement from the course mapped by the Moderates. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
(2) It prepared the masses for politics of the Gandhian style. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
(3) It created an organizational link between the town and the country, which was to prove crucial in later
years when the national movement entered its mass phase in a true sense. Hence, statement 3 is correct.
(4) It created a generation of ardent nationalists.
(5) The August 1917 declaration of Montagu and the Montford reforms were influenced by the Home
Rule agitation.
(6) The efforts of Tilak and Annie Besant towards the Moderate-Extremist reunion at Lucknow (1916)
revived the Congress as an effective instrument of Indian nationalism.
(7) The home rule movement lent a new dimension and a sense of urgency to the national movement.
Source: Spectrum, page no – 333

9. Option d is correct.
The NASA-ISRO SAR (NISAR) Mission will measure Earth’s changing ecosystems, dynamic surfaces,
and ice masses providing information about biomass, natural hazards, sea level rise, and groundwater.
It will scan the globe every 12 days over the course of its three-year mission of imaging the Earth’s land,
ice sheets and sea ice to give an “unprecedented” view of the planet.
It will detect movements of the planet’s surface as small as 0.4 inches over areas about half the size of a
tennis court.

10. Option c is correct.

Statement 1 is correct. The movement committed political dacoities to raise fund. As part of it, in Punjab
political dacoities had somewhat new social content. Here the raiders targeted the moneylenders and debt
records before decamping with the cash.

Statement 2 is correct. To control the Ghadr movement Defense of India Act 1915 was passed. As a result
there were large scale detentions without trial, special courts giving extreme sentences, numerous court-
marshals of army men.

Statement 3 is incorrect. The movement preached a militant nationalism with a completely secular
approach. But politically and militarily, it failed to achieve much because it lacked an organized and
sustained leadership. Lala Hardyal was unsuited for the job of an organizer.
Source: Spectrum Modern India 2015th edition 101-2

11. Option b is correct.

Pair 1 is correctly matched. With the efforts of extremists swadeshi movement spread to other parts of the
country. In Poona and Bombay it was under the leadership of BalgangadharTilak.

Pair 2 is correctly matched. The spread of the movement also took it to Madras under the leadership of
Chidambaram Pillai.

Pair 3 is incorrectly matched. In Delhi the movement was under the leadership of Syed Haider Raza (and
not Lala Lajpat Rai).
Source: Spectrum Modern India 2015 edition 80

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12. Option a is correct.
Statement 1 is correct. Students came out in large number to propagate and practice swadeshi and to take
a lead in organizing picketing of shops selling foreign goods.

Statement 2 is correct. Women, especially those of the urban middle classes, took active part in
procession and picketing. This movement marked an important event in the national freedom struggle as
from here women became an active part of the national movement.

Statement 3 is incorrect. Some Muslims participated but most of the upper- and middle-class Muslims
stayed away movement or led by Nawab Salimullah of Dacca who supported the partition.
Source: Spectrum Modern India 2015 edition 83-84

13. Option a is correct

Statement 1 is correct. Besant failed to get Congress to approve her scheme of Home Rule Leagues.
Besant laid condition that if the Congress did not implement its commitments, she would be free to setup
her own league-which she finally had to, as there was no response from Congress.

Statement 2 is correct. Tilak’ league was smaller and well organized as compared to Besant’s league. It
had only six branches and demands included swaraj, formation of linguistic states and education in the
vernacular.

Statement 3 is incorrect. Besant setup her league in Madras and covered rest of India with 200 branches
(and not just restricted to Maharashtra). But the non-brahmin of south India did not join as they felt home
rule would mean rule of Hindu majority, mainly the high caste.
Source: Spectrum Modern India 2015th edition 104-105

14. Option b is correct.

Statement 1 is incorrect. Indian Home Rule Leagues were inspired by the Irish Home Rule Leagues (and
not by the Russian nihilist). The league stared a new trend of aggressive politics in India.

Statement 2 is incorrect. Gandhi was of believe that it was not best time to agitate for home rule when
Britain was in middle of a war. So, he did not support Home Rule Leagues.

