Phi

li ne盤 P
ppi an
H
is
to
ryo
ft
heD
rag
ona
ndt
heV
er
mil
l
io
nPh
oen
ix

J.
G.Che
ock
i
ncoope
rat
ionwi
tht
he

Kas
ays
ayanHunt
ers
Phi
li ne盤 P
ppi an
H
is
to
ryo
ft
heD
rag
ona
ndt
heV
er
mil
l
io
nPh
oen
ix
J.
G.Che
ock
i
ncoope
rat
ionwi
tht
he

Kas
ays
ayanHunt
ers
Phi
li ne盤 P
ppi an H
is
to
ryo
ft
heD
rag
ona
ndt
heV
er
mil
l
io
nPh
oen
ix ⒸJ
.G.Che
ock,2022

I
ntr
oduc
ingt
hePhi
li
ppi
ne盤 Pa
n,pp4
-10

Bo
ats
,Bi
rds
, a
ndHistor
y,pp11-18
1.TheWo r
dsthe
yUs edandWh att
heyMe
ant
,pp1
1-14
2.GetontheBoat
,pp1 5-
16
3.Fl
yingwitht
heBird
s ,pp16-
18

TheLa
ipa
nPr
ese
nte
dinTwoPa
rts
,pp1
9 -
66

P
ARTIo ftheLaipan( 逨盤) :Th eImmig r
antsDeclar
e .
..
1.[逨曰]‘ Laisaid’,p p20- 21
2.Underst
andingHo wa ndWh yTh eyCa metob eHe re
(Ki
n gs文 We na nd武 Wu ),pp2 1-
25
3.Fir
stSacri
fi
cialDu ty:Cu lti
vatetheFiel
dsandSe rveasMinist
ersoft
heNe
wTe
rri
tor
ies
(Accord
ingtoth ep l
anb eg anbytheSh angEmp eror)
,pp25-29
4.SecondSacri
ficialDu t
y :Se r
veintheMa rti
alFo r
ces
(Ki
n g成 Ch eng),p p29- 33
5.Thir
dSa cr
if
icialDu ty:Ab solut
eSu bmiss
iontot heFath
er
(Ki
n g康 Ka ng),p p33-3 6
6.Fourt
hSa cr
ifi
cialDu ty:Un condit
ionalCivi
lan dMi l
it
arySer
vice
(Ki
n gs卲 Zh a
oa n d穆 Mu ),pp37-42
7.Fif
thSacri
fi
c i
alDu t
y:toa dmo nis
htheirl
e a
derswh enneces
sary
(Ki
n gs恭 Go ng,懿 Yi , 孝 Xi ao,and夷 Yi )
,pp4 2 -
46
8.Commi tmentofth e逨 La itothePlan
(Ki
n g厲 Li),pp4 7 -
49

P
ART2o ftheLaipan( 逨盤) :TheKi ngDe cla
res…
9.[王若曰]‘ Toy outhenumerousp e
op l
e,t
hek i
ngd ec
lar
es…’ ,pp50-52
10.
Acknowledgementoftheworko ftheYin(Shang)Pionee
rs,p53
1
1.Resumpti
ono fthePlanBeganbyt heAncestr
alKings,
AndAwa r
d i
ngo fThoseWh ohadRe ma i
nedFa i
thf
ul,pp54-57
12.
Theimport
a n
ceo ft
hePh oeni
xinEn suri
ngtheFlowo fWe al
thint
otheki
ngdom
(WhentoUs ethe盤 Pa n)
,pp5 7-
60
13.
Ble
ssin
gso ftheGreatMandatewiththeCo mmitmentoftheMi ddl
eKingdomKing
, p
p61-
66

Co
ncl
usi
on,
pp67-
68(
Aus
trone
sian-
YiCongt
ube
s)

Thr
eePhi
li
ppi
nePan:Anci
entScri
pt,Chi
nese,Eng
lis
h
1.TheShiQiangpa 史墻盤)
n( ,pp69-7
1
2.TheXiJiapan(兮甲盤) ,pp72-73
3.TheLaipan(逨盤) ,pp74-77

Re
fer
enc
es,p
p78-
79

Fi
gur
es,pp80-
81
Phi
li ne盤 P
ppi an H
is
to
ryo
ft
heD
rag
ona
ndt
heV
er
mil
l
io
nPh
oen
ix ⒸJ
.G.Che
ock,2022

I
nt
ro
duc
in
gth
ePh
il
i
ppi
ne盤P
an
Assoona st
h ewi
ndsd i
ed ownaf
terade
vast
at
ingtypho
on,peopl
earri
vet
osortt
hrought
herubbl
eandtryt
o
f
igur
eo uttheeve
nts.
We rether
escue
rsmobi
li
zedeff
ecti
vel
yduri
ngthest
orm?Wh ohadledt
heteams?
Howma n yhadbeensaved?Wit
houtwri
tt
enorora
lconfi
rmati
onfro
mc re
dibl
ewit
nesses
,wecanonlygues
s.

Imaginef
iguri
ngo uteve
ntsthathappe
n e
dtenyearsago,thediff
icul
tyincreas e
se x
p onen
tial
ly
,evidenc
e
becomesharde
rtof i
nd,butperha
pswi t
ness
esma ysti
llbecalled.Howa b o
u tah undre
dy ear
sago?Mu lt
ipl
y
t
h a
tbyTe nfol
da ndthi
nko fevent
sthathappe
nedat h
o us
an dyearsago.Ho wa boutFourthous
andy e
arsagoor
Fort
ytimesOn eHu ndr
edy ea
rs?Enoughtimeforbonestoc rumble,wo odan dfabri
cturntodust,a
nds ur
fac
e
evi
dencewipedo utbyweather
ingandh umandevelopment.Wh atthen?Mo stoftheti
me ,wearelef
tonlyto
makeh ypot
heses
.Intel
li
gentguess
esb as
edonthelimite
de vidence,butsti
llg ue
ssesnonethe
less
.

Fi
lip
inosar
eb l
ess
edtohaver e
ceivedtes
ti
mo ni
esofourpreh
ist
ori
cp a
stfr
o ml
it
e r
ateances
tors
,wh ohadthe
hi
ghtechn
ologyandfor
esi
g httoins
crib
etheirwordsont
oNe phr
it
eJadeandBronzethatwouldwiths
tandthe
t
estoft
ime.Alt
houghthewritt
enlanguageofourAu s
tr
onesi
anAn c
est
orshasyett
ob edeciphe
redbytale
nted
l
ingui
st
s,wema yatpr
esentgleanknowledgeofpasteve
ntsfr
omn umerousCl
assi
calCh i
neseins
cri
pti
onslef
t
be
h i
ndono u
risl
andst
op i
ecet oge
therourhist
ory
.

Whatisa盤 Pan?En cycl

ope
diaBrit
anni
cadescr
ibe
sthe盤 Pana sa“t
ypeofCh i
nes
ebronz
evesse
lproduce
d
dur
ingth
eSh an
gd ynast
y(c.
1 8
th–12t
hc e
ntur
ybc)and,mo
rec ommo n
ly,dur
ingt
heZhoudyna
sty(c.1
111–
256/
255bc).
Al owb owlorpa
nu s
eda sawate
rconta
ine
rorforcere
mo ni
alwashi
ng,t
hepanwasgener
all
y
c
irc
ularandsuppor
tedonalowringbase.
”

Duri
ngtheWest
ernZhoud yna
sty,t
wov e
rti
calhandl
eswe
rea
ddedtot
he盤 Pan,whos
elargefl
ati
nte
rio
rbowl
wasoft
enuse
dtoc a
rryfai
rl
ylonginsc
ript
ions
.The盤 Panwasuse
dasanof
fi
ci
alri
tualv
esselbyt
heeli
te
l
eader
sofClas
sic
alCh i
naanditsi
nscr
ipt
ionsfunc
ti
oneds
imi
lar
lyt
omoder
nlega
ldocuments.

Phi
li
ppine盤 Panfocus
esonthre
eWe st
ernZhouDynas
tyBronzeRit
ualWaterVess
elsmadeduri
ngthere
igns
ofKingGong(922-
900BC)a ndKingXu an(
827-
782BC),tha
tg i
vedeta
il
so neve
ntsfr
omo vert
hreet
housa
nd
yea
rsago.Thes
ebronzePans(Abl
uti
onVessel
s)ha
vebeense
lect
ed,notonl
yb e
causeofthe
irweal
thof
hi
stor
ica
linf
ormat
ion,buta
lsobec
auseweh a
vefoundt
heset
hreetr
eas
u r
esinouris
lands
.

Tou nde
rstandthemagnitudeoft
hes i
gnif
ica
nceofthes
ePh i
li
ppine盤 Pan,knowthatamongWe st
ernZhou
Bronzewithinscri
pti
ons,“Accor
dingtostat
is
ti
csthe
reareabout300piec
eseachwit
ho ver40char
acte
rs,a
bout
190piecesover50c ha
ract
ers,about130pi
ecesove
r1 00char
acte
rsandabout16pie
cesov e
r200charac
ter
s.”
1

Thismean st
h a
ttheyhaveesti
ma t
edthatt
herear
eonlya r
ound130b r
onzeri
tua
lvessel
sma dedur
ingthe
We s
ter
nZh o
up eri
odwitho ve
r100i ns
cri
bedchar
acte
rs.Andforvess
elswit
hov e
r200c h
a r
act
eri
nscri
pti
ons,
th
erewo uldbea r
ound1 6piec
esine x
ist
ence.

TheXiJ i
ap an兮甲盤 wa sinsc
ribe
dwi t
h1 33cha
ract
ers
,theShiQia
n gpan史墻盤 h a
s2 84char
act
ers
,wh i
le
t
heLa ipan逨盤 h as372c ha
ract
ers.Thelar
genumberofchar
acte
rsontheseablut
ionves
selsmaket
hems ome
oft
her a
restt
y pe
so fri
tualves
sel
so fChina’
sCla
ssi
calDynast
y,whic
hwe reabletocapt
urethes
eins
cri
pti
ons
onthebronzethroughtheadvance
dp ie
ce-moldc
asti
ngme t
hodusedintha
te a
rlyage,t
hatall
owedfi
nep r
eci
se
det
ai
lstoap pea
ront heme t
alsur
face.

4
Phi
li ne盤 P
ppi an H
is
to
ryo
ft
heD
rag
ona
ndt
heV
er
mil
l
io
nPh
oen
ix ⒸJ
.G.Che
ock,2022

Al
lThr
eeo
fthePhi
li ne盤 Pa
ppi nshavei
mpor
tantChi
nes
eco
unt
erpa
rts
:

TheShiQiangpan(史墻盤)h asbeendescr
ibe
da s"
thefi
rstcons
ciousat
te
mp ti
nChinatowri
tehi
sto
ry.
"2

Rega
rdedasaNati
ona
lTreas
urekepti
ntheBa oj
iBronz
eWa reMu se
um, i
tisamongalis
tof64cul
tur
alr
elic
s
pr
ohibi
te
dfromeverl
eavi
ngChine
ses o
il.
2 8
4c ha
rac
ter
swe rei
nscri
bedonthefl
atsur
faceo
fthePanwhen
Gongwa sk
ing.
(Fi
gure1)

TheXiJ i
apa n(兮甲盤)b rokeauct
ionrecor
dsforChinesewo r
kso farti
nCh i
nain2017,sell
ingfor
RMB2 1 2.
75mi l
li
on($31.5mill
ion)
.“'XiJi
a'Pan,withasma nya s133c har
a ct
ersofins
cri
p t
ion,i
stheonly
ex
ist
ingbronzefr
omt heWester
nZh ouDynastycol
lec
tedb ytheroyalfamil
yo fSouthe
rnS ongDyn as
ty.
..
Theins
cript
ionswhichre
co r
dY i
nJif
u'spart
ici
pati
oninwa rsandl andma nagementaswe l
lasbo r
dertrade
wit
htheminorit
iesaresi
gnif
icanti
np r
ovidi
nginfo
rmationforthestudyofCh ina'
soff
ici
alrankingsyst
em,war,
i
mp e
rialaward,t
a x
ati
on,slav
ery,t
radeandg ov
ernancei
na ncientti
mes ”3 (
. Figure2)

TheLa ipan(逨盤) ,a.k.

aQi uPanu ne
art
hedin2003,wit
hits372ch a
ract
ershasbeeninclude
da mongthe
Cultura
lRe l
icsProhibit
edfrome verl
eavi
ngthecount
ry.Li
ketheSh iQiangpan,i
tiskeptintheBa oj
iBronze
Wa reMu seum.Va l
ueo ftheLaiPanwa si
mme di
atel
yseenasitwas“ t
hefir
stmater
ialproofoftheZhoukings
’
l
istrecorde
di nthe“Zh oubenji”周本紀 c hapt
erofSimaQian司馬遷' s(145–90b.c
.e.
)Sh i史記.
ij Atthe
sa
met i
me ,t
heQi upa ncorrobo
rat
edtheobser
vati
onbasedonas i
milarbutear
li
errecordofpedigre
ea l
igne
d
withtheh i
st
oryo ftheroyalhouse,t
heShiQiangpan史牆盤, dat
ingaround900b .
c.
e .
a ndexcavat
edin1976,
t
ha tth
eWe s
ternZhouo ffi
cialhi
st
oric
alnar
rat
iveonl
ys l
ight
lydi
ffer
edf r
omt h
et r
ansmitt
edh i
stor
y.”
4

(
Fig ur
e3 )

Fi
gur
e2.(ab
ove)
Xi
JiaPan,
Ch i
na
Pho
tofr
omL a
iTi
mes
.2/7/
22.
<h
tt
ps:
//
www.l
ait
i
mes.
com/e
n/a
rt
ic
le/
2od
ml_
333
a8.
ht
ml>

Fi
gur
e1.(a
bove)
Shi
Qian
gPa n
,Baoj
iBr
onz
eWa
reMu
seu
m
Pho
toby幽灵巴尼

Fi
gur
e3.(r
i
ght)
La
iPan,Bao
jiBr
onz
eWa
reMu
seu
m
Phot
oby幽灵巴尼
5
Phi
li ne盤 P
ppi an H
is
to
ryo
ft
heD
rag
ona
ndt
heV
er
mil
l
io
nPh
oen
ix ⒸJ
.G.Che
ock,2022

T
heP
hi
li
pp
in
eSh
iQi
an
gpa
n史墻盤
ThePh i
li
ppineSh iQi a
ngp an史墻盤 ( figur
e4 )wasprese
rvedinaZa mbal
esjunksho
pwh ereithadb eensold
asscr
apme talbyt heindi
g e
n ouspeopl
e swhoh adfounditi
nt hemounta
ins
, a
longwit
hma nyo t
herrit
u a
l
bronz
esthatap peartobefromt heLateSh angtoEa r
lyWe s
ternZhoudynas
ty.Theownerofthejunks hop,
enamoredbyt hebe aut
yo fthebronzes
, di
dn othavetheheartt
ome l
tthe
m, col
le
cti
ngtheminstea
d. Longa ft
er
t
h ej
unks h
o ph adc l
osedd owna ndsheh a
dp assedaway,hersonfo
u n
dthehiddenbr
onzesandb r
oug htt
h e
mt o
t
h eat
tent
iono ftheKa saysa
y anHu nt
ers–ano r
g a
n i
zat
ionunite
dinourdesi
retounc
overthet
wi st
san dturnsof
Phil
ippi
neh i
story.

Thepr
iva
tecol
lector
,whoacqui
redthePa
n,formanyye
arsh
adn oide
aofthehis
tor
icalt
rea
sur
eheowned.
WhenProf
essorBoyetManue
ln ot
ic
edfai
ntma r
ksont
hesur
fac
eo ft
hebronzePan,t
heteamhadt
heab
lut
ion
ve
sse
lX-ray
ed, r
eveal
ingt
hefamousShiQia
ngPa n史墻盤 inscri
pti
on.

Fi
gur
e4.
Th
ePh i
l
ipp
ineShi
Qiangpan史墻盤
Hei
ght
:24cm,Len
gth
:5 6
.5cm,
Wei
ght
:11
.56k
g
Za
mb a
les
,Phil
i
ppi
nes

(
abo
ve)det
ai
loft
hef
l
amboyan
tPh
oeni
xonafi
nel
ydet
ai
led
b
ackgr
oun
d,th
atemb
ell
i
she
stheo
ute
rbodyo
ftheve
ssel
.

(
lef
t)
TheX-r
aysent
bytheo
wn e
rof
thePhi
l
ipp
ineShiQi
ang
Panwasre
cogn
ize
da st
hesamewi
t
hthat
ofit
shis
tor
i
cChin
ese
co
unter
par
t.

6
Phi
li ne盤 P
ppi an H
is
to
ryo
ft
heD
rag
ona
ndt
heV
er
mil
l
io
nPh
oen
ix ⒸJ
.G.Che
ock,2022

T
heP
hi
li
pp
in
eXi
Ji
apa
n兮甲盤
ThePhil
ippi
neXiJ i
ap an兮甲盤 ( fi
gure5)wa safamilyh ei
rl
oomp ass
edd ownforanun knownn umberof
gene
rat
ionsher
einLu zon.Fasc
inat
edb ythecontent
so fthest
rangewr it
ingonthebronzeart
ifa
ct,t
h e
des
cendantt
owh omt hevess
elhadb ee
np as
sedo ntoha dbroughtittoPhil
ippi
nelingui
st
stoh aveitdeci
phere
d.
Unfor
tunat
el
y,overtheyears
,twoo fit
sthr
eelegshadb rokenoff,ands omeonehadburnis
hedit,part
ial
ly
er
asi
ngitspre
ciousins
cript
ions
.Thu s
,anytransl
at
orwo ul
dh a
vet okn owtheancie
ntscri
ptofClassic
alCh i
na,
whil
etryi
ngtoputtogethe
rthepuzzleofth
emi ssi
ngp i
e ce
s,beforebe i
ngabletotr
ansl
ate.Wh e
nt hePanwa s
pos
tedonRe ddi
t,someonerecogni
zedthefra
gme nt
so ftheinscr
iptionasmatchin
gthatoftheXiJ i
aPa n.

Theformo fthePhi
lippi
neXiJ iaPan兮甲盤 mo r
eclosel
yr e
semb lest
h a
toftheLaiPan逨盤, withacir
cula
r
ba
sean dtr
ipodlegs.Legsandb as
eo ft
heXiJ i
aPan兮甲盤 i nCh inawerebrokenoffi
nth epastwhenithad
be
enre l
egate
dt omen i
alki
tchenuse,bef
oreit
shist
ori
calvaluewa srecogni
zed.Beca
u s
eo ftherel
ati
vel
yg ood
pr
eser
v at
ionofthePh i
li
ppineXiJiaPan兮甲盤, wehav eana ddi
tio
n a
linscr
ipt
ionontheb as
eo f20chara
cter
s
t
hattheCh i
nesepanma yhav elos
t.Theburni
shi
ng,howe ve
r,hadv i
rtual
lyera
sedach a
racter
,wh i
lele
aving
mostoftheinscr
ipt
ioninbarelydis
cerni
blepat
ches
.ARe ddi
ttr
anslatorwashelpf
uli
np ie
c i
ngtogethe
rwh at
mayha vebeeninsc
ribed.

Fi
gure5.
ThePhil
i
p p
ineXiJi
apan兮甲盤
Hei
ght:15cm,Lengt
h:28
.5c
m,We
igh
t:1
.71k
g
Lu
z o
n ,
Ph i
l
ippi
nes

(
abo
ve)Bot
tomoft
hePanwit
ha20charac
teri
nscr
i
p t
i
ontha
t
i
snotf
oun
do nth
eChin
esecoun
ter
part
.Bro
k e
nlegsrev
eal
t
hecl
ayusedf
ort
hepi
ece-
moldc
ast
ingmethod.

(
le
ft
)Int
ri
cat
ede
tai
lso
fth
ebr
onz
ePa
nfe
atu
ret
hec
res
ted
Phoe
nix
,bot
hin
sid
eandout
.

7
Phi
li ne盤 P
ppi an H
is
to
ryo
ft
heD
rag
ona
ndt
heV
er
mil
l
io
nPh
oen
ix ⒸJ
.G.Che
ock,2022

T
heP
hi
li
pp
in
eLa
ipa
n逨盤
ThePhil
ippi
neLa ipn逨盤 (
a fi
gure6)isafas
cina
ti
ngma s
ter
p i
eceofanci
enti
ngenui
tyandcraf
tsmanship.I
ts
exc
epti
onalchar
acte
ris
ti
cisitsminiat
uresi
ze.Wit
hal e
ngt
ho f20.
3c m,hei
ghtof6cm, a
ndinnerb a
sin
di
ameterof14.
8c m,onecanh ar
dlythi
nkitposs
ibl
etocont
ai
na3 72cha
ract
eri
n s
cri
pti
on.Andy ett
his
i
ncred
iblewonderofsupe
riorbronzewo r
kdis
covere
dinMind a
nao,bea
rsthecomple
teinsc
ript
ionwitheach
cha
ract
erarou
nd5mmi nh e
ig ht
.

Theca
ll
igra
phica
rti
standthebr
onz
ewo rke
r’sski
ll
smustha
vebe
enp
ressedt
othel
imit
sasthe
yp r
oduc
edthi
s
ve
sse
linthepi
ece-
mo l
dc a
sti
ngmethod
,usedbytheLat
eShangt
oWest
ernZhoudyna
sti
es,
thata
ll
owedthe
pr
oduct
ionofmet
alart
if
actswit
hsuc
hintr
icat
el
yf i
nede
tai
ls
.

Anot
herrema
rkabl
ethi
ngthatmakest
hePhil
ippi
neLaipn逨盤 as
a p
eci
al
lyin
v a
lua
bler
esour
cei
sth
atit
cl
ear
lyre
veal
stwochar
act
erstha
taredif
fi
cul
ttodis
cer
nontheChine
seLa n逨盤,
iPa gi
vingusa
ddi
ti
onal
i
nfor
mati
ontothehi
st
ori
calmessagebe
ingsha
redbyouranc
est
ors
.

Fi
gur
e6.
Th
ePh i
l
ipp
ineLai
pan逨盤
Hei
ght
:6cm,Lengt
h:2
0.3c
m,We
igh
t:1k
g
Mi
ndanao
,Phil
i
ppi
nes

(
abov
e)ThePhil
i
ppineLaipani
samini
at
ur
ema st
er
pi
ece
o
fit
sChi
nesecounte
rpart
(Fi
gure3)
.Fr
omtheHor
nedbea
st
h
old
ingt
heRingofHe a
veninit
sja
ws,t
oth
eHo r
nedbe
ast
s
c
ompri
si
ngit
str
ipodl
e gs
.

(l
ef
t)Ani
mp oss
ibl
efe a
t!Anci
entc
raf
ts
me nwereabl
etofi
tth
e
372char
acte
rinscr
ipti
onint
othemin
iat
urebro
n z
evesse
l,wi
th
eachchar
act
erb a
rely5mmi nhei
ght
.
Theins
cri
pt
ionissolegi
bletha
twewe r
ea b
letorea
dtwo
anci
entch
aract
ersthatcoul
dnolong
erbed i
scer
nedint
he
muchlar
gerChineseLaipan.

8
Phi
li ne盤 P
ppi an H
is
to
ryo
ft
heD
rag
ona
ndt
heV
er
mil
l
io
nPh
oen
ix ⒸJ
.G.Che
ock,2022

Alt
houghthiswasn ott
hefirs
tminiat
u rebronzema st
erpi
eceIh a
ved ocumentedinthePhi
li
p pi
nes,t
hiswa s
def
ini
tel
ythemo stamazinginit
slevelo fsophi
s tic
ati
on,accurac
y, a
ndd i
gnifi
edb e
auty
.Ami niat
ureinscr
ibed
BoBe l
lli
ketheo nefoundinthetombo fMa r
qu isYiofZen g,gi
venb yKingHu iofChud uri
ngtheZh ou
dynas
tySpringandAu t
umnp eriod,hadi ns
cri
bedc ha
ract
ersofthesame5 mmh ei
ghtbutnotqui
tethesame
ski
ll
.ThelargerBoBe l
luneart
hedwi thMa rquisYiwa s1 34kga nd92.5cmi nheight
.Themi ni
at
u r
efoundin
t
hePh i
li
ppinesweighs1.174kga ndis1 7cmt all(Figur
es7&8 ).ThePh i
li
ppineBoBe l
l,al
ongwi t
hth r
ee
pr
ogress
ivel
ys mall
eroneswithsimil
a rformb utwi t
hn oinscr
ipt
ions,wereresc
u e
dfromb ei
ngme lt
edina
Mindanaorecycl
ingpla
nt.Eachb e
llstil
lchimesb r
il
li
antl
yi ntwod i
ffer
entnotes
,dependi
ngo ntheareast
ruck
bythewo ode
nma lle
t.

Thethr
eePh i
li
ppinePanma yb ema deavai
labl
efornon-dest
ructivescie
n t
if
ictes
tinginasecureenvironment
i
nthePh il
ippines
,uponin st
it
uti
on a
lreques
t.Whatarethechan c
e sthatt
h e
sethre
ee xtr
emelyrareandv al
uabl
e
br
onzeritualvess
elswithcou nt
erpart
sinChinawouldbed ocume ntedbyo neindi
vidual
?Itwo uldbeeasiert
o
be
lie
vet hatthe
sewe resi
mp lyreproduct
ion
s,whichstr
angelyh avemo reinfor
mationthantheorigi
nals
.
However,ifonec ons
iderstheli
tera
labundanc
eo fri
tua
lb r
o nzeve s
selsinthePhil
ippine
sthathaveb ee
n
unea
rthedino uri
slandsoverhund r
edsofyear
sthathadg oneu n
re c
og ni
zed,asel
e c
tfewo fwh i
chh ad
i
nscr
ipti
ons .Consi
derthee l
eme ntofhumancuri
osit
y,desi
ringtou nderst
andwh attheanci
entshadwr i
tt
en
down.Theni maginethee xc
ite
me ntwh e
nwo r
ds pr
eadsthattherema yactual
lybes omeonewh oc oul
dh el
p
i
nter
prettheinscr
ipti
onsforfree.

Theint
ensedes
iret
oknow,causedcol
lec
torstoentr
ustt
heira
rti
fac
tst
oat ot
alst
range
roveraperi
odofti
mefor
doc
ume nt
ati
on.Thi
ssit
uat
ionhasenabl
edthed oc
ume nt
ati
onofFiveCla
ssi
calChines
ebronzer
it
ualves
sel
s
wit
hwe l
lover200char
act
erse
ach ,i
naddit
iontotheShiQiangPan史墻盤 a ndtheLaiPan逨盤. Re
me mber
t
hatacc
ordingt
os t
at
is
ti
cs,i
thasbeenest
ima t
edthatt
herewereonl
y1 6bronz
erit
ualves
sel
sfromChina’
s
Cl
assi
calAgethatwoul
dhaveover200characte
rsinsc
rib
edonthem.

Fi
gure7.
ThePhil
i
p pi
nein
scr
ibedBoBell
Hei
ght:17cm,We i
ght
:1.
174kg
Shownwiththr
eeprog
ressi
vel
ysma
ll
er
un
inscr
ibedsi
mil
arbel
ls.
Mi
n dan
ao,Phil
ip
pin
es

Fi
gure8.
BoBe l
lf
romMa r
qui
sYiofZen
gtomb
Zhoudynast
y.Chi
na
Hei
ght:92.
5cm,We i
ght
:134kg
pi
ct
urebyCGTN. Tune
sFromAnti
qui
t
y
12/
22/20
21.

9
Phi
li ne盤 P
ppi an H
is
to
ryo
ft
heD
rag
ona
ndt
heV
er
mil
l
io
nPh
oen
ix ⒸJ
.G.Che
ock,2022

Fivebronzevesselsbear
ingtheformsa ndmo ti
fsoftheZhoud ynast
y,andinscr
ibedwi t
hthech a
ract
ersused
duri
ngth a
tp er
iod.2b r
onzehorsesa nd2b r
onzeQilinwinevesselswit
ho ver365ch a
ract
erseach,andab r
onze
Huwi nev es
selwitho ve
r200c haracte
rs(f
igures9,10&1 1)hav ebeendiscove
redinthePh i
li
p pi
nes
. Ihave
foundn orecordofb r
onzevesselswithinscr
ipt
ionsli
kethemi nCh i
na.Ifthes
ea r
eforgeri
es,whatdidthey
copy?Ifthesearereal
,thenle
t’sn otwast
ethev al
uablehi
stori
calinf
orma t
ionpass
edd ownt ousb your
ances
tors.Iamc urre
ntl
ywo rkingo ndeciphe
ringtheins
cri
ptionsonthesevessel
sandwo uldgladlys
h ar
ethe
mater
ialsIhaves ofar
.Wh il
ethet r
a ns
lat
ionwo r
ko ntheFiveothervess
elsprogre
sses,l
etuslearnfr
omwh at
wema yn owu nderst
andfromt hehistor
ica
linformati
ontra
nsmittedtousinthethreePhil
ippinePan,rea
ching
usthr
oug hroughly30t i
mesah un dre
dy ear
s.

Notethattheserit
ualb r
onzev essel
so ftheLateShan gtotheWe st
ernZh oudyn a
s t
ywe reimport
a ntl
egal
docume n
tso ftheeli
tep ol
it
icalruler
so ftha
tag e
.Ea chv es
selrepr
esentsalar
gea mo u ntofcash(bronzecoi
ns),
sk
ill
edma np o
we r
, andint
ricatesymb oli
cdesign.I
n scri
pti
onsrepresent
edag reatdealo fthou
g htandplanni
ng.
Ancientcharact
ersthatwe r
ein clude
di neveryinscr
iptionwo ul
dh avegonethroughc a
r e
fulconsider
ati
on,
meti
culouslycraft
edt ocontai
na smu c hbackgro
u nda sposs
iblefortheide
aitrep r
ese nte
d.Nowo rdwa s
ac
cidentalorsuperfl
uo us
.Th eme ssagesarenottob etreat
edlikethechara
cterswes oe a
sil
ytypeo nac ompute
r.
Put
tinglongs t
ringsofc ha
racterstogethe
r,andextracti
ngtheg ene
ralconceptislikesumma r
izingawe ll
-pa
cked
su
mma ry
, l
eavingu swithveryl i
tt
lese ns
e.Wh enwet a ket
hetimet odecomp r
essth erichcontentsofthe
se
anc
ientinscri
ptions,wea r
erewa rdedwi t
hau nifi
eda ndc ons
ist
entrecordofpastev ents.

Per
hapsthehi
stor
yc ont
aine
dinthese盤 Pa nwe r
eneverful
lyunder
stood,l
acki
ngthegre
aterconte
xtofwho,
whereandwhatthe
ywe reactua
ll
yrefer
ringto.Sobe
fo r
ewec ont
inuewiththet
rans
lat
ion,l
et’
sg oovers
ome
cha
ract
erstodi
scoverwhatthe
yma yh a
veme a
nttoourpre
decess
orsintheli
ghtoft
heirus
ageo fthe
l
ogogra
ph i
cchar
acte
r sa
nda nc
ientdef
ini
ti
o nsoft
hei
rradic
als.

Fi
gur
e9 . Fi
gur
e10.(r
ig
ht)
Phi
l
ipp
ineBron
zeHuWi n
eVess
el 2Phi
li
ppi
neQil
inHuWineVess
els
Hei
ght
:40c m,
We i
ght
:13.
38k
g 36
5+charac
ter
se a
ch
Za
mb al
es,Phi
l
ipp
ine
s Hei
ght
:49.
5cm, Weig
ht:
5.6k
g
Mi
ndanao
,Phil
i
p p
ines

Fi
gur
e11.(b
elow)
2Phi
li
ppi
neBronzeHors
es
36
5+charac
terseac
h
Hei
ght
:30.
5-31cm,Weight
:2.
7-
2.
8kg
Mi
ndanao
,Phil
ipp
ines

Det
ai
lofi
nsc
ri
pt
ion
ont
hebaseoft
he
br
onzeHu(a
bove)

1
0
Phi
li ne盤 P
ppi an H
is
to
ryo
ft
heD
rag
ona
ndt
heV
er
mil
l
io
nPh
oen
ix ⒸJ
.G.Che
ock,2022

B
oats
,Bi
r
ds,
andHi
st
ory
:
T
heWo
rds
The
yUs
eda
ndWha
tT
he
yMe
an
t
Theendofthe2ndmil
le
nniumBCwa satur
bul
entt
imeofe
mp i
rebui
ldi
ngandc
oloni
zat
ion
,le
avingvi
rt
ual
ly
nola
ndu n
scath
eb ywar
.Int
heWestth
ePhoeni
cia
nsandGre
eksra
cedtobui
ldp
o r
tsi
ntheMedit
err
ane
an,
whil
etheAssyr
ianEmpir
ewasexpa
ndingi
ntheknownwor
ld.

Shang商 t oYin殷 Tr ansforma ti

on
商 KingsoftheLateShangd ynastywerenotexemp tfr
omt hespi
ritoftheage,ren
aming
t
hems el
vesfromtheShan g商 ‘ busi
ness
me n’,‘
tr
a de
rs’t
otheYin殷 ‘ d ar
kred’,‘
flour
is
hing’
.
Theancientcha
ract
erwa sab odyturne
dtof acean e
wd ire
cti
ong ive
nb yas t
ickbeari
ng
hand.I
twa sduri
ngthereigno fShangKingPa nGe ng(1290-1263BC)t hatt
heyb e
ganto
re
fertothemsel
vesandthe i
rcap i
ta
lasYin殷. Alongwiththechangeo fname,ther
ealso
see
me dtob eachangeofd i
recti
on,espe
ciall
yintheirat
ti
tudetowardsthep e
oplegroups
殷 wholivedintheFourQu art
ersb e
yondtheirborder
s.Thiswasalsothep er
iodwh e
nb ronz
e
i
nscri
pti
onsb ega
ntoa ppearont he
irri
tua
lv es
sel
s .

TheFo urQua rtersTerrit

ory
Class
icalCh i
n esesawtheirnati
oninli
ghto ft
hen ei
gh bor
sthatborde
redthema ccor
d i
ngto
t
heFo urCa rdinalDir
e c
tions(Nort
h,Sout
h ,EastandWe st)
.Then on-
ChineseOu t
erRe gi
ons
四 werecalle
dFa ng方 ‘ Square’
,witheac
hp orti
ono ftheFangd i
vid
edintoFo urRegionsor
FourQu arter
so rFourKi ngdoms.Ancienttext
sca l
lthemtheforei
gntri
beso fth
eNo rthe
rn
Di狄, So uthernMa n蠻, East
ernYi夷 a ndWe ste
rnRo ng戎, whoestabl
ishe
dt hei
rown
ci
vili
zat
ion sinthei
rre s
pecti
velands.
Territ
ori
eso fthes
eFo urpeopl
eg r
oupswe rethelands
方 oftheFo urQu art
ers四方 s ur
roundi
ngtheMi ddleKin g
do m中國 – t
hen ameo fChina,which
fi
rstappearedinWe ster
nZh oub r
onzeins
c r
ipti
ons(Figure13).

Numerouswarswerei
nit
iat
edbySh angKingWuDi ng武丁 ( 12
5 0-119 2BC)wi t
hregi
onso ft
heFo ur
Quar
tes四方,
r “Accor
dingtotheBamb o
oAn nal
s,t
hethi
rt
y-s
econdyearo fhi
srei
gn,hesenttr
oopstoGu i
fan
g
(鬼方)a ndaft
erthr
eeyear
so ff
ight
ingheconquer
edit
.TheDi(氐)a ndQi ang(羌)immediatel
ysentenvoysto
Sha
ngton e
gotia
te.
”5Butitwasonlyduri
ngtheti
meofhisgr
andsont
h atthe
ya ch
ieve
dma j
o rbre
akthr
oughs.