Statement 3 is correct. After his release from the jail, Tilak assumed leadership. Through his league he
wanted a reform of the administration and not an overthrow of the government.
Source: Spectrum Modern India 2015th edition 103 and 123

15. Option b is correct.

There was a fundamental difference between the political ideologies of the extremists’ and moderates
which led to their split at Surat Session of Congress in 1907.
The veteran moderate politicians refused to accommodate the new extremist’s trend within the Congress
policies and programmes, and this led to the split in the Congress in its Surat session in 1907.
The Extremists, during the Swadeshi Movement, decided to gave a call for wide passive resistance and
boycott of schools, colleges, legislative councils, municipalities, law courts, etc. The Moderates,
encouraged by the news that council reforms were on the anvil, decided to tone down the scheme adopted
at Calcutta Session, where the goal of the Indian National Congress was defined as ‘swarajya or self-
government’ like the United Kingdom or the colonies of Australia and Canada.
The Extremists thought that the people had been aroused and the time had come for direct confrontation
with the British. They considered the Moderates to be a drag on the movement and no longer have faith in

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the capacity of the moderates to negotiate with the British Government. They decided that it was
necessary to Part Company with the Moderates, even if it meant a split in the Congress. On the other
hand, the Moderates thought that it would be dangerous that stage to associate with the Extremists whose
anti-imperialist agitation would be ruthlessly suppressed by the mighty colonial forces.
Both sides adopted rigid positions, which ultimately led to split. The moderates after the Surat Split in
1907 demanded colonial self-government, as against the extremist demand of complete independence.
Source) UPSC Prelims 2016

16. Option a is correct.

Option a is incorrect. Lucknow Pact was an agreement between the Congress and the Muslim League.
Although, extremists were admitted into the Congress during the Lucknow session of 1916, but it was not
the result of Lucknow Pact.

Option b is correct. Under the pact, Congress agreed to separate electorates for Muslims which were
provided by the Indian Councils Act 1909.

Option c is correct. One of the joint demands from the Lucknow pact was Government should declare that
it would confer upon self-government to Indians at an early date. This demand was conceded by British in
Montagu’s Declaration, which declared the intention to grant self-government to Indians.

Option d is correct. The Lucknow Pact was signed in 1916 during the term of Viceroy Lord Chelmsford.
Source: Spectrum Modern India 2015th edition 108-109

17. Option d is correct.

Statement 1 is correct. The movement brought a lot of new techniques of protest which later came to be
associated with Gandhian politics. Due to their inability to create an effective organization and party
structure they failed to provide a disciplined focus to these techniques.
Statement 2 is correct. The movement largely remained confined to the upper and middle class and
zamindars, and failed to reach the masses, especially peasantry.
Source: Spectrum Modern India 2015 edition 85

18. Option b is correct.

Free India society was a revolutionary society established by V D Savarkar in England. The society used
to meet on weekends and discuss the political problems of India.
It also discussed the means and ways to overthrow the British from India. The meetings were also marked
by the celebration of Indian festivals.
While organising events for free India society he published his book “The Indian war of Independence” in
1909. It was a patriotic history of the 1857 war of Independence. It was natural for the book to get banned
by the British.

19. Option c is correct.

Pair 1 is incorrectly matched. MitraMelawas a secret society in Maharashtra which promoted
revolutionary activities. It was organized by Savarkar brothers (and not Tilak) in 1899 and was merged
with Abhinav Bharat in 1904.

Pair 2 is incorrectly matched. Dacca Anushilanwas organized by Pulin Das (and not SachinSanyal). This
organization was responsible for Barrahdacoityin 1908.

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Pair 3 is correctly matched. Anjuman-i-Mohisban-i-Watanwas an extremist organization with its journal,
Bharat Mata, in Lahore. It was founded by Ajit Singh.
Source: Spectrum Modern India 2015 edition 94-95

20. Option a is correct

In the First World War (1914-1919), Britain allied with France, Russia, USA, Italy and Japan against
Germany, Austria-Hungary and Turkey. This period saw the maturing of Indian nationalism.
The nationalist response to British participation in the First World War was three-fold:
(1) The Moderates supported the British empire in the war as a matter of duty. Hence, statement 1 is
correct.
(2) The Extremists, including Tilak (who was released in June 1914), supported the war efforts in the
mistaken belief that Britain would repay India’s loyalty with gratitude in the form of self-government.
Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.
(3) The revolutionaries decided to utilise the opportunity to wage a war on British rule and liberate the
country. Hence, statement 3 is correct.
The Indian supporters of British war efforts failed to see that the imperialist powers were fighting to
safeguard their own colonies and markets.