Duri
ngtherei
gno fShangKi ngWuDi ng’sgrandso
nDiXi n帝辛, la
te2ndmill
enni
umBC, mili
ta
rycamp ai
gns
ag
ains
ttheFourQu art
erswe rese
rious
lyp ur
s ue
d.“Thed e
scenda
ntofWu -
ti
ngisama r
tia
lsoverei
gn,equalt
o
ev
eryemergency
.Te nprinc
e s(whocame )wi t
hthei
rdragon-
emblazone
dbanners
,Bearthelar
gedishe
so f
mil
let
…Fr omthefourseasth eycome(too ursac
rif
ice
s);Theycomeinmu l
ti
tude
s…Th atYinshoul
dh ave
r
ecei
vedtheappoi
n t
me nt(ofHe a
ven)wa sen t
ir
elyri
ght;–(
It
’ssove
rei
gn)sust
ai
nsal
litsdig
n i
ti
es.
”6

Mult
it
udescomingtotheSh a
ngs ac
rif
icesf r
omthelandsthatborder
edt heLandwithi
ntheFourSeas(China
),
wer
ep r
obabl
yn ott
herewill
ingl
y.Shangk ingsprac
ti
cedh uma nsacr
if
ice,reni人祭 i
j nama ss
ivesca
lewith
r
ecor
dsofathousandp e
oplebrut
all
yk ill
e dasoff
eri
ngstotheirgodato neti
me .Sacr
if
ici
alvi
cti
mswe re
“mos
tlypri
sone
rsofwa randfiel
dslaves(k e
epinmindthatSh an
gf i
eldslavesweretypi
cal
lycapt
uredfr
om
di
st
antla
ndsoutsi
deo fShangdoma i
n).
”7I thasbe
enesti
ma t
e dthatwellover10,
0 00i
ndivi
dual
swe r
ebruta
ll
y
murd
eredassacr
ifi
cesinthelas
t250y earsofShangrul
e .

1
1
Phi
li ne盤 P
ppi an H
is
to
ryo
ft
heD
rag
ona
ndt
heV
er
mil
l
io
nPh
oen
ix ⒸJ
.G.Che
ock,2022

Yi夷 , t
hePe oplesoftheEa sternQua rter
TheAu st
rones
ian-Yi夷 we r
ereprese
n t
edb yac har
acte
rt hatportr
ayedthe mi ntheir
夷 pr
eferreds i
tt
ingp osi
ti
on,commo n l
yk nowna sthe‘AsianSq uat’
.Ma nyja dea r
tifa
c t
sfound
i
nth ePh il
ippi
nei sl
andshavea n
thropomo rphi
cfigur
esint hisposit
ion(Fig ure12).TheYi夷
wereth epeoplewh oh a
ds et
tl
edint heEaster
nQu artr東方 o
e utsi
deo fCh ineseterri
tor
y,
whowe reconsidere
dt h
emo s
tcivil
izedamo ngthenon-Ch i
n esepeoples.TheSh u owenJ i
ezi
,
acharacterdict
ionaryfrom1 21AD, tell
susthatthe“..
.yíisa s
socia
tedwi thb enevolence
andh uma nlongevit
y.Yíc ount
ri
esa r
et he
refor
ev ir
tuousplaceswh erepeo pl
el ivelonglive
s.
Thisiswh yCo n f
uciuswa n
tedtog otoyíc ount
ri
eswh enth edaoc ouldno tber e
a l
izedinthe
CentralStat
es.”8Thus,theYiwe renotseenaso necountry
, butac omp a
nyo fcivil
ized
nat
ions, l
iketheAu st
ronesi
anc ommu nit
ieswh ohadb ui
ltnationsalongthec o a
stla
n dsof
SoutheastAsiaa ndbeyond.

Fi
gur
e1 2
.
Magnet
i
cBlackNeph
ri
teJa
deSta
tueof
a
sq
uatt
i
ngma nwit
habir
dshap
edhel
met.
Hei
ght
:25.
3c m,Wei
ght
:2.
063kg
Pana
y,Phi
li
ppi
nes

“Thelas
tkingoft
heShang, n帝辛 (
DiXi s
eeKin
gZhou紂)undert
ookse
v e
ralmil
it
arycampai
gnsaga
ins
tthe
East
ernYitr
ibe
softheZhaf
ang{虘又} 方,Yuf
ang盂方 andYif
ang夷方. ”9Thesemil
it
aryca
mp ai
gnswere
foc
usedonthenon-
Chine
seYi-Aus
tr
one
sia
nBir
dTri
beswhol
ive
dintheEast
ernQuart
eroft
hen a
ti
onstha
t
borde
redth
eMi ddl
eKingdom.

Thre
emo derncompoundchara
cte
rswitht
hewo rdYi夷 g i
vesaver
ygraphi
cpict
u r
eofYih is
tor
y:fa
yi伐夷
'
att
ackbarba
rians
',z
hengyi征夷 'puni
shbarbar
ians
',a
ndy i
fang夷方 'ba
rbari
anregions
'.
10“Oracl
eins
cri
pti
ons
re
cordtha
tSh a
ngKi ngWuDi ng(r
.c.1250–1
192BCE)ma demi
li
tar
yexpedit
ionsontheYi,andKingDiXin
(r
.c.1075–
10 4
6BCE)wa g e
dama ssi
vecamp a
ignagai
nstt
heYifa
ng夷方 " barbari
anregio
n s
".”
11

Huaiyi淮夷 ‘ Birdov erthefl

owingwa te
rs’
YutheGreatme nt
ionsthenon-Chine
seforei
gn‘Bir
dYi’鳥夷 i ntheSh uKi ng
‘Cl
assi
cofHi st
ory’
.Br onzeinsc
ript
ion
sc a
ptur
edthelogogra
phiccha r
act
eru s
edforthe
Huai
yi淮夷 ‘ Bir
do verthefl
owingwa t
ers
’or‘Sout
hernBir
d softhewa t
ers’南淮夷.
淮 Theanci
entcharact
erco mbine
dtheradic
alforf
lowingwaterwit
hth atofab i
rdinfl
ight
.
Ater
mt hatma yhavereferr
edtotheEli
teGroupofCo s
micBi r
dtri
b eleade
rsresi
dingi
nt h
e
Cent
ralPortCit
yinthePh il
ippi
nes,l
ocat
edSo ut
heas
tofChina.

TheBi r
dwa sthemo s
timport
anttot
emo ftheAu s
trone
sian-
LiangzhuCult
urefr
oma sfa
rbackastheHemu du
mothercul
ture
.Du alcr
est
edb i
rd-h
eadsymb ol
so neachsideofasolardi
skwasap r
imarymoti
fintheHemu du
Cultur
e.TheSolarDisk/
Eyethatfi
ll
sthebodyo fthecent
ralCosmicBirdisse
entobethesameSolar
Disks/
EyesoftheGo dFaceMa skandSpir
itBeingMo tif
sthatdominat
edAustr
ones
ian-
Liangz
huCu l
tur
ea r
t.
Inc
isedBir
dt ot
emsh avebeendocumente
do nseveralofthe
irmostimport
antfor
ms,li
kethe
irri
tua
lNe phr
it
e
JadeBidis
ka ndCon gtube
s.

12
Phi
li ne盤 P
ppi an H
is
to
ryo
ft
heD
rag
ona
ndt
heV
er
mil
l
io
nPh
oen
ix ⒸJ
.G.Che
ock,2022

Fi
gur
e1 3.
Gr
aphicRepr
e s
entat
i
onoft
he
Fou
rQu ar
tes四方 t
r otheNort
h,Sout
h,
Eas
tan dWestoft
heMiddl
eKingd
om.
Di
vi
sio
n al
li
nesaref
oril
l
ust
rat
i
ono n
ly
an
da r
en ota
na ccu
rat
edepi
ct
ionof
ac
tual
b ou
ndari
es.

Ja
deBidisksandCo ngtubes,a
bsenti
nthefirs
thal
fofthe2ndmill
enni
umBC, dur
ingtheXiady nas
tyandthe
Ear
lytomid-Shangperiod,s
uddenl
yappearedinLat
eShangtombs.“TheXin’ga
ntomb ,roughl
yc ont
emporar
y
wit
htheFuHa o’s
,hadn ocoll
ect
ionsofjade
sfromearl
ie
rcult
ures
.Thiscoul
dleadustod e
ducet ha
ttheear
li
er
j
adeswereprobabl
yo bta
inedfr
omlo ot
ingthedef
eat
edregi
onsinwars,f
orFuHa owa sageneralacco
rdi
ngto
t
radi
ti
onall
it
e r
atur
e.”
12

LadyFuHa owa soneoft

hema nywivesofShangKingWuDi ng,whohadma demil
it
arycampai
gnsagai
nst
t
hejadeworkingAustr
one
sian-
Yitri
bes.FuHaowa sapr
ies
tes
sandah ighranki
nggene
raloft
heShangarmi
es.
Asaprie
ste
ss,FuHa owouldhavebeenfasc
ina
tedwitht
hespi
rit
ualandceremoni
als
igni
fic
anc
eo ft
hesej
ade
i
te
ms .Asag e
neral
,shewouldhavehadtheaut
hori
tytot
akethe
ma she
rp r
ize.

IfGene
ral
-LadyFuHa ohadinva
dedth eEa s
ter
nlandsoft
heAu st
rones
ian-
YiCentr
alPortCapi
talCit
y,
i
two ul
dcert
ai
nlyexpla
int
h epr
esenceo fLateShangdyna
styart
if
actsi
nthePhil
ippi
nes,i
ncl
udingab r
onze
Dingvess
elembel
li
shedwitht
heRo yalSh angins
igni
aoftwoTigersat
tac
kingahapl
essindi
vid
ua l(
Figur
e14)
.
Thesameins
igni
awa sbor
neonb ron
z ea xe
sinhertomb(Figur
e15).

Fi
gu r
e1 4
.
TwoT i
gerswit
hManb et
ween
t
heirJaws.ShangRoyal
Insi
gni
a.
Bro
n zeTri
podDing
.
Hei
g ht
:21.5cm,Weig
ht:2.
75kg.
Phi
li
ppines.

Fi
gure15.
(a
bo ve
)
TwoTig
erswit
hMa nbet
weent
hei
r
JawsonBronzeAxe-
hea
d.Sha
ngRoy
alI
nsi
gni
a.
FuhaoTomb.Chi
na
1
3
Phi
li ne盤 P
ppi an H
is
to
ryo
ft
heD
rag
ona
ndt
heV
er
mil
l
io
nPh
oen
ix ⒸJ
.G.Che
ock,2022

TheZho u周 De feattheYin殷 ( Shang商)

I
n1 059BC, th e
rewa sama ssi
ngo fplanet
swe s
toftheVe rmill
ionBirdconstel
lati
ond uring
t
her ei
gno fth elas
tSh angKingDiXi n .TheBamb ooAn nalsst
atest
ha t
,“thefiveplanets
周 gat
he r
edinRo om;ag reatscar
letcrowa l
ight
edonth eZh oualt
artothesoil.
”
Mo ziexpand edonth i
ss t
at
eme nti
nt heFeigongxiac ha
p te
r,“ascar
letcrowc l
aspingaj ade
sc
ep t
erinitsb eakdescendedont heZh oualt
art
othes oilatMt.Qis a
y i
ng,‘He a
v e
n
comma ndsKi ngWe no fZhoutoattac
kYi n(Shang)
, andtakep os
sess
iono ftheStat
e .
’”13

Acco r
dingtoDa vi
dW. Pankeni
er,“Thec l
ust
eroffi
v eplanetswasclearl
yv i
sibl
ef orma n y
daysafte
rfu lldarknesshadfal
lenasth e“gr
eatsca
rletcrow”s e
tinthen or
thwe s
t
“c
laspingini tsbeak”a“ sce
pter
”wh ichwen owr ec
o gni
z easad es
cri
p t
ionofthep l
a ne
t ary
f
orma ti
on.”13

Thecele
stialma s
singofthep l
anet
sbesidetheVermill
ionPh oe
nixo ftheSouthwasclea
rly
se
enb yKi ngWe nofZh ouasHe aven’
ssignal,e
n e
rgiz
ingh i
mt oo r
ganizepoli
ti
cala
nd
mil
ita
ryalli
e sagai
nstt
h erul
ingdynasty
.Th entheZhouwa i
te
df orHe a
v e
n’scle
arins
tr
uc t
ion
t
oa t
tack,wh i
chd i
dn o
ta r
riveunti
lovertenyearslat
er,afewy e
arsa f
terKingWe nhad
pas
sedawa y.“ Notunti
lJupite
rretur
neda ga
intotheh e
a r
toftheVe rmil
li
onBi r
d
cons
tel
lat
ioni nearl
y104 6BCd i
dKingWe n’
ssona ndh e
irKingWua ctual
lyla
unchthe
suc
cessf
ulc amp a
ignwh ic
hc ul
minatedintheconquestofSh a
ngo n2 0Ma rch1046BC.”13

Fi
gur
e1 6.(a
bove) Aft
ert
heseh i
stori
calevents
,theri
seoftheZh oud yna
stywasconnect
edtothePhoenix,
2Wing-s
h a
pedJades t
hecol
orred,su mme r
,andtheSo ut
h.TheAu str
o n
esian-
YiBirdtr
ibe
swh ohadheldthe
of
Hu manHe adwit
h
Phoeni
xHe l
met. Cosmi
cBi r
da stheirchi
eftri
baltot
em,b ui
ltthe
irCentra
lPortCit
ytotheSouthofancie
nt
RedStai
nse v
ide
nt. Chi
naintheho ttr
op i
csandv a
luedthecolorred,appe
aredt
ob etheear
thl
yma ni
fest
ati
on
Hei
ght:
4-5cm oft
heHea ve
nlyc onste
ll
ati
on.Signi
fica
nceo ftheAustr
ones
ian-YiBir
dtri
bestothelong
Weig
h t
:30-
40g . t
ermplansofthen ewlyesta
blis
hedZh oudy na
sty,appe
arst
oh avebee
nn ole
ssimp or
tant
Phi
l
ippi
nes t
hanthe
irCe l
estia
lc ount
erpa
rt

TheGr eatMa ndate大命

Manysch ol
arsint
erpre
ttheGr ea
tMa n dae大命,
t menti
onedinancie
ntCh i
nesetextsduring
大 t
heZh oud yna
sty
,tor e
fertothedivi
n eri
g htt
oruleoverChinatha
th adbeentrans
fe r
redfr
om
t
heSh a
n gtotheZho uRo ya
lHo use.An c
ienttext
stel
lusthatt
heGr eatMandateha dbeen
gi
venfir
sttotheYin殷, wh owerelaterdis
q ua
li
fiedduetothei
runrul
yd runkenbeh avi
or.
Zhouancestor
sKingWe nandWut o okthisGreatMa nda
tetohear
t,ad i
rec
tionthatwe nt
命 be
yonds implybeingtheruli
ngd ynas
tyo ftheMid dl
eKingdom.IftheMa ndat
ewa sjus
tabout
gove
rningCh i
na,thenitshoul
dh aveb ee
nr ece
ivedbyYut heGreatofChina’
sf i
rstdynast
y.

Ancientte
xts,part
icul
arl
yb ronzeinscr
ipti
ons,i
n di
catethatt
h eZhoud i
rect
ivewa sseena stheirMandatet
o
makee ver
yl andandnationo ft
hen on-Chine
seFo urQu art
erssubmittoZh ourul
e.Th eCla ssi
cofHistor
y,
Bookso fZhoup res
ervesar e
c o
rdo ftheDukeo fZh ouadvisi
ngKi ngCh e
n gto“Ha vewe llarrange
d( al
so)
yo
u rmilit
aryaccouter
me ntsandwe apons,sothatyouma yg ofort
hb eyo
n dthestepsofYu ,andtrav
erseall
underthesky,evenbeyondt h
es eas
, ev
e r
ywhereme et
ingwi t
hs ubmis
sion…”14 Yut heGr eathadpeacewiththe
FourQu ar
terterr
it
ori
esa sheg over
n e
dt heLandwi t
hintheFo urSeas.Dan,theDu keo fZh ou,wasadvocati
ng
amilit
antexpansionoftheirdoma i
ninc ont
inuat
iono ft
h ewo rkbegunbyh isfa
therKi ngWe ndur
ingthe
Shangd ynast
y.“tocomp l
etethewo rkofKingWa n ,
til
lithasg ran
dlyoverspre
adt hekingdo m,andfromthe
co
rn erofthesea,andthesu nri
sing,t
hereshal
ln otbeon ewh oisdis
obedientt
oth erule(ofKa u/
Zhou).
”15
14
Phi
li ne盤 P
ppi an H
is
to
ryo
ft
heD
rag
ona
ndt
heV
er
mil
l
io
nPh
oen
ix ⒸJ
.G.Che
ock,2022

B
oats
,Bi
r
ds,
andHi
st
ory
:
T
heWo
rds
The
yUs
eda
ndWha
tT
he
yMe
an
t
Theendofthe2ndmil
le
nniumBCwa satur
bul
entt
imeofe
mp i
rebui
ldi
ngandc
oloni
zat
ion
,le
avingvi
rt
ual
ly
nola
ndu n
scath
eb ywar
.Int
heWestth
ePhoeni
cia
nsandGre
eksra
cedtobui
ldp
o r
tsi
ntheMedit
err
ane
an,
whil
etheAssyr
ianEmpir
ewasexpa
ndingi
ntheknownwor
ld.

Shang商 t oYin殷 Tr ansforma ti

on
商 KingsoftheLateShangd ynastywerenotexemp tfr
omt hespi
ritoftheage,ren
aming
t
hems el
vesfromtheShan g商 ‘ busi
ness
me n’,‘
tr
a de
rs’t
otheYin殷 ‘ d ar
kred’,‘
flour
is
hing’
.
Theancientcha
ract
erwa sab odyturne
dtof acean e
wd ire
cti
ong ive
nb yas t
ickbeari
ng
hand.I
twa sduri
ngthereigno fShangKingPa nGe ng(1290-1263BC)t hatt
heyb e
ganto
re
fertothemsel
vesandthe i
rcap i
ta
lasYin殷. Alongwiththechangeo fname,ther
ealso
see
me dtob eachangeofd i
recti
on,espe
ciall
yintheirat
ti
tudetowardsthep e
oplegroups
殷 wholivedintheFourQu art
ersb e
yondtheirborder
s.Thiswasalsothep er
iodwh e
nb ronz
e
i
nscri
pti
onsb ega
ntoa ppearont he
irri
tua
lv es
sel
s .

TheFo urQua rtersTerrit

ory
Class
icalCh i
n esesawtheirnati
oninli
ghto ft
hen ei
gh bor
sthatborde
redthema ccor
d i
ngto
t
heFo urCa rdinalDir
e c
tions(Nort
h,Sout
h ,EastandWe st)
.Then on-
ChineseOu t
erRe gi
ons
四 werecalle
dFa ng方 ‘ Square’
,witheac
hp orti
ono ftheFangd i
vid
edintoFo urRegionsor
FourQu arter
so rFourKi ngdoms.Ancienttext
sca l
lthemtheforei
gntri
beso fth
eNo rthe
rn
Di狄, So uthernMa n蠻, East
ernYi夷 a ndWe ste
rnRo ng戎, whoestabl
ishe
dt hei
rown
ci
vili
zat
ion sinthei
rre s
pecti
velands.
Territ
ori
eso fthes
eFo urpeopl
eg r
oupswe rethelands
方 oftheFo urQu art
ers四方 s ur
roundi
ngtheMi ddleKin g
do m中國 – t
hen ameo fChina,which
fi
rstappearedinWe ster
nZh oub r
onzeins
c r
ipti
ons(Figure13).

Numerouswarswerei
nit
iat
edbySh angKingWuDi ng武丁 ( 12
5 0-119 2BC)wi t
hregi
onso ft
heFo ur
Quar
tes四方,
r “Accor
dingtotheBamb o
oAn nal
s,t
hethi
rt
y-s
econdyearo fhi
srei
gn,hesenttr
oopstoGu i
fan
g
(鬼方)a ndaft
erthr
eeyear
so ff
ight
ingheconquer
edit
.TheDi(氐)a ndQi ang(羌)immediatel
ysentenvoysto
Sha
ngton e
gotia
te.
”5Butitwasonlyduri
ngtheti
meofhisgr
andsont
h atthe
ya ch
ieve
dma j
o rbre
akthr
oughs.

Duri
ngtherei
gno fShangKi ngWuDi ng’sgrandso
nDiXi n帝辛, la
te2ndmill
enni
umBC, mili
ta
rycamp ai
gns
ag
ains
ttheFourQu art
erswe rese
rious
lyp ur
s ue
d.“Thed e
scenda
ntofWu -
ti
ngisama r
tia
lsoverei
gn,equalt
o
ev
eryemergency
.Te nprinc
e s(whocame )wi t
hthei
rdragon-
emblazone
dbanners
,Bearthelar
gedishe
so f
mil
let
…Fr omthefourseasth eycome(too ursac
rif
ice
s);Theycomeinmu l
ti
tude
s…Th atYinshoul
dh ave
r
ecei
vedtheappoi
n t
me nt(ofHe a
ven)wa sen t
ir
elyri
ght;–(
It
’ssove
rei
gn)sust
ai
nsal
litsdig
n i
ti
es.
”6

Mult
it
udescomingtotheSh a
ngs ac
rif
icesf r
omthelandsthatborder
edt heLandwithi
ntheFourSeas(China
),
wer
ep r
obabl
yn ott
herewill
ingl
y.Shangk ingsprac
ti
cedh uma nsacr
if
ice,reni人祭 i
j nama ss
ivesca
lewith
r
ecor
dsofathousandp e
oplebrut
all
yk ill
e dasoff
eri
ngstotheirgodato neti
me .Sacr
if
ici
alvi
cti
mswe re
“mos
tlypri
sone
rsofwa randfiel
dslaves(k e
epinmindthatSh an
gf i
eldslavesweretypi
cal
lycapt
uredfr
om
di
st
antla
ndsoutsi
deo fShangdoma i
n).
”7I thasbe
enesti
ma t
e dthatwellover10,
0 00i
ndivi
dual
swe r
ebruta
ll
y
murd
eredassacr
ifi
cesinthelas
t250y earsofShangrul
e .

1
1
Phi
li ne盤 P
ppi an H
is
to
ryo
ft
heD
rag
ona
ndt
heV
er
mil
l
io
nPh
oen
ix ⒸJ
.G.Che
ock,2022

China’
smo s
tan ci
entnamewa stheLa n
dwi thi
ntheFou rSe as.EachSe awa sid
en t
ifi
edwi t
hthefo urcardi
nal
di
recti
on s(
No rth
,So uth,East
, a
ndWe s
t).
Th eSouthCh i
n aa ndEa stChinaSeasa r
eeasilyident
if
iableasthe
Souther
na ndEa st
ernSe as,butwhato ftheNo rt
hernandWe sternSe as
?Tot heNo rt
ho fCh i
nawa sa nanci
ent
i
nlandsa l
tlake‘Sea’,whichha dlar
g elydrie
du pbyo urmo dernage ,t
heLo pNu rBasin.Archaeol
o gis
tshave
di
scoveredthrivi
ngs et
tl
eme nt
sb uil
ta roundtheshore
so ft hi
ss al
tlake‘Sea’froma r
oun d1800BCt o9 00AD.
AncientChinesetextswro t
eofitssa l
inen a
ture,a
ndtheHa nshur ecorde
di t
sdime ns
iona s300-400li
(120-
16 0km)i nlengthandb r
e adt
h.16

TheWe ster
nSe ao fCh i
nawa se ve
nl arger.
Ta r
imBa s
int ot heWe stofCh i
naisano valba s
inwitha nareaof
about1,020,
00 0squarekilometer
sint heXi nj
iangregi
on .Althou ghmo st
lydesertl
andt oday,i
twa sana nc
ient
endorhei
cb as
in– acloseddrai
n ageinlandsaltla
ke‘Sea’.17

Theanc
ientworl
dwa sawe t
terworl
dthantoda
y,re
qui
ringCla
ssic
alChi
nat
ogetont
heboa
tift
heyever
want
edtobreakthr
oughthebarr
ier
scre
atedbytheFourSea
sthatbor
der
edt
hei
rla
nds
,andconque
rthe
t
err
it
ori
esthatl
aybeyondthem.

B
oat
s,
Bi
rd
s,a
ndHi
st
or
y:
F
l
yi
ngw
it
ht
heB
ir
ds
West
ernZhoubronz
eandjadevigor
ousl
ye mbrace
dtheportr
ay alofacr
est
edBirdwithaflamboyantt
ai
l.I
twas
i
ntheYuandynas
ty(1271-
1368)
, ove
rathousandyear
slat
erth a
tthePhoeni
xbecames ymboli
coftheempre
ss.
TheYuandyna
sty
,founde
db ythefor
eignMo n
go l
sdidnotkno wthetr
uesi
gnif
ican
ceo fth
eDr agonand
Phoe
nixpar
tne
rshi
p.ButtheWeste
rnZh oudynast
ysawthePh oe n
ixasare
pres
entat
ionofthefabul
ousbi
rdtha
t
embodi
edthe“Chi
efoft
he3 60cla
ssesofth
eWi ngedtr
ibes
.”1
8

Sowh atexa
ctl
ydiditmeanwhentheCosmicBir
dappeare
drepea
tedl
yonthecer
emonialbr
onzeve s
sel
sand
ri
tua
ljadeart
if
act
softheZhou,of
teninc
onjunc
ti
onwi t
htheDragon
?Ifi
twa sn
otthepart
ner
shipbetweent
he
emperorandempre
ss,coul
ditha
veb e
enthe‘e
nfor
ced’par
tne
rshi
pbetwe
entheChin
e s
eEmp ir
ea ndthe
Austr
onesi
anBirdtr
ibes
?

Time,Whe nitBega n
A隹 ‘ shor
t-
tai
ledbird’pl
ayedap romine
ntroleatthebegi
nningofma nyin
scri
ptionsasa
t
imer a
dical
,indi
cat
ingwh enc e
rta
ineventshadtakenplac
e.Thema ssi
ngofthefivep l
anet
s
besi
detheVermill
ionPh oe
nixconstel
lat
ion,menti
onedprevi
ousl
y,hadama jorimpactonthe
隹 Zhouconceptofti
me .“Inthe42ndy e
arofKi ngWen ,J
upit
erwasinQu ai
lFire,t
herefor
e
KingWe nchangedittotheFirs
tYearofRe cei
ptoftheMa nda
te…”19 Theti
mef ortheZhou
rul
ersmayh a
velit
erallybegunfromwh enthei
rpathscros
sedwitht
h eVermil
lio
nPh oe
nix.

TheBi r
dOv ertheFlowingWaters
Thema ri
ti
meAu st
rones
ianCos
mi cBirdtri
besthatli
vedinalandSou t
hea
stofChi
n a
,were
desc
ribe
db ythec ha
ract
erofabir
df l
yingoverthewa t
ers.
Theywe resubj
ect
edtoma s
sive
mili
tar
yc ampaig
n sfr
omt heLa
teSh a
ngt oWe s
ternZh oudynas
ty.
Ta ki
ngcont
roloft
helands
淮 andpeopleoftheVermill
ionPhoe
n i
xwa sseenasa nimport
antpar
to ff
ulf
il
li
ngthe
GreatMan da
te.

16
Phi
li ne盤 P
ppi an H
is
to
ryo
ft
heD
rag
ona
ndt
heV
er
mil
l
io
nPh
oen
ix ⒸJ
.G.Che
ock,2022

HouseoftheBirdTribe
s
雁‘ wil
dgoose’wascomposedofthera
dicl广 ‘
a h
o us
ewithahighroofst
ruc
tur
e’,
cover
ing
t
hecharac
ter
sfor人 ‘peopl
e’and隹 ‘shor
t-
tai
ledbir
d’.Theanc
ientchar
act
ermaythe
nb e
雁 unde
rst
oodasrefe
rri
ngtothevasthomeoftheBirdtr
ibes
.

Sacri
fic
ingtheBi rd
Yi彝 wa sarit
u albr
o nz
ewi nev es
selthatd e
n o
tes‘r
ule’
.Thec har
act
e rappear
so nb r
on z
e
vesse
lstha
taren otyiwinev e
ssels,implyingad e
eperunderl
yingme aningtha
nj ustthefor
m
ofacontai
ner.Twoh andsattheb ot
tomo fthechar
act
ergraspthetai
lfeather
so fab i
rdwh ose
wingshavebeenb oundan dit
sth r
oats l
it
, d
ropsofbloodpouri
ngo ut
.20T heunw i
ll
ingB i
rd ha
d
彝 becomeas ac
rifi
ceh el
db yforceund ert
hed ominionofthecol
on i
zer
. Thisanci
entc har
acte
r
wou l
dthensymb oli
zethec ont
inueds ubj
u ga
tionandsacr
ifi
ceoftheBi rdtr
ibesund e
rtheir
rul
e.Thischar
a c
terconnotesthatt
h eCo smicBirdwarri
orswo u
ldc onti
nuall
yb erequire
dto
shedthe
irbloodforthecauseo ftheGr eatMa nda
te.

TheSacri
fici
alBird
Theyou酉 ‘ 10t
hofthe12ear
thlybr
anche
s’wasass
igne
dtotheroos
teri
nCh i
na,t
hechic
ken
酉 i
nJapan,andthebi
rdinTibe
t.Thisa
nci
entchar
act
ermayh a
veref
err
edtothepeopl
esoft
he
Ver
mil
lionPhoenix,e
mphasi
zingthe
irs
acri
fi
ci
alrol
eintheenf
orc
edp ar
tne
rsh
ip.

Hono ringtheirRul e
Zun尊 wa sarit
ua lbronz
ewi n
ev ess
elthatdenot
es‘re
spect
’,‘honor’.Thec ha
ract
e roft
en
appearsattheendo fWe st
ernZhouinscri
ptions
,evenonv es
selsthatwe r
en otzunwi n
e
ves
sels.Ont heleftisthera
dica
lfu阜 ‘ mou nd’
,‘abund
ant’,‘
nume r
o us’,t
hisradi
calisused
i
nc onne c
tionwithg oi
ngu panddown .Atthebott
omr i
ghtaretwoh a
n dsoff
eri
ngu pthe
you酉, andan umb er八 e i
ghtrepr
esent
ing‘todivi
de’,‘
toseparat
e’ab o
v ei
t.
尊 Thec haract
erzun尊 c oul
dme an,‘
De s
cend i
ngtotheabundantlan
dwi t
hn umerousp e
oples
weraiseu pthesacrifi
ceoftheHuaiYiinh onorofthos
eresi
dinga bove’.TheBirdtribe
ar
mi eswo uldbese par
atedfr
omt hei
rfamili
esandh omela
nd,thense ntt
ot hedi
stantregi
ons
oft
h eFo urQu ar
terstoenfor
ceZh ourul
e.Th ei
robedi
encewo uldbee nsure
db ytheirlove
d
oneswh owe reli
terall
yh el
dhosta
geb ackhome .
ThePlan
You猷 me anst
o‘sch e
me ’,‘
plot
’,plan’
.Theanci
entc
harac
terwa sth
ey ou酉
(t
hesacr
if
ici
al‘bi
rd’)andan umber八 e i
ghtre
pres
ent
ing‘t
od ivi
de’,‘t
os e
parat
e’abovei
t,
pai
redwit
had ogwh ichwasu s
edt osymbol
izewil
dandfie
rceq ual
it
ies.Useofthewilda
nd
猷 fi
erc
eBirdtr
ibearmies,sepa
rat
edf ro
mt he
irla
ndsandfamil
ies,
toe nf
orcethei
rcoloni
al
gover
nmentovertheFo u
rQu art
erster
ri
tor
ieswasani
mp or
tantpartofthepla
n.

Fol
lowingtheDi vineDirect
iont oWo r
kwi ththeBi r
d
Anan ci
entchar
a c
terusedinthec ont
extofservinginthewo r
kofg overn
ingtheEast
e rnla
nds.
Atthetoparetwoh andsgivi
ngth eradica
lbu卜 ‘ divi
ne’‘f
oret
el
l’overak u口 ‘
o mou th’
,
i
ndicat
ingthatt
h e
yma yh avereceiv
e ddivi
nein s
truct
ionthr
oughoraclebones,c
onfi
rmi ng
whatthei
rhands(atthebott
omo fthecharact
er)we r
eb r
ingi
ngtoget
h e
r.Inthecent
ralport
ion,
t
hech ar
acte
rtian田 ‘fiel
d’‘l
and’h assometi
me sb ee
ns ha
p e
dintotheformofab oat
, onwh i
ch
t
hey ou酉 isriding.I
tisnotdif
ficul
ttoc onnectt
h emarit
imeAu s
tr
on esi
anBirdTri
be stoa
gr
aphicimageo fthechar
acterofala ndwh e
reb i
rdsrideonboat
s.
1
7
Phi
li ne盤 P
ppi an H
is
to
ryo
ft
heD
rag
ona
ndt
heV
er
mil
l
io
nPh
oen
ix ⒸJ
.G.Che
ock,2022

Fi
gur
e1 3.
Gr
aphicRepr
e s
entat
i
onoft
he
Fou
rQu ar
tes四方 t
r otheNort
h,Sout
h,
Eas
tan dWestoft
heMiddl
eKingd
om.
Di
vi
sio
n al
li
nesaref
oril
l
ust
rat
i
ono n
ly
an
da r
en ota
na ccu
rat
edepi
ct
ionof
ac
tual
b ou
ndari
es.

Ja
deBidisksandCo ngtubes,a
bsenti
nthefirs
thal
fofthe2ndmill
enni
umBC, dur
ingtheXiady nas
tyandthe
Ear
lytomid-Shangperiod,s
uddenl
yappearedinLat
eShangtombs.“TheXin’ga
ntomb ,roughl
yc ont
emporar
y
wit
htheFuHa o’s
,hadn ocoll
ect
ionsofjade
sfromearl
ie
rcult
ures
.Thiscoul
dleadustod e
ducet ha
ttheear
li
er
j
adeswereprobabl
yo bta
inedfr
omlo ot
ingthedef
eat
edregi
onsinwars,f
orFuHa owa sageneralacco
rdi
ngto
t
radi
ti
onall
it
e r
atur
e.”
12

LadyFuHa owa soneoft

hema nywivesofShangKingWuDi ng,whohadma demil
it
arycampai
gnsagai
nst
t
hejadeworkingAustr
one
sian-
Yitri
bes.FuHaowa sapr
ies
tes
sandah ighranki
nggene
raloft
heShangarmi
es.
Asaprie
ste
ss,FuHa owouldhavebeenfasc
ina
tedwitht
hespi
rit
ualandceremoni
als
igni
fic
anc
eo ft
hesej
ade
i
te
ms .Asag e
neral
,shewouldhavehadtheaut
hori
tytot
akethe
ma she
rp r
ize.

IfGene
ral
-LadyFuHa ohadinva
dedth eEa s
ter
nlandsoft
heAu st
rones
ian-
YiCentr
alPortCapi
talCit
y,
i
two ul
dcert
ai
nlyexpla
int
h epr
esenceo fLateShangdyna
styart
if
actsi
nthePhil
ippi
nes,i
ncl
udingab r
onze
Dingvess
elembel
li
shedwitht
heRo yalSh angins
igni
aoftwoTigersat
tac
kingahapl
essindi
vid
ua l(
Figur
e14)
.
Thesameins
igni
awa sbor
neonb ron
z ea xe
sinhertomb(Figur
e15).

Fi
gu r
e1 4
.
TwoT i
gerswit
hManb et
ween
t
heirJaws.ShangRoyal
Insi
gni
a.
Bro
n zeTri
podDing
.
Hei
g ht
:21.5cm,Weig
ht:2.
75kg.
Phi
li
ppines.

Fi
gure15.
(a
bo ve
)
TwoTig
erswit
hMa nbet
weent
hei
r
JawsonBronzeAxe-
hea
d.Sha
ngRoy
alI
nsi
gni
a.
FuhaoTomb.Chi
na
1
3
Phi
li ne盤 P
ppi an H
is
to
ryo
ft
heD
rag
ona
ndt
heV
er
mil
l
io
nPh
oen
ix ⒸJ
.G.Che
ock,2022

T
heL
aip
an逨盤 P
re
sen
te
dinT
woP
art
s
I
nsc
ript
ionsofthethr
eePhil
ippi
nepanwil
lb edis
cuss
edwitht
heove
rar
chi
ngrec
ordoft
heLaiPan逨盤 used
t
obindtoget
herthehis
tor
ica
lrecor
dsoft
heo the
rtwopan.Rel
eva
ntbr
onzeve
sse
landja
deins
cri
pti
onswi
llbe
i
ncl
udedinthestudy
,aswe l
lasothe
ranc
ienttext
s.

The3 72chara
cter
so ft
heLaipan逨盤 i nsc
ript
ionmayb edi
videdint
otwopa r
ts.Thefir
stpartwasas t
atement
madeb yLa i逨, r
efer
ri
ngtothen a
meo fasi
ngu l
arper
sonorad es
cri
pti
vetermforag roupofpersons.Conte
xt
oftheins
cript
ionseemstolea
nmo ret
owardsthesec
ondd e
fini
ti
on.Aft
erareviewo fhowa ndwh ytheywe r
e
t
here,the
ywe ntoveralis
tofsacr
if
ici
aldut
ies
.Co mmit
me nt
swe r
ema deast
h eyrememb ere
da nces
torsand
l
eaderswh ohadsacri
fi
cedthei
rli
vesbef
orethe
m. Real
izi
ngtheywe r
ep a
rtofaplanthatwasg r
eaterthan
t
hems el
ves,the
yd ecl
are
da l
le
gian
cetotheZhouk i
ngandagreedtobeart
hema rt
ialandcivi
ld u
tie
si nhe
rit
ed
fr
omt hei
ra nc
estor
s.

ParttwooftheLaipn逨盤 i
a n
scri
pti
onwasamessageofaf
fir
mati
ong i
venbytheKinginres
pons
etothef
irs
t
decla
rati
on.Iti
ncl
ude
dar ev
iewo ft
here
asonbeh
indthe
irmigrat
ion,a
ndtheres
ponsi
bil
it
ie
stheynowneede
d
t
of ulf
il
l.Gif
tsandhonorwasbes
towedonsomeroya
lcl
a ns
,theZhoukingende
dhisannounce
mentswi
th
re
as s
urance
so fs
uppor
t.

Asapub l
icdocument
,th
eLa ipn逨盤 wa
a sme antt
ob ereadandrereadthr
oughthegener
ati
ons
.Infact
,itmay
ha
veb e
e nakindofr
esponsi
vereadi
ngi nwh i
chthepeop l
einvol
veds poket
hewo rdsl
ikeanoat
h,rene
wing
t
heirvowsandcommitmentstot
hema t
ter
swritt
enanda gree
do nbyt h
e i
rance
stor
s.Thewaytheins
cript
ionon
t
heLaip an逨盤 wa swrit
tencont
ainsarhythmint h
o ug
h tandrepe
ti
tivephra
sing.
Th i
swasprobabl
ywh ythe
ki
ngrefrai
nedf
romn aminghims
elf.Itwouldall
owo therfut
urekingstoper
sonal
izethemess
ageeachti
mei t
wasre
ad .

Bot
hpart
sbegi
nwithahist
ori
calre
vie
wo fhow,when,a
ndwhytheywerewher
ethe
ywe re
, a
nddoingwhat
t
heyweredoi
ng.Th
ema inbodyofeachpar
tdel
ine
ate
sther
espons
ibi
li
ti
esandc
ommitmentsmade,t
henends
wit
hbl
essi
ngsandhope
sforap e
rpet
ualf
utur
eofabunda
nce
,madep o
ssi
blebyt
hei
rfai
thf
ulatt
ent
iontot
hei
r
Manda
teovert
heFourQu a
rte
rs.

Fi
gur
e18.
Topv
iewofPhi
l
ipp
ineLaip
an逨盤.
Fi
nei
nscr
ipt
i
onwit
he ac
hchar
act
er
5mmorle
ssinhei
ght.

1
9
Phi
li ne盤 P
ppi an H
is
to
ryo
ft
heD
rag
ona
ndt
heV
er
mil
l
io
nPh
oen
ix ⒸJ
.G.Che
ock,2022

P
ART
Iof
th
eLai
pan逨盤:
The
Immi
gr
ant
sDe
cl
ar
e
1
.
[逨曰] ‘
La
is
ai
d.
’

逨曰]‘
[ Lais
aid
’.
WhowasLa i逨 andwhywashisword
ssoimpor
tantt
hatitwa
sgive
np r
eceden
cea ndmores
pacet
hanthe
wor
dsoftheki
ngo fCl
ass
ica
lChinahi
msel
f?I
fLai逨 h adbee
nanindivi
dua
l,the
nh emustha
vebeenaver
y
power
fulone,butt
hel
ongins
cri
pti
ondoe
snoteve
ng i
veu shi
sra
nko rt
it
leorevenaful
lname.

Thecha
ract
erLai逨 ap
p e
arsse
veralt
imesindif
fer
entbr
onzeins
cri
pti
onsoveraspa
no fc
entur
ies
, f
romthe
Xiao
chenLaigui小臣逨簋 ma dedu r
ingt
h er
eignofKingCheng(1042-
1021BC)totheShiQiangpan史墻盤
unde
rKingGo ng(
922-
900BC)a ndhereinKingXuan’
s8 27-
782BC)La ip
an逨盤. Infa
ct,t
hecharac
ter
Lai逨 eve
na p
pear
sinsever
albr
onzeinsc
ript
ionsf
oundalon
gwi t
htheLaipan.

Thecha
ract
erLaimustha
veb e
enmo reth
a nj
ustafi
rstnameo fa
nindivi
dual
.Compos
edo ft
her
adi
calfor
movement彳’tost
epout
’and來 ‘ c
ome ’r
esti
ngon止 ‘ ba
se’.Theanci
entchar
act
erwoul
dthe
ncar
rytheide
a
of‘
mo vi
ngoutinor
dert
oc ometothebaseorcen
terofmili
ta
r yope
rat
ions’
.

TheShuowe nJ
ieziinf
ormsu stha
tthechara
ctr來 ‘
e come’,or
igina
llymeant‘aki
ndo fominousgr
ain’
.Grain
nee
dedtob epl
antedincult
ivat
edsoil
,landtha
tha
db eenbrokenupa ndl
oosened.Pl
ant
edintonewter
rit
ori
es
t
hathadbeenfr
eshlyope ne
da ndbroke
nu p,t
hene
wmi gr
ant
swe redescr
ibe
da s‘ominous
’.Theycamewithan
expe
ctat
ionofbadthingsthatt
heywo ul
dh a
vetoenc
oun t
erandfaceinalandtha
ttheyhadtakenbyfor
cefrom
i
tsindi
genouspeopl
es.

Scri
beQiang’spn史墻盤 t
a ell
su sthatitwas 逨殷㽙民永]‘
[ Highranki
ngd i
sti
ngui
shed
Yi
n( Shang)whowe r
erel
ocat
ed/madet omigrat
etoover
seet
h econne
ctedlandsa
ndc i
ti
zensperpe
tual
ly.
’
ShiQiangpan史墻盤 c ont
ai
nedr ecor
d soft
heWe icl
anoftheShangRo yalHous
ewh oh a
db ee
nr e
locat
edto
t
hed i
st
antland.
Perhapst
hepanh adbee nmadetore
mindtheg e
nerat
ionst
oc omeofwh ythe
yh adtost
ayin
t
hathost
ileenvi
ronmenta
ndtoilf
oramo the
rla
ndthatt
heyma yhaveneverevensee
n.

Atthest
artofthee
arl
yWe s
ter
nZh oudynas
ty,t
her
ewa samass
ivemigr
ati
onofYin(Shang)no bl
esand
of
fi
cial
s.Ma nyoft
hemma yhaveende
du ponthePh ili
ppi
nei
sla
nds.Sc
holar
sareinagr
eeme nttha
t,“the
rewas
ala
rgemig r
ati
onoveral
argegeogr
aphi
calar
ea,i
nvo l
v i
ngala
rgepopul
ati
on,i
ncludi
ngman ySh a
nga ndZhou
el
it
ec l
ans
, dur
ingt
heEar
lyWe st
ernZhouperi
od…” 21

Toensurethesecur
it
yo fth
eEa st
ernQu ar
ter
,theDukeo fZhouest
abli
she
dt heCapi
ta
lo fCh e
n gZhou成周 a nd
rul
edoverithimsel
f.Me mbersoftheShangRo ya
lclansweretr
ansf
err
edtothedis
tantl
a ndstoensur
ethe
st
abil
it
yo ft
h eMiddleKingdom, s
imila
rtotheancien
tp r
act
iceofBabyl
onianandAssyri
ank i
n gs
,usi
ng
di
splac
edp opula
ti
onsan dmak i
ngthemau sef
ulpartofthecol
oniz
ati
onprocess
.Theemp ir
en eededChine
se
nat
ional
stoo cc
upyc onquer
edlands.ThehouseofShangb e
camep ar
tofthesol
uti
on,inst
eado faprobl
em.

n殷 wa
Yi sachar
act
erc
o mposedoft
woradic
als
,aphysi
calbody身 tur
n e
da r
oundandtaki
ngt
heme a
ning
‘
tore
lyon’,f
aci
ngahandwithast
ick攴, c
onnoti
ng‘r
ule
’o r‘
dir
ect
ion’
.I ts
eemedthatt
heShangn
o bi
li
tywer
e
t
ophysi
cal
lyfac
eanewd ir
ect
ionofse
rvi
ceundert
herul
eo ft
heZhou.Itwouldnotbeeas
y.The
ywo ul
db e

20
Phi
li ne盤 P
ppi an H
is
to
ryo
ft
heD
rag
ona
ndt
heV
er
mil
l
io
nPh
oen
ix ⒸJ
.G.Che
ock,2022

mig
rat
ingtoafore
ignland,n
evertoret
urntothe
irhomela
nd,exceptf
orthos
ewh owo ul
dma keregul
arreport
s
ont
hep r
ogre
ssofthei
rwo r
k.Ma nyofthe
irmenwe r
etoserveinthemil
it
aryint
heYi nEig
h tDivi
sions殷八師
i
nan e
verendin
gb at
tl
etoopenn e
wt er
ri
tori
esandpaci
fythefor
eignl
andstheyocc
up i
ed.Wh ennotfi
g ht
ing
war
s,t
heywe r
ee xpe
cte
dtoc ul
ti
vatet
hefiel
dstopr
ov i
degrai
nforthemse
lvesan
dt heempir
e .

TheShaogaocha
pteroftheShangs
hurecor
dsh owt heYin殷 workedonvari
ouss
it
esint
h econs
truc
ti
ono f
ChengZhou,wheretheDukeofZh ouhi
mselfi
s sue
dc ommandstotheex-
Shang商-Yin殷 a r
ti
sansand
workmen.TheDukea l
sogaveachargetot
heYi nofh i
gherr
ank,“Wh e
ntheDukeofZhouaddre
ssedthes
e
‘numer
ousoff
ice
rs’,heat
tri
but
edtheShang’
slos sofpowert
othewillofHea
ven,a
ndassure
dthemt ha
tthei
r
of
fspr
ingwouldbenef
itfr
omt he
irset
tl
ement
.”22

Dan,theDu keofZh ouwa srecorde

da shavi
nge s
tabl
is
h edt heEa st
e r
nCa p
italofChengZh ou成周
‘
Zh ouSu cces
s’whereher ul
eda sComma nder-
in-
Ch i
efo ve rthearmiesoftheYinEightDivisi
o ns殷八師, wit
h
es
ti
ma tesofupto1 0,
000s oldi
ersperDivis
ion.TheCap i
ta lGa r
risonofChen gZhou成周 ‘ ZhouSu ccess’wasa
ver
yimp o r
tantf
ort
ifi
edZh oud ynast
yc a
pit
alcit
ythatarcha eol
o gi
stsarest
il
ls e
arc
hingfor.“Unti
ld at
en o
"c
apita
lc it
y"withcit
ywa ll
sa ndmo athasbeenfound,
”23 As i
def romthearchit
ect
uralst
ructur
es,thewe alt
ho f
br
onzea ndjadeart
ifa
c t
stob eexpectedfr
omt hi
sClassi
ca lp er
iodo fhundr
edso fyea
rsofp owera ndrit
ual
r
ema i
nu n d
iscove
redinCh ina.
Ye therei
nthePh i
li
ppineis lands,whatappeartobearti
fac
tsfromt heClassica
l
Chines
ep eri
odh avebeena ndaresti
llbei
ngfound.Couldt h i
sb ebecauset
heEa st
ernCa pi
talofCh engZh ou
成周 o ve rwhichtheDu kegoverned,washereinthePhili
p p i
nes?

逨曰 coul
dthenmean‘Allt
hos
eoftheShangRoyalHous
ewh oha
dmi
gra
tedt
othi
sdi
st
antl
andt
ose
rvei
nthe
c
ivi
landmil
it
arya
ffa
irsoft
heFourQuar
ter
ster
ri
tori
esde
cla
re…”

2
.U
nde
rs
t
and
i
ngH
owa
ndWh
yTh
eyC
ame
tob
eHe
re
[丕顯朕皇高且單公 , 克]‘ Grea
tl
yma ni
fes
tin
gt heli
ghtove
rtheda
rk
conn
ectedlands
,wewh oar
einthi
sboa
ttoge
ther–thebr
ights
overei
gno nhi
gh,ourance
s t
orswhohave
workedtoexhaust
ion,a
ndDuke
swh ohavegon
eb e
foreus
.Prede
cessor
swh oha
veb roke
nt hro
ughbef
oreus
t
oc onquera
nds ubdue

[
明 德夾 ]‘ Unde
rst
andi
ngthe
irs
it
uat
ion,t
heywh ol
ehea
rte
dlydes
cende
drea
dy
f
orbat
tl
e,t
hecl
anhel
dclos
elyt
omor
alva
lue
sastheyf
oll
owedthed
ivi
ned i
rec
ti
ont ol
ayh ol
doft
heBirdt
ri
be
l
andsa
ndpeopl
e’.

[
文王武王達殷雁受天燕命]‘ KingWenandKi
ngWur e
loca
tedh
igh
ra
nkin
gYi n(
Shang)tot
hehome
lando
ftheBi
rdt
ri
bes
,ta
kinghol
dofHe
aven’
sco
mma ndr
ega
rdingt
he
Vermi
ll
ionPhoe
nix’.

[
匍有四方]‘ Posse
ssi
ngt
heFourQu
art
erst
err
it
ori
esa
ndma
kin
gth
epe
opl
esoft
hos
ela
ndsl
ie
pr
ost
rat
e–a
nkl
ehi
ghi
nsubmi
ssi
on.
’

2
1
Phi
li ne盤 P
ppi an H
is
to
ryo
ft
heD
rag
ona
ndt
heV
er
mil
l
io
nPh
oen
ix ⒸJ
.G.Che
ock,2022

Begi
n ni
ngwi t
har e
viewo fhowa ndwh ythe
yh adc o
met obewh eretheywe r
e,themigrat
edYinwe rema deto
se
etheb i
ggerpict
ure.Alt
hou ghthe
yma yhavefelthomesic
ka ndalone,theywerepartofagrea
ternetworkof
peopl
ewh i
chincludedthekingsofClass
ica
lCh i
na( t
helandabove/tot
hen ort
h),thei
rances
tor
s(wh oh ad
f
ulfi
ll
edthesamed uti
es)
, andtheDu k
es(Chief
-Co mmandersoftheCa pi
talCit
ya ndArmiesofCh e
ngZh ou)
.
I
twa sthe
y,wh ohadg oneaheadofthemtob r
eako pent
heterri
tor
iesandfightthebloodybat
tl
esonla ndand
se
athatma dethe
irconquestofthefor
eignbor
derlandte
rri
tori
espossibl
e.

Thee mpe
r or皇 wa sdescr
ibe
da st
heo neonh igh高. Thes upe
rioroveralltheotherleade
rswh omu stult
imate
ly
gi
v eanaccou nt
ingtohi
m. Theanci
entcharact
erf or‘super
ior’
/‘hi
gh’高 o nlyslig
h t
lyv a
rieswit
hthec har
acter
forCapi
talCi y京,
t wher
ethemo uh口 a
t ttheb ot
tomi sreplac
edwi t
hap er
pe ndi
cularli
ne.Ag r
aphicill
ustr
ati
on
ofhowtheCa pi
talCit
yb e
low(totheSouth)mu stl
istentothecomma n dsoftheo neabove( t
otheNo rt
h).The
t
hreeres
ulti
n glegsoftheCapit
alCit
ych ar
acterhav eals
ob eenseentor e
p r
esenttheg r
anari
esbuil
tons ti
lt
housest
op reventdeca
ya ndin
fest
ati
ono ft
h eharvest.Du r
ingthi
sage, t
axesa ndtr
ibutewe reof
tenpa i
ding r
ain
t
ot heCapit
a lCit
ywh er
eitwask e
ptinstil
tstore
h ouses.Thus,weh a
vet head de
di mp l
ica
ti
o nOftheCa pit
al
Cityint
heSo ut
hernregi
ontobethestor
ehou s
eo fg ra
infortheemp er
o rinthelandab ove.

Ancest
ors且 we resai
dtohavebeen‘on’單.
e Ana nci
entcha
ract
erthat,“
Be r
nhardKarl
g r
e nsaysinhis
di
cti
onaryofarchai
cCh i
nese
…i ntheol
destsc
ript
s,meansexhaus
t,carr
ytotheutmost
.”24 Froman al
ysi
so fthe
usa
geo ft
hech ar
act
er單, “ei
ghtofthe
mc oncer
ne xha
usti
on,sho
o t
ingpell
etsat
,fea
r,f
igh t
ing,andb i
ti
ng.”
24

Shangances
torswhoh admigr
atedt
othed i
st
antEast
erncapi
taldi
dn othaveaneasyli
fe,an dt
hes amewa sto
beexpect
edbyt hei
rdesce
ndant
s.Theyweretowo r
kh ar
dtoexhaust
ion,li
vingi
nf e
ar,f
igh t
ingtosurviv
ea nd
doi
ngalltotheutmost
.

Du ks公 we
e ret
h eChief-
Commanderso ftheFourQuarte
rs,res
idi
ngintheEast
ernCapi
talCit
y.Desc
ribe
da s
yuan , acombinat
ionforth
eradi
calf
o rmo vement
, a
nds unwithli
nesaboveandbel
owth a
tma ket
hechara
cter
f
o r‘t
hrough’
,‘e
xtend’.TheDuke
swe retheZh oule
a de
rswh olef
tthei
rhomela
ndtomo veforwar
datthedawn
oftheGreatMandatetoenfor
cet
hefulfi
llmentofthevis
ionarypla
nsofthei
rances
tra
lki
ng s
.

TheDaYuDi ng大盂鼎 i nsc

ript
ionusesthesamec ha
rac
ter
stod escr
ibeKingsWe nandWu ’swo r
kf orthe
Grea
tMa ndat
e, 丕顯玟王受天有大令]“
[ KingWe nandKing[Wu ]great
lyma ni
fest
edHea ven’
sGr ea
tMa ndat
e
whichthe
yreceived,s
ail
ingfor
thtobringli
ghttothedar
kd i
st
a ntconnec
tedlandsdur
ingtheirpageinthe
an
n a
lsofhist
ory.
”Ac cordi
ngtotheDaYuDi ng大盂鼎, i
twa sWe nandWuwh oc a
usedtheMi ddleKingdom
t
o[匍有四方]‘ Posses
stheFourQu a
rterst
erri
tor
iesandmadethep eopl
esofthoselandsl
ieprost
rate–ankl
ehi
gh
i
nsub mis
sion.
’Exactl
ythesamewo rdsintheLaipan逨盤, al
mo s
t200y e
arsla
ter.

Therati
onal
efortheZhoud yna
styappr
opri
at
ionoftheaut
hori
tyt
orul
eov
ert
heMid
d l
eKi
ngdomandf
orei
gn
Bord
erlandte
rri
tor
ies
,givenbyb ot
htheLaipn逨盤 a
a ndShiQia
ngpan史墻盤, wast
ospr
eadt
her德 ‘
i mora
l
va
lues’bri
ngi
nge nl
ight
enmenttothedar
kconnec
tedlands
.

ShiQi
angpan史墻盤 tel
lsustha
t, 曰古文王初[
[ ?
]龢于政]‘
Iti
ssa
idi
nth
e
ol
dendays
,KingWe
nfi
rstbr
oughtha
rmonyt
otheunr
eas
ona
blyv
iol
enti
ngove
rnment
’

[上帝降懿德]‘ TheSh a
ng/YinEmp e
rorabove(
nort
h),ind es
cendi
ng(goingsout
h)brought
moralv
irt
ueundercont
rol
’.As i
defromc hang
ingthei
rnamefromShan gtoYin,theLat
eSh angki
ngshad
ap
p r
opri
at
edtheti
tl
edi帝 forthems e
lves
,previ
ousl
yu s
edforGod.Thiswa sat i
tl
etha
ttheZh ouki
ngsdi
dn ot
us
e.Theu s
eofdi帝 thusinf
ormsu stha
tthebegi
nningoft
h econque
sto ft
h eFourQuart
ershadhappe
ned
whil
eKingsWena ndWuwe reservi
ngu nde
rtheLastShangKingDiXin .

22
Phi
li ne盤 P
ppi an H
is
to
ryo
ft
heD
rag
ona
ndt
heV
er
mil
l
io
nPh
oen
ix ⒸJ
.G.Che
ock,2022

Thel
onges
tinsc
rip
tiono
fo ve
r500c ha
rac
ter
sontheMaoGongDing毛公鼎 e choest
hei
nfor
ma t
ionaboutt
he
mora
li
tyi
ssue.皇天引猒厥德]‘
[ Th eSove
rei
gnofHeave
ncal
le
du st
orul
e,be
ingdis
gus
tedwit
hthe(Shang)
Cl
anmo r
ali
ty
.’[配我有周雁受大命]‘ Qual
if
yin
gtheZhouRoya
lFamil
ytoposs
esst
heHouseoftheBi
rd
t
ri
besinr
ecei
vingtheGre
atMa nda
te’

Howf ardidShangmo rali

tyfal
lthatitcoulddestr
oyad ynas
tye nt
rench
e dforover500y ea
rs?Thestorie
so f
t
heirdegenera
tebehaviorcause
db yd runkennessar
esoincredibl
ethatma nyschol
arshaveo bj
ect
edt othe
ma s
mereex a
ggerat
ions
.Ho we ve
r,archaeol
ogyh asshownthattheLa t
eSh a
n gdidhavemo rerit
ualbronzewine
ves
selsthananyothertypeofrit
ualv es
selscomb i
ned,andthatt
heyd i
dp ract
ic
en umeroustypesofhu man
sa
crif
ices,s
ome t
imespe r
formeding roupsthatnumberedtothethousands.Eventhei
rownOf f
ici
al
si nthe
Cla
ssicofHi s
tor
yc a
lledthei
rac t
ions‘i
nsan i
ty’–att
ri
butedunanimouslytodrunkennes
s. I
no r
dertou nde
rst
and
t
hee vent
sthatle
dtot h
isstran
g etypeofu ncontr
oll
abl
ec r
azi
ne s
sreadtheb ook‘TheFirstWo r
ldWa rYoun eve
r
LearnedAb o
ut’.

Par
toftheGr
ea tManda
te,a
ccor
dingt
oth
eShiQi
angpn史墻盤 i
a nsc
ript
ion,wa
sthea
bso
lut
esubmi
ssi
onof
t
heland
sAb oveandBelow.
[大 匍有上下]‘ Ag reatprote
cti
ves hi
eld,whena l
labove( t
othen ort
h)a ndbel
ow
(
tothesout
h)arema det oli
eprostr
ate’
Recogni
ti
onthatwhe nthetwos eat
so fp ower:1.theMidd l
eKi ngdom,a nd2. t
heYi夷 Au st
ro ne
sians
,
weresubmit
te
dt other ul
eofZh ou,t
he ntheywo ul
db ec
omeap rot
ecti
veshieldaroundtheMi d dl
eKingdom.
Ancie
ntchar
acter‘s
h i
e l
d’ h adtwo‘ shie
lds’posit
ionedsidebys i
de.Couldthishaverepresentedt
he
combine
dstre
ng t
ho ftheTigerarmieso fChinaa bove,andtheBirdTribewarrior
sint hela
n dsbelow?
Clea
rdeli
neat
ionofl a
n dsaboveandb elowwe r
ema de
,Ch i
nai nthenort
ha ndtheho melando ft
heBi r
dtr
ibe
s
so
u t
hofitwerecrucialfort
hisplantosu cceed.TheGr ea
tMa n da
tewa ssobigthatitwo ul
dre qui
rethe
combine
dstre
ng t
ho ftwok ingdomstoe nsureitssucces
s.

The毛公鼎 Ma oGo n gDin g,whichliket heLaipanwa scastduri

ngt herei
gno fKi ngXuan,ma ke
sth i
s
di
visionofu pp
era ndlowe rl
an dsevenc learer
,usi
ngt hesamea nc
ientchara
cterfor‘shie
ld’ t od escr
ibethe
worko fthelandsabovean dbe l
ow. Wh enKi ngXu ana ppointedDu keMa o,Ch i
ef-Comma nderoverthe
FourQu art
erster
ri
tory,t
h ekingma d ead ist
inct
ionb et
we enthetwol andswh i
lee mphasi
zingthei
ru ni
tyasa
who l
ee nt
it
y.[我家內外]‘ Ou rho useisc omp os
edo ftheinte
r i
or(a.
k.a.thel
an dwi t
hintheFourSeas,China,
MiddleKi ngdom)an dthee xt
eri
o rforei
g nlands(a.
k.a.FourQu a
rte
rs,Bo r
derl
a ndterr
it
orie
s).
’
[憃于小大政 朕位]‘ Emb r
acingth ewo rkofg overn
me nta f
fai
rsfroms malltob i
gma tt
ers,wewh oareonthe
boattoget
her,ser
vea sad ouble-
sh i
eldtoe st
ablis
hth eSo ve
reignthrone’
[虩許上下若否𩁹四方]‘ Tigerarmi esfearful
lykeepthe i
rpledgetothelandsa bove(ChinatotheNo rt
h),
andbelow( Bir
dt r
ibelandstot heSo uth)wh er
ey ou,thenume rouspeop l
e,gr
e at
lys a
cri
fic
ey our
sel
v esfort
he
FourQu art
ers’

AlthoughClas
sicalCh i
nahade xpandedit
s‘home ’t
oe ncompassthefor
eignBo r
derl
andter
ri
tor
iestotheNorth
,
South,Eas
tandWe st
,itwasinth e
irCapit
alCiti
esab oveandbelowwh er
ethes e
atsofgover
nmentsforthe
InnerandOuterte
r r
it
o r
iesr
est
e d.TheZh oukingtooko nt
heresponsi
bil
it
yo frul
ingovert
heMi ddl
eKi ngdom
(China)
,asheo ve
rsawt heFourQu art
ersthr
ought heappoi
nte
dDu ke
,theCo mma nd
er-
in-
Ch i
efoftheEaste
rn
Capital
.Mili
ta
n te
n for
cemento fcoloni
alrul
ethroughthedepl
oy mentofthei
rarmedforce
swa sacommi t
me nt
ma debytheking,wh ousedthes a
mewo r
dfor‘shiel
d’ .Ad oubleshi
eldthatmayrepre
sentbot
htheTiger
armiesofChinaandth eSout
her nBirdtr
ibeWa r
ri
o r
s .

2
3
Phi
li ne盤 P
ppi an H
is
to
ryo
ft
heD
rag
ona
ndt
heV
er
mil
l
io
nPh
oen
ix ⒸJ
.G.Che
ock,2022

TheLaip a
nma kesad i
stin
cti
o ninthechar
acte
rs hou受 ‘receive
’,usuall
yp r
ese
n t
edaso nehandp assingona
boatt
oan ot
herhandbelow. I
nt heLaipanins
cri
p t
ion,t
hiswa sexactl
yh owthecharact
erappeared,e xc
epti
n
re
fere
ncetoKi n
gsWe na ndWu .Thechar
acte
ralsotra
ns l
at
eda sshou受 ‘ rec
eive’wasmi ss
ingt heh and
under
neath,i
mp l
yingthatthe
ywe r
ethefir
stonestotakeit
.Sc r
ibalerr
orcouldbeb l
amedf o
rth eomi ssi
on,i
fit
werenotfort
hePh i
lippi
neLa ipan逨盤, wh i
chc l
earl
ywr i
testhec h
a r
acte
rinthesamewa y(Fig ure20).
Conquestoft
hen on-
Ch i
n es
eFo urQu a
rte
rster
ri
tori
eswa sascri
bedt otheAnces
tralZhouKi ngsWe nandWu .

Fi
gur
e2 0
.
Anci
ent
char
act
erf
or受 ‘
rece
ive’was
ch
angedwhenuse
dinr
efe
renceto
Ki
ngsWenandWuinth
eL a
ipan逨盤.
受 受

TheSh iQiangpan史墻盤 r ecor

dsthat
, 䢔受萬邦 圉武王遹征四方]
[
‘c
o ns
olid
ati
nga l
ltha
tthe
yh adsai
ledfor
tht
orec
eive
,myri
adsoft
he(new)St
at
e’s/
Count
ry’
scapt
ure
d
connect
edd i
sta
ntBorde
rla
nds.KingWui nac
cor
dance(
wit
htheMa nda
teofHea
ven),
wentfor
thinami
li
ta
ry
campaigntotheFourQuart
erst
erri
tor
y.’

Heaven’
sCo nqu
estTureenandTheLa rgerCaul
dronofYu ,a
longwit
hma nyotherbronz
ei ns
cri
pti
ons,r
ecord
t
hismil
ita
ryachieve
me ntbyKingWu . Heaven’
sConquestTureen天亡簋 wa sah i
st
ori
ca lr
ecor
do fpas
tevent
s
i
nvolvi
ngKi n
gsWua ndWe n,wher
eweb egi
ntoseethesepara
ti
o nb
e t
weentheSouthe
rnl a
ndsbelowwh e
re
t
hey‘desce
nd’,andthelandofChina‘above’wher
etheyretur
n.Ma dedur
ingtherei
gno fKingWu ,Zhou
dyna
sty’
sfir
stoff
ici
alking,i
tdesc
ribesimport
anthi
st
oric
a levent
swh e
reheandh i
sfat
he rWenhadp l
ayed
si
gni
fic
antrol
esd u
ringtheLateShangd yna
sty.

Theinsc ri
pti
ono fHe aven’sCo nquestTureen天亡簋 t ell
so fwh en[王又大豊]‘ TheKi n g(Wu )becamea
cont
inua lsacr
ifi
cialvesselofg r
eatabu ndanc
e’,andh ow[ 王凡三方]‘ Th eKing(Wu )sail
edo ffonab oa
tto
t
hreeo ftheFo urQu art
ers’.[王祀于天室]‘ Th eKin g(Wu )sacri
ficedano f
fer
ingtoh isancestorsi
nHe aven’
s
House’ Thes i
gnifi
canceo fthisst
a t
eme ntmayh avee ncomp as
s edmo rethanjustac eremo ni
alsacri
fi
ce.
KingWuwa sthesa c
rif
icialvesselthatbroughtabund a
nce, butthesacri
fici
alanima lass hownb youranaly
sis
ofthean cie
ntcharacter
so fz un尊 a n dyi彝, wo uldb ethe‘Bird’--prima r
ytotemo ftheAu st
ronesi
anBird
t
ribe
s .‘He a
ven’sHo use’cou l
dh aveb ee
nar efer
en cetothec a
n opyc o
v eri
nga l
lu nderHe aven,
t
husthes ac
rif
icewo uldbed oneone art
hu nderthece l
est
ialsphere.TheEa ster
nCa p it
al’
smo unt
ai
nswe re
someti
me spict
ureda s‘t
hep ivotofthewo rld’
, a
ndr eferr
edtoa sHe aven’sHo use天室, “thatphras
eseems
t
ob eu sedinthistextbotht ome antheb roa
dk ingdomt hathadb eenu ndertheswa yo ftheSh angandthe
moun t
aina tit
scenter,wh ic
hwo uldbea nidealse
a tofZh oupo wer…” 25T hus
,theb loodywa rtoconquerthe
Bir
dt r
ib elandstoe s
tabl
isht hei
rEa st
ernCa pi
talcou l
dh avebe e
ns eena sasacri
fici
a loffer
ingma deby
KingWui nHe aven ’
sHo u e天室.Ki
s ngWuwa sth efi
rsttop l
ana nEa st
ernCa pi
talc i
ty,i
na ddit
iontothe
exi
sti
ngAn cest
ralCa pi
talinthewe s
t.

TheHe aven
’sConq ue
stTuren天亡簋 i
e n
scri
pti
ongoeso ntotel
lustha
tKingWu[ 降]‘d e
scended’
(wentsout
h),where[天亡又王衣祀]‘ Heavenconque
redc ont
inu
all
yfortheKingwh owa sclo
thedinsacri
fi
ce.
’
Anda sth
eMa rti
alKingwo nvic
tor
iesinthela
ndsbelow,[事喜上帝]‘ themat
terbroughtdel
ightt
otheSh ang
emperorabove.
’As t
udyoftheorac
lebonesrevea
lashifti
nthereli
giousst
anc
eo ftheLateShangkingsin
usi
ngthetit
ledi帝 forthe
ms el
ves.“
..
.ama j
orthe
ologi
calchangetha
ttheShangk i
ngsbyt h
issamep e
riodhad

24
Phi
li ne盤 P
ppi an H
is
to
ryo
ft
heD
rag
ona
ndt
heV
er
mil
l
io
nPh
oen
ix ⒸJ
.G.Che
ock,2022

c
ease
dc omple
tel
ydivi
ninga
b outs
acr
if
ice
stothevar
iousnat
urepowe
rsandhada
rroga
tedt
oth
ems
elve
sthe
t
it
ledi帝, p
revi
ousl
yrese
rvedfort
hesuper
nat
uralgov
ernorofphe
nomen
a…” 2
6

Sever
almil
it
arycampaignswerema deagai
n s
ttheYi夷 duri
ngtheLateShangdynas
ty,pa
rti
cular
lyunderthe
re
ignofth
elastki
ng,Dixinwho,“u s
edlargenumbersofar
miestoat
tacktheEa
ster
nYiTr i
be.
”27As s
ubjec
tsof
t
heLa t
eShangdynast
yd i帝 Emp eror
,theZhoua nc
est
orsKingsWenan dWuma yhaveserve
di nle
adingthe
ar
miestha
tatt
ackedt
h eYiAu s
trones
ianBirdtri
bes
.Chinawouldthe
nb eco
methelandabove上 ( t
otheNo r
th),
whil
etheSout
h e
ast
erncente
rwo uldbethelandbelow下 intheHomeo ftheAus
trone
sia
nYiBi rdtr
ibes
.