21. Option c is correct.

Statement 1 is correct. The Swadeshi Movement included boycott and public burning of foreign goods
and contributed to the revival of the indigenous artisan crafts and industries. The Swadeshi Movement
celebrated our indigenous fabrics, weavers and the country’s artisans. August 7 has been chosen as
National Handloom Day as it was the day that the Swadeshi Movement was started in 1905.
Self-reliance or ‘atmashakti’ was encouraged. The swadeshi spirit also found expression in the
establishment of swadeshi textile mills, soap and match factories, tanneries, banks, insurance companies,
shops, etc.
The Swadeshi Movement had its genesis in the anti-partition movement which was started to oppose the
British decision to partition Bengal. On August 7, 1905, with the passage of the Boycott Resolution in a
massive meeting held in the Calcutta Townhall, the formal proclamation of Swadeshi Movement was
made.

Statement 2 is correct. The National Council of Education - Bengal (or NCE - Bengal) was an
organisation founded by Indian nationalists in Bengal in 1906 as part of the Swadeshi Movement.
It was set up to organise a system of education— literary, scientific and technical—on national lines and
under national control.
During Swadeshi Movement, a Bengal Institute of Technology was set up for technical education and
funds were raised to send students to Japan for advanced learning. Also, the Bengal National College,
inspired by Tagore’s Shantiniketan, was set up with AurobindoGhosh as its principal.
Source) UPSC Prelims 2019

22. Option c is correct.

Statement 1 is incorrect. Extremists used traditional popular fairs and melasto reach out to masses and
spreading political messages. Tilak’sGanpati and Shivaji festivals became a medium of swadeshi
propaganda not only in western India but also in Bengal.

Statement 2 is correct. In 1906, National Council of Education was setup to organize a system of
education based on national lines and under national control. Education was to be imparted through the
medium of vernaculars.

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Statement 3 is incorrect. Extremists also worked in the cultural sphere. Abanindranath Tagore tried to
break away from the domination of Victorian naturalism over Indian art through his paintings. He took
inspiration from Mughal, Ajanta and Rajput paintings.

Source: Spectrum Modern India 2015 edition 82-83

23. Option b is correct.

Pair 1 is correctly matched. The Sociologist was a journal started in London by ShyamjiKrishnavarma.
He created Indian House-an Indian Home Rule Society, as a centre for Indian youths and started this
journal along with it.
Pair 2 is correctly matched. Free Hindustan was started in Vancouver by Taraknath Das.
Pair 3 is incorrectly matched. BandeMataramwas started by Madam Bhikaji Kama in Paris (and not
Berlin) with help of some French sociologist. The journal was operated by Ajit Singh.
Source: Spectrum Modern India 2015th edition 96 and 406

24. Option b is correct.

What is an aluminium-air battery?
Aluminium-air batteries utilise oxygen in the air which reacts with an aluminium hydroxide solution to
oxidise the aluminium and produce electricity.
Benefits:
● Lower cost and more energy-dense alternative to lithium-ion batteries which are currently in
widespread use for electric vehicles in India.
● Offer much greater range of 400 km or more per battery compared to lithium-ion batteries which
currently offer a range of 150-200 kilometres per full charge.
● Thealuminium plate in an aluminium-air battery is converted into aluminiumtrihydroxide over time and
that aluminium can be reclaimed from aluminiumtrihydroxide or even traded directly for industrial uses.
Challenges:
Aluminium-air batteries cannot be recharged like lithium-ion batteries. Therefore, large scale use of
aluminium-air battery-based vehicles would require the wide availability of battery swapping stations.

25. Option d is correct.

The National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (NCPOR) and the Goa University (GU) have
successfully synthesized gold nanoparticles (GNPs) using psychrotolerant Antarctic bacteria through a
non-toxic, low-cost, and eco-friendly way.
• These GNPs can be used as a composite therapeutic agent clinical trials, especially in anti-cancer, anti-
viral, anti-diabetic, and cholesterol-lowering drugs.
• GNPs also have unique physicochemical properties. Their biocompatibility, high surface area, stability,
and nontoxicity make them suitable for various applications in therapeutic use including detection and
diagnosis of diseases, bio-labeling, and targeted drug delivery.
• As nano-carriers, GNPs are capable of transferring various drugs made out of peptides, proteins,
plasmid DNAs, small interfering RNAs, and chemotherapeutic agents to target diseased cells of the
human body.
• GNPs are also found to be useful in the electronics industry. Scientists have constructed a transistor
known as NOMFET (Nanoparticle Organic Memory Field-Effect Transistor) by embedding GNPs in a
porous manganese oxide as a room temperature catalyst to break down volatile organic compound in air
and combining GNPs with organic molecules.