KingWe n’
srol
ewa sn oles
sthanthatofKingWu ,Heaven’
sCo nque s
tTu r
een天亡簋 r ec
o r
dsthat
,
文王監才上]‘
[ KingWe nsupervi
sed,fromtheimp eri
aloff
iceinthelandabove’.
AsKingWu( t
heMa rt
ialKing)ledthearmiesinami l
it
arycamp ai
gna gains
ttheFou rQuart
ers,Hisfa
ther
KingWe nover
sawt henecess
aryma t
tersfr
omt hecentra
lbaseinCh inatoensuretheste
adyf l
owo fsuppl
ie
s
andre
infor
cemen t
s.I
twa sKingWe n‘ t
hecultur
edk i
ng’wh oma yha veplanne
dtheirbatt
lestr
ategi
es,a
nd
managedthemo vementofthearmies
. Thes
ee vent
sc oul
do nl
yh aveha p
penedd ur
ingtheLa t
eSh angdyna
sty
per
iod,bef
oretheZhour ul
ed,becaus
eKi ngWe nha ddiedfouryearsbefor
etheZh oud y
n as
tybegan.

KingWe nh a
ds t
arte
dt heconquestoft
h eFourQuarter
sintheWe st
e r
nRe gi
ons.IntheBo oksofZhou,Wu
decl
ared,“Oh!(t
h evir
tueo f
)myd e
ceasedfat
herWa nwasliketheshini
ngo fthesunandthemo on.
Hisbrigh
tnessext
e nde
do v e
rthefourquart
ersoft
hel a
nd,ands honesig
nall
yi ntheWe s
ter
nr e
gion.
”28
TheYiZh ouSh u逸周書 p r
eser
vedmilita
rystr
ate
gieswrit
tenbyKi ngWe no nhowt heyweretoconquert
he
for
eignpeoplesoftheFo urQuart
ers,pa
rtic
ular
lytheYi夷 o ftheEaster
nQu arte
r.Sinc
eKi ngWe nhad
succ
e s
sful
lygainedtheall
e gi
anceoftheWe st
ernt
erri
tori
es,KingWun eede
dt oonlysai
ltotheremai
ningthr
ee
oftheFourQu ar
ters
,asn otedbytheHe aven’
sConq ue
stTureen天亡簋 .

Inordertoens
urethatt
hec onq ue
redborder
landsre
ma ine
ds ubj
ugat
ed,KingWe na ndWup l
annedand
fac
ili
ta
tedthelar
ge-sca
lemi gr
a t
ionoftheYin(Shang)Ro ya
lHo us
estotheEaste
r nBir
dtri
behome l
ands
.
Fromth i
sCentr
alPortcit
y,theywo uldpatr
oltheFourQu ar
ter
sBo r
derl
andterr
it
o ri
eswit
harmiesofYi夷
Birdtr
ibewarri
orsandreceivethebounti
fultr
ibut
eswh i
chwo uldt
henb ebroughttotheMiddl
eKingdom.
Throughtheimplementat
iono ftheGrea
tMa ndateovertheFourQuart
erster
ri
tory,KingWenandKi ngWu
wereseentohavep r
ovidedabu ndan
tlyf
o ral
lofCh i
na,asit
uati
onthatt
h e
ywi s
he dtogoonforeve
r.

3
.F
i
rs
tS
ac
ri
f
i
ci
al
Du
ty
:Cu
l
ti
va
t
eth
eFi
e
ld
san
dSe
rv
eas
Min
i
st
er
so
ft
he
NewT
er
r
it
or
i
es
[
並宅 堇彊]‘ Anne
xingthe
sefor
eig
nlandst
oourowncountr
y,wema
kehome
sforour
f
ami
li
esi
nthef
ert
il
elo
amys
oil
,asweg u
ardthedi
st
antBo
rderl
andt
err
it
ori
es’
.

[
土用配上帝]‘Thi
sla
ndwi
llb
eus
eda
cco
rdi
ngt
oth
epl
ansoft
hedi(
Sha
nge
mpe
ror
)
i
nth
ela
nda
bove(
nor
th)
’.

[𩁹朕皇高且公叔克]‘ Ashumansa
cri
fi
cest
obri
ngabunda
ncetoourmot
her
land,
wea
reontheboa
ttoge
the
rwi
thourb
rig
h ts
ove
rei
gnemp
eroronhi
ghandanc
est
orsa
ndd uk
esandunc
les
t
oconque
rands
ubdue.
’

2
5
Phi
li ne盤 P
ppi an H
is
to
ryo
ft
heD
rag
ona
ndt
heV
er
mil
l
io
nPh
oen
ix ⒸJ
.G.Che
ock,2022

Twoe st
abli
shede nti
ti
esarecomb i
nedintooneinthea nc
ientchar
acterfor並 b i
ng.Co mp os
edo ftwoconnecte
d
li立 ‘st
and’,‘t
hrone’,bing並 becomesto‘annex’
. Twof ul
lydevelo
p edcivi
liza
tionswiththei
ro wncultur
e,
people
s,andland swe r
ema detowo r
ktogethe
r.DuringtheWe st
ernZh oud y
n as
ty,t
h ePhoenixma dean
appear
anceinr i
tualbronzeandjadeart
if
acts
,oft
eni ncombinati
onwi ththeDragon.Ar t
if
actsofthatageref
lec
t
thebri
ngingtogetheroftheDragonandPh oeni
xina nint
ima t
epartne
rshipthatwast obemi s
int
e r
pret
edb yla
ter
dynast
ies
,afteratho us
andy e
ars,a
sreprese
ntat
ionsoftheemp er
orandh isemp re
ss.Re pe
atedti
lep at
te
rnsofthe
cres
tedPhoe n
ixwi thit
sflamboyantt
ailwasprominentl
yd i
splaye
do nb oththePhil
ippineShiQi angpan
史墻盤 a ndXiJ iap an兮甲盤. Thecentra
lportci
tyo ft
heAu str
onesi
a nBirdtri
bes,alongwithitspeopl
e,were
animp or
tantpartoftheplan.

Ama ssmigrat
ionoftheShangfamil
ie
s,par
ti
cular
lyfr
omt hefou
rRo ya
lcla
nsofHao,Tie
n ,NanandWe iwas
setinmo ti
onb e
foret
hec ons
truc
ti
onoftheEast
erncit
yo fLo(ChengZhou)
.TheBooksofZh ou.14.
Th eNu merousOffi
cers
,impli
esalar
germigrat
ionofShangfamil
ie
sint
othenewlybui
ltci
ty.Gathe
ringth
eYi n
(Sha ng)i
nana ss
emb l
y,th
eDu keofZhouannouncedtha
ttherul
eofthei
rdynas
tyhadbeentra
nsfer
redtothe
Zh ou,asthe
yt he
ms e
lveswerenowtrans
fer
redtoanot
herlandacc
ordi
ngtothewil
lofHeaven,asaresul
tof
t
h eirowna c
tions
.

TheZhouk i
ngma deitc
leartha
theh ada
lre
adyshownmercyb
yn o
tk i
lli
ngandpunis
hingmanyoftheShang
fort
hecri
me st
heyh a
dc ommitt
ed.“Atthesa
met i
meImadeevi
dentthepuni
shmentapp
o i
nte
dbyHe ave
n,and
re
mo ve
dy outothi
sdist
antabode,t
h a
tyoumightbene
art
hemini
st
e r
swh ohadse
rvedinourhonor
ed(capi
ta
l),
and(l
ear
n)thei
rmu chobedie
nce.”
29

Call
ingthe
irnewloc
ation‘adist
antabode
’andtheirmo veap uni
shmentfr
o mHeavenseemst onegatet
heidea
t
h a
ttheci
tyofChengZh ou(Lo)wa sl
ocat
edinn earbyLuoyangCh in
awh erebot
htheXiaa ndSh anghadbuil
t
capi
tal
s,“s
ever
alci
ti
es–a llofwhichar
eg ener
all
yr efe
rre
dtoa s"Luoyang"–havebeenb ui
ltinthi
sarea
.
In2070BC, t
heXiady na
stykingTaiKangmo vedth eXiacapi
taltot
heinter
sect
ionoftheLu oandYia nd
namedthecit
yZhenxu 斟鄩)
n( .In1600BC, Tango fShangdefeat
edJie
,thefi
nalXiadyn a
styk i
ng,andbuil
t
We s
ter
nBo ,西亳)
( ,an ewc a
p i
ta
lo nt
heLu oRiver
. TheruinsofWe s
ter
nBoa reloca
tedin
LuoyangPref
ect
ure
.”3
0

Thenewlymi gr
atedYin( Shang)hadtolearnfromtheo be
d i
encemo del
edbytheZho uo f
fi
cia
lswho
sac
rif
ici
all
ymo vedtot h
isd i
st
antlandtofulfi
llthe
irrol
eintheHe avengive
nma nda
tet orul
etheFourQuart
ers
.
“Ihavenowb ui
ltthi
sg re
a tc
it
yh ereinLo, consi
deri
ngthatthe
rewa sno(cent
ral
)pl
a cetorec
e i
vemyg ue
sts
fr
omt hefourquar
ter
s, a
nda ls
ot hatyou,yenume r
ouso f
fi
cers,mighther
ewi t
hzeal
ou sact
ivi
typer
for
mt hepar
t
ofminis
ter
stou s…”31

TheGu es
tsfro
mt heFo urQu ar
terswouldb etheconquer
edp eopl
eswh owerefor
cedtos ubmitt
axesand
t
ribut
esthatwerecol
lectedandp r
o ce
ssedinthec e
ntra
llocat
ionofCh engZhouintheEa st
.

TheSh iQiangpan史墻盤 e xpres

sedt hewishfor 厚福豐年]‘
[ Prof
o undbles
s i
ngsand
fr
uit
fulyearsofabundantharves
t’inthef or
eignlandsconq
u e
redbyt hei
rkings.Theyhadb eeng i
venlands
wheretheyco u
ldrais
etheirfa
mi l
iesandp r
osperaslongastheyrema i
nedob edi
enttoZh ou.
Th eYin(Shang)
comprisedtheYinEightDivis
ions殷八師 u nderthecomma ndo ft
h eDukeo fZhou.Wh enn otfi
ghti
ng,t
h ey
weretaskedtocult
ivat
eg r
aininthefert
ilefi
elds.
Th ei
rharve
stswereh ea
vilytaxedandthewe alt
hwa ssentt
o
t
heMi d dl
eKi ngdom.TheNi neTri
p odDingwe rebroughtt
othiscitybytheDu keofZh outoreinf
orcetheidea
ofdivi
n e
lyordaine
dr ul
eforthepieceofSo ut
heaste
rnreales
tateforwhichthei
rk i
ngsha dman yplans
.

26
Phi
li ne盤 P
ppi an H
is
to
ryo
ft
heD
rag
ona
ndt
heV
er
mil
l
io
nPh
oen
ix ⒸJ
.G.Che
ock,2022

I
nsc
ribi
ngt
hehi
st
oryoft
heWe
iCl
anont
heShiQi
an n史墻盤,
gPa t
heyr
ecoun
tedh
ow,

且才微霝處𩁹]‘
[ Ouranc
estor
scamefromWei(aYinRoya
lClanwi
thahomel
and
t
err
it
oryi
nChi
na),de
eplyspi
ri
tua
lthe
yunders
toodt
heirpl
ace
,andl
ikeTangth
efi
rstSh
angki
ng,t
heyof
fer
ed
t
hei
rli
vest
obr
ingabundanc
etotheMiddl
eKingdom’

武王既𢦏殷]‘
[ KingWuha
dal
rea
dyc
onque
redt
heYi
n(Sh
ang
)’

[微史剌且廼來見武王]‘ TheScri
beofWe i,ourval
orou
sa nc
est
o r
,the
refor
ecame
t
oseeKin
gWu .’La剌 wa sus
edtodes
cri
beap er
sonwithsu
ccessf
ulmili
tar
ya chi
evement
s.ASc r
ibe史 wasa
gove
rnme
ntoff
ici
alwhoals
oserve
dasahist
ori
anandastr
ologe
r.Unders
tandingt
heprecar
ioussi
tuat
ionoft
he
Shan
gRoyalHouseunde
rthenewdyna
sty
,thei
rances
torwis
elyvolunt
eer
edt ose
rvetheZhouinthe
Gre
atMandat
e.

[武王則令周公舍寓于周卑處甬惟]‘ KingWut hencomma nded

t
heDu keofZh outog ive(We iClan)aho melandter
ri
toryintheZhoucapit
aldomain,f
orthep ur
poseof
r
eside
ncean dd e
p a
r t
mentwo r
k,withi
nth eyear
.’Ifthi
slandwa sinChina
,thenwhyd i
dn’tthekingjus
tma kea
dec
reegivi
n gittoWe iClan ?Wh ydidheh avetoasktheDu keofZhoutog i
veit
?Be si
des,whywo uldthe
l
eader
so fWe iwa ntanot
h erhome l
andterri
tor
yinCh inawh e
ntheyalr
eadyha dahomeland-We i
?Th i
swo ul
d
makesenseifthelandf ortheWe iClanwa sinthefor
eignEaster
nQu ar
ter
,thefut
uresi
teofCh engZhouCa pit
al
Cit
y.DuringtheLa teShan g,Kin
gWuh a dserve
dtoo penupn ewter
ri
tori
esintheFourQua r
ter
s.Ruli
ngasth e
KingofZho u,Wun eed
edh i
sbrothe
r,theDu keofZhou ,t
oassi
stinset
tl
inginthemigra
ti
ngYi n(Shang)t
o
st
reng
thentheirclaimo verthenewlywo nterri
tor
ies
.

Sc
rib
eQi
ang’
spn史墻盤 t
a el
lsust
hatt
heWe
iCl
ana
nce
sto
rbe
ca i逨,
meLa

乙且逨]‘
[ Ance
storYi,f
romtheShangRoyalHouse
,migrat
edt
othi
sdi
sta
ntl
andtos
ervei
nthec
ivi
l
andmil
it
aryaf
fai
rsoft
heFourQu a
rte
rst
err
it
ori
es’
.La t
er,t
heins
cri
pti
ont
ell
sust
hatSc
rib
eYiofWeicl
anhad
r
ecei
vedtheti
tl
eof
Dukeint
heEa s
ter
nQuart
er,al
ongwithi
tsr
espons
ibi
li
tie
s.

[乙公競爽得純無朿農穡]‘ DukeYiwor
kedf
orc
eful
lya
ndwh
o l
ehe
art
edl
y
wi
thoutr
ese
rve
,fl
awl
ess
lyc
ult
iva
ti
nga
ndha
rve
sti
ngc
rops
,’

越曆唯辟孝友]‘
[ a
n dwi t
hexceedi
ngsucce
ss,af
terever
yh a
rves
t,inobedienc
eand
fr
ate
rnit
y,st
ruc
ko utwitht
heBi r
dt r
ibe
st oop ennewterr
it
ori
es.
’An c
estorYi乙且 h adb ec
o meDu keYi乙公,
whoma yh a
veser
ve dasap i
oneerChiefCo mma nderoft
heEaste
rnQu a
rterwhil
eitwassti
llju
staBa s
eCamp,
wit
ha narmyofloosel
yo r
ganiz
edYi n(Shang )fa
rmer-
soldi
eri
mmi gr
ants.
TheDu keofZhoulate
rb e
cameth efi
rstDu ketorul
efromthenewlybuiltEa
ster
nCa pi
ta
lCi t
yo fChen
gZhou
duri
ngtherei
gnofKi ngChengo fZhou.

TheSh angmigra
nt’sres
ponsi
bil
iti
esofcult
ivat
ingthefie
ldsan
du t
ili
zi
ngthesu bj
ugatedBir
dt ri
besi
nopening
upn ewterr
it
ori
eswa srei
nfor
cedbyt h
eMa oGo ngDi ng毛公鼎, 唯天將集厥命]‘
[ Aswh e
ni twasHeave
n’s
willfo
rthe(Shang)cla
ntog at
hertheBir
dtribe
sa ccor
dingtot
heMa ndate
’[亦唯先正襄辪厥辟恪堇大命]
‘Alsowhenwi t
htheBi r
dtri
bes,ourance
str
alcla
n scorr
ectl
yhel
pedtoen f
orc
eo rderinth
en ewlyopene
d
t
e r
rit
ori
es,r
espect
full
yandd i
li
gentl
ywo rki
ngthef e
rti
leloa
mys oi
loftheGreatMa ndat
e’

2
7
Phi
li ne盤 P
ppi an H
is
to
ryo
ft
heD
rag
ona
ndt
heV
er
mil
l
io
nPh
oen
ix ⒸJ
.G.Che
ock,2022

Yu𩁹 -ana r
cha i
crit
ualsacri
fi
cialo f
feri
ngforrain
.Th echaract
ery u𩁹 a ppearsrepea
tedl
y
i
nma nybronzeinscr
ipt
ionssucha sthis,i
mp l
yingtha
titcarr
ieda nimp ort
antme ssa
g e
.
Ever
yYin殷 ( Sh a
ng)ma n,woma n ,andchil
dk newas t
oryabo utarainsacri
fi
cei nvol
ving
𩁹 thefirstShangkingbyheart.Tangfacedaprolongedsevenyeardroughtthatwascausing
manytodieofstarva
tion.Throughd i
vinati
on,i
twa sreveal
edtha ti
two uldtakeah uman
s
acri
fi
cetoappeas
et heHeave
n s
.Th erigh
teousTangd ecidedthati
fama nn eededtob esacri
fic
edf orthenat
ion,
t
henitwouldbehim.Ash eknel
tan doff
eredh i
mselfu ponb ehal
fofhisp e
ople,atorrent
ialrai
nbe gantofal
l
ove
rh i
skingdom.
Th ist
ime,al
mo st600y ea
rslat
er,Itwa sthetur
no ft
heHo useo fSh angtooffe
rth e
ms el
ves
s
acri
fi
cial
lytoHeaven,byse
rvingintheFo urQu a
rterstosecureabundantprovi
sionf o
rtheirhome l
and.

Thi
ssacr
if
iceoft
hemse
lveswasseenast
hei
rrespons
ibi
li
tysinc
eitwa st
h e
irdeca
dencetha
thadbroughtthe
Middl
eKingdomint
opovert
y.Anci
entChi
nasuffe
redunderth
el u
x ur
iousl
ifes
tyl
eoftheShangRo ya
lsand
t
hei
rfamil
ie
s,wholi
vedextr
avaga
ntly
,whil
ethecommo npeoplest
arved.I
twa sr
ecor
dedthataf
tert
hed ef
eat
oft
heShang,“
Theimperi
alr
icest
orewasopenedimmediat
el
ya ft
erthebat
tlet
ofeedthest
arvi
ngp opul
at
ion.
”32

Butyetaga
in,ami
dstt
hei
rsacr
ifi
ci
aloath
, t
heyar
eremindedthatt
heywerenotal
one
.Theywer
einthe
companyoftheKi
ngswhoruledthela
ndsabove,t
hei
ra nc
estor
swhohadservedi
nthes
amewaya st
heydi
d
now,theDukeswhohadbee
nc hosent
og ove
rntheFourQu a
rte
rst
err
it
ory
, a
ndtheUncl
eswhoser
vedas
Offi
ci
alsandArmyComma nde
rsintheMiddleKingdom.

ZhouKingswerethesupre
mer ul
ersofbot
htheRoyaldomainoftheMi ddl
eKingdom,andthefore
ign
bor
der
landsoftheFourQuarte
rs.Dir
ect
lyundert
heKi n
gwe r
etheDu kes.Unde
rthefi
rstkingsoft
heZh ou,
t
heWe s
twa sgover
n e
db ytheDukeofShao召公 wi thitsc
apit
alci
tyofZo ngZhou宗周 ‘ Zh ouAncest
ral
’
Capi
ta
l,whoc omma nde
dthearmiesoft
heSixWe st
ernRoyalDivi
sions西六師. The‘Re gi
onalRule
rsofthe
West
’werecall
edb o伯 ‘Uncle’
.

TheCh i
ef-Comma nde
ro ft
h eEast,t
he‘ Duke’公, r
esidedintheca
pita
lcityofCh e
ngZh ou成周 a n
dwa s
re
sponsibl
eforth
eFo urQu art
ers四方 r egi
on.TheDu keofZh oucomman dedthearmi
esoftheYinEight
Divi
si
o ns殷八師 – comp os
e dof‘voluntee
r’Yin(Shang)tr
o ops
.
Hou侯, ‘Regi
onalRuler
so ftheEast
’we renextinrankund e
rtheDuke.Th e
rewe r
eafullrangeofposi
ti
onsand
t
itl
esfortheEast
ernoffi
cia
ls.Somet hatwee nco
u nt
ermo sti
ninsc
ript
ionswe r
etheMinist
ers卿,wh ohandl
ed
matt
ersonl a
nds,publ
icwo rks
, j
ust
ice,etc
.andtheSc r
ibes吏- -
off
ici
alHistor
iansandAstr
ologer
s.

Armie
so fth
eMi ddl
eKingdomwe r
eo f
tenneede
dtos uppor
tthef
orc
esoftheEas
ter
nc api
ta
lcit
y.I
no r
dert
o
enf
orc
eth ecol
oni
algove
rnmentoft
heFo urQuart
erster
ri
tor
y,suc
cess
ionsofUnc
lesle
adingarmi
esfromChina
,
andDukescomma ndi
ngten
softhousa
ndso fYi
n(Sh a
ng)ances
tor
swh ohadmigr
ate
dtheirfa
mili
es,ha
dworked
t
otheutmo s
tfort
heGreatManda
te.

Thi
sp a
rtoft
heLaipan逨盤 r e
mindsth
emi gr
ate
dYi n(Shang)o
fthei
rfi
rstsa
cri
fic
ialdut
y,wh
ichwa sto
cul
ti
vat
ethefer
ti
lef
iel
dsinor
dertopr
oduceabundantf
oodforthei
rmothe
rland,a
nda c
tasMini
ster
so ft
he
FourQuar
ter
sinensur
ingt
hesmoothcol
le
cti
onoftaxesandtr
ibut
esfr
omt hesubj
ugate
dp e
opl
es.Theirwor
k
wastobeacc
omp l
is
hedinpar
tner
shi
pwithth
eBi r
dtrib
es.

ABl
ackGr
e e
nNe phr
it
eJadeBidi
skwit
hthre
ePhoen
ixe
s/Chi
cke
nsandthr
eeCl
ass
ica
lChi
nesec
har
act
ersi
n
l
owr
eli
efoneac
hside,cl
ear
lyde
li
nea
tedth
ispar
toft
heGrea
tMa nda
teont
heBi
rdtri
bel
ands
.

28
Phi
li ne盤 P
ppi an H
is
to
ryo
ft
heD
rag
ona
ndt
heV
er
mil
l
io
nPh
oen
ix ⒸJ
.G.Che
ock,2022

Theinscri
pti
onr e
ads利腴積 ‘ Prof
itabl
eforthesmoo t
hc ol
lec
ti
o no ftax/
tri
bute’ono neside
,andintheobvers
e
雞雜積 ‘ Ga t
heri
ngtax/t
rib
u t
ef r
omt heCh i
ckenandv ari
ousbir
d s
.’Be causetheseme s
sagesgoinac ir
cula
r
unendingpatt
ernwithnostartorending,t
heme ssa
gesc oul
dalsob ereada s,“
Th esmo othcol
lect
ionoftax/
t
ribut
eisp r
ofit
able”
,wh i
letheo bv
ersewo ul
ds a
y,“Th eChickenandv ar
iousbirdsgat
h e
rthetax/
tri
bute”
.
Bothstat
eme nt
sregardi
ngeac hsi
deo ftheBidiskma yhavebeenh istori
call
yac cur
ate
.
FoundinthePh il
ippi
nes,t
hisancientar
ti
factpre
servesawr i
tt
enrec ordofah is
toric
alp e
riodtha
twen olonger
re
me mb er
.Anin s
cri
pti
ont ha
to nl
yma kessensewh enu nd
erst
oodth atitwasfou ndinthelandsofthePhoeni
x
–ChiefoftheWi nge
dTr i
bes.

Fi
gur
e2 0
.
Bl
ackGreenJ
a deBiDi
sk.3Fl
yi
ngPhoe
nixwi
thsqu
arescro
llb
orderi
nlowrel
i
ef.
3char
act
ersonbothsi
des
:.
利腴積 ‘ Pro
fi
tab
lefo
rth
es moot
hcoll
ecti
onoft
ax/
tr
i
bute
’,&雞雜積
‘
Gathe
ri
ngtax
/tr
i
b u
tefr
omtheChi
cke
nandvari
ousbi
rd
s .
’
Phil
i
ppi
nes.Dia
me t
er
:24.
7c m,
Wid
th:
.9c
m,We
igh
t:1
.06
4kg

4
.S
ec
on
dSa
cr
i
fi
c
ia
lD
ut
y:
Se
rv
ei
nt
he
Mar
t
ia
lF
or
ce
s
[逨匹成王成受大命]‘ Maythos
efromtheShangRoyalHous
e,migr
ate
dtothi
s
di
st
antl
andtose
rveinthec
ivi
lan
dmi l
it
arya
ffa
irso
fth
eFo urQuar
ter
ste
rri
tor
ies
,matc
hh owKingCheng
s
ucces
sfu
llyr
ece
ivedtheGre
atManda
te’

[方狄不亯用酉四國萬邦]‘ Wh e
ninth
ef or
eig
nQuart
ers
,theDit
ri
besof
t
heNor
the
rnRegi
ons
,fa
ile
dtop r
ese
ntthe
msel
vesi
nsubmi
ssi
on,t
heyou酉 (Bi
rdtri
bea
rmies
)we r
eut
il
ize
d
i
nth
eFourKi
ngdomsandthe
irTenThous
andSt
ate
s’

[𩁹朕皇高且新室中克幽]‘ Ashuma nsacr

if
icestobr
ingabunda
ncet
o
ourmo
ther
land
,wear
eontheboa
tto
g e
the
rwit
ho urbr
ightsove
rei
gnemperoronhighandances
tor
sandthos
e
whohavene
wlyar
ri
vedf
romtheMiddle(
Kin
g do
m)toc onque
randsubduet
h eda
rkan ddi
st
antla
nds’

2
9
Phi
li ne盤 P
ppi an H
is
to
ryo
ft
heD
rag
ona
ndt
heV
er
mil
l
io
nPh
oen
ix ⒸJ
.G.Che
ock,2022

TheShiQiangpan史墻盤 isi
nagreementwit
hthes
ucc
essofKi
ngChe
ng成王,
sonofKi
ngWu,i
nta
kingh
is
pa
rtoftheGrea
tManda
tes
eri
ous
ly.
Th eShiQian
gpan史墻盤 r e
cor
dst
hat
,

成王左右綬 剛]‘
[ Ki
ngCheng,l
efta
ndrig
htsai
ledoutt
orecei
vepos
ses
sionofthe
c
onn
ect
edd
ist
antl
ands
,begi
nni
ngwi
tha
nor
derl
yas
sembl
yo fmini
st
ers/
off
ici
al
stost
rengt
hen[
Zhourule
].’

[鯀( 燕系) 用肇徹周邦淵哲]‘ Ph o eni

xTr i
beswe r
es yst
ema t
ic
a l
lyu sedto
comme nceac omprehensi
vea t
tack,reveal
in gthedeepwisdomo ft
heZh ou(new)St at
e/Co untry.’
Ancientch a
ractert
ransla
tedb ysomes c h
o l
a r
stothemo derng un鯀, ma deofyu魚 ‘ fi
sh ’andx i系 ‘ systems’,
‘f
amily’,‘la
rger ope’
,isacha r
acterinwh ichthePh oeni
xr a
dica lmak esanappearance
. Th eSu nBi r
dwi ththe
char
act
e rforYi夷 i ncorporat
edwi thi
ni t
,wh e
nc ombinedwithx i系 ‘syst
ems ’
,‘f
a mil
y’, couldc ar
ryth eideaof
usi
ngth esystemso ftheBirdtri
b e
s .
Th e‘Bi r
d’wa sanimp or
tan ttr
ibaltot
emo ftheAu st
r onesi
a nspeaking
peopl
es.Th eirwe a
pons,ships,sai
lors,andp ossi
blyeventheirmi li
tar
yt ac
tic
sma yh aveb eenu sedag ai
n s
tthei
r
ownc ommu nit
iesandthatofthere s
to ftheFo urQuart
erster
r i
to r
ies
. I
twa sconsi
deredab ri
ll
ian ts
trat
eg ytouse
t
hefier
c eAu str
o ne
sianBirdtribewa r
riors,dispat
chedtodist
a ntlandsu nde
rthecomma ndo fth eZho uDu kes
andYin( Shan g
)Of fi
cial
stomi l
itantl
ye nforcethecoloni
zati
o no ftheFourQu ar
terster
ritory.Toe nsuretheir
l
oyalt
y, t
h eZh ourule
rs‘watchedo ver’theirfamil
ieswhiletheywe r
eg one.Simil
artact
ic swe reu s
edb yth e
Spani
shCo nquist
adorsinas mallerscale
,wh e
nt he
ys e
ntFili
p inotroopsfromo nep r
ovin cetos ubdueu pri
sings
i
na not
h erregionofthePh i
lippi
n e
s .

KingCh eng’sorderl
ya ss
emb l
yo fmi ni
ster
s,descri
bedi ntheHeZu n 尊, no t
edthatasi
defromt hey out
h
mig r
ate
df r
omCh ina,t
herewe reyouthfromthev ario
u ssubjuga
tedclansthatwe r
ep ar
tofh i
sc our
tatthe
Easter
nCa pit
alofCh engZh ou.Th eHeZu n 尊i nscript
ionsaysthat
,[隹王初遷宅于成周]‘ Wh entheKi ng
[Cheng]fir
stbeganthed ivi
nel
yo r
dainedma s
smi g r
ati
o nfr
omt heWe st[f
romt heCa pi
talinCh i
na]totheirnew
res
idencesinCh engZh ou成周 ( Capita
lGa r
ris
o nintheEa st
),’Oftenmi s
takenlytr
anslat
eda sKingCh eng’s
declar
ati
onth a
th ewou l
db eresid
inga ndrei
gninga tCh engz
ho u,i
thasp uzz
ledh i
stor
ianswh enheleftsoon
aft
erwardstoliveintheCa pi
talFen g
haowi t
hou tanyex pl
anati
on.An alysi
so fthechar
acterqian遷 ‘mo ve’
showsthed i
v i
neh andshandingthec ha
ract
erforWe s
ttou pra
isedhandsb el
ow. Twos quar
eso ntheupperright
sidemayb etai台 ‘ s
tati
on’overa‘ bi
rd’.Theanc i
entch ar
act
ercarri
estheme aningofami grati
ono fpeopl
e
fr
omt heWe sttob est
atione
do vertheBi r
dtri
bes- -Amo vepossi
blydu etothethinni
ngo fShangfo r
cesfrom
nume r
ousmi li
tar
yc onfl
ict
s,andt hedeathoftheDu keo fZhou.

HeZu n 尊t e
ll
su st
h a
t,[復爯武王豊]‘ (
KingCh eng)r
esume dtherol
eo fKingWub yb ec
omi ngasacri
fi
cial
ve
sselofg r
eatabunda
n ce.
’AroletakenbyKingWua sdes
c r
ibedintheTianWan gGu i天亡簋 ‘ He ave
n’s
Conque s
tTu r
een’,whenh esai
ledtothr
eeoftheFourQu a
rter
s.Co nquer
ingandtakingthelandstoenri
chh i
s
na
ti
on .KingCh engma deitcl
eartoth
ep eo
plethatt
heMa ndaterecei
vedbyh i
san c
estorswouldc ar
ryonunder
hi
sreign.TheFo urQuart
ersregi
onwo uldcont
inuetobeas our
ceo fweal
thfortheCen t
ralStat
es,andthemass
migr
ati
o nofShanga ndZho unoblesf
romtheWe ste
rnlan
d swo ul
ds t
rengt
henthei
rpos i
tioni
nth eEast
.

KingCheng’
sspee
chtothemigrat
edyouth
, p
reser
vedinth
eHeZu n 尊, remindedthemo fthei
rpr
e dec
essor
s,
t
heLa i逨 whohadunder
gonethesamesacr
ifi
ces.曰昔才爾考公氏克] ‘
[ Sayi
ng,“Informerti
me si
twa sin
t
hissamemannert
hatyourl
ateFat
her,t
heDu keofourcl
an(Du keofZhou),s
erve
dt osubju
g a
teandc o
n que
r’
逨玟王肆]‘
[ Th
o s
efromtheShangRoyalHo usewhomigrat
edtothisdi
st
antlan
dt oser
vei ntheci
viland
mil
ita
ryaf
fai
rsoft
heFourQu ar
ter
ster
ri
tori
es,andthea
ncest
ralkin
gsWe nandWun eve
rh el
db ac
k’

30
Phi
li ne盤 P
ppi an H
is
to
ryo
ft
heD
rag
ona
ndt
heV
er
mil
l
io
nPh
oen
ix ⒸJ
.G.Che
ock,2022

I
nthepas
t,Ki
ngCh enghadcharge
dtheDu keofZh out
ostayi
ntheEastto“Comme nceinag rea
tscal
ewh a
t
i
stobedoneb
yy ourcominghere
,sett
inganexamp l
etomyo f
fi
cer
san dgre
atl
yp r
eser
vingthep e
oplewhom
WanandWurecei
ved;--byyourgoodgover
nme ntyouwil
lbeahelptothewholekingdo
m.”33 Thus,t
heywere
t
oser
vetogover
nthen umer
ouspeoplesoft
heFo urQuar
ter
ster
ri
tor
yf ort
hebenef
itofthei
rho mela
nd.

HeZu n 尊n o t
esthataf
terspeakingtothos
ewh oh a dmigrat
e dfr
o mCh i
na,KingCh engs poketotheyouth
ofthecoloni
zedBi r
dTr i
bes.[爾有唯小子亡戠]‘ Likewise,wh e
na lltheyout
hfro mthec onqueredBirdtr
ibes
wereg a
ther
e d
,’Ki ngCh engmad eitcl
earthatt
heirse r
vicewa sHea ven’
sc ommand ,andthattheywe r
eo bl
ige
d
t
op rese
ntthems e
lvesinsubmissiontothenewg overn ment.
Th eAu st
rone s
ianYiwe retob et
het r
oopsun de
r
t
hec omma ndo ft
heYi n(Shang)no bl
es,whof ol
lowe dtheordersoftheZh ouRo yalHou seoverwh ic
htheKi ng
r
u l
ed.Thuswh ena ccor
dingtotheLa ipan逨盤,t h eDi狄 t r
ibeso ft
h eNo r
ther
nQu ar
terref
usedtos ubmit
,
ar
mie softheSo ut
heast
ernHu a
i Yi淮夷 we reusedt ok e
epthemi nl i
ne.

Thi
sver
year
lyenc
ount
eraga
ins
tth
eNort
her
nQua
rte
rus
ingtheAus
tr
one
sia
n-Yiwar
ri
orsandYi
n(Shang)
of
fi
cer
swasal
sopre
ser
vedi
ntheShiQi
angpn史墻盤.Af
a t
erth
eLai逨 ar
ri
vedtoove
rse
etheFourQua
rter
s,

[不恐狄虘微伐夷]‘ Notf
ear
ingtheappe
ara
nceoft
heDi狄 fi
erc
ebar
bar
ianso
fthe
West
ernQuart
er,
likeapounci
ngt
iger
,an
cest
orsofWei微 (aYin-
Shangroy
alf
ami
ly)a
tt
ackedwi
tht
he
Yi
-Austr
one
siantr
ibesoft
heEast
ernQuar
ter
’

Ap o
e mwr it
tenbyth eDu keo fShaoforKingCh engdescr
ibest
hePho e
n i
xash i
sof
fice
rsintheFo urQuart
ers.
“Youa r
eap att
erntothef ourq uar
ter
s…Thef ourquart
ers…aregui
dedb yyou.Thema l
eandf emalephoeni
x
f
lyab out
,thei
rwi n
g srustl
ing,Wh il
etheysett
leinthei
rproperr
est
ing-
place.Manyareyouradmirableoff
ice
rs,
Ok i
n g
, Readytobee mp l
oy edb yyou…Th ema l
ea ndfemalephoe
nixfl
ya bout
,Thei
rwi ngsrust
li
ng,
Astheys oa
ru ptohea ven.Ma nya r
eyouradmirabl
eo ff
ice
rs,Oking,Wait
ingforyourcomma nds…Th ema l
e
andfema l
epho e
nixg iveoutth e
irnotes
…Ont h os
ee as
ter
ns l
opes
…a ndh a
rmo n
ious
lytheno t
esres
o und.
‘
Yo urchari
ots,Osov er
e i
gn,Ar enume r
ous
, many.Yourhorsesa
rewelltr
ainedandfl
eet
..
.”3
4

UseoftheAu s
trone
sian-
Yia r
mieswa snotanewt hi
ng.Wh enKingWu( KingCh eng’sfa
ther)gat
h e
redh i
s
for
cesagai
nsttheShangintheBa t
tl
eo fMu ye
, h
eh a
dEi ghtBorde
rla
ndTerrit
oryStatesoffore
ignp e
oples
fi
ghti
ngalongsi
dehim,includi
ngtheHu aiYiBirdtr
ibes.
Wh enKingWus ud de
n l
yd i
edaf ewy ea
rslate
r,his
t
hreebrot
herswh ohadbeensenttoovers
eetheEa s
ternter
rit
ori
esrebe
ll
ed,usingthearmiesoftheHu aiYi
Bir
dtribe
s,alongwit
hther e
locat
edYi nr
o ya
ltyandoffi
cial
s.Arebel
li
onth
a ttooktheDuk eofZho uyearst
o
def
eat,t
henensuri
ngthatitwouldneverhappenagai
n, Danhimsel
ftookcomma ndo vert
h ecapi
talofthe
East
ernQu a
rte
r.

Overtheyears
,KingCh engl
eda rmiest
oq uel
lrebe
ll
ionsinth
eEaste
rnQu a
rte
r.Kin
gCh engannounc
edthat,
“Iwil
lgof or
wa r
dwi thyouf
roma llt
hestate
s,an
dp uni
shthoseva
gabondandtra
nsport
edmin
ist
ersofYin.
”35

TheGreatAn nounc
e mentmadeitcle
arthatt
heexpedi
ti
onwa stobet
otheeast
.Also,t
hati
twouldinvol
vealo t
ofdi
ff
icult
ya ndhardshi
pinmo b
ili
z a
ti
ona ndmanpower.Buti
twouldbeinaccor
dancewit
hthepla
nsa nd
acc
omp li
shmentssetoutbyhi
sfatherKingWu .

Nephri
teJ
a deZhongBe l
lsc
arve
di nthe45d e
gre
eb i
gslantmethodus
edintheZh o
ud ynast
yperi
od,havet
wo
cha
ract
eri
n scr
ipt
ionsce
nter
edbetweens e
tsofpr
otr
udin
gb osses(
Figur
e21).As hortt
ai
ledbid隹 wi
r t
hthe
ver
ti
caleye臣 thatfor
me dt
heancientchar
act
erf
oraMi ni
s t
erorOff
ici
alwhos e
rvedthekingofCla
ssi
cal
China
.Cou l
dtheseanci
entNephr
itej
a deZhongBel
lshaveb e
enrungtocal
ltheBirdtr
ibeoff
ici
al
stoduty?

3
1
Phi
li ne盤 P
ppi an H
is
to
ryo
ft
heD
rag
ona
ndt
heV
er
mil
l
io
nPh
oen
ix ⒸJ
.G.Che
ock,2022

Dan,t
heDu keofZh oudiedofil
lnes
sinFenghaosaying ,
“ Imustbeburi
edinCh eng
-Zhoui nordertoma keit
cl
eart
hatIwillneverdepar
tfromKingCh en
g .
"36L oyaltohista
sktotheend,t
heDu keo fZhouwa sh onored
byKingCh eng,whoinst
eadb u
rie
dh i
mb esi
deKi ngWe ni nthei
rances
tr
alland.I
nthisport
ionoft heLaip a
n
逨盤, not
ethecrea
tiveuseof成 cheng‘suc
cess’.KingCh eng成王 l i
ter
all
yme ansthe‘succe
ssfulking’and
ChengZhou成周 t he‘succ
essf
ulZhou’.Thus
,成王成 me a nst
he‘suc
cessf
ulkingwass ucc
essfu
l’,astatement
t
hatmays oundredu
n da
nt,butwasactua
ll
yaf i
rma ff
irma t
ionofwh a
ttheysawasawe l
ldeser
vedRe gnalt
it
le.

KingCh e
n gwass ee
ntoh avesucc
ess f
ullyfu
lfil
ledhi
sp ar
tintheGr e
atMa ndateovertheFourQu a
rte
rs
t
err
itor
yb ymi l
it
antl
ye nf
orci
ngZh our ul
eo verthe‘
Fou rKingdomsa ndthe
irTenTh ous a
ndStat
es’
.Th eFour
Kingdomswo uldbea not
hernamefo rtheFourQu art
erster
ri
tor
yt otheNorth,South,Ea s
tandWestofthe
MiddleKingdom. TheTenTh ous
andSt atesma yhavebeenfie
fsoflandthathadb eengivenoutt
otheYi n
(
Shang )a
n dZhoun obi
li
ty.“au
thoro fthecri
ti
calchara
c t
erdic
ti
o nar
ySh uowenj i
ezizhu說文解字注
(
seeSh uowenjiei說文解字)r
z emark sthatt
hewo rdbang邦 ( anci
entvari
ant )i sseena sasynonym
(
andh omo phone
)tothewo rdfeng.Bo t
hwo rdsme a
n" t
oe nt
rustl
and"[toarelati
ve].
”37

Li
ketheFeudalLordsofWester
ncivil
izat
ion,t
hep os
iti
onwasinheri
tedwithi
nthefa
mi l
yli
ne.Yetunl
ikethe
Feuda
lLo r
dsofWe st
ernci
vil
iza
tion,t
heyremainedap ol
it
ythatact
edo nbehal
foftheZhouki
n gso
v e
rthe
domai
no fthe
irrul
e.Thus
,theti
tl
esRe gi
onalRu l
ersofZhouRe g
ionalSta
tescoul
dbe t
te
rdes
cribet
heirr
ole,
wit
hresponsi
bil
it
ie
sthati
nclude
dregularrepor
tstotheMiddl
eKi ngdomk i
ng.

Anot
herclu
et ha
tthe‘tent
h ou
s an
dSt at
es’萬邦 r eferr
edtothefi
efsoflandgiventoCh i
na’sRoyalHouse
s,
maybefoundinc ha
ngestothec har
acter‘t
enthousand’萬. Theanci
entchar
a c
terwa sapict
ureofascor
pion
t
hatwasli
kelysynonymo uswiththewo rdfor‘
tenthousand’
.Theb odyofthescor
p i
onwa slat
erpie
rce
d
t
hroug
hwi t
hah andthatseemstob ereachingoutformore(Figur
e22).Thus,amo reapttr
ansl
ati
onwo ul
dbe
‘
tent
housandincre
asingStat
es’,whichwo uldbeas ui
tabl
ed e
scr
ipti
onforthei
rp ol
icyofconst
antexpa
nsion
an
de ndo
wme ntoffief
stotheirgrowingc ommun i
ti
es.

Fi
gure22.
Anci
entvari
at
io
nso f
thechar
act
er萬
f
or‘tenth
o u
sand’
.
Apic
tureofascor
pionwasusedt
o
re
presentanumbersola
rge,i
twas
beyo
n dor
d i
nar
yhuma nund
erst
andi
ng.

Figu
re2 1.
Nephri
teJadeZhongBel
ls
i
n s
cri
bedwith隹臣
-Bi
rdtr
ibeOffi
ci
al
s.
Large
stBe l
ldet
ai
ls
:Heig
ht:
18.
5cm
Lengt
h:11.2cm,Widt
h:6.
1cm
We i
ght
: 1,
076g.Phi
li
ppi
nes

32
Phi
li ne盤 P
ppi an H
is
to
ryo
ft
heD
rag
ona
ndt
heV
er
mil
l
io
nPh
oen
ix ⒸJ
.G.Che
ock,2022

The毛公鼎 Ma oGo ngDi ngremindedthereaderofthepastmil

ita
ryac c
omp l
ishmentsofth eZhouk i
ngs.
[率褱丕廷方]‘ Comma ndingtr
oops,car
ryinga l
ongwithustheg r
eati
mp eri
alseatofthemo n
archtothe(Four
)
Quart
ersf
o r
eignborder
landterr
it
ori
es’[ 亡丕閈于文武耿光]‘ Co nquer
ingthegrea
tg at
ewa yt ha
tshi
eldedthe
i
nvasiont
othec oast
la
nds,inaccor
dancewi thKingWe nandKi ngWu ’shonestandupri
g htbril
li
ance’
..
.
[肆皇天亡斁]‘ Thebri
lli
antsover
eignwa sunrest
rai
nedasHe avenvanquis
hedt hec
o r
rupt’.
Lat
er,KingXua n,movedo ntopre
ssi
n gcurrentmatt
ersoft
h a
ttime.[王曰]‘ TheKin gsaid,’
[父 今余唯肈經先王命]‘ “Fat
herYin,no wthatyouresi
dewi t
htheBi r
dtri
be s
,comme nc etheatt
acksin
acc
ordanc
ewi t
ho urancest
ralki
ng’sma n
d at
e ’[命汝辪我邦]‘ Thes a
mema ndat
eyo uu s
et omi l
it
ant
lyen f
orc
e
orde
rinourZh ouRe gi
onalStat
es’

Regul
armil
it
arycampai
gnsf
ortheexpa
n s
ionoft
err
it
ori
esandmi
li
ta
n te
nfor
cementofor
derwa
spa
rtoft
hei
r
expa
ndingc
oloni
algove
rnmentunde
rtheGrea
tMa nda
tebe
gunbytheZhouance
str
alki
ngs.

Evenatt
hise
arlypointi
no urst
udyo ft
heLaipan逨盤 inscr
ipt
ion,apoet
icrhyt
hmi nt
heorgani
zat
ionoft
he
de
clar
ati
onbytheimmi gr
antsmayb edis
cer
ned.Afewli
nesofhis
tori
cali
nfor
ma t
ionwasgive
ntoconsol
ida
te
t
heideaofwhatthe
irrespon
sibi
li
ti
eswe r
e,bef
orethe
ymadeasacri
fic
ialdec
lar
ati
onthatj
oine
dthema mong
t
heranksofdi
sti
nguis
h e
da nce
stor
swh ohadfai
thf
ull
ygonebef
orethem.

I
nthisporti
ono ft
h eLa ipan逨盤, theimmi gr
antsde
clar
ethei
rsecondsacr
ifi
ci
ald ut
y,whichwast
ob epartof
t
hema rt
ialf
o rc
etoma kethecit
ize
nso ftheFourQu a
rte
rssubmitt
oZh ouruleandtoconti
nual
lyconque
rthe
da
rkc o
nne c
tedd i
stantlands
.As acr
if
icethattheymakealon
gsidet
hee mperoronhigh(nort
h)andt
heirmarti
al
a
ncestor
sa ndthosewh oh a
dj us
tarri
vedint h
isstr
angenewlandtoful
fil
ltheGreatMa nda
te.Ment
ionoffres
h
i
mmi gr
antsma kingthispledgemayin di
catetha
taregula
rinf
luxofClassi
calChines
en at
ional
swasneededto
r
eple
n i
shtheirEaster
nc oloni
es,eve
na ft
ero ve
rah undr
edyears
.

5
.T
hi
r
dSa
cr
i
fi
c
ia
lD
ut
y:
Ab
so
lu
te
Sub
mi
ss
i
ont
ot
he
Fat
he
r
[
明 心 遠能 會 ]‘ Under
sta
ndingt
hesit
uati
onoft
heShangRoya
l
House
,thec
lanwhol
ehea
rte
dlywe
ntt
othedi
st
antl
andt
ocons
oli
dat
ethewil
du nci
vil
iz
edpe
ople
s,ast
hey
f
oll
owedHeaven’
sdi
rec
ti
ontoworkt
oge
the
rwit
htheBi
rdTr
ibesi
nthei
rland
s.’

[康王方懷丕廷]‘ KingKa
ngc
arr
iedt
heFou
rQua
rte
rsRe
gio
ncl
oset
ohi
she
art
,
gr
eat
lyi
ncr
eas
ingt
hes
eatofhi
smo
nar
chy’

[𩁹朕皇高且惠中 父戾]‘ Ashumans

acr
if
ice
stobr
ingabunda
ncet
oour
moth
erl
and,
weareontheb
oatt
oge
the
rwit
ho urb
rights
ove
rei
gnemper
oronhi
ghanda
ncest
ors
,wh of
indi
t
be
nefi
ci
alt
ojudgei
tasacr
imet
ogoagai
nstt
heFathe
r.’

I
na c
cordancewi
ththeGrea tMa nda
teupheldbytheWe s
ter
nZh oukings
,theRoyalCla
n softheShang
obe
dien
tlypacke
du pthei
rb agsandmi gr
ate
dt he
irfa
mili
estotheunf
amilia
rhost
il
eterr
itor
ies,under
sta
n di
ng
t
hathes
ita
ti
o ncoul
dleadtot or
tur
ea nddeat
h.Theywe r
etaske
dwi t
ho pe
ningupnewl a
n ds,ba
ttl
ingwiththe
f
ier
ceBirdtri
bewarri
orsi
nt heirhometurf,andsubj
ugat
ingt
h ei
ndige
nousp e
opl
esu n
tilthe
ywe rewill
ingto
s
ubmittotheZhouImperi
a lGo ver
nme nt
.Andwh enthe
ywe renotf
ighti
ng,th
eywe r
ece as
eles
slycult
ivat
ing

3
3
Phi
li ne盤 P
ppi an H
is
to
ryo
ft
heD
rag
ona
ndt
heV
er
mil
l
io
nPh
oen
ix ⒸJ
.G.Che
ock,2022

t
hefert
il
efi
el
dstoproduc
eah a
rves
tthatwouldmost
lybetr
ans
por
tedba
ckt
ot he
irmot
her
lan
d .I
twoul
dbea
ha
rdlif
efort
hem,butatl
eas
ttheyhadafight
ingc
hanceats
urv
iva
l.I
twasa
lsoachan
cefort
hea c
qui
si
ti
onof
weal
thandpowerunde
rthenewregi
me.

I
nstr
ucti
onswe r
eg i
v e
ni ntheYiZh ouShu逸周書, booksonma rt
ialandcivilaf
fai
rswrit
tenbytheZh ou
an
cest
ralfat
her,KingWe ntog ui
detheirarmiesando f
ficia
lsinthei
rma ndat
et oconquerandgover
nt hefor
eign
l
ands.YiZhouSh u逸周書 wa saninst
ructi
onma n ua
ltot a
kec ont
rolofthekingdomsinthereal
mo ftheFo ur
Quar
ters
.On cethehighestl
eader
so ftheopposingforceswe r
ee l
iminat
ed,theg e
neralpopul
ati
onalongwi t
h
l
owerrankingleade
rswe rewo noverthroughenti
c e
me ntsofpowe r
,prest
ige
, andprosper
it
y,t
hatwa sgive
n
al
ongwi t
hah eavyspri
nk l
ingofClassi
calCh i
nesev al
uesa ndmo r
ali
ty.Thec onque
ringarmywa st
or el
ease
pr
ison
e r
s,ca
reforthewi dows,provi
def oodfort
h ehung ry
,andap poi
ntloca
lstoo f
fici
alposi
ti
ons,t
h e
reby
winni
ngtheh e
artsoftheforei
gnp e
oples.Theg oalwastoq uic
klyco n
vertthema ss
esfrome n
emyt oall
y,then
ut
il
izi
ngthemt oconquera n
dc ont
roltheotherre
g ions
.

Ki
ngKa
ng(
1020-
996BC)wa
sth
esono
fKi
ngChe
ng.ShiQi
an n史墻盤 d
gPa e
scr
ibe
show,

康王㒸尹億彊宏燕]‘
[ KingKa ngdivi
dedtheco mma ndofthegoverni
ng
of
fi
cia
lsovert
heh undr
edmill
ionsinthevasthars
hPh oeni
xBo rder
landterr
it
ori
esh ehadinher
ite
d.’King
Kangappe
arstohavedivi
dedrol
esa ndaddedo f
fi
cialposi
ti
onsintheZho ugovernmentovertheFourQu a
rte
rs
–addi
ngtothebure
aucracyoft
heirexten
d e
d‘ hous
eh ol
d’.Mostofhishi
g hoff
ici
alsforthel
andsoutsi
deof
Chi
nawo ul
dh a
veresi
dedintheEasternCapita
lofCh engZhou.Fromt hecent
ralportci
tyoftheBirdtr
ibes
,
t
heoff
ici
al
swa tc
hedo ve
rthebor
d er
landsthatKingKa nghadrecei
vedfromh i
sf or
efat
hers.

IntheDaYuDi ng大盂鼎 ‘ TheLargerCauldr

ono fYu’inscr
ipt
ion,gi
ftswerebest
owedo nbotht
h eCh i
nese
Forei
g nOffi
cial
sandtheYi
-Aust
ron
es i
anOf f
ici
alst
hatservedi
ntheEa st
ernCa pi
ta
lcit
y.Ov e
rath ousa
nd
bri
ghta ndski
ll
edslave
shadbeengi
ventot he
mb yKingKa ngtoser
vewi t
ht h
emo vertheFourQu art
ers
.
TheZu nWi neVess
elofZe-Li
ng夨令方尊 ma ded ur
ingtheti
meo fhisson,KingZhao’sre
ign,s
p entalar
ge
par
to ftheins
cri
pti
onsimpl
ylis
ti
ngthen umerousoff
ices
,posit
ions
,roles
,andmi ni
st
ersser
vingintheFo ur
Quartersre
gion.

Pas
singonthemantletohissonKang,Ki
ngCh e
ngreminde
dth e
mo ftheworkofKingsWenandWuwh ohad
en
suredt
heab unda
ntp r
ovisi
onoftheMiddl
eKingdom,makingtheCl
assi
calpe
rio
do fChi
na,t
heGo l
denAg e
.
KingChengthenaskedhisoff
ici
al
stoprope
rlygui
deandadvi
seh i
sso
na shehadbeengui
deddur
inghisre
ign.

Rece
ivi
ngthechar
getocont
inuetheworksofWe na n
dWuwh oh a
destabl
is
hedaste
adystr
eamofweal
thf
or
t
heMi dd
leKing
dom, KingKangsaid“Iamu tt
erl
yinsign
ifi
cant
,andbutachil
d,h
ows houl
dIbeabl
eto
gove
rnthef
ourquart
ers
…! ”
38Apparent
ly
,partofhissol
uti
onwa stocompensa
tef
orhisowninc
apa
bil
it
yby
cr
eat
ingnumer
ousaddit
iona
loffi
ci
alposit
ionsoverthefor
eig
nlands.

Mo ur
ningthedeat
ho fhisfa
ther
,KingKa ngme twiththePri
ncesoftheWe st
erna ndEa st
ernRe gi
onsofthe
FourQuart
erster
ri
torywh oaff
ir
me dthe
irroleashisserva
ntsanddefende
rso fthethrone.I
nt heBookso fZhou
no.23,t
heyrecount
e dt
heh i
stor
yoftheZh ouc onques
tovertheYin(Shang)wh ohadb e
gunt heconques
to fthe
borde
rla
ndterr
itor
ies–ama ndat
esubse
quentlyrecei
v e
db ytheZhou.Theyc onfi
rmedt hatt
h eZhoua c
ti
on sof
re
wa r
dsandp uni
shme nt
swe r
eright
eous,a
n dadvisedthenewk i
ngto“Ma i
n t
a i
ny oura r
miesingreatorder
, a
nd
donotall
owt hera
relyequal
ledappoi
ntmento fourhighancest
orst
oc ometoh arm.”39

34
Phi
li ne盤 P
ppi an H
is
to
ryo
ft
heD
rag
ona
ndt
heV
er
mil
l
io
nPh
oen
ix ⒸJ
.G.Che
ock,2022

Theiroff
ici
ala f
fi
rmati
onofSh angandZh ouhis t
ory,al
ongwi thdeclar
ati
ono fal
le
giancebecomescl
e a
rwh en
wed is
coverthatthes
ePrin
c e
so ft
heWe ste
rna n dEa s
ter
nRe gi
onsoftheFourQu ar
terswer
ec omposedofthe
rel
ocate
dYi n(Shang)Royalfamili
esfro
mt heHa u,Tien,Nan, a
ndWe iclans
,
“Yep r
incesofthevari
ousstat
es,chi
efsoftheHa u,
Tien,Na n,andWe idomains…”39 Thear
miesthatre
gulat
ed
t
h eFourQu art
ersdomainundertheDu kewasc o mposedo ftherel
ocat
edSh angoff
ici
a l
swhorecei
ved‘thetr
ue
favor
ingde c
reefromGo d,andthusdidgrea
tHe avenappro v
eo fthe
irways,andgivethemthefourquart
ers
…’ .
Urgingthemt oconti
nuethegoodmi l
it
aryserviceo fthe
irancestor
sinforei
gnlands,“Thoughyourpers
onsbe
dist
ant
,letyourh e
art
sbeinther oya
lHo us
e.”39

Theh ou候 ‘Re gi

onalRuler
so ft
heEa st’we r
el ordsoftheirownf i
efsoflandintheFo urQu art
ersborde
rla
nd
t
erri
tori
esaroundCh i
na.TheCh i
ef-Co mma nde roftheEa stli
ve dinthecapit
alcit
yo fCh engZh ou成周 a nd
wasr e
sponsi
blefortheFourQu ar
ters四方 r egion.Be ar
ingt heo f
fi
cialt
it
le‘Du ke’公, theywe realso
re
spectful
lycal
led‘Fathe
r’父, evenb ythek ingo ftheemp ire
. TheDu keb e
camet h eFa t
he roverthenat
ion,
whilethecit
iz
ensinturnbecameh i
ss ons子. Inawa y,t
heDu ketooko ntheroleo faFa ther,provi
dingf
orthe
needsofhisnati
on,exempli
fi
e dbyKi ngsWe na n
dWu .
Th isrelat
ionshi
pa r
ise
sc on t
inuallyinthestudyof
bronzeins
cript
ions
.LikeintheMa oGo ngDi ng毛公鼎, wh enDu keMa oacceptsth eroleo fChief
-Comma nde
r
overtheFourQu ar
ter
s,KingXu anb eginstoad dr
e s
sh ima s‘Fa t
herYin’.[王曰]‘ Th eKin gsaid,
’
[父 𩁹之庶出入事于外] ‘ “FatherYin ,mak ethesac r
if
icefo rthemu l
ti
tudesbyl eav i
ng
(t
heMi ddleKingdom)towo rkintheinternalaffair
so ftheforeignlandsintheOu terr e
gion s.
’

Bei
nganemp i
rer
ule
db ytheSo nofHeave
n,ser
v i
ngthepeopl
est
hrough‘Uncle
s’a nd‘Fat
hers’t
h eEarl
yZh ou
gove
rnmentwoul
dbestbeund e
rst
oodasalar
gee xt
endedcl
anofconne
ctedhouseholds
. “
Th eZu ozhua
n
(
Hu a
ngong桓公)t here
forecomp a
rest
heZhouemp ir
ewi t
hafamil
y:eachre
gionalrule
rh a
dh i
so wnhouse
(
ja家)
i ,e
achregi
onalminis
ter(qi
ng卿)a" wing"(ce
shi側室, i.
e.l
odgeo fyoungerbrot
hers
)..
.”4
0

Wh entheLaipantel
lsusthatt
h eKingsa ndthe
irancest
orshadfound‘itbene
fici
altojudgeitasac r
imetog o
aga
instt
h eFat
her’
,theYinwe regiventheirt
hir
ds a
c r
if
ici
aldu t
y.Theywereexp e
ctedtosubmitu nco
n di
ti
onal
ly
t
otheFa the
r(a.
k.a
.Du ke)–Chief-
Co mma nderoftheFourQu art
ers
,asthe
ywo ul
dsu bmi
ttot heEmp er
or
hi
ms el
f.Thiswasaveryimpo r
tantpartofthepla
ntoma inta
inthepeaceando r
d e
roftheFo urQu ar
ter
s.
KingKa nghadgreat
lyexpandedthera ngeofoff
ici
alposi
tionsandrol
esthatt
heYi n(Shang)co ul
dstri
veforin
t
hec onquer
edfore
ignter
rit
orie
s, buti
twa scruc
ialt
h a
teacho neunders
toodthatt
heFa t
her(Ch i
efCo mma nde
r)
wouldbet h
efin
alwo rdi
nth eFo u
rQu arter
s.

TheDu keofZh ouwa sthef i

rstof
fic
ialFathe
rwh ogovernedfromtheEaste
rnCa p i
talofChengZhou.Aftert
he
DukeofZh oud ied,KingCh engappoint
e dPri
nceKh antothi
simporta
ntposit
ion, noti
ngtha
tifhedidhisjob
wel
l,“Th e
ns h
a l
lI,theOn ema n,r
eceivemu c
hh appi
ness,
a ndyou
re xce
ll
entserviceswillbefamousthr
ough
l
onga ge
s!”41 St
rangely,desp
itet
hei mporta
nceo fhi
srol
ea ndposi
ti
on,wer ea
llyd on’tknowmu chabout
Pr
inceKh a
na nd“wek nown othingofanyterri
torywit
hwh ichhewasinvest
ed.”41Co ul
dthi
sb ebec
a us
ethe
t
err
it
orywa sn otinCh ina
?

Ari
tualbr
onzecoverfoundi
nthePh i
li
ppineswa si
nsc
ribe
dwi t
hthedecl
arat
iont
hatthebr
onzevess
elwas,
适恰用年昇帥父吉孫]‘
[ Proper
lysuit
abl
efo ruseint
hey e
artoal
toge
therra
iseupth
eCo mma n
der-
in-
Ch i
ef
‘
Fath
er’andhisfor
tuna
tedesc
endants
’(Fi
g ure22).
Thisbri
efst
ate
mentreveal
showtheCh i
efComma nde
rof
t
henewlyacquir
edfore
ignte
rri
tor
iesoftheZh ouRegi
onalSta
teswascal
led‘Fat
her
’bytheClass
ica
lCh i
nese
,
whowe r
ethe
nc onsi
dere
dh i
sfor
tunat
ec hi
ldrenanddesc
endant
s.

3
5
Phi
li ne盤 P
ppi an H
is
to
ryo
ft
heD
rag
ona
ndt
heV
er
mil
l
io
nPh
oen
ix ⒸJ
.G.Che
ock,2022

Inthe12thye a
ro fKi ngKa ng’
sreig n,heappoint
edthes ucces
sorofPr i
nceKh an,t
heDu k eofBi .
“Oh!Gr a
n d
-Ma ster,Inowr everen
tlyc hargeyouwithth eduti
esofthed ukeo fKau( Zhou).Go !.
..Defi
nea ne
w
t
h eborde
rsa ndfrontier
s,andb ecarefultostre
ngthentheg uar
d-post
st hr
ou ghtheterr
it
ory, i
no r
d ertosecur
e
t
ranquil
it
y( withi
n)th efourseas.
”42

KingKa ngh adpo i

ntedo utagrowin gproblemwi t
ht heg e
nerat
ionsofrelocatedYin(Sh a
n g)thath av
eb een
enjoyi
ngp oweran dp ros
perit
yinth eforeignlands
.Th eyh a
db ecomee xt
ravag an
t,showya ndp rideful
.
TheDu kewa staskedt oinst
ructthemt op r
operbehavior.TheYi n(Shang)o ff
ici
alswe r
et hema inma rt
ialf
orce
oftheFourQu art
e r
st er
rit
oryun de
rt heZh ourule
.Th eDu keofBih adtoh andlethissi
tuationwithwi sdom.
“TheDu keo fKaue xe r
cis
e dt
hen ec e
ssaryc a
uti
ona tt
h ebeginni
ng( oftheun der
taking)
;Ku n-khand ispl
ayed
t
h eharmonyp ropertothemi ddleofi t
;andy ou,Od uke,canb r
ingitatlastt
oas ucc e
ssfulissu
e.”42

KingKangnot
e dt
hattheDu keofBi’sgover
nmen ti
nChengZh
ou(Khang-
Kau)woul
dh a
veaposi
ti
ve
i
nfl
u e
nceonthewil
df or
eigntri
bes.“
Th us,Oduke,t
her
einKhang-
Kauwil
lyoues
tabl
is
hfor
eve
rthepowe
r
(
ofKa u)
,andyouwillhaveinexha
ustibl
efame.
”4
2

UnderKingKang’s26y e
arreign,t
heCe nt
ralStat
esoftheMidd l
eKingd omexperi
enceda nunpre
cedented
pe
riodofpeac
ea ndprosper
it
y,earni
ngthethronenamek ang康 ‘hewh oc aus
edthepeo pl
etobetranquiland
ha
p py’
.Th eoppos
it
ewa struefort
heFo urQu a
rter
ster
ri
tori
esb or
deri
ngCh ina,whic
hma yh avesunkin t
oa
t
imeo fwarandhardsh
ip.Takinganact
iveroleintheMan dat
e,KingKa nghadp us
hedthroughwithmilitar
y
ca
mp aig
nstotheNorthandWe st,c
rushi
ngan yrebel
li
onthataros
e.IntheDaYuDi ng大盂鼎 i nscri
pti
o niti
s
t
heWe ste
rnRongthatwasc aus
ingKingKa ngc onc
ern,howeverperhapsaft
erpaci
fyingtheWest,“Yula t
er
co
mma nde
dtheroyalar
myo nas ucces
sfulcampaignagai
nsttheGu i
fang鬼方 b ar
bari
ansinthenorth.
”43

SomeYiAu s
trone
sia
nBirdTrib
e smayhavej
oinedt
heranksofhisCourtOff
ici
als
,b u
tthest
rugg
leforf
reedom
wasnev
erforgot
ten.
“Therewereti
mestheZhouwerecl
earlyunabl
etod e
fendevensett
le
mentst
hatwere
l
ocat
edclos
etothecoreregi
onofthest
atei
nthefac
eofforeigni
nvasi
ons,es
p e
cia
llybytheHuai
yi淮夷 f rom
t
heSouthe
ast,whoconst
antl
ychall
enge
dZh ou’
ssec
uri
ty
.”4
4

Fi
gur
e1 .BronzeRit
ualVesselCover
,
Kui
Dragon s
,hookedc l
oudmo t
if
,br
ight
windowpatt
er
ns
ba
ckgro
un dofLeiwenpatt
ernsandscal
lop
e dedg
es
po
int
edce nt
ralhandl
e.Fi
ned et
ail
scapt
uredby
t
heanci
en tpi
ece-
mo l
dc ast
i
ngme tho
d.
La
teShan gtoWe st
ernZhoud yn
ast
y,Phi
li
ppin
es
Hei
ght
:7c m, Wei
g h
t:315g,Diamete
r:15.
5c m
Thi
ckn
esso fbron
z e
:.2cm

适 恰 用年 昇 帥 父 吉 孫
“Pr
ope
rlys
uit
ablef
orus
eintheyea
rtoalt
oget
herr
ais
eupthe
Commande
r-i
n-Chi
ef‘
Fathe
r’andhi
sfor
tuna
tedes
cenda
nts
”

36
Phi
li ne盤 P
ppi an H
is
to
ryo
ft
heD
rag
ona
ndt
heV
er
mil
l
io
nPh
oen
ix ⒸJ
.G.Che
ock,2022

6
.F
ou
rt
hS
ac
ri
f
i
ci
al
Du
ty
:U
nc
on
di
t
io
na
lC
iv
i
lan
dMi
l
i
ta
ry
Ser
vi
c
e
[龢于政又成于猷用會]‘ Peac
eandhar
monyingove
rnanc
ewillbr
ing
s
ucc
esst
othepl
ano
fga
the
rin
gtoge
thert
heb
o r
der
landt
err
it
orie
susin
gth
efier
ceBir
dtr
ibewarr
ior
s’

卲王穆王盜政四方 伐楚㓝]‘
[ KingZha
oandKingMu
pl
unde
redt
hegove
rnme
nto
ftheFourQua
rte
rst
err
it
ori
es,
lea
dingami
li
ta
ryc
amp
aigntoa
tt
acka
ndp uni
sh
t
heChuSta
te’

[
𩁹朕皇高且零伯炎]‘ Ash umansa
cri
fi
cest
obri
ngabunda
ncetoour
mot
herl
and,wear
eont
heboatt
ogetherwi
tho
u rb
rig
h ts
overe
ignemper
oronh
igha
nda nces
tor
swhohe
ede
d
t
hesac
rif
ici
alc
ommandandt
heu nc
leswhobur
nforthecause
’

Thefi
rstli
nea l
mo stseemslikeanadmo ni
shme ntt
oma int
ainthepeaceandh ar
mo nyo ftheMiddleKingdom
an
dtheFo urQu art
erssu r
rou
nd i
ngit,sotha
tthep l
anwh i
chd epende
do nthecoop e
rationoftheBirdtr
ibes
woul
ds ucceed.Trusthadtobeb uil
tandma i
n t
ai
n e
dforthesmo ot
ho pera
ti
o nofthep l
anestabl
ishedbytheir
an
cest
ralfat
h e
rsKin gWe nandWu .Butwh e
n ,f
orexamp l
e,th
ek ingsofClassi
calCh i
nathems e
lvesser
vedto
br
eachthist
rustthend i
ffi
cul
tieswouldbee xpect
edforal
lthoseonth eboattog
ether
. Thesecondliner
ega r
ding
t
hetwok ingswa sdire
c tt
othep oi
nt.Sch
olarshavewo n
deredatthea nc
ientchar
acterfor‘pl
under’盜 thathad
be
enu s
e dbytheSc ribetodescri
betheact
ionsofthet
wok i
ngs.