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26. Option c is correct.
Statement 1 is correct. The Secretary of State for India, Edwin Samuel Montagu, made a statement on
August 20, 1917 in the British House of Commons in what has come to be known as the August
Declaration of 1917.
Statement 3 is correct. The statement said: The government policy is of an increasing participation of
Indians in every branch of administration and gradual development of self-governing institutions with a
view to the progressive realization of responsible government in India as an integral part of the British
Empire.
Statement 2 is incorrect. Dominion status was explicitly offered in the August offer, 1940 and not in
August Declaration 1917.
Source: Spectrum Modern India 2019-2020, Page. 303

27. Option d is correct.

Statement 1 is correct: All the elected Indian members of the Imperial Legislative Council voted against
the bill but they were in a minority and easily overruled by the official nominees. All the elected Indian
members resigned in protest.

Statement 2 is correct: The act allowed political activists to be tried without juries or even imprisoned
without trial. It allowed arrest of Indians without warrant on the mere suspicion of ‘treason’. Such
suspects could be tried in secrecy without recourse to legal help.

Statement 3 is correct: Gandhi called the Rowlatt Act as the “Black Act”. Gandhi organised a Satyagraha
Sabha and roped in younger members of Home Rule Leagues and the Pan Islamists.
Source: Spectrum Modern India 2019-2020, Page. 321

28. Option d is correct.

Statement 1 is incorrect: Government of India act 1919 separated for the first time the provincial and
central budgets, with provincial legislatures being authorised to make their budgets.

Statement 2 is incorrect: Under the provisions of Government of India Act, 1919, allocation of seats for
central legislature to the provinces was based on ‘importance’ of provinces—for instance, Punjab’s
military importance and Bombay’s commercial importance.
Source: Spectrum Modern India 2019-2020, Page. 309, 310

29. Option d is correct.

Statement 1 is incorrect: As a consequence of the pact, the League agreed to present joint constitutional
demands with the Congress to the government and the Congress accepted the Muslim League’s position
on separate electorates. The Muslims were also granted a fixed proportion of seats in the legislatures at
all-India and provincial levels.

Statement 2 is incorrect: The joint demands (by congress and muslim league) made during Lucknow Pact
were—Government should declare that it would confer self-government on Indians at an early date. The
representative assemblies at the central as well as provincial level should be further expanded with an
elected majority and more powers given to them.
Main demands of Muslims from the British during Khilafat movement was (i) that the Khalifa’s control
over Muslim sacred places should be retained, and (ii) the Khalifa should be left with sufficient territories
after territorial arrangements.
Source: Spectrum Modern India 2019-2020, Page. 301

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30. Option c is correct.

Statement 1 is incorrect: Tinkathia system is associated with Indigo plantation in Champaran, Bihar.
Kheda Satyagraha is associated with request by peasants of Khedga in Gujarat for suspension for revenue
assessment for the year 1919 due to drought in the region.

Statement 2 is incorrect: Gandhi undertook a fast unto death to strengthen the workers’ resolve during the
Ahmedabad Mill strike and not during Khedasatyagraha.

Statement 3 is correct: During the Kheda Satyagraha, SardarVallabhbhai Patel and a group of other
devoted Gandhians went around the villages, organized the villagers and told them what to do and gave
the necessary political leadership.

31. Option b is correct.

The Theosophists Annie Besant supported the demand for women’s voting rights equal to those of men.
A joint parliamentary committee, while not conceding female suffrage, enabled it by leaving it to
provincial legislatures to consider it.
Although women were not enfranchised, the government did allow a concession. The 1919 Act gave
Indian provincial councils the freedom to choose to give Indian women the vote. By 1930, all the
provinces in British India had enfranchised women, but only if they met the restrictive property rights that
also applied to men. This meant that less than 1% of the adult female population was enfranchised in most
provinces and the ratio of male to female voters in India was about 25:1.
Source: Spectrum Modern India 2019-2020, Page. 309

32. Option a is correct.

Statement 1 is correct: Dyarchy was introduced in provinces according to which subjects were divided
into two lists: ‘reserved’ and ‘transferred’ subjects. Reserved subjects were to be administered by the
governor through his executive council and the transferred subjects were to be administered by ministers
In provinces, the ministers were to be responsible to the legislature and had to resign if a no-confidence
motion was passed against them by the legislature, while the executive councilors were not to be
responsible to the legislature.

Statement 2 is correct: The Act introduced dyarchy for the executive at the level of the provincial
government. Dyarchy means rule of two—executive councillors and popular ministers. The governor was
to be the executive head in the province.

Statement 3 is incorrect: For the first time, separate electorates for Muslims for election to the central
council was established as a result of Morley-Minto Reforms of 1909.
Source: Spectrum Modern India 2019-2020, Page. 308

33. Option c is correct.

Dengue is transmitted by several species of mosquitoes within the genus Aedes. Symptoms include fever,
headache, muscle, and joint pain, and a characteristic skin rash that is similar to measles. There are four
types of dengue strains, and type II and IV are considered to be more severe and normally require
hospitalisation. According to experts, the aedes mosquito breeds in clean stagnant water.
These mosquitoes are also vectors of chikungunya, yellow fever and Zika viruses.
Dengue and chikungunya are caused by the bite of Aedesagypti mosquito, which breeds in clear water.
The Anopheles mosquito, which causes malaria, can breed in both fresh and muddy water.

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34. Option b is correct.

In early twentieth century, a band of nationalist thinkers had emerged. They advocated for a more
militant approach to political work. They worked based upon basic tenets:
Statement 1is incorrect: One of their tenets was the hatred for foreign rule. It was because since no hope
could be derived from it, Indians should work out their own salvation. It was Gandhi's Satyagraha which
was based on idea that even while carrying out his struggle against the wrong-doer, a true satyagrahi
would have no ill feeling for the wrong-doer; hatred would be alien to his nature.
Statement 2 is correct: Swaraj was to be the goal of national movement. Different leaders had different
meaning of swaraj. For Tilak, swaraj meant some sort of self-government, while for Aurobindo it meant
complete independence from foreign rule.

Statement 3 is correct: They believed in capacity of the masses to challenge the authority. Therefore, the
militant nationalists attempted to transform the anti-partition as well as the šwadeshi Movement into a
mass struggle. For which, they called for use of swadeshi product and boycott of foreign goods,
government schools and colleges, government service, courts, legislative councils, municipalities,
government titles, etc.

Statement 4 is correct: The Extremists gave a call for passive resistance in addition to swadeshi and
boycott. It was to include a boycott of government schools and colleges, government service, courts,
legislative councils, municipalities, government titles, etc.
Source: A Brief History of India, Spectrum

35. Option c is correct.

LalalajpatRai was a prolific writer and authored several works like- "Unhappy India", "Young India: An
Interpretation", "History of Arya Samaj', "England's Debt to India". He also wrote several biographies of
Mazzini (Life of Mazzini), Garibaldi, Shivaji (Chatrapatishivaji) and Hindu god Shri Krishna (Yogiraj
Shrikrishna). His purpose in selecting Mazzini and Garibladi was to infuse patriotic sentiment in the
youth of Punjab, who had no access to books in English.
In 1917, Rai moved to the United States during the First World War and founded the Indian Home Rule
League of America in New York. He stayed in the United States from 1917 to 1920. Rai returned to India
in 1920 and in the following year led the special session of the Indian Congress Party that launched the
non-co-operation movement. He joined Swaraj Party in 1926 and was elected as its Deputy Leader in the
Central Legislative Assembly.
Source: UPSC Prelims 2018

36. Option c is correct.

Swadeshi movement was also called Vandematram movement. It was a movement against the partition of
Bengal. In 1905 Viceroy Curzon partitioned Bengal which infuriated all sections of the Congress- the
Moderates and the Radicals. Large public meetings and demonstrations were organised and novel
methods of mass protest developed. The Swadeshi movement sought to oppose British rule and encourage
the ideas of self-help, swadeshi enterprise, national education, and use of Indian languages. To fight for
swaraj, the radicals advocated mass mobilisation and boycott of British institutions and goods.