KingZhao卲王 r ec
eivedap rosperousandp ea
cefulcount
ryuponhiscoro
n at
ion.
Th eMiddleKing domh a
d
en
joyedsuchtranqu
ili
tythatcorporalpunishmenthadnotbeenemployedforsever
aldecades
.45Hisancest
ral
ki
ngshadc au
sedthepeo pl
eso ftheFo urQuart
erstosubmitt
otheruleoftheZhoua svas
salstat
es.
AsSupremeCo mma nderofal argemilit
aryforc
e,nolongerengage
di nconst
antwar,KingZh ao’
’satt
ent
ion
wasdrawninward.Incr
easi
n gZh oup r
os pe
rit
yh a
dl e
dtoag r
eat
e rdemandforme t
al
su s
edfo rcoi
n a
gea nd
r
it
ualbronzevesse
ls,s
y mbolicofe l
it
ep owerandp re
sti
ge.Asthedecade
nceo ft
heZh ouroyalt
yin c
rease
d,
de
ma ndforme t
al
slikegold,co pper
,andt i
ng r
ew.

Theregi
onknownf orabundantminer
alswit
hinCh i
n awascontroll
edbythetr
ibalconf
ederati
onofthe
ChuStat
e,afie
fdoma wa r
dedb yZhao’
sgrandfa
ther
, KingCh e
n g.TheChuwe r
eap eoplewithdif
fer
ent
cu
stoms,whowe renotpartoftheZhourul
e.KingWe n’
stea
cherwa ssai
dtohaveb e
enf ro
mCh u,a
ndCh u
he
lpedKingWui nthec ampaignagai
nstt
heSh a
n g
. Chuma yh avebeenoneofthenon-ChineseHuaiYi
Aust
rones
ianBirdtr
ibeswh osearmi
eshadplayedal ar
geparti
nt heconque
stoftheShang,a ndt
hestar
toft
he
Zhoudynast
y.Infac
t,theChuwi thafi
efintheMidd l
eKi ngdom,couldhavebee
nj us
tap artoft
helar
ger
co
n f
eder
ati
ono fChup e
o pl
es.

I
gnor
ingtwocentur
iesoff
ri
end shi
pshar
edbytheZhouwi
ththeChu,Ki
n gZhaol
aunchedamili
tar
y
c
ampaigninv
adingtheChucon f
edera
ti
onin961BC.Heconquer
edt
h enort
her
nregi
onoftheYangt
ze ,
t
henhecont
inuedontoatt
ack2 6Stat
es,i
ncl
udi
ngChu.Af
terwhi
ch,KingZhaore
tre
ate
d, c
arr
yingoffmuc
h
l
ootf
romthed e
feat
edStat
es.
46

3
7
Phi
li ne盤 P
ppi an H
is
to
ryo
ft
heD
rag
ona
ndt
heV
er
mil
l
io
nPh
oen
ix ⒸJ
.G.Che
ock,2022

Yiyu’sTureen(YiyuGu i)an dtheElderofGu o’sTureen( GuoBog ui)arebronzerit

ualvessel
swi t
hsh or
t
i
nscript
ionsb oa
sti
ngth attheme t
alstoma kethemc amef romt hesucc es
sfulrai
do ft
heCh uSt at
e,ta
kenwh il
e
f
ighti
n galongwi t
hKi ngZh ao.Th eChuwh ohadb eengiventh ete
rrit
o r
ytot heSouthoftheZh ouheartl
and,
hadbe enaccusedofrebe l
li
on .Howe ve
r,thestoryoftheSo uthernat
tacko nthe2 6State
s/Countri
esma yhave
occurre
di ntheFourQu a r
terst
e r
ri
tory.
Ah istor
icaleventthatappearstoh a
v ebeencapturedintheins
c r
ipt
ion
oftheZo ngZh ouZhon g宗周鐘 ‘ Be l
loftheAn cestr
alZh ou’.Schol
a rshaved at
edtheb el
ltotherei
gno f
KingLi ,whowa sk nowna sat yr
an n
icalkingthatwasd efea
tedi nma nywa rsande ve
n t
uall
ye xi
ledbythe
people.
47B utbe
causethei nscr
ipti
ond esc
ribesas uc
cessfulmilit
aryca mpaign,namesKi ngZh aointhetext
,
andme nti
o nst
he2 6States/
Co untr
iesoftheSo uththatt
h ekingd ef
eated,Ih avechosentoputitunderhisre
ign.

Accor
d i
ngtoth e‘BelloftheAn c
estra
lZhou’宗周鐘 i nscri
pti
on, [我土王敦]‘ Ou rlandistheKing’sgrai
n
r
ecept
a c
le’Th evastdis
tantSouther
nBo rder
landTerr
ito
riestoCh inawe r
eseena sastea
d ysour
ceo fgrai
nfor
t
hecit
izensoftheMi ddleKingdom. Thefor
eigncount
riesSoutho fChinaarest
illmajorcult
ivat
orsofrice
,
whic
ht heyharves
ty e
arround.Otherinsc
ript
ionst
ellofthecolonialgover
nmen t
’staxat
ionofgrai
n ,fo
rcin
gthe
YiAustr
on es
ianpeoplestoproduceenoughforthe
ms e
lvesandf orwh att
heruler
sd emanded.Therema yhave
be
enar esi
stanceagai
nstoppress
ivetaxat
ionofgrai
n,ora n
o t
herissueregar
dingthesteadysuppl
yo fric
e,tha
t
t
hekingv i
ewe dasrebell
ious,s
o[伐其至撲伐厥都]‘ Ane xpedi
ti
o na r
riv
edtoa t
tackinami l
ita
rycamp ai
gn
ag
ainstt
he i
rCa pi
ta
lCi t
y.’

ThearmiesledbytheKingp roc
eededtoa t
tacktheSouther
nCa pi
taloftheYi Aust
ro ne
sianswithsuchashow
offor
cethatthel
eadersofthe26Yi Au s
trone
sia
nSt at
es/
Co unt
ri
esfromth eSouthan dtheEastchoseto
sur
render
.Wh ywo ul
d2 6YiStates
/Cou nt
ri
essurr
e nde
ratthesieg
eo foneCa pit
alCity?Th eCentra
lPo r
tcit
y
l
ocate
dint hePhil
ippi
nesma yhaveb e
e nhometot heel
it
eleaders
hipofan etworko fAustrone
siancommu nit
ie
s.
APa n-
regi
on a
lgovernmentsyst
emt hatcoul
dh avebeeninplaceevenfromAu s
tro
ne si
an-Lia
ngzhuCu lt
ure
t
imes.Thus,theCent
ralPortCit
yint hePhil
ippi
ne scoul
dhaveb eenthehomeo fthep ol
iti
calandreli
gious
l
eadersofthe26Stat
es.

KingZh a
owa snameda sthek i
n gwh oledtheSo ut
her
nmi lit
arycamp aigni
ntheZh ongBellinscri
pti
on.
[及孳廼遣間來逆昭王]‘ TheBo rde
rlandter
rit
orie
sthathadr e
b e
lle
d, t
h e
ref
oredis
patche
dame d i
ator
,coming
t
ob ri
dgethegapcausedbyt heirdefi
anceagainstKingZha o’ForcingtheSouther
nStatest
oe ng a
gein
negot
iat
ionsforpe
ace,whichma yhavein c
ludedac ons
iderabl
ea moun tofboot
ygiventoplacat
eKi ngZh ao
andhistr
oops.His
tori
caltextstel
lofh i
mr etur
ningwithalo tofloot
.
[南夷東夷具見廿又六邦]‘ Sou t
hernYi Aust
ronesi
antri
be sandEa s
ternYiAu s
trone
sianst
ribesme ttoge
therin
anassemblyof20and6( 26)St at
es/
Co untr
ies’
YiAu s
trones
iant
ribe
sfromt heSo uthandEa stf
rom2 6States/
Co unt
riesgat
heredtome e
twi t
hth eKing.
Southe
rnYima yhaveincludedt heanci
en t
Au st
ronesi
ansfromVi et
na m,Camb odi
a,Burmaa ndTh ail
and.
East
ernYima yberefer
ringtoth eYiAu st
ronesi
ansinwh atwa sconsi
d er
edtheEast
ernQu a
d r
an tinc
ludi
ngth e
Phil
ippi
nes,Tai
wan,Ho ngkon g,Malaysi
a,andIn d
onesia
.

Thepeopl
eso ftheBo r
derl
andterr
it
o r
iestotheSoutho fChinadidnotseemtoputupmu cho fafig h
tata l
l.
KingZhao’
smi li
tarycampaignma yhaveb eenseenasas elf
-gl
ori
fyi
nge xcus
etop l
underth
eFo urQu ar
ter
sin
anavar
ici
ousd es
ireformore.TheGe nerat
ionalAnnalsoftheEmp eror
sandKi ngs
,repor
tsthus:“Th evi
rtueof
KingZhaod e
c l
ined.
”An ot
hertextcla
imst ha
t,“Duri
ngt hereig
no fKingZh a
o,thekingl
yDa og rewo bscur
e.”
48

Thedeat
ho fKingZh aoremainssome whatofamy ste
r y,si
ncenobodyseemedtoreall
ywa nttotellofthe
embar
rass
inge vent.
Th eBamb ooAn nal
srecordsCele
s t
ialsi
gnsandp or
ten
tsofhisimpendi
n gd oom, t
heno na
sec
ondmilit
aryca mpaignaga
insttheCh uStat
e,“..
.t
hes kygrewd a
rkandb i
rdsandrabbi
tstrembled.Al lsi
x

38
Phi
li ne盤 P
ppi an H
is
to
ryo
ft
heD
rag
ona
ndt
heV
er
mil
l
io
nPh
oen
ix ⒸJ
.G.Che
ock,2022

di
visi
onsoftheroyalarmywe r
elo stint heRiverHa na ndthekingdied.
"48 I
th asbeentakentome anthat
KingZhaoanda l
lo fhisSixRo yalDi visi
o nsoftheWe ster
nCa pit
alhadd rowne dintheriverdur
ingas tor
m.
Anothe
rrepor
tf r
omt heGe nerat
iona lAn nalsofEmp erorsandKin gste
ll
so fthed ecli
ningmo r
ali
tyo f
KingZhaoash ecamp aigne
di ntheSo uth.“Theb oat
me nd i
sli
kedhima ndp rovidedhimwi thaboato f
ha
rdenedmud .Wh enthek i
ngh ads ailedtheb oatinthemiddleofthestream,theb oatbecamewe tthr
ou ghand
di
ssol
ved.Thek i
ng, t
ogetherwithth eDu k eofCa i
, d
rown edinthewa t
er.Hisa i
deXi nYo umipossess
edl ong
ar
msa ndgre
ats t
rength.Hes wamo u ta ndretri
evedthek ing'
sbody.Thep eopleo fZhouwo uldnotspeako f
t
heseevent
s.
"48Theb oatmenwe remo stlikelyma r
iti
meAu st
rone
siansail
o r
swh ogrewtiredofKingZh ao’s
oppr
essi
veabuseo fpowe r
,d evi
si
n gap l
o ttoburythek i
nga ndhisarmiesu ndertheroll
ingwa ve
so fthewater
s.
His
tori
calt
extssayKi ngZh aowa sh itbyat hund e
rbolt
,wh ic
hRo bertEnoi nt
erpretstobemo reli
kelythathe
wasstr
uckbyaYi( Austr
one s
ian)arro w.

Wh at
everth
er e
alstor
yo fhisdemise,KingZh aolef
tav er
yd i
ff
erentk i
ngdomt ohissonKingMut ha
nwh athe
hadrece
ived.Therewasn e
it
h ertr
anquil
ityins
idenoro ut
si
de.KingZh ao’sdecl
ini
ngmo rali
tywase vi
denttoal
l
t
hec i
ti
zens.Wh e
nb ef
oreh i
sreign,thedeat
hp enal
tywa snoti
mp osedwi t
hinCh i
naforalmostfor
tyyears,
duri
nghisrei
gnh eat
tackedStatesintheMid dl
eKin g
d omthathadbee nlongti
mea ll
ie
sa ndfri
ends.I
nthee nd
hehadlostnotonl
yh i
so wnl i
fe,butpossi
blytensofthous
andsofy oungme nwh oservedintheSixRo y
al
Divi
sions
.Th i
slef
tag apintheirint
ernaldef
ensesthatwoul
ds ur
elyb erecogni
zedb yt
heirenemiesins
ide
andout.

Around55y ea
rso l
dwh enh ewa scrowned,KingMuo fZhouwa sawa r
etha tt
heh ea
rtsofthep e
op l
en eededto
bewono veragai
n .Thed eathofh i
sfather
,KingZh ao,wassa i
dt ohaveh a
pp enedduri
n gah un tonat ourtothe
Sout
h,evenino f
ficia
lr ec
ord s
.Itseemsthec i
ti
zensma ynoth aveb e
entotal
lys ol
do ntheallega t
ionsof
re
bell
ion.Dete
riorat
iono fkinglyv i
rt
uema yh aveledhisf
atherto‘ hun
t’forwe al
thandp owe ro na‘ t
ou r
’that
l
edtod ea
th,engenderi
n glit
tlesymp at
hy.SimaQi a
nwr ot
ein“ Th eShinj
i”:“ KingMuwa sa l
r eadyfif
tya tt
he
t
imeh ecametoth ethrone,andth ekingl
ywa yh addecayed.KingMur egre
ttedthatt
h ewa yo fKin gsWe nand
Wuh addisappea
red,”8Ki
4 ngMur ecognize
dthed anger
swh enth ekingstr
ay edfromthep att
erno fvirt
u e
modeledbythean ces
tralkings,andstrovetobri
n gbackthereverenceforthethrone.I
n sc
ript
io nont heBa ngui
班簋 r epea
tedl
yr emind sthereaderthatKingMuwa sad i
rectdescendantofKi ngWe nwh owa slovedb ythe
peopl
e,andthathewa sr a
isedb yh i
sfathe
rwh owa sals
oad irectdescendantoftheancestr
alk ings.But
KingMu ’
sa c
tionsspok elouderthanh i
swo rds
.Un li
ketheZh oua nce
str
alKi ngWe nwh oh adwo no verthe
Weste
rnQu art
erthroug hactsofb ene
vo l
enceandjusti
ce,KingMus eemstoh a
ved onetheo ppo s
it
e .

TheMut ianzizhuantell
sthest
oryofKi ngMuSo nofHea v
eno nhiscampaignintheWeste
rnQu a
rter
.He
re
tur
n edwithfourwh i
tewo l
vesandfourwh i
tedeer
,whichmayr e
p r
esentt
heirt
riba
lchie
fta
inswit
ht ot
emsof
t
hosean i
mals.Taki
n gbelovedl
eadersoftheWestli
kesomek i
ndo fsi
cktrophy,
KingMuh adpush
edthe
Wester
nQu artert
oof a
rforitwasnotedthataf
tert
his
,envoysfr
omt heWe st
ernQu a
rte
rnolongercametothe
Zhouco ur
t.Itmayh avebeenatthi
sp oi
nttha
tRo n
gtri
bes戎 fromt heWe s
ter
nKi ngdomlaunch
eda natt
ack
agai
nsttheEa s
ter
nQu arte
rCa pi
ta
lCi t
y.

TheBa ngui班簋 ( a.
k.a
.Maob oyi毛伯彝)t el
lsofKingMu ’sappoi
ntme ntofUn cl
e/Ear
lMa o毛伯 ( named
Ban班)t othep os
it
ionofChie
fComma nderoftheEast
ernCapit
alovertheFo urQu ar
ter
sterri
tor
y.Up on
re
ceivi
ngthec ha
rge,DukeMao毛公 wa simme di
at
elyembroi
ledincomb at.Itsee
me dthatt
h e
yh adlost
cont
roloft
h eare
asaroundt
heirEa
ster
nCa pi
tal
.Theatt
acksofKingZh aoag ain
sttheYiAu s
trones
ianState
s/
Countr
iesma yhavegai
nedhimma t
eri
altr
easur
es,bu
tlosthi
mt hesupportofthecommu niti
es.Als
o ,t
heRo ng
t
ribe
sfromt heWe s
ter
nQu a
rte
rmayh averea
li
zedtheimport
anceoftheEa ste
rnCa pit
alt
ot hegovernmentof

3
9
Phi
li ne盤 P
ppi an H
is
to
ryo
ft
heD
rag
ona
ndt
heV
er
mil
l
io
nPh
oen
ix ⒸJ
.G.Che
ock,2022

t
heFo urQuart
ers,a
ndlaunc
h e
dmi l
ita
rya t
tac
ksthemsel
vesont
heseatofpowero
ftheEas
ter
nQu a
r t
er,c
aus
ing
t
urmoilinthere
gion.The
ref
o r
e,DukeMa oh adt
of i
ghthi
swaythroughtoge
ttot
heEast
ernCapi
talsea
tofhi
s
gove
rnme nt
.Onh i
swa ytoChengZh ou,DukeMa ohadtobees
cort
edb ytwooft
heSixRoyalDi
visi
onswho
wer
ec ust
oma r
il
yu s
edfortheint
erna
laff
a i
rsoft
heMi ddl
eKingdo
m.

TheBa ngui班簋 /Ma ob oy i毛伯彝 i nscr

ipt
ionrec
o r
dsthec omma nd[土馭 人伐東或㾓戎]‘ toleadthe
cha
riot
eersandhalber
dier
si nami l
it
arycamp a
ignagainstt
heYu anRo ng( t
ri
b esoftheWe st
ernQu art
er)i
nthe
East
erncountr
ies’[咸，王令吳伯曰：以乃師左比毛父]‘ Alldonewi t
hth a
tc har
ge,theKi ngcomma ndedthe
Uncle
/EarlofWu ,s
a yi
ng,“Soth e
refor
e,dir
ectyourArmyDi vi
sionstotheleftofFat
h erMa o.”
’
[王令呂伯曰：以乃師右比毛父]‘ TheKi ngcomma ndedtheUn cle
/EarlofLu ,sayi
ng, “Sothere
fore,di
rect
yourArmyDi vis
ionstotherightofFat
h e
rMa o.”’
[遣令曰以乃族從父征]‘ (Th eKing)dispat
chedtheArmyDi vis
ionswiththischarge
, sayi
ng, “
Sot he
refor
e,al
l
t
heRo yalClanTroopsmu stobeyFather(Duke)inthemili
taryexpediti
on’
Notethetr
ansit
ionofhowUn cl
eMa ooftheZhouRo yalHo useintheMi ddl
eKi ngdomb ec
o mesDu keMa o
whoa l
sog a
insthet
itl
e‘Father’
, onc
eh eaccept
stheappo i
ntmentasCh iefComma nderoftheFo urQuart
ers
.

Astrou
b l
efromtheWe s
ter
nQu ar
tergrew,tr
oublewasb r
ewingi
ntheEaster
nQu ar
tert
oo.Free
domf i
ght
ers
wit
hintheAustr
ones
ianBirdTribesbroughtthewartotheMiddl
eKingdom. “Onthebor
der,Zhou’
sposi
ti
on
gr
aduall
ychangedfr
omt hatofanin va
derwh opursue
dmi li
ta
rygoa
lsintheti
mea ndspac
ethatthe
ychoseto
oneofthevi
cti
mo ffr
equentforei
gni nvas
ions.
..
inv
asionbytheHuai
yi.
..
inthesou
theas
talr
eadybeganbythe
t
hirt
eent
hy e
arofKingMu …” 49

Wh i
letheShuKing‘Classi
co fHis
tor
y’nota
blyskippedoverthereignofhisf
athe
rKi n
gZh ao,KingMuh asat
l
eastthr
eehist
ori
caldocumentspre
ser
v e
dintheBo oksofZhou. Eveninhisownspeech,KingMus ee
me dto
r
efrai
nfromme nti
oninghisfa
therKingZhao.“I
,thelit
tl
echil
d, havebecomechar
gedb yinher
it
ancewit
hthe
l
ineofgo ve
rnmenttr
ansmitt
edfromWa n(KingWe n)andWu( Ki ngWu )
,fromKh áng(KingCheng)and
Khang(KingKa ng)
;Ia l
sokeepthi
nkingoft
heirminist
ers
…” 50 Ashamea nddi
sregar
dforh i
sbiol
ogi
calfa
ther
co
u l
dh avepushe
dh i
mf urt
herawayfromcomp re
hendingtheZh oumo r
ali
tybase
do nfil
ialpi
ety
.

Credit
edwi t
hh avi
ngma d ethefi
rstsys
tema ti
clegalc odeinCh ina,KingMuwa s100yearso l
dwh e
nh egav e
t
hec hargeint heLüxing呂刑 ‘ Ma rqui
sLüo nPu ni
shme nts’intheSh uKingBo oksofZho u.As ys
temt ha
th a
s
beend escr
ibeda spronetog r
eatoffi
ci
alc orrupt
ionan dcruelt
yb ymo r
alis
ts.Crit
icspar
ti
cu l
arlycondemnt he
re
de mptiono fanyanda llpunis
hme nt
sth roughpayings i
zab l
efines.Forexamp lep e
nal
tiesli
k ebrandi
ngc anbe
for
eg o
n efor6 00ounceso fcopper
, doublethatamou ntforcutti
ngo ffthenose,cutti
ngoffthefeetfor3000
ouncesa ndtoa voi
dc ast
rati
on3 600ounc es,a
n devent h
ed eathp enal
tyc a
nb ewa ivedf
or6 000o uncesof
copper.Itwa sme nt
ionedthatthe
rewe rethousandso fcasesp endingonc r
ime swiththe
ser a
n gesof
punishme nts
. Onema yimme diat
elyseeth epotent
ialforinjusti
cea ndoppression.
So meh avewo ndere
dwh y
suchab o okwa sevenincludedinthehistori
es,andh avep oin
tedo utthat
,“Th er
eis,infact
,n oevidencethatt
he
re
de mptiono fpunishmen t
sonthes c
aleh erelai
dd own ,exi
s t
edi nCh i
nab ef
o r
eMu ’
sti
me .”
51Noo t
herancient
t
exts e
emst ocorrobor
atethatthi
stypeo fsystemwa sc ar
riedo utintheMi ddleKingdomd uringtheWe ste
rn
Zhoup eriod,alt
houghin cor
porat
edintot hepenalsystemo flaterdy na
sti
es.

Atthever
ys ta
rtoft
hecharge
,KingMua nswe r
edthi
spuz
zle.“
Whent
heki
nghadocc
upiedthet
hronet
il
lhe
r
eachedtheageofah undr
edyea
rs,hegaveg r
eatc
onsi
der
ati
ontot
hea
ppoi
ntme
nto
fp uni
shment
s,i
no r
dert
o
de
alwith(thepeopl
eof)thef
ourquart
ers
.”5
1

40
Phi
li ne盤 P
ppi an H
is
to
ryo
ft
heD
rag
ona
ndt
heV
er
mil
l
io
nPh
oen
ix ⒸJ
.G.Che
ock,2022

I
nsc
ribi
ngt
hehi
st
oryoft
heWe
iCl
anont
heShiQi
an n史墻盤,
gPa t
heyr
ecoun
tedh
ow,

且才微霝處𩁹]‘
[ Ouranc
estor
scamefromWei(aYinRoya
lClanwi
thahomel
and
t
err
it
oryi
nChi
na),de
eplyspi
ri
tua
lthe
yunders
toodt
heirpl
ace
,andl
ikeTangth
efi
rstSh
angki
ng,t
heyof
fer
ed
t
hei
rli
vest
obr
ingabundanc
etotheMiddl
eKingdom’

武王既𢦏殷]‘
[ KingWuha
dal
rea
dyc
onque
redt
heYi
n(Sh
ang
)’

[微史剌且廼來見武王]‘ TheScri
beofWe i,ourval
orou
sa nc
est
o r
,the
refor
ecame
t
oseeKin
gWu .’La剌 wa sus
edtodes
cri
beap er
sonwithsu
ccessf
ulmili
tar
ya chi
evement
s.ASc r
ibe史 wasa
gove
rnme
ntoff
ici
alwhoals
oserve
dasahist
ori
anandastr
ologe
r.Unders
tandingt
heprecar
ioussi
tuat
ionoft
he
Shan
gRoyalHouseunde
rthenewdyna
sty
,thei
rances
torwis
elyvolunt
eer
edt ose
rvetheZhouinthe
Gre
atMandat
e.

[武王則令周公舍寓于周卑處甬惟]‘ KingWut hencomma nded

t
heDu keofZh outog ive(We iClan)aho melandter
ri
toryintheZhoucapit
aldomain,f
orthep ur
poseof
r
eside
ncean dd e
p a
r t
mentwo r
k,withi
nth eyear
.’Ifthi
slandwa sinChina
,thenwhyd i
dn’tthekingjus
tma kea
dec
reegivi
n gittoWe iClan ?Wh ydidheh avetoasktheDu keofZhoutog i
veit
?Be si
des,whywo uldthe
l
eader
so fWe iwa ntanot
h erhome l
andterri
tor
yinCh inawh e
ntheyalr
eadyha dahomeland-We i
?Th i
swo ul
d
makesenseifthelandf ortheWe iClanwa sinthefor
eignEaster
nQu ar
ter
,thefut
uresi
teofCh engZhouCa pit
al
Cit
y.DuringtheLa teShan g,Kin
gWuh a dserve
dtoo penupn ewter
ri
tori
esintheFourQua r
ter
s.Ruli
ngasth e
KingofZho u,Wun eed
edh i
sbrothe
r,theDu keofZhou ,t
oassi
stinset
tl
inginthemigra
ti
ngYi n(Shang)t
o
st
reng
thentheirclaimo verthenewlywo nterri
tor
ies
.

Sc
rib
eQi
ang’
spn史墻盤 t
a el
lsust
hatt
heWe
iCl
ana
nce
sto
rbe
ca i逨,
meLa

乙且逨]‘
[ Ance
storYi,f
romtheShangRoyalHouse
,migrat
edt
othi
sdi
sta
ntl
andtos
ervei
nthec
ivi
l
andmil
it
aryaf
fai
rsoft
heFourQu a
rte
rst
err
it
ori
es’
.La t
er,t
heins
cri
pti
ont
ell
sust
hatSc
rib
eYiofWeicl
anhad
r
ecei
vedtheti
tl
eof
Dukeint
heEa s
ter
nQuart
er,al
ongwithi
tsr
espons
ibi
li
tie
s.

[乙公競爽得純無朿農穡]‘ DukeYiwor
kedf
orc
eful
lya
ndwh
o l
ehe
art
edl
y
wi
thoutr
ese
rve
,fl
awl
ess
lyc
ult
iva
ti
nga
ndha
rve
sti
ngc
rops
,’

越曆唯辟孝友]‘
[ a
n dwi t
hexceedi
ngsucce
ss,af
terever
yh a
rves
t,inobedienc
eand
fr
ate
rnit
y,st
ruc
ko utwitht
heBi r
dt r
ibe
st oop ennewterr
it
ori
es.
’An c
estorYi乙且 h adb ec
o meDu keYi乙公,
whoma yh a
veser
ve dasap i
oneerChiefCo mma nderoft
heEaste
rnQu a
rterwhil
eitwassti
llju
staBa s
eCamp,
wit
ha narmyofloosel
yo r
ganiz
edYi n(Shang )fa
rmer-
soldi
eri
mmi gr
ants.
TheDu keofZhoulate
rb e
cameth efi
rstDu ketorul
efromthenewlybuiltEa
ster
nCa pi
ta
lCi t
yo fChen
gZhou
duri
ngtherei
gnofKi ngChengo fZhou.

TheSh angmigra
nt’sres
ponsi
bil
iti
esofcult
ivat
ingthefie
ldsan
du t
ili
zi
ngthesu bj
ugatedBir
dt ri
besi
nopening
upn ewterr
it
ori
eswa srei
nfor
cedbyt h
eMa oGo ngDi ng毛公鼎, 唯天將集厥命]‘
[ Aswh e
ni twasHeave
n’s
willfo
rthe(Shang)cla
ntog at
hertheBir
dtribe
sa ccor
dingtot
heMa ndate
’[亦唯先正襄辪厥辟恪堇大命]
‘Alsowhenwi t
htheBi r
dtri
bes,ourance
str
alcla
n scorr
ectl
yhel
pedtoen f
orc
eo rderinth
en ewlyopene
d
t
e r
rit
ori
es,r
espect
full
yandd i
li
gentl
ywo rki
ngthef e
rti
leloa
mys oi
loftheGreatMa ndat
e’

2
7
Phi
li ne盤 P
ppi an H
is
to
ryo
ft
heD
rag
ona
ndt
heV
er
mil
l
io
nPh
oen
ix ⒸJ
.G.Che
ock,2022

Onceagainther
eisad ivi
sio
no ftwoterr
itor
ies,t
helandabove( t
otheNo r
th,China
)a ndthelandbelow(t
othe
Sout
h,Phili
ppines
).TheKi ngwa ssee
na stheSupremeRu l
ero fbothse
atsofpower.Th eimpor
tanceoft
his
di
sti
nct
ionwe i
g h
sh eavi
lyonth eYin(Shang)whowe rema detoleavet
heirhomelandab ove
,migrat
ingt
othe
l
andb e
low.Thelan dtothesouthea
stofChina,wheretheEasternCapit
alChengZh ouwa sthecent
erof
gove
rnmen tfortheFourQu ar
ters.
Ash umans ac
rif
ice
s,theywe renotal
one,butpar
to fab i
ggerf
amily.
Th e
Lai逨 ser
v edsacr
ifi
cial
lyalongwiththe
iremp er
orsandancestorsandUncle
sleadingan dfi
ght
inginthei
r
ar
mies–onf i
refortheGreatMa ndat
ethattheywereallfu
lfi
lli
ng .

Theirf
ourthsacr
ifi
cialdutywa sma declear
.Alth oughtheZh ouk ingsZhaoan dMuwe reseentoh ave
pl
un de
redtheforei
gnBo rderlandter
ritor
ies
, t
heyh a drema i
nedf a
ithf
ultotheintentoft
h e
irance st
ralkingsin
t
heirMilit
aryachi
eve ments.Theywe retob eli
k etheirLai逨 p re
d e
cessor
swh oh adservedinth earmieso fthe
FourQu ar
ter
s,alon
gwi t
hn ume rous‘Un cl
es’oftheZh o uRo yalHo us
eintheMi ddl
eKingd omwh oh ad
fi
ercel
yexp a
ndeda ndsubd uedthedista
ntlandst hattheyc ur
rentl
yo cc
upied.Th eimmigrat
edYi n( Shang)we r
e
t
owo r
ktogethe
rwi t
ht hei
ro f
fici
alsintheBo rderl
an dgov er
nme ntinanyanda llmili
tar
yc amp a
ig nsini
ti
atedb y
t
heirlea
ders,wit
houtq ues
tioningtheiri
ntentorp urposes.Everya bl
eb odi
edYi n(Shang)offi
cialwa stoserve
i
nth eEast
ernCa pi
talintheYi nEightDivisi
o ns殷八師 u ndert
h ecomma ndo ftheFather
.Th eLa i逨 we r
et o
mili
tant
lyma i
ntai
nth epeacea ndharmo nyintheHo useo ft
heBi rdtri
bes,e
nsu ri
ngthei
rc ooper
a ti
ontos ervein
ci
vilandmi l
it
aryrol
e saccordi
n gtothedirect
iono ftheGr eatMa ndate
.

7
.
Fi
ft
hS
ac
ri
f
i
ci
al
Du
ty
:T
oAd
mon
i
sht
he
i
rLe
ad
er
Whe
nNe
cc
es
sa
ry
[明 心丕家工般( 盤)用辟]‘ Un
der
st
and
ingt
hesi
tua
ti
onoftheSha
ng
RoyalHous
e,t
hecla
nwh ole
hea
rte
dlyt
ake
spa
rti
ntheg
rea
tfa
mil
yla
bor
,maki
ngus
eofthi
sri
tua
lpanaswe
br
eakopennewte
rri
tor
ies
’

[恭王懿王𩁹朕皇亞且]‘ KingGongandKingYi,a
shumans
acri
fi
cest
o
br
inga
bu n
d a
ncetothemothe
rla
ndf
orusont
hebo
att
oge
the
r,t
heseb
rights
ove
reigne
mp e
ror
swer
eb a
d
e
xamplest
oo ura
n c
esto
rs’

[懿中政諫, 諫克匍保 辟]‘ I

nthehonor
abl
eMid dl
eKingdom
gove
rnmentt
heywerea
dmoni
shed,a
dmo ni
she
dtosubd
u ea
ndco n
quer,t
omaketheFourQuar
ter
slaypros
tra
te,
t
op r
ote
cta
n dpr
ese
rvewha
tthe
yh a
dr e
cei
ved,an
dtosuppor
ttheCla
nsasthe
yo pe
nupn ewte
rri
tor
ies
’

孝王夷王又成于周邦]‘
[ KingXi
aoa
ndKi
ngYiha
dsuc
ces
sint
he
ZhouSt
at
es’

[
𩁹朕皇孝恭叔穆 ]‘ Ashumansac
rif
ice
stobr
ingabu
n d
ancetoour
mothe
rla
nd,weareontheb
oatt
oget
h e
rwithourbr
ights
ove
rei
gnemperor
,inf
il
ia
lpie
tyweu phol
dth
ed r
agon
ba
nnerwithUnc
les,s
ole
mn l
ymovingfor
wa r
dtoge
the
rinth
elands
’

穆 龢訇于政]‘
[ Solemnl
ymo
v i
ngf
orwa
rdt
oge
the
rint
hes
ela
ndswi
thpe
ace
a
ndha
rmo
nyr
eso
u ndi
ngi
nourgove
rnme
nta
ffa
irs
’

42
Phi
li ne盤 P
ppi an H
is
to
ryo
ft
heD
rag
ona
ndt
heV
er
mil
l
io
nPh
oen
ix ⒸJ
.G.Che
ock,2022

Knowi ngtha ttheirsurvivaldepende

do nthe i
rproperfulf
il
lme ntofth edut
iesgiventothemb ytheZh oukings,
t
heYi n(Sh an g)con ti
nuedt odothei
ru t
mo stasyearsturnedtod ecadeswhichb eca
mec e
n t
uries
. Theg r
eatlabor
oftheFami lyth attheyb el
o nge
dtowo ul
dc ont
inue,usingtheLa ipan逨盤 a sar emindere a
chtimet hey
pre
pa r
edtoma rc
ho utorbo ar
das hi
pt obatt
leforne wterr
itor
ies.Th eanci
entcha r
act
erfo r‘l
abo r’工, di
ff
icul
t
t
od i
sce r
ni nt heCh ineseLa ipan逨盤,wa slegibl
ei nthePhilippi
n eLaipan逨盤 ( Figure2 3)
.Gō ng工 wa s
shapedlikeap ound ingtoolusedtob ui
ldhousesorwa ll
so feart
h ,l
iketheearthenwallsweh a
vef oundinthe
Ma ni
laBa ya reas.“ Probablyoneoftheo l
dest,mo stimporta
n t
,a ndmo stus
e dtool
sint hewh oleh i
stor
yo f
China,thi
si sstil
li nfullusetoday.
”52Thea nci
entcharact
erfor‘wo rk’,‘l
abor’工 wa susedt odesc r
ibethe
r
espon si
bil
itieso ftheYi n(Shang)clansinbehalfoftheg r
eaterFami l
yc ompo s
edo ftheinneran do ut
erregi
ons.
vi
suallyportray i
ngt heh ar
dwo rkinv ol
vedinb ui
ldi
n gthei
rHo mei nt heFourQu art
ers,gōng工 wa sap ounding
t
oolfore art
h enstru ct
u r
esthatmayh aveb e
enar emind e
rthattheywo ul
dn e
e dtogettheirhandsd ir
ty.