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Source: NCERT Class-8 chapter-11 page-113

37. Option a is correct.

To meet the growing nationalist challenge in eastern India, on 19 July, 1905 the Government of India
announced its decision to form the new province of "Eastern Bengal and Assam', comprising the
Chittagong, Dacca and Rajshahi divisions, Hill Tippera (Tripura), Malda and Assam. The province came
into existence on 16 October 1905 by breaking up Bengal and it Bengali speaking people.
In the beginning the leaders resorted to sharp press campaigns against the partition scheme, numerous
public meetings in opposition to it and the drafting of petitions to the Government for annulment.
However they realized it made no effect on the indifference of the authorities. This led to a search for new
techniques from the middle of 1905 and resulted in the discovery of the boycott of British goods as an
effective weapon. The boycott of British products was followed by the advocacy of swadeshi (Indian-
made) or exhorting purchasers to buy indigenously produced goods as a patriotic duty. Thus, Swadeshi
and Boycott started against Partition of Bengal in 1905. It also showcase the rich swadeshi tradition of
culture, art, literature, music and science.
Source: UPSC prelims 2016

38. Option b is correct.

Statement 1 is incorrect: There was a lack of consistency among extremist goals in Indian freedom
struggle from leaders to leaders-Aurobindo, Tilak, B.C. Pal and LalaLajpatRai. For example, Tilak,
swaraj meant some sort of self-government, whereas, Aurobindo's meant for complete independence from
foreign rule.
Statement 2 is correct: The new party of the radicals wanted to use new methods against the government
to secure political rights for the Indian people. Aurobindo thought that the method of passive resistance,
which was used by the Irish nationalists, would be ideal for India. Hence, he developed theory of passive
resistance in a series of articles published in the weekly called 'BandeMataram".
Source: A Brief History of India, Rajiv Ahir, Spectrum, Chapter Era of Militant Nationalism.

39. Option c is correct.

Statement 1 is correct. Annie Besant along with Bal Gangadhar Tilak had formed and led the Home Rule
Movement (1916-1918). It was based on the lines of Irish Home Rule League aimed at achieving self-
government and dominion status within British Empire.
Statement 2 is incorrect. Theosophical Society was founded in New York by Madam Blavatsky and
Henry Steel Olcott and was later shifted to Adyar Chennai. The founders of this organization were
inspired by Indian thought and culture.
Statement 3 is correct. She became the first woman president of Indian National Congress when she
presided over the 1917 Calcutta Session.
Source: UPSC Prelims 2013

40. Option a is correct.

The production techniques of this ‘Energy-Carrier’ vary depending upon its applications — designated
with different colours such as black hydrogen, brown hydrogen, blue hydrogen, green hydrogen, etc.

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Black hydrogen is produced by use of fossil fuel, whereas pink hydrogen is produced through electrolysis,
but using energy from nuclear power sources.
Grey hydrogen is produced from natural gas.
‘Green hydrogen’, the emerging novel concept, is a zero-carbon fuel made by electrolysis using
renewable power from wind and solar to split water into hydrogen and oxygen. This ‘Green hydrogen’
can be utilised for the generation of power from natural sources — wind or solar systems — and will be a
major step forward in achieving the target of ‘net zero’ emission.

41. Option b is correct.

Statement 1 is correct. The Rowlatt committee was a 'Sedition Committee' appointed in 1918 by the
British Indian Government and it was chaired by Justice Rowlatt. The recommendation of the committee
was the basis for Rowlatt Act.
The Rowlatt Act authorized the authorities to imprison a person suspected of terrorism for maximum of
two years without trial.

Statement 2 is correct. In 1919 Gandhiji gave a call for a satyagraha against the Rowlatt Act. It was the
first attempt of Gandhiji for a nation-wide movement. Under the leadership of Gandhi, the newly
established Home League was the leading force in this satyagraha along with pan-islamists and
Satyagraha Sabha members.

Statement 3 is incorrect. The Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928 and was met with huge protests
as it did not have any Indian member. Gandhi gave call for RowlattSatygraha in 1919. Thus, the two
demonstrations were separated by a period of almost a decade.
Source: UPSC prelims 2015.

42. Option c is correct.

Champaran Satyagraha (1917) was the first peasant movement to have garnered nationwide attention. It
was the first Satyagraha movement led by Gandhi in India.
Gandhi played a critical role by opening a new phase in the national movement by joining it to the great
struggle of the Indian peasantry by creating awareness among the peasants against the European Planters.
In the subsequent years, Gandhi's Satyagraha movements in Ahmedabad (for mill workers) and Kheda
(where he Supported distressed peasants) thus, creating grounds for the massive nationwide protests.
Source: UPSC 2018

43. Option d is correct.

Statement 1 is correct. V. D. Savarkar was a product of renaissance in the Western India and in his early
days he was influenced by the philosophy of Gopal Ganesh Agarkar, a rationalist philosopher. Savarkar
was not a religious man and throughout his life, he eschewed all religious practices.