Dis
c us
sedindi
v i
duall
y,t
heearl
yZh oukingsweregiventheres
p e
ctduetothema ccor
dingtothe
ir
ac
co mpli
shments.Asmo r
ali
tydet
eri
orat
edKi ngZhaoa ndKingMuwe repl
acedtogethe
rasemp er
orswh ohad
pl
un de
redtheFourQu ar
ter
sy e
tma i
nta
inedas uc
cessf
ulmi l
it
arypre
sencethatenab
ledthemtoma i
ntaincont
rol
overatur
bulentBorder
landter
ri
tor
y.Asthingswentfr
o mb adtoworse,f
ourk i
ngsinsucce
ssi
onwe relumped
t
ogetheri
nthissecti
onoftheLaipan,wit
htwoo fthem(Ki ngGonga n
dKi ngLi)openlylabe
led‘bad’or‘ugl
y’
亞 mo del
sfortheYin(Shang)ance
stor
sduringthei
rrei
gn s
.

I
nheri
ti
ngagre
atlyexpa
n de
dk i
ngdoma longwithal
ltheaccompanyinghea
dachesofgove
rna
n c
efromh i
s
f
athe
rKingMu ,Kin
gGo ngc oul
dh a
veh a
dl e
ssinhistr
easur
ythanh opedf
or.Fi
nanci
ngofhisfa
the
r’sfr
equent
out
wardca
mpaignsintheFourQu a
rte
rs,andtheexpen
seo fs
u ppor
tingt
hetopheavyBor
derl
andgovernment
of
fi
cial
sanda
rmiesmayh avechokedtheabundantf
lowo fre
sourcesdowntoatri
ckle
.

Depart
ingfromthee xpansio
nistpoli
cie
sh e
ldbyp r
evi
ouski
n g
s,KingGo ngpaidmo rea t
te
nti
ontoint
erna
l
af
fai
rs.Helesse
ne dthen umberofsoldi
erstofr
eethemuptowo rki
na gr
icul
tura
lcul t
ivat
ion
–ad emil
it
ari
zati
o nthatwasd e
fini
tel
yintheo ppos
it
edir
ect
ionofthetea
chingsoftheZh ouance
str
alkings
.
Mo s
timpo r
tant
ly
, helegali
zedLa ndPri
vati
zati
onandest
abl
ishedarel
evantre
g i
str
ationandtaxsys
tem.Withi
n
t
hisnews yst
em,e venn o
b l
esneededtoh a
vetheirl
andr
egis
ter
eda ndpayfort
a xe
s.”53 Ki
ngGo ngwasaruler
det
erminedtoma kecha nges
,wh i
chwo uldn’
tseemtoobadatal
l,exce
ptforth
emi gr at
edShangRoyalfa
mi l
ie
s
whowo uldbeleftinav er
yp re
c a
rioussi
tuat
ion.

Noma tt
e rwh atwasgoingo ni
nt hepolit
icalaffa
irso ftheMi ddleKingdom, t
h eYin( Shang)underst
oodthei
r
r
oleintheEa s
ter
nCa pi
tal.
Th eClanso ftheirRoyalHo usesthathadmi gr
atedtothed is
tantEaster
nCa pi
tal
weresti
llce a
sele
sslycul
ti
va t
ingthefie
lds,an daft
e reveryh ar
ve st
,marchingo utt
oo penupn ewt err
it
ori
esfor
t
hee xpandingZh ouStat
es.Aro l
ethatwa saffir
me di nSh iQiangp an史墻盤 b ytheSc ri
beo ftheWe iCl
an,
i
nscri
bedd u r
ingtherei
gno fKingGo ng .Ho wever,Go ngwa sak ingwh oseeme dtob emo reint
e r
est
edin
makingc hangesintheinnerworkingsoftheMi ddl
eKi ngdom, rat
herthanbeinge mbroil
edint heneverendi
ng
ba
ttl
eso ftheo ut
erregi
onso ft
heFo urQu arter
s.Th iswa saterri
fyingprospectfortheset
tl
e mentsofthe
Yi
n( Shan g)famil
iest
hatlayinthehe a
rtl
a ndsofh ostil
efo r
eignterr
itor
ieswh er
et he
yr el
iedo ntheback-
upa nd
mil
itar
ys upportoftheMidd l
eKi ngdomk ing s
.

TheShiQi
angpan史墻盤 wa sins
cri
bedwithal
most300cha
rac
ter
sdi
videdin
totwose
tsof9v er
ti
call
ines.
Ni
n ewass
eenasthenumbero
fHe a
ven.Ninewasani
mp o
rta
ntnumbe
rinthedivi
si
onoflandinanc
ientChina
.
TheShuKingt
ell
su st
hat
YutheGreatdi
videdChi
nai
nto9divi
si
ons1000lis
quare
d(1000li=550km) .

4
3
Phi
li ne盤 P
ppi an H
is
to
ryo
ft
heD
rag
ona
ndt
heV
er
mil
l
io
nPh
oen
ix ⒸJ
.G.Che
ock,2022

Nineregionssquaredformedas qua
ret er
rit
orywiththece nt
ralsqua
reb e
longingtothee mperor.Thissameland
di
visi
ono fninee qualsquar
e stha
tforme dal ar
gersquar
ewa susedinasma ll
erscal
efo rthedivi
siono ffi
elds
,
wit
ht hecentr
alsquareb el
on gi
ngtoth ego ve
rnme nt
,andwh os
ec ul
ti
vati
onwa sthesharedr es
pon si
bili
tyof
t
hosefami l
iesinthes ur
round i
ngsqua r
es.An ot
hernumb erwi t
himp l
ica
ti
o nsoflanddivisi
ona r
et heFift
een
ch
aracter
sc omp os
inge achline,exc
ep tforthela
stli
neo fthesecondsetthathas20c hara
cters
.Th en umbers
r
epresent
ingthen i
ned ivi
sionsinthes quarearenotarr
ang edinsequent
ialorder
,inst
eadwi ththe5r epres
enti
ng
t
hee mp e
roratthece nt
er,thenumb er
sa rep l
acedinsuchama nnert
h a
taddingthreenumb erstogethervert
ic
all
y,
di
agona l
lyorh or
izontal
lywo uldalwa ysequal15.Divi
din gtheinsc
ript
ionint
ot wosections,couldhave
r
epresent
e dthetwod if
ferentLandso ftheInnerandOu t
e rRe gi
ons,wit
htheinscri
p t
iontextdescribi
ngthe
r
elat
ionshipbetweent hetwo( Figur
e2 4).

ThePhil
ippi
n eShiQia
n gpan史墻盤 a nditsChi
nesecount
erpa
rtcoul
dh a
veb eentheScr
ibeofWei’sd
esperat
e
at
te
mp ttoremindtheemp e
ror(
KingGo ng)andt
hen e
wg ener
ati
onsofShanga boutt
hei
rhist
oryandpurpos
e.
Scr
ibeQiangtoldofhowt heRoya
lHo us
eso fSha
ngh a
dmi gr
ate
dino be
dien
c etotheZhouances
tra
lkingsand
wouldcont
inuethei
rfi
gh ti
nthedi
sta
ntlandstoens
uretheGrea
tMa ndat
ethattheyhadre
ceivedmayconti
nue
pe
rpetua
lly
.

[亟㺇 慕]‘
Doi
ngt
heut
mos
tfort
hec
ount
ry,
fie
rceOf
fi
ci
al
sma
rch
ingf
orwa
rdt
oge
the
rto
pr
ocl
ai
mad
mir
ati
on’

昊照亡斁]‘
[ AsBoundl
essHe
ave
nil
lumi
nat
est
hec
orr
uptc
onq
uer
edl
ands
’

上帝司擾尤保]‘
[ Theemper
ora
bove(No r
the
rnse
atofp
o we
r)andt
heForei
gnMi
nis
ter
s
(
Off
ici
al
sOu
tsi
detheCour
t)h
aveout
st
andi
ngl
yens
ure
do urdef
ens
efro
mt r
oubl
eanddis
orde
r’

[受天子綰令]‘ Sail
ingfor
ththeSo nofHea
venhasr
ecei
vedt
heMa
nda
tet
obet
heMa
ste
r
oft
heAr
myDi
vis
ionsove
rth
edi
st
a ntconne
ctedl
a ndsun
d e
rthe
irc
omma nd
’

Fi
gur
e2 3.
Var
i
ati
onsoft
heancie
nt
ch
arac
ter‘
work’
,‘
la
bor’
,
abo
vethedet
ail
ofthe
Phi
l
ipp
ineLaipa
ninscr
ip
ti
on Fi
gure24.(
above)
Hi
ghl
ight
i
ngthemissi
ng 9equals
guarest
hatfor
mal ar
ger
ch
arac
terGōng工 inthe squ
arewit
hNu mberFiv
einthecent
er
,
Chi
neseLaip
an. t
henu mbe
rsarearr
angedsothat
addi
nganythr
eehori
zontal
l
y,ve
rt
ica
ll
y
ordi
agona
ll
ywo u
ldalwaysequal
15.

44
Phi
li ne盤 P
ppi an H
is
to
ryo
ft
heD
rag
ona
ndt
heV
er
mil
l
io
nPh
oen
ix ⒸJ
.G.Che
ock,2022

TheMi li
tar
ysupportoftheMi ddl
eKi ngdomk i
ngsandthei
rarmie
swe reesse
ntia
lforthesuppor
toft
heGr ea
t
Mandateo ve
rtheforei
gnFo urQua rt
erst
e r
ri
tor
ies
,espe
cial
lyatt
hiscri
ti
calti
meo fupheava
landrebel
li
on.The
nat
ionstotheNort
h, South,Eas
tan dWe stoft
heMi ddl
eKingdomwe resuff
eri
ngu ndert
hestr
ainofhundr
eds
ofyea
rso fcol
oniz
ation.Thecryfo rfr
eedomwa sgrowingasi
tspr
e a
da cr
ossthelandsra
vagedtosuppl
ythe
l
uxuri
e sofClas
sic
alCh ina’
sRo yalHo us
e s
.

Scri
beQiang’sPangive
susag li
mp s
eo fthededic
ati
ona ndli
feo ft
heYin(Shang)Ho useo fWe i,whoma y
ha
v eimmigrat
edtothePhi
lippi
neisl
andsd ur
ingtheWe st
ernZho udynast
y.Thedis
cov e
ryo fthePhili
ppi
ne
ShiQiangpan史墻盤 s eemstoc or
robora
tethisthe
ory.Theycouldhavesentcopi
eso ft
h i
sb r
onzerit
ualvess
el
wit
hin s
cri
pti
ons,madeinthepie
ce-moldca s
ti
n gmethod,t
otheirhomelandinWeisot hatthefami l
yme mbers
l
eftbehi
ndwo uldre
me mberthe
irsacr
if
iceinthed i
st
antlands
.Sa dl
y,the
irsucc
essforove rah undredyear
s
meanthards
hipandoppres
sionfort
heEa st
ernQu art
er,
andc ons
e que
ntl
ytothewh ol
eFo u rQu art
ers.

ChengZh ourema i
nso neofthebestdoc
u me nt
edClassi
calChineseCa pi
talci
ti
esb as
edo nthewe al
thof
hi
stor
icalsour
c e
s.Yettheexactsi
teofthiscit
ywi t
htheexp e
ctedarti
fact
sa ndarch
itect
uralstr
uct
ures
haveyettobef oundinCh i
na.TheEaster
nCa pi
ta
l,al
sok nowna s
, Dayi大邑 ‘ t
heg r
eatcit
y’andXi nyi新邑
‘t
hen e
wc it
y ’
54wou l
dprobablynotbefou ndoverolde
rcitylocat
ions.Lat
eSh angtoWe sternZhoud ynas
ty
ar
tif
actsmayb efounda mong s
tPhil
ippi
nea nti
quit
ie
sinq uant
it
ya ndq ual
itynotfoundina nyoth
eranc i
ent
si
teinCh i
nao rvassa
lState.Coul
dCh engZh ouh a
veb ee
nl oca
tedinthePh il
ippi
nes?Co uldtheYin(Shang)
fa
mi l
ieshaveimmi gr
atedtolivea
mo ngsttheindi
genousAu st
ronesi
anc ommu nit
iesbefor
e1 000BC?
Thep r
esenceofthePh i
lip
pinePans盤 in di
cateanaffi
rmati
verespo ns
etot hes
eq ues
ti
ons.

Theonlywarrecorde
db ySimaQi aninKingGo ng’
sr e
ignwasbrough
to nbyhisl
ustforthr
eebeaut
if
ulwomen
hehappene
dt oseeonatouro ft
heStateofMi .
Heh adorder
edtheLordofMitosendthewo mentoh i
shar
em,
butt
heLo r
do fMid ec
idedt
ok e
eptheb ea
uti
esforhimsel
f.I
narageKingGo ngledhisarmie
stokil
lthe
LordofMia ndanni
hila
tehisStat
e.Thishist
ori
calr
ecordpre
ser
vedbyt heGra
ndHi s
tori
anreveal
sthelowst
at
e
ofmoral
it
yo fth
ek i
nga ndhissubj
ect
s, whic
htrans
lat
estoabus
esintheBorder
lan
dt e
rrit
ori
es.

KingGo ng恭王 ma yhavebeenal ove

ro fwo men,butmayn othavebeenav eryg oodfathe
r.Thereignofhis
son,KingYih懿王 ( 899-
892BC)wa spoorlydocumentedande vensat
iri
zedb yp oet
s.Freque
ntmili
tar
y
campaignsaga
insthisgover
nme ntbyforei
g ntr
ibe
swe reusedbyh isuncl
eKi ngXi ao孝王 ( 891-886BC)t o
re
mo veh i
mfromt hecapit
alt
oHu a
ilia
roun d30milesaway.Afterthedeat
ho fKi ngXiao孝王 , KingYi夷王
(885-
878BC) ,sonofKingYih懿王 , wa srest
ore
dtot het
hroneb ythema nyDu kes.
Theh i
ghli
ghtofKingYi s夷王 r
’ e i
gnwa sb oi
li
ngDu keAialiveinac aul
drono foiloveradis
pute.
Ki ngXiao
andKingYima yn othavebeenmu chbett
e rtha
nthep r
eviousKingGo ngandKi ngYih,butthe
yma yh ave
re
p r
esent
edag r
adualincl
inat
iontothesup por
toftheMi l
it
aryrol
eo ftheZho uk i
ngsfortheFourQu ar
ter
s.

Wh il
et h
ingswe ntf
romb adtowo rseint h
eMi ddleKingd om, thi
n gswe reals
or apidl
yf a
lli
nga partinthe
FourQu arter
s.Alt
houghtheLa ipan逨盤 i nscri
pti
o ntel
lsust hatKin gXi o孝王 a
a ndKi ngYi夷王 h a
ds ome
su
c ce
s sintheFourQu ar
ter
s,itwa s
n’ten ough.
Th etwok ingsma yha vebeenmo remili
tanttha
nt heir
i
mme diat
ep re
deces
sors,butt
h esi
tuat
io nwasa l
readyspiral
ingd o wn.Ki ngYi夷王 n otonlylostcontrolover
t
heEa sternYi,butevenovertheOf f
ici
a l
sOu ts
idetheCo urt
. “Du ringhisreigntherewe r
ewa rsint hesouth
withtheSt at
eofCh uandtheDo ngyi.Ac cor
dingtotheSh i
ji,duringh isrei
gnt heroyalpowe rwa sno ts
trong
andther egi
onalrul
ersfa
ile
dt opayo beisanc
etoth ecourt.
”55 No tonlyd i
dh elosec ont
rolofthef or
eignlands,
butevenh isownFo re
ignOf f
icia
lsbecameu nsubmi ss
ivetoh isrule.Th ekingslostcontr
olo ve
rt heRe giona
l
RulersoftheEa s
t,whon olongersawi tnecess
arytoma ker egularrepo r
tstotheirSoverei
g n.

4
5
Phi
li ne盤 P
ppi an H
is
to
ryo
ft
heD
rag
ona
ndt
heV
er
mil
l
io
nPh
oen
ix ⒸJ
.G.Che
ock,2022

Regalti
tl
esgi
ventotheWe s
ter
nZh oukingswerecreat
ive
lyusedintheLaipantoremindthemo ft
heiri
ntent
.
KingYih懿王 h adbeenab adexampleforanemp er
orovertheFourQuart
ers
,buthisnamey h懿 me
i a nt
‘
hono r
able
’,‘
wort
hy’,and‘t
ob r
ingundercont
rol’.
Th e
ref
oreinh i
snamether
ewa sah opetha
t‘Int
he
honora
bleMiddl
eKingdomg over
n mentthe
ywe readmonishe
d ,
admon i
shedt
os ub
du eandconquer
,toma ke
t
heFo urQuar
ter
slayprost
rat
e,t
op rot
ectandp
reservewhattheyhadrecei
ved,a
ndtos uppor
ttheClansasthe
y
ope
nu pn e
wterr
it
orie
s’.

TheLa ipan逨盤 i nscr

ipti
one venc omb inedt heregnalnamesofKi ngXi ao孝王 a ndKi ngGo ng恭王 t ourge
t
h eki
ng sofZho utop ursue孝 ‘fili
a lpiet
y’b y恭 ‘ rai
singuptheDr agonb anner
’.Thea ncientc
haract
erfor
恭 Go ngwa saDr ag onlif
tedbytwoh andsto get
her.TheDragonwa sa nancientsymbolo fCh i
nathatma ke
san
appear
an c
eintheDr agonb a
nn er
so fth etenp rin
cesthatmakeo bei
sancetoSh angKi ngWuDi ngwh oha d
i
n i
ti
atedmilit
aryca mp a
ignsag a
instt heFo urQu art
ers.Dragonbannersareme nti
onedinaZh ouOd ewh er
e
KingKh angwa sjoinedb yFeu dalPr i
ncesa tas acr
ifi
cetotheFather
.
“Theya ppea
redb eforethei
rso ve
re i
g nk i
ng, Tos ee
kf r
omh imther ul
es( t
heywe retoob s
erve).Wit
ht h
eir
drago
n -
emb l
azon edb anner
s,flyi
n gb ri
gh t
…” 56TheDr agonBann e
rsee mstoh avebeenth eoff
ici
alemb l
emo f
t
h eFeudalLordswh oruledoverth efiefsinth eFourQu ar
ter
s,entr
ustedtot he
mb ytheZh ouemp e
rors.Thus,
t
h i
swo uldbear emin dert
ot hesov erei
g ns
,u singthei
ro wnregnalname s,t
omi li
tant
lyu phol
dthesecuri
tyo f
t
h eeverincr
easi
n g‘tenthousandSt a t
es’inth efore
ignlandsaro
un dtheMi ddleKin gdom.

Name sofe
arl
ierkingswhoh a
dl edcampai
gnsintheBo r
d er
landte
rri
tori
eswe reals
ou sed,l
ikeKing
Cheng成王 , affi
rmingthe‘succes
s’成 ofKing’sXiaoandYii nthe
ireffor
tstostr
engthenthei
rmartia
lforces
.
AndKi ngMu穆王 wh ohadbe e
namo de
lMi l
it
aryCo mma nder
-i
n-Ch i
efwa smentionedtwic
e.Tob e‘Sole
mn ’
穆 wa saremindert
ha tt
herei
nforcement
sandarmiesthatsecur
edtheFo urQua r
ter
sha dtobetake
ns eri
ousl
y
astheymovedfor
wa rdtoge
therinthes
elands
.Th e
yn eededeachothertoconti
nuetheirdominanc
eint he
r
e gi
ons.
Alignmentofthei
rpri
o r
it
iesandgoal
swa sneces
saryfortheenforce
dp eaceando r
dertoprevai
l.

Thefif
thsacr
if
ici
aldut
yo ft
heLai逨 wa sasscar
yasa l
lthe
irprevi
ousl
yme nt
ionedres
ponsibi
li
tie
s.Asloya
l
subj
ects
,the
ywe reca
ll
edo ntoadmonis
htheirs
over
e i
gntocorre
ctbehavi
orwh e
nn eeded,whil
ebeinguni
ted
i
ns ubmit
ti
ngtothedir
ect
ionofhi
sleaders
hip,e
venthoughthei
rkingswerenotperf
ect
lydo i
ngwh att
heywere
meanttodo.Theywerecall
edtof
a i
thf
ull
yremindtheZhouk i
ngoftheGreatMand a
teinwh i
chtheyhad
bec
omei next
ri
cablyl
inke
d ,a
ndwo r
ktogethe
rinunit
y.

Fi
gure25.
Lat
eSh angdyna
sty
Br
onzeSwo r
da ndScabba
rd.
Tot
alof26Charact
erI
nscr
ip
ti
on.
SwordLengt
h:34cm,
Scabbar
dL e
ngth:25.
5cm.
Min
da n
ao,Phil
i
ppines
.

46
Phi
li ne盤 P
ppi an H
is
to
ryo
ft
heD
rag
ona
ndt
heV
er
mil
l
io
nPh
oen
ix ⒸJ
.G.Che
ock,2022

8
.C
omm
it
me
nt
of
th
eLa
i逨t
ot
he
Pl
an
[明 于德亯辟厲王]‘ Unde
rst
andi
ngthesi
tua
tionoft
heShangRoya
lHouse
,
weworkedtog
ethe
rwi
thourf
ell
owof
fi
ci
al
sinmor
all
ypre
sent
ingour
sel
vestoKingLiasweope
nu pne
w
t
err
it
ori
es’

逨肇 朕皇且考]‘
[ Allthos
eoft
heShangRo ya
lHo us
ewh ohadmig r
ate
dtothis
di
sta
ntlandtos
ervei
nthecivi
landmil
it
aryaff
air
so ft
heFourQua
rte
rsterr
it
ori
esmu s
tcomme nc
et otakecar
e
ofever
ylit
tl
edet
ai
lrega
rdin
gtheYi-Aus
trone
sians
, f
orweareont
heb oa
ttoget
herwit
ho urbr
ightsove
reign
a
n dances
tor
sandFat
hers
’

[盤虔夙夕敬朕死事 ]‘ Asthi
srit
ualpa
ns y
mb ol
iz
e soursa
cri
fi
ci
al
j
our
neyontheshi
pove
rthewat
ers
,wes i
ncer
elydedi
cat
eour
selv
estoholdi
ngonr e
spec
tful
lypers
ever
ingda
y
a
ndnight
,forwewhoar
eontheboatt
oget
herarewi
ll
ingtodi
eforthe
semarti
alandci
vilaf
fair
s’

天子多易逨休]‘
[ Heav
e n
’sSonhasgr
ant
edmuchtothos
eoft
heSha
ngRo ya
lHo us
e,
whohadmig
rat
edt
othi
sdi
st
antl
andt
ose
rveinthec
ivi
landmil
it
arya
ffa
irsoft
heFou
rQuar
ter
ste
rri
tor
ies
,
t
ofin
dres
t’

天子其萬年無疆都]‘
[ Ma yHea
ven’
sSonne
verb
ewi
thoutas
ecur
elygua
rde
d
Bor
der
landt
err
it
orya
ndCa
pit
alCit
yfort
ent
hou
sandye
ars’

[黄老保 周邦諫乂四方]‘ Unti

lyel
lowe
dwi t
hagemayheprot
ectand
de
fendwhath
asbe
enest
abl
is
hedwitht
heBir
dtri
bea
rmiesa
ndthegr
eatZhouSt
ate
s.Thus
,admoni
shi
ngo ur
s
uper
iori
nthemar
ti
ala
ndcivi
lgove
rnmen
tburde
nsoft
heFourQua
rte
rs’
’

Oppress
ionandinjusti
ceintheSo ut
heastmayh aveg on
eb eyondtolera
blelevel
s.Aust
ronesi
antri
besofthe
East
ernQu a
rte
rwe reb r
ingi
n gthewartoCh ina.KingYiwa sfoll
owe dbyh i
ss onKingLi(877–841BC)wh o
wasane vi
lrul
erthatbroughttheWe s
ternZh ouperi
odt oan e
wl ow. Rai
singtaxeswhil
emo nopol
izi
ng
co
mmo nfor
estsandl a
kes,heb ec
amei nfa
mo usforhisgreedandd ecadenc
e. “
Th econduc
tofthekinggrew
i
ncrea
singl
yd espot
ica ndl
av i
sh.Thepeo pl
eoftheca pi
talbegantorevil
eh i
m. TheDu keofSha
oa dmo ni
shed
t
hek i
ng,“Thep e
oplec annotbearyourrul
e."Thek i
n gwa sf
urious.Hee mployedashamanfromthelando f
Weya ndhadhimu seh i
sspe ci
alsi
ghttoident
ifythosewh ospokeag ai
nsthim.Wh oeve
rtheshamanr e
port
ed,
t
hek i
nge xe
cuted.
”57

Evenduri
ngth et
urbul
e ntperi
odo fKingLi’srei
gn,themi grat
edYin ’s(Shang)l
aborswentonlikeclockwork.
Theyli
ter
all
yh adnoch oicei
nt hema t
ter
.Theyh adtofighttosurvi
v eo rt
heywo ul
de ndupov er
wh el
medb y
t
heh os
ti
leelementssur
ro undi
ngthem. Thefiel
dshadt obec ul
tiva
tedt osust
ainthe
ms el
ves,a
n denemyf or
ces
neede
dtob eneutr
ali
zed. Movingforwardwa sthebestopti
o nforthea l
ter
nati
vewa scert
ai
nd eat
h.Fil
ledwith
cor
ruptfor
eignoff
ici
alswi t
hv i
rt
u al
lynoo ver
sight
,theFo urQu ar
terswo ul
dh av
eb eenchaot
icastheRu l
ersof
t
heZh ouRegionalSt
atesn olongersawitnecessar
ytor eportt
otheirs upe
rio
rintheMi ddl
eKi ngdom.An a
rchy
re
ignedasthestr
onglordeditoverthewe ak,andwithe ve
ryo n
ej us
ts t
rivi
ngtosurvive.

4
7
Phi
li ne盤 P
ppi an H
is
to
ryo
ft
heD
rag
ona
ndt
heV
er
mil
l
io
nPh
oen
ix ⒸJ
.G.Che
ock,2022

Si
lenci
n ghiscri
ticswithfear,
Ki ngLio nl
ys e
rv e
dt obui
ldu pthei
rangerwhichbrok
et hr
ougha sarevolt
l
eadingtoh i
sexilea ndtheperi
odc a
lledtheGo ng-heint
e r
regnum(841-828BC).TheGo ngHePe r
iodwa sa
t
imewh e nintheab se
n c
eo ftheking,Duk e
so raspecif
icDu ketookonthetas
ko fgover
nme ntlef
tvoidbythe
pe
o pl
e’sreje
cti
ono ft
h e
irmo nar
ch.An dwh enKi ngLidiedinexil
e,hissonKingXu an(827-
7 82BC) ,whohad
be
e nprotect
edan dh i
ddenb ytheDu kes,wasg i
venthethrone.KingXu a
nwa stheemp e
rorwh enboththe
Laipan逨盤 a ndXiJ iapan兮甲盤 we r
ema d e,whic
hi sprobabl
ywh ytheScri
bewh owrotetheinscr
ipt
ion
wascarefulnottob eoverl
yc r
iti
calofhisfatherKingLi.Inst
ead,rec
ounti
ngh owtheyhadeve npres
ented
t
hemse l
vestothek ingformi l
it
antser
v i
cetoth ereal
m.

Durin
gt h
ep eri
odofturmoilduetoth
ed ege
n er
atin
gmo r
ali
tyofthei
rkingsforati
meo foverahundredyea
rs,
t
heMi ddleKingdomma yh avelos
tmo s
toftheircont
rolovertheFourQu ar
ter
ster
rit
ory.Thei
rtopheavy
co
lonialgover
nme n
tappe a
redtohavebrokendo wnwi t
houtthesuppor
tandp r
ote
cti
ono frei
nfor
cementsf
rom
t
heirhome l
and.Feuda
lLo rdswhorule
db ymi ghtwit
htheirownp r
ivat
ea r
miesma yhavearis
en,gai
ning
gr
ou n
db yforce.Thi
swa sac r
uci
alti
meinth eWe st
ernZhoud ynas
tythatcoul
dma keorb r
eakthei
rpowerover
t
hec ol
onies.

Migrat
edYin(Sh a
ng)remindedthekingofZh outhattheyhadbeent heoneswhoh adsentthe
mt othedis
tant
l
and–f orwhichtheyweregrat
eful.
Af t
erall
,the‘r
est’t
h eyfoundo nfor
eignsoi
lwa sbet
tertha
nf ac
ingtor
tur
e
anddeat
hintheirhomel
a nd.Howe ve
r,t
h e
yr e
mi nde
dt hekingthatthetwolands,aboveandbelow,hada
symbiot
icrel
at
ionshi
p.AstheruleroftheMiddleKin gdom,defendedh i
scoloni
esintheFourQu ar
tersa
ndthe
East
ernCapit
al,t
heywo ul
db ecomeap rot
ecti
veshieldthatbr
oug htabundanc
efo rt
heirh
o meland.
Arela
tions
hiptheysawase s
sent
ialforthei
rsurvi
val,causi
ngthemt oh opet
hatitwouldgoo nfore
ver.

TheShiQia
ngp an史墻盤 e ndedwit
has i
mil
ardecl
arat
ionofcommi t
me ntbyt
hen e
wg ene
rati
ontothework
oft
hei
rances
tors
,pledgi
ngtowo r
ktothei
rut
mostbothdayandnigh t
.Pr
aisi
ngtheZhoukingswhoh a
dg i
ven
t
hemthisbl
ess
edr e
stintheFourQuar
ter
s,t
heyre
newe dthe
iroat
ht ofol
lowtheGreatMandat
ea l
ongwit
hthe
ki
ngunti
lyel
lowedwithag e
.Itwast
hei
rhopeth
atthi
sa r
range
me ntmightcont
inueper
pet
ual
ly.

吏牆夙夜丕墜其日蔑曆]‘
[ Scr
ibeQi
angs
erve
sfr
ome
arl
ymor
ningt
ola
tea
t
ni
ght
,wo
rki
ngve
ryh
ardt
obr
ingmer
itdur
ingt
hed
ay,di
sda
ini
ngthee
asyl
if
e’

[牆弗敢抯對揚天子丕顯休令用作寶尊彝]
‘
Qiangwo ul
dneverdaretoholdba
ckfro mcorrec
tlysprea
dingoutthepra
iseo fHeaven’
sSon ,
wh ogr
eat
ly
mani
fest
edtheli
ghttothedar
kd i
st
antco nne
ctedlandsduri
ngh i
spageinthea nnal
sofhis
torybygivi
ngusre
st.
Wearecomma ndedt
ou sethi
s[hi
sto
ricalre
cord]toma keatre
asure
dv e
sselinh onorofhi
sservi
ceby
de
scendi
ngtothelandsbel
owt or
aiseupthes a
cri
ficeoftheBir
da ndrul
eo vertheBir
dtrib
estosecur
e
Heave
n’sprovi
si
onforthelandabove’

[烈且文考式貯授]‘ Val
orou
sance
stor
s,wh
ohavebe
comecul
tur
edmode
lsoff
il
ial
pi
et
y,ha
vebe
comet
hes
tor
ehous
eoft
hepa
tt
ern[t
oemu l
at
e]ast
heyhads
ail
edf
ort
htor
ecei
ve[
theManda
te]
’

[牆薾 福懷福禄黄老彌生堪事] ‘ Qiangwilll

uxur
iant
ly
gr
owi ntheble
ssingofhi
sagri
cul
tur
alandmi
li
ta
rydut
ie
s,c
her
ish
ingt
heaus
pic
iouslea
der
shiprol
ein
gove
rnmen t
.Unti
ly e
ll
owedandwrinkl
edino
ldage
,maymyli
feover
fl
owinworkin
ga son
ewi t
hthe
Sover
eign,onth
esema t
te
rs’

48
Phi
li ne盤 P
ppi an H
is
to
ryo
ft
heD
rag
ona
ndt
heV
er
mil
l
io
nPh
oen
ix ⒸJ
.G.Che
ock,2022

Thedecl
arat
ionoft
heLai逨 endsaf
terpl
edgingthe
ircommit
mentsa
ndr e
spons
ibi
lit
ie
sforwh i
cht
heir
anc
estor
shadmigra
tedtot
hisdi
st
antland
.TheZh ouemper
orthe
nb e
ginshismess
age,buts
incemostoft
he
hi
stor
yh a
salr
eadybeendi
scus
sed,t
heking'
sme s
sagewoul
db emuchshort
erandt
othepo i
nt.

Pai
nti
ngbyHongni
anZhang,consul
tantRobertE.Murowchi
ck,Bost
onUniver
sit
y.
“
TheNewStoryofChi
na’
sAncientPast.”Nat
ionalGeogr
aphi
c.July2003. Dr
unkennessoft
heShangDynast
yRoyal
s

Fi
gure26.
(a
bove)Bronz
eJ u
eWineCup.
Hei
gh t
:33cm,Weigh
t:1
.6k
g. Fi
gure27.
(r
i
ght)Bron
zeYouWineVes
sel
. (a
bove)ShangWineVess
el.
Hei
gh t
:26cm,Weigh
t2.
5kg. Hei
gh t
:28.
5cm,We i
ght
:2.
9kg.
Mind
a nao
,Phil
i
ppi
nes (r
i
ght)Bro
nzeHuWi n
eVe s
sel
.
Hei
gh t
:27.
7cm,We i
ght
1.8kg.
Mind
a nao
,Phi
li
ppi
nes
4
9
Phi
li ne盤 P
ppi an H
is
to
ryo
ft
heD
rag
ona
ndt
heV
er
mil
l
io
nPh
oen
ix ⒸJ
.G.Che
ock,2022

P
ART2o
ft
heL
aip
an逨盤: Th
eKi
ngDe
cl
ar
es
..
.
9
.王若曰]
[ ‘
To
yout
he
num
er
ou
spe
op
le
,t
he
ki
ng
dec
l
ar
es
…’

王若曰]‘
[ Toyout
henume
rouspe
opl
e,t
heki
ngde
cla
res
…’
I
nthissec
on dha
lfoft
heLa ipa
ntheZhouki
ngmake
shisde
cla
rat
ion,a
fte
rhe
ari
ngthecommi
tmentsma
deb y
t
heLa i逨 fr
o mt
h eSh
angRo yalHous
ewhohadmi
grat
edt
othisdi
st
antla
ndt
oservei
ntheci
vila
ndmil
ita
ry
a
ffa
irsoftheFourQuar
ter
s.

Moder
nt r
ansl
at
ionforthec
h a
ract
erruo若 ‘seem’,‘
li
ke’,var
iesfr
omt hear
chai
cme ani
ngof‘you,t
hepeo
p l
e’
or‘
toyouthenumerouspeopl
e’.
Th eanc
ientchar
act
erwasc omposedofthr
eehandst
hatjoi
ntoget
hera
so ne
.
Agraph
icthatl
ooksli
keap l
antt
hathadgrownf r
omo netr
unk, br
anchi
ngoutindi
ffe
rentdi
rec
ti
ons.
Theominousgr
ainoftheLai來 hadtake
nro otandgr
owni ntheFourQu a
rte
rs.

TheuseofRuo若 f urt
herconf
ir
mst ha
tLai逨 wa snotanindivi
dua
l,butagrou
po fpeop
le.
Th i
smakessens
e
si
ncetheZhour
itualbronz
eswereme antt
ob eus
edforma nygener
ati
ons,l
ikeale
g a
landbindi
ngcont
rac
t.
Ap e
rsona
lconver
sati
onb et
weenthekingandanindi
vidualwouldnots
eemt obeofmuchrel
evanc
e,unli
kea
messag
ethatwasdire
ctedatal
loft
h e
m, inc
ludi
nggener
a t
ionstocome.