Statement 2 is correct. Savarkar reached England in July 1906 ostensibly to study law but really in search
of revolutionaries from Russia, lreland, Egypt and China, to learn how to organise a revolutionary
movement. Savarkar immediately set for himself certain tasks.
1) He presented Mazzini's philosophy to the Marathi readership through translation and a long preface.

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2) He started a number of Hindu and Sikh festivals in London, as also celebration of the Golden Jubilee of
1857 uprising.
3) He set up Free India Society, which was open to all, but was meant to be a conduit for Abhinav Bharat.
4) He sent delegates to the International Socialist Union at Stuttgart who unfurled India's flag designed by
him.

Statement 3 is correct. Talwar, an organ of the Abhinav Bharat, was started from Paris in November
1909. In the, first issue of Talwar, Savarkar had predicted a war in Europe in 4 or 5 years. The liberation
of India was to be achieved by a preparation for war.

44. Option c is correct.

The viceroy, Lord Minto, and the Secretary of State for India, John Morley, introduced some reforms to
placate the Moderates as well as the Muslims. They worked out a set of measures that came to be known
as the Morley-Minto Reforms that translated into the Indian Councils Act of 1909.

Statement 1 is correct. One Indian was to be appointed to the viceroy's executive council (Satyendra
Sinha was the first Indian to be appointed in 1909).

Statement 2 is incorrect. For the first time, separate electorates for Muslims for election to the central
council was established (separate electorates for Anglo Indian were provided in 1919 act of Montague
Chelmsford reforms). Besides separate electorates for the Muslims, representation in excess of the
strength of their population was accorded to the Muslims. Also, the income qualification for Muslim
voters was kept lower than that for Hindus.

Statement 3 is correct. Powers of legislature (both at the Centre and in provinces) were enlarged and the
legislatures could now pass resolutions (which may or may not be accepted), ask questions and
supplementary questions, vote on separate items of the budget though the budget as a whole could not be
voted upon.
Source: Spectrum's Modern History

45. Option b is correct.

The Ghadar Movement was formed in 1913 by expatriate Indians in North America with shared
leadership from Sikhs, Hindus, and Muslims. The goal of the movement was to assist in overthrowing
British colonial rule in India
Statement a is correct - The movement underestimated the extent of preparation required at every level
Organizational, ideological, financial and tactical strategic. The Ghadrites intended to bring about a revolt
in India. To plan something from there, it requires immense planning at all level which was not estimated
by the Ghadrites. The Ghadrites fixed February 21, 1915 as the date for an armed revolt in Ferozepur,
Lahore and Rawalpindi garrisons. The plan was foiled at the last moment due to treachery.

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Statement b is incorrect - The movement was entirely secular and there was no communal angle involved.
It preached militant nationalism with a complete secular approach. The movement didn't advocate any
communal slogan or was not for or by any religion. Its members were primarily Sikhs but members of
other religions were also present.

Statement c is correct - The movement lacked an organized and sustained leadership. Har Dayal himself
was temperamentally totally unsuited to the role of an organizer, he was a propagandist, an inspirer, an
ideologue. Even his ideas did not form a structured whole but remained a shifting amalgam of various
theories that attracted him from time to time- Further, he departed from the U.S. at a critical stage of the
movement.

Statement d is correct - Punjab in 1914 was very different from what the Ghadarites had been led to
expect- they found the Punjabis were in no mood to join the romantic adventure of the Ghadar. The
militants from abroad tried their best, they toured the villages, addressed gatherings at melas and festivals
all to no avail. The Chief Khalsa Diwan proclaiming its loyalty to the sovereign, declared them to be
fallen Sikhs and criminals, and helped the Government to track them down.
Source: Modern History by Rajiv Ahir (Spectrum)

46. Option a is correct.

The National Council of Education was set up in June, 1906 by Satish Chandra Mukherjee and other
Indians nationalists. Its main purpose was to provide education on national lines and under national
control.
Statement 1 is correct - The birth of the national schools during swadeshi movement culminated in the
formation of the National Council of Education (NCE) in 1906.
Statement 2 is incorrect: The medium of education was recommended to be vernacular. The Council was
started in the backdrop of Swadeshi and Boycott Movement when British good were being boycotted.

47. Option d is correct.

Jugantar Party was the leading revolutionary group in colonial Bengal. An inner circle within the Calcutta
Anushilan Samiti under Barindrakumar Ghosh and Bhupendranath Datta with the advice of Aurobindo
Ghosh started the weekly Jugantar (New Era) in April 1906. The group is named after the Jugantar, the
mouthpiece of revolutionary nationalism.
Statement 1 is correct. Jatindranath Mukherjee also known as Bagha Jatin came in contact with
Aurobindo Ghosh who openly supported the achievement of Swaraj through violent means. Aurobindo
Ghosh made Jatin the leader of a secret society known as Jugantar whose main objective was to recruit
young revolutionaries and trained them for conducting raids, robbery, etc.

Statement 2 is correct. During the First World War, the Jugantar party arranged to import German arms
and ammunition through sympathizers and revolutionaries abroad.

Statement 3 is correct. The Jugantar Party was linked up with the Bolshevik revolutionary Manabendra
Nath Roy alias Narendra Nath Bhattacharya, in Berlin. He took prominent part in the German plot

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organised by the Jugantar Party during the war. After the World War 1, the Soviet Government supplied
him funds for the purpose of instigating revolution in India.
Source: Spectrum's Modern History

48. Option a is correct.

Gandhi organized a Satyagraha to support the peasants of the Kheda district of Gujarat.
Statement 1 is correct. Affected by crop failure due to drought and a plague epidemic, the peasants of
Kheda could not pay the revenue, and were demanding that revenue collection be relaxed. Despite their
difficulties, British government raised the revenue.
Statement 2 is incorrect. The Permanent Settlement System introduced in 1793 was implemented in
Bengal, Bihar, and some part of UP.
Source: UPSC 2011

49. Option a is correct.

Pair 1 is correct -The AnushilanSamiti was founded by PromothaMitter, Jatindranath Banerjee, Barindra
Kumar Ghosh and others in Calcutta in 1902.

Pair 2 is correct -Yugantar was a weekly which was started by people like Barinder Kumar Ghosh and
Bhupendranath Dutta. In 1907, an abortive attempt was made by the Yugantar group on the life of a very
unpopular British official, Sir Fuller (the first Lt. Governor of the new province of Eastern Bengal and
Assam).

Pair 3 is incorrect - Tilak's speeches, writings and activities inspired the young Chapekar brothers to form
Hindu DharmSanrakshiniSabha, which was responsible for the assassination of several hated British
officers.
Source: Modern History by Rajiv Ahir (Spectrum)
50. Option b is correct.
Statement 1- The Berlin Committee for Indian Independence was established in 1915 by
VirendranathChattopadhyay, BhupendranathDutta, LalaHardayal and others with the help of the German
foreign office under ‘Zimmerman Plan’. These revolutionaries aimed to mobilise the Indian settlers
abroad to send volunteers and arms to India to incite rebellion among Indian troops there and to even
organise an armed invasion of British India to liberate the country.

Statement 2 -The Ghadr Party was established in 1913. It followed the two revolutionary groups
established by similar activists, 'SwadeshSevak Home' at Vancouver and United India House' at Seattle.

Statement 3 - Rashbehari Bose and SachinSanyal staged a spectacular bomb attack on Viceroy
Hardingewhile he was making his official entry into the new capital of Delhi in a procession through
ChandniChowk in December 1912. (Hardinge was injured, but not killed) Investigations following the
assassination attempt led to the Delhi Conspiracy trial. At the end of the trial, Basant Kumar Biswas,
Amir Chand and AvadhBehari were convicted and executed for their roles in the conspiracy.

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Statement 4- Komagata Maru was the name of a ship which was carrying 370 passengers, mainly Sikh
and Punjabi Muslim would-be immigrants, from Singapore to Vancouver. They were turned back by
Canadian authorities after two months of privation and uncertainty. It was generally believed that the
Canadian authorities wereinfluenced by the British government. The ship finally anchored at Calcutta in
September 1914. The inmatesrefused to board the Punjab bound train. In the ensuing conflict with the
police at Budge Budge near Calcutta,22 persons died.
Source: Modern History by Rajiv Ahir (Spectrum)

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