Twohu ndredyea
rsa
fte
rthesta
rtoft
hel
arg
e -
sca
lemigrat
iono fSha
ngRo yalHous
estothefor
eignlands
,the
ZhouKi ngXuanspe
akstothenumer
ouspeopl
eresi
dingi
nh osti
let
err
it
orie
s.Someo ft
hemma yh a
veb een
fr
eshofftheboat
,whi
leot
herswhohadbeeninthe
selandsforgene
rat
ionsonlykne
wo fthe
irmotherl
and
thr
oughstori
es.

KingXuan’sf
ather
,KingLiwa snotor
iousf
orbeingthemo s
tevi
lki
ng,whodie
dinexi
lea
fte
rtheci
ti
zensof
t
heMi ddl
eKingdomr os
eu pagains
thisunbe
arabl
erule.Theonl
yreas
onKingXuanha
dsurvi
vedwasbeca
use
hehadbeenhidde
nb yloyalMinis
ter
swh ost
il
lbeli
evedinthemonar
chy.I
twasDukeMuofShao召穆公 wh o
pr
otec
tedtheCrownPrinceinhishome,andwhenthea ngr
ymobd e
ma nde
dtha
tXuanbegi
ventot
hem,the
Dukesacr
if
icedhisownson .

KingXu anwa sthe11t

hk i
ngo ftheWe s
ter
nZh ou,ady n
astywhoseearl
ye xpa
nsioncouldri
valandpossi
bly
sur
passthato fanyo t
herBronzeAg ee
mp ir
e.“.
..e
arlyWe st
ernZhouperi
odwe reverymilit
antandhadindee
d
cons
truc
tedth emo s
tcapabl
eBr onz
eAg emili
ta
ryma chineonthesur
faceoftheeart
hinitscont
emp or
aryti
me ,
ea
sil
yr i
valingt hemightyAssy
rianEmp i
re,t
hefir
stIronAg eSt
atei
nMe s
opotamia(Llo
yd1 978,188)
,which
r
eachedtheh e i
ghtofit
smi l
it
arypowero nl
yaboutah undre
dy e
arsaf
terZhoub egantodecl
ineinthel
atete
nth
ce
nturyBC. ”58

Thedynast
yKingXu a
nr e
ceive
dwh enhetookt
hethronecoul
db edescr
ibe
da su
n s
tab
leatbest
.Chal
lenge
s
fa
cedthenewmo na
rchfrombothi
nterna
landexte
rnali
ssuest
hathadlongbeenle
ftunre
solve
d.Assi
st
edb yt
he
Dukeswhoh a
dprote
ctedhimduri
ngturbul
entt
imes,Ki
n gXuanstrovet
oc opyt
heexampleofthea
ncest
ral
ki
ngsWe nandWu,andthekingst
hatfol
lowedi
mme dia
telyaf
terthe
m.

50
Phi
li ne盤 P
ppi an H
is
to
ryo
ft
heD
rag
ona
ndt
heV
er
mil
l
io
nPh
oen
ix ⒸJ
.G.Che
ock,2022

Constantmili
tar
ya t
tacksfr
omt hen on-
Chinesep e
op le
so ftheFourQu arte
rswe r
ea ddr
essedb yde velopi
ng
re
lat
ionshipswiththeStat
esnearthep r
oblema rea
s. Suppo r
ti
ngther i
seande xpans
iono ftheQin秦 St at
einthe
West,KingXu ana ppoi
ntedtheLo r
do fQinaRe gion a
lRu ler侯 en t
rust
edwi t
hthewa raga i
nsttheRo ng戎
t
ribe
so ftheWe st
ernQu art
er
.Th ekingrel
o ca
tedcommu niti
esfromt heWe stt
otheSo uther
nRe gion s,ope
n i
ng
t
hero a
dst otheSouth,l
iketheStateofSouthernShe n申. TheXian yun玁狁 t ribe
so ft
h eNo r
thwe stwe r
e
re
pelle
d, andtheJingMa n荊蠻 t ribesoftheSou t
hwe rep acif
ied.ShenBo申伯, wasma deRe gi
ona lRuler侯
oftheSo u
thernQu ar
ter
.Re s
umin grel
ati
onswi t
ht hevariousState
so ftheInnerki
ngd om,Ki ngXu anwa sa bl
e
t
or e
storepoli
tica
lstabi
lit
ywithi
nCh i
naforthelengtho fh i
s46y earrei
gn.Ho wever
, t
hep eople
so ft he
FourQu art
ers
, par
ti
cula
rlyintheNo rt
ha ndWe stBo rde
rlandterr
it
o r
iesneversto
ppedf i
g h
tingforfreedom.

Und er
standingthattheHu aiYi Austr
on esi
anBi rdtri
beswe r
ek eytotheZh ousuccessintheFo urQu a
rter
s
t
errit
ory,ag re
atnu mbero fArmyDi vi
sionsa ndc o
mma nde
rswe resenttotheEaste
rnQu a r
tertorest
orethe
Zho useatofcomma ndinCh e
n gZhou. “Theso uthea
ster
nc amp a
ignsag a
instt
heu nr
ulyHu aitri
b e
swe reledby
t
heDu keo fShao,Na nZh ong南仲, Da shiHua ngFu大師皇父 a ndCh engBoXi uFu程伯休父. JuFu駒父
andGa oFu高父 r eceivedthes ubmissi
o noftheHu a
iyiandthetrib
u t
esp r
esent
edtoth eking.”
59

Non -s
topmi li
tar
yc amp ai
g nsquell
edth eu pr
isi
n gintheEaster
nQu arteramo ngs
ttheYi Austrones
iantri
bes.
Boths i
desmu s
thav esuff
e r
edf ro
mn ume r
ousc asual
ti
es,butCh i
nawi ththei
rmu chlargerpopulat
ionma yh a
ve
se
n twh a
ts eemedlikea nend l
esssupplyo fsoldier
s.Tir
edo fdeathandd est
ruct
ionintheirla
n ds,t
heHu aiyi
Aus t
ronesi
a nBirdtribe
se ventual
lysurrendered.Theinscri
ptionontheXiJ iapan兮甲盤 l endsinsi
ghttothe
si
tuati
oni ntheEa st
ernQu arterwh e
nth eHu ai
y ihadjustsubmitt
edo nceagaintoZho urule,andthetr
an s
it
ion
backtob ecomingt he‘col
o niz
e deast
’ha dbegu n.

TheXiJ
iapn兮甲盤 t
a el
lsust
hati
nthe5
thy
earo
fKi
ngXua
n’sr
eign
,

[王初各伐玁狁于 ]‘TheKi ng(Xu an )beganb yatt

ackingevery
XianYu ntri
be,then on-
Ch i
nesepeop l
e softh eNo rt
h we stBorderlan
dt er
rit
o r
ieswh oh addaredho l
db ackthei
r
gra
intax,inPe ngya--Marketcit
ye sta
b li
shedb yth eTi gerarmieswi t
htheh elpo ftheBirdtri
bewa rri
ors’
TheXia nYun玁狁 we ren on-
Chineset ri
besf romt heNo rt
hwe stBorderl
andt err
itor
iesme nt
ionedinW. Zhou
dynastyb r
onzesa ndotheranci
enttexts.Th ea nci
en tch a
r a
cterforxian玁 i sac ombinationoftheradical厂
‘s
hiel
dingh ouses’or‘mountai
nc l
iff’wi t
hth ech a
rac tergan敢 ‘ todare’insi
d e,whil
ey un狁 wa saco mb i
nat
ion
ofcropsorgrainswi t
hap ers
onb owi ngd ownt ob eco met hecha r
act
ery un允 ‘ all
ow’ ,‘c
on s
ent’
. XianYu nma y
havebeenat ermu sedtodescri
beallthet r
ibe s,whol ivedi nthemo untai
nsa ndc l
iff
so ftheNo r
thwest,wh ohad
dar
edtoa lt
ogetherrebelagai
nsttheo ppressi
v etri
bu tesan dtaxati
ono fth
e i
rg rai
ns.
Pengma yh avebe e
nat ra
d i
ngcenter‘ma rketc i
ty’fo rcollect
ingtaxesandt r
ib ut
efromt heforei
gnlan dsinthat
re
gion,esta
blishedbyYa ,atige
rh eado vertheBi rd-Yi‘ Pho e
n i
x’radica
l.Tige r
srepresent
edCl ass
icalCh i
na’s
ar
mi e
s,wh il
etheBi rdsupport
ingtheTi gerHe a
d ,wo uldh avesy mboli
zedth ewa rr
iorsoftheVermilli
on
Phoeni
x .Thesucc e
ssfulmili
ta
ryc amp aignag ai
n s
tth eXi anYu nwa sledb yYi nJif
u, ear
lyinKin gXu an’sre
ign.

兮甲從王折首執訊休亡愍]‘
[ XiJ
iafol
lowedina
tte
nda
ncet
otheKi
ng,
c
hopp
ingof
fhe
adsa
ndc
apt
uri
nge
nemi
es.Ce
asi
ngonl
ywhe
nheha
dconque
redvigor
ous
ly’

王易兮甲馬四匹駒車]‘
[ TheKi
ngg
aveXiJ
ia:4hor
sesa
ndahor
sec
har
iot
.’

[王令甲政嗣成周四方積]‘ TheKingdec
reedJi
aast
hes
ucce
ssorf
or
t
heg ove
rnmentaf
fai
rsi
nChéngZhou,Ca
pit
alCi
tyoft
heEas
ternQu a
rte
randse
atofpowe
rove
rthe
FourQuart
ers
,incha
rgeoft
axi
nga
llthegr
ain
sandf
iel
dsi
nthatter
ri
tory’

5
1
Phi
li ne盤 P
ppi an H
is
to
ryo
ft
heD
rag
ona
ndt
heV
er
mil
l
io
nPh
oen
ix ⒸJ
.G.Che
ock,2022

至于南淮夷]‘
[ Arri
vin
gint
helan
do ft
heSout
hernHuaiYi
Aus
trone
sia
nBi
rdt
ri
bes
,
h
o meoft
hee
li
tec
ommuni
tyofl
eade
rsoft
heYiAus
tro
nes
ianSt
ate
s/Coun
tri
es’

Impres
sedb yXiJia
’smili
tar
yprowessindecapi
ta
ti
ngtheNo r
thwest
ernt
ribes
,Kin
gXu a
ng a
v ehimat e
amo f
hors
eswithac ha
riot
.TheKingals
og aveXiJiaanoff
ici
alro
leintheEas
ternCapi
talofChengZh outoover
see
gra
inandtaxesderi
vedfromtheFourQu ar
ter
sborder
landt
err
it
ori
es.Thissta
teme
ntma kesi
tc l
eartha
tthe
gover
nme ntfort
heFourQu a
rte
rswasba s
edinCh e
ngZh ouEast
ernCapi
talCit
ylocat
edinthelandofthe
Southe
rnHu aiYiAustr
ones
ianBir
dtribes
.

XiJi
awa sgiventh
eo f
fic
ialposi
ti
onatChengZh ouforwhic
hh ei
mme diate
lyl
efta
ndarri
vedatadest
inat
ion
ca
ll
ed‘Sou t
her
nHu aiyi
’–alandSout
ho fChina
,theland‘be
low’.Thelandwheret
heHu a
iyi
Au s
tro
n e
sia
n
Bir
dTribeshadbuil
tthei
rCentra
lPor
tCi t
y.EventheZhourule
rsrec
o gni
zedtha
tthi
sla
ndwh er
eCh engZhou
waslo
cated,bel
ongedtotheHuayi淮夷 Au s
tr
onesia
nBi r
dtri
bes.

ChengZh ou,t
heEa s
ter
nCapita
lCi ty
,inthelandofthe‘Souther
nBird
sthatfl
yo verthewater
s’淮夷 wa s
wherealar
geg ro
u pofYin(
Sh a
ng )hadmigrated.Manyo fthe
mh adexper
iencedasu c
cess
ionofb a
dk i
ngs
whoh adcar
edv eryl
it
tl
efort
h e
irp l
ight
.Go odancest
ralZhouk i
ngscoul
dha vesou
n dedl
ikefai
rytale
stha
t
weredif
fi
cultt
oi magi
neinreal
it
y. KingXuank newthattheheart
soft
hep e
o ple
,eventhoseofhisown
ci
ti
zens,nee
d e
dtob ewonandr e
a ss
ured.Graci
ou s
ly,
h ehadall
owedtheLa i逨 tob ehea
rdfirs
t,andnowit
washistur
n.Yeth emadesur
en ottoincl
udeh i
sn ame,perh
apsinthehopet
h att
hek i
ngswh osuccee
dedhim
mayc a
rrythesamesenti
mentsandd ecl
ara
tio
n sinperpet
uit
y.

Fi
gur
e2 8
.
Neph
ri
teJa d
eWing-
fea
thersh
aped
Or
nament wi
thPh
oeni
xa ndHumanhea
d.St
ai
nedRe
d.
Hei
ght
:4.7cm,Weig
ht:40g.Luz
on,
Phil
i
ppi
nes
.

Ot
le
yBeyern
ote
dinare
port
onPhi
li
ppi
neandEast
Asia
nArc
haeol
ogy
,andI
t’
sRel
at
io
ntoth
eOri
gi
no ft
hePac
if
icI
sl
andsPo
pul
at
io
n,
t
hathec
oul
dsaf
elys
ay90%ofEa
rl
yNeoli
t
hict
ype
so f
Jadef
oun
dinIndo
-Ch
inawe
reexa
ctl
ydu
pli
cat
edbysi
mil
art
ype
sfoun
dint
hePhi
l
ipp
ine
s.

52
Phi
li ne盤 P
ppi an H
is
to
ryo
ft
heD
rag
ona
ndt
heV
er
mil
l
io
nPh
oen
ix ⒸJ
.G.Che
ock,2022

1
0.
Ac
kn
owl
e
dge
men
to
ft
he
Wor
ko
ft
he
Yi
n(
Sh
an
g)P
i
one
er
s

逨丕顯文武雁受大命]‘
[ Al
lthos
eoftheShangRoyalHous
ewh oha
d
mi
grat
edtothi
sdist
antla
ndtoser
veintheci
vilandmi
lit
aryaff
air
softheFourQuar
ter
shavegr
eat
ly
mani
fes
tedth
elig
htov e
rthedar
kconnect
edlandsbyr
ecei
v i
ngtheGrea
tMa ndat
e,r
egar
dingt
heHouseoft
he
Bi
rdtr
ibes
,hande
dd ownb yt
heances
tra
lkingsWenandWu .’

匍有四方]‘
[ Poss
ess
ingt
heFourQua
rte
rst
err
it
ori
esa
ndma
kingt
hepe
opl
esoft
hos
ela
ndsl
ie
pr
ost
rat
e–a
nkl
ehighi
nsubmi
ssi
on.
’

KingXu a
nlau d
edthefait
hfulworko ft
heYi n(Shang)pione
erswh ohadtake
ntheGr e
atMa ndat
etoheart
,
andwit
ht he
irblood,s
we at
,andtearshadfulf
il
ledthevisi
ono faunif
iedBorder
landte
rri
tor
yu nde
rZh ourul
e.
Fore
ignlandsborde
ringtheMi ddl
eKi ng
do mtotheNo rt
h,Sou t
h,EastandWestwereconquer
edand
su
b j
ugat
edb ythecomb i
nedforcesofChina’
sTi g
erarmiesandtheAu st
rone
sian-
YiPhoenixwarri
ors
.Ac t
ions
t
hattookpla
c eacc
ordi
n gtotheplansoftheZhoua n
c es
tra
lkingsWe nandWu .

TheGrea
tMa ndat
ewh i
chtheyhadre
c e
ivedwa ssogrea
tthatChi
naalonecoul
dnotmakeithappe
n.Itwas
ne
cces
sarytogai
ntheall
egia
nceoftheBirdt
ribelandsandwarr
ior
sinordert
oma ket
heplanareal
it
y.The
Yi
n(Shang)RoyalFamil
iesnee
dedtotaketheboatandmigrat
efromthei
rhomela
ndstoser
veinthedis
tant
t
err
it
ori
es,enf
orc
ingthesubmis
sionoft
heVe rmil
li
onPh oeni
xint
ofil
li
ngthei
rrol
eint
h eGrea
tMa ndat
e.

Migr
atedYin(Shang)Ro ya
lHo us
eswe reanessen
tialpa
rtofth
ep l
an,a
stheyle
dtheBi r
dtribeWa rr
ior
sin
es
tabl
is
h i
ngtheZho uEmp i
rerul
eo vert
hec onn
ectedfor
eignregi
ons
.Serv
ingasMi ni
st
ers,Offici
al
s,Scr
ibe
s,
andRegiona
lRu l
ersoverfi
efsofl
and, a
llofthemwo ul
da nswert
otheChief
-Comma nde
r/Du k e/Fat
her
whoseseatofpowerla
yi ntheEast
ernCa pi
ta
l.Wh i
leinturn,t
heChief
-Comman de
roftheEa stsubmit
te
dto
t
heZh ouemp e
ror,t
heSo nofHeaven.

Thetransport
edYin(Shang)ser
vedinthema rt
ia
lrol
eo ft
heYi nEightDivis
ions,workedthelandtocult
iva
te
andh a
rvestgrai
nforthemo t
herl
and,andinvol
vedthe
ms e
lvesinthecivi
ld ut
ie
srequire
dt opaci
fya nd
subj
uga t
etheconquer
edl a
nds.Tosat
isf
yt he
irres
ponsi
bil
it
ie
s, t
heystrovefr
ome arl
ymo r
ningtolat
ea tni
ght.
Attheirdeat
h,theypasse
dtheb a
tontothenextgene
rat
ion,goingoninthisma nne
rforcentur
ies.I
thadb ee
n
t
he i
rfait
hfuladher
encetotheGreatMandatetha
thadma det
h eposse
s s
ionoftheFo u
rQu art
erspossi
ble
forsolong.

Wh entheMi ddleKingdomc ent

ralseatofgover
nme ntandtheEast
ernCapita
lgoverni
ngb o
d yo ft
heoute
r
FourQu ar
terster
ri
tor
ieswo r
kedinu nison,t
henallt
hef or
eignl
andssurr
oundingCh i
nawo uldbema de
compli
anttot h
e i
rrul
e.Intheperf
e c
two r
ldt
heye nvi
sione
d,thi
swa ssee
ntob ri
ngac ons
tantstr
eamo f
abundanceforCh i
naa ndit
speople,aswe l
lascreat
ead oubl
eshie
ldo fpr
otect
iontosec
ureth eMiddl
e
Kingdom. Howe ver
,itwouldrequir
eth eaggr
essi
vesubjugat
ionofnumeroustri
besandpeopleswh owouldbe
for
cedtop ro
v i
defortheimp e
ria
lp owersaswe l
lasforthemsel
ves.
Th us,t
heyneededtobema det
olie
pros
tra
te,fl
ato nthe
irfaceontheg r
oun d,i
ntota
lsubmission
.

5
3
Phi
li ne盤 P
ppi an H
is
to
ryo
ft
heD
rag
ona
ndt
heV
er
mil
l
io
nPh
oen
ix ⒸJ
.G.Che
ock,2022

1
1
.R
es
ump
ti
ono
ft
heP
l
anBe
ga
nby
th
eAnc
es
tr
al
Ki
ng
s,
A
ndA
war
di
ng
ofT
ho
seWh
oha
dRe
mai
n
edFa
i
th
fu
l
[則繇隹乃先聖且考夾 ]‘ Rul
ingaccor
dingtot
hed i
vinedi
rec
ti
on
si
ncet
hebegi
nning,whenthehol
yance
str
alking
s(We nandWu)andyou
ra nc
est
orsandFather
s
(
Co mmande
r-i
n-Chi
efsoftheEas
ter
nQu a
rte
r)supp
o r
tedt
hevoi
ceofdi
vinat
iont
owo rktoge
therwit
hthe
Bir
dtr
ibel
andsandp e
ople
s’

[先王 堇大命今余隹巠]‘ Toge

therwi
thouranc
est
ralki
ngsyou
br
oughtf
oodtoourhou
sefro
mt hef
ert
il
eloa
mysoilre
cei
vedintheGreatMandat
e.Andunt
ilt
oday,
youmakeyourhome
swi t
htheBi
rdtr
ibes
,al
ongt
heirnet
workofri
v e
rsandst
rea
ms ’

乃先聖且考
[ (申) 乃命]‘ The
refor
e,f
romth ebegi
nning,ourhol
y
an
cest
ralki
ngs(
WenandWu )re
cei
vedr
egul
arof
fi
cialr
epor
tsf
romthi
sEa s
ter
nlandfromy ouranc
estor
sand
Fat
hers(
Commande
r-i
n-Chi
efsoft
heEa
ste
rnQuart
er)r
egar
din
gthejoyf
ulbount
yo fth
eCa pi
talCit
y.
Ther
efor
eyouar
ecomma n
dedtodoast
heydi
d’

[命汝足 兌 四方]‘ Youar

ec ommande
dtost
epout
,pas
siona
tel
y
s
ati
sfi
edtoexc
hangeyourt
rade
s(occupa
ti
ons
)andvi
ll
age
stot
akeontheposi
ti
onofaf
orei
gnof
fi
cial
out
si
de-t
he-
cour
tintheFourQuar
ter
s’

[吳墻用宮御易汝赤市幽黄攸勤]‘ Th
eSh angRoya
lClan
s
ofWuandQiang(Wei
)wil
lbeuse
dasPala
ceGuar
ds/
Offi
ci
al
s.Yourfa
mil
iesshal
lbegrant
edreda
prons
a
p pr
opr
iat
efort
hes
edarkdi
st
antl
ands
,al
ongwi
thlea
the
rheads
tal
lswi
thbr
o nz
ebell
s’

KingsWe nandWuma yh averecei

vedt heGr e
a tMa nda
tethr
ou ghdivi
nati
on,conf
ir
me db ysignswhic
h
i
ncludedtheastr
onomicalphenome nadiscussedearli
er,l
inki
ngthes uc
cessf
ulZhour ul
ewi t
hthe
Vermil
lionPhoenixoftheSouth.TheBo o ksofZh oume nt
ionstheoffi
cia
lDivine
ro fDreams,wh os
ed ut
ie
s
i
ncludetheint
erpret
at
iono fast
ronomicald at
ainre l
ati
ontoearthl
ye vent
s.Whenp r
ay i
ngforheali
ngforHis
brot
herKingWu ,theDu keofZh ouu se
dr ounds ymbolsofjadeonthreeear
thenalt
arsinordertodi
scer
nt he
di
vineanswe r
.Class
ica
lCh inahadsev er
alme thodsofd i
vina
tion,i
ncludi
ngtheuseo fora
clebonestoguide
t
hemi nd ec
isi
onma king
.Zh o udynasty’
sr el
igi
o usle
adershaveb e
end es
cri
bedasSh aman’swithawh ol
e
ra
ngeo foccul
tpract
ices
. Mystic
alartsthatwerese e
ntos pe
ako nb e
halfofHeaven,dir
ectedthecour
seof
ear
lyCh i
n e
sehist
ory.

KingXu a
nma deitclea
rthathewasact
inginsubmissi
ontoa naut
hori
tygrea
terthanhisown.Hehimsel
fwas
worki
n gi
na cc
ordancewit
hHe aven’
swilla
su nder
st
oo dthr
oughvari
ousoccul
tartsofdivi
nati
on.
Th eZhou
ki
ngswe r
einthes a
meb oatwit
htheLai逨 a nc
estor
sa ndChief
-Comma nde
rFa t
hersfr
o mZhounobil
it
y,who
wer
ea llo
b e
dientt
owh att
h eysa
wa sHeaven’
swi l
landma ndat
e.Adivi
ned i
rect
iontosubjuga
teanduni
fythe
f
oreignFourQu ar
ter
sint
oo neoute
rter
ri
tor
ys ubmit
tedtoZhourule
.

54
Phi
li ne盤 P
ppi an H
is
to
ryo
ft
heD
rag
ona
ndt
heV
er
mil
l
io
nPh
oen
ix ⒸJ
.G.Che
ock,2022

TheGr e
atMa nd a
tewa ssob igthatas i
nglen at
ioncouldnotsu f
fic
etoanswerthecal
l,the
yn ee
de dtocomb i
ne
t
heAu st
ronesian-
YiBi rdtri
besa ndth e
irlandstotheMi ddl
eKi ngdom.TheSh i
ps,Sail
ors
,andWa r
ri
orsofthe
Bir
dOv ertheWa ters淮夷 wo uldbee sse
ntialtoma i
ntai
ntheirrul
eovertheFourKingdoms.An dtheSouther
n
fe
rti
leri
cefiel
d softheAu st
ron esi
anHu aiYiwi thac l
imatesuit
ablet
oy ea
rroundc u
lti
vati
onandh arv
e s
two ul
d
ensur
ethattheg r
anarie
so ftheMi ddleKi ngdomwo ul
dn eve
rg oemp t
y.Thei
rbo a
stregar
dingthei
rancestr
al
ki
ngswa swe l
lfound ed,“Thef ormerruler
s,o urki
ngsWa na ndWu ,di
spla
y e
dins uc
cessi
ontheirequalgl
ory,
makingsureprovisi
o nforthes u
p portofthep e
o pl
e,andsett
ingfort
hthei
rinst
ruct
ions.(
Thep e
op l
e)accorded
apract
ica
lsub missi
on ,wit
hou tanyo pposi
tion,andtheinfl
uen c
e(ofthe
irexampleandinst
ruct
ions)exte
nded
t
oYi n,andtheg r
eatapp oi
ntme nt(ofHe a
ve n)wass e
cured.
”60

ChengZh ou,t
heCa pit
alPortCityintheEast
ernQu ar
terwa scent
ral
lylocat
edalongthen e
tworkofriver
s,
st
rea
ms ,andseasthatl
inkedallt
h eregi
onstoget
her.I
twa stheper
fectloca
ti
o nt
oreceivethe‘gue
sts’ofthe
Zhouwh owo ul
db eb r
ingi
ngth e
irtri
bute
sandt a
x e
s.Thec ent
rall
ocati
onwa sal
sop e
rfectfors
wiftdispe
rsal
ofar
miestop uni
shth o
sewh orefusedtopres
entthemselv
e switht
heirrequi
red‘gi
ft
s’.Util
izi
ngthemi gr
ated
Yin(Sha
n g)of
fici
alsandtheBi r
dt r
ibewarri
orstoconquerthensubj
ugatethela
ndsuntiltheyl
ayp r
o s
tra
te
–ankl
ehighinsu bmiss
iontotheru l
eofZh ou.

Overt
hec ent
uri
es,thepl
anhadf al
lenfromthei
rideal
,alongwiththemo r
ali
tyofth
eirkingsando f
fici
al
s.This
wasasit
uati
onthatKingXua nneededtoa d
dressquic
kly,s
oh i
sme ssagewentqui
cklyfro
mp ol
iti
calrhet
ori
c
t
op r
act
icalappl
ic
a t
ion.I
nhisfir
stst
a t
ementhee mphasi
zedtheharmonyn ec
essa
ryfromthes t
artbetweenthe
I
nner外 Mi ddl
eKi ngdomandt heOu t
er内 Fo urQu ar
ter
sconnect
e dborde
rla
ndterr
it
orie
s.Un i
tyo fpurp
o s
e
be
tweenthei
rLa i逨 a nc
est
orsan dt
h eZhoukingsinthei
rplansforth
eBi r
dtri
besma dethei
rbeginning
pos
sibl
e.Nowt heyhadtodoa sthei
rforef
athe
rsh a
dd oneandsti
cktotheplan.

Secondl
y,KingXuanc al
ledth
eirat
tent
iontothe
irworktocul
ti
vat
ethefer
ti
leloa
mys oiloft
hefie
ldst
hatt
he y
hadrec
eived.Noma t
terhowd et
ache
dthe ycoul
dhavefel
tfr
omamo ther
landtha
ttheyma yh a
veneve
rk nown,
t
heywe rest
il
lrequi
redtosuppl
yitsneedswit
houtfa
il
.Provi
sio
nfort
h eMiddleKingdomwa soneoft
hema in
re
asonsformigr
ati
ngth e
mt othi
sdist
antEast
ernCapit
alt
otheSout
ho fChina
.

Thirdl
y,theywe r
etor es
u meth ei
rregu l
a rreport
st oth
eirsuperior
sinth eMiddleKi ngdom,ulti
ma te
ly
answeri
n gtotheemp erorfortheprogr e
s softh e
irlabor
sinth ema r
ti
ala ndcivi
la f
fai
rsoftheEa st
ernQu art
ers.
Theseoffici
alrepor
tsbeg anduringthet imeo fthea nc
estr
alk i
ngsWe na ndWu . Howev e
r,duri
ngt herei
g nof
KingXu an’sgrandf
atherKi ngYi, r
esp e
c tforthemo narchyd ec
line
da nde venhisRegionalRu l
ersfail
edto
cometoma keoff
ici
alr e
p ort
s.Withou tar e
po rtoftheharvestortr
ibutesortaxesrecei
ved,thenitismo stl
ikel
y
t
hatthes t
reamsofa bundantprovisi
o nfo rtheMi ddleKingdo mma yh avedwi n
d l
edd owntoat ri
ckle.Un der
hi
sf a
therKin gLi,t
hes i
tu a
ti
o nwo rsened.Lih adn ointe
restinrunningtheemp ire
,growingmo red espoti
cand
decadentinhisdesi
resforluxu r
iesande nt
ertainment.KingLima yh avelavishl
ye xhaus
tedtheroy alr
eserves
,
t
henr ai
sedtaxesandg reedil
ymo n opoli
z edco mmo nforest
sa ndlakes.Suff
icetosaythattheresump ti
ono ft
he
re
gu l
aro f
fic
ialre
portsfromt heFo urQu a r
terswa snotonh i
sl i
stofpri
o ri
ti
es.KingXu anwa slet
tingthem
knowt hatth
ingswo uldb everydiff
e r
e ntund erhisgovernme nt
.Hewa se xpect
ingregularre
po r
tsthatwo ul
d
bri
ngb ounti
fulprovi
sionsintothec offersofaj oyfulMiddleKi ngdom.

Fourt
hly
, ove
rtheyear
sthemigr
atedChines
ecit
izensmayhaverel
axed,enj
oyi
ngac e
rta
ina mountoff
ree
d om
i
nd i
stantl
ands.Newgenera
ti
onsbornonforei
gnsoilmaynothavebeencont
entwit
htheh e
redi
ta
ry
occupa
ti
o nspas
sedonfromthei
rances
tor
s.Ins
tea
do fli
miti
ngthe
ms e
lvestobei
nggovernmentof
fic
ial
s,
fa
rmers,andsol
dier
s,t
heyma yhavevent
uredi
ntootheroc
cupat
ionsandint
ere
sts
.Per
hapsso mehadbecome

5
5
Phi
li ne盤 P
ppi an H
is
to
ryo
ft
heD
rag
ona
ndt
heV
er
mil
l
io
nPh
oen
ix ⒸJ
.G.Che
ock,2022

t
eachers
, t
rade
rs,andlea
rnedothe
rs k
ill
s.Somema yh a
v emo vedo utofthestr
ictbasecampstolivei nvil
la
ges,
i
ntegra
tingwiththecommu ni
ti
esinthelandsoftheBir
dt r
ibesthathadb ecomet h
eirhome .KingXu an
unders
toodthatbei
nglaxinthi
sma tt
erwo ul
deventua
llyleadtothee ndoftheGr eatMa ndat
eov erthe
FourQu ar
ter
s.Thus,hestr
ongl
yc omma ndedthe
mt orevertbacktot he
irori
g i
nalchargeofoffi
cialma r
ti
aland
ci
vilaff
air
s,wh i
chtheyweresupposedtowo r
ko npass
ionatel
ya ndb ehappya boutit
.Theywe ree xpec
tedto
exc
h angethe
ircurr
entoccupa
ti
onsa ndmo vethe
irre
sidencesbacktowh e
rethep l
anr e
q ui
redthem. Obedie
nce
t
oth eorder
softheemp er
orwasn otopt
ional
.

Fi
fthl
y,Kin
gXu anapp oi
nte
dthetwoYi n(Shang)Ro yalClansoftheWu吳 a ndQiang墻 f a
miliest
os erv
ein
t
hep a
laceoft
heEa s
ternCapit
alCit
y.Thiswasanh on oracc
ordedt he
m, p os
sibl
yb e
causethey,amongth e
migr
atedcl
ans,ha
ds t
u c
kmo stcl
osel
ytotherequireme nt
softheGr eatMa ndate
.Therearesomev ari
ati
ons
be
tweenthechar
acter
sforQiangintheShiQiangp an史墻盤 t hatwa sma deoverahundredy e
arsbeforethe
Laipan逨盤, sotheClannamema yb edif
fer
ent.Bu tconsi
deri
ngt hattheWe iCla
nh adtheShiQi a
ngp an
史墻盤 t okee
pthemg rounded,a
ndthec o
mmo na l
it
iesfoundwithinth eShiQi a
ngp n史墻盤 a
a ndLa ipan
逨盤,
逨盤 i
twouldbemo stli
kel
ythatthe
ywo uldbeo neo fth
efamilieswh oh a
dr emai
nedfait
hfultotheking.

Off
ici
alswhoguardedthePa l
aceoft
h eEast
ernCapit
alCityi
nthelandbelowreceivedahighrankthat
pr
obablyinc
lude
daf ie
fo flandan
dp eopl
e.Theredapronswhichthe
yh adbeengrantedhel
dg r
eatme a
ning.
Anoded ur
ingKingXu an’srei
gntel
lsustha
t,“Theywillbecl
othei
nr obes
;th
e ywillhavesce
ptrest
op l
ay
wit
h;thei
rcrywil
lbeloud .Theywil
lb e(
hereaf
ter
)res
plende
ntwithredknee-
co ve
r,Th e(
fut
ure)kin
g ,t
he
pr
ince
so ft
heland.
”6
1

KingXu a
n ’
sgiftofb e
llsf
orthehorse
s'l
eat
herheadst
all
ssigni
fi
edthe
irri
setop owerasPri
ncesint
heFo ur
Quart
ers.
An otherodewh er
ethepoetdescr
ibe
sab at
tl
ewi t
htheHuaiBirdtr
ibesandthei
rgoaltotr
ansf
orm
t
hem, des
cribe
st hebell
sontheh or
sesoft
hep r
ince
softheland.“Andwes eehisdragon-
fi
guredbanner
.
Hisbannerwave sinthewind,
An dthebel
lsofhishor
sesti
nklehar
mo ni
ousl
y.Sma l
landg r
eat
,Allfol
lowthe
pr
inceinhisprogresstoit
.”
62T h
esewe r
eunif
ormsa ndsymbolst
hatcoul
dhaveb egunfr
omt heti
meo fthe
ance
str
alkings.

TheXiJi
apan兮甲盤 insc
rip
tionte
ll
su st
hatKin
gXu anwoul
dtre
athiso
wnmi
gra
tedna
ti
ona
lswi
tht
hes
ame
ha
rshandhe
avyha
ndt
hathewo ul
du s
etodealwit
hth
eHu a
iBirdt
ribe
s.

[其隹我諸侯百生]‘ Rega
rdi
ngourva
riou
sRe gi
onalRul
ersoft
he
FourQuar
ter
sunde
rthejur
isd
ict
ionoftheEast
ernCa
pit
alci
ty
,andthenumerousco
mmo npeopl
e
(Pe
oplewhohadi
mmig r
ate
dtothesela
nd s
)’

厥貯毋不即市]‘
[ The
irs
tor
eso
fgr
aina
ndt
axe
smu
stnotf
ailt
obe
pr
ompt
lybr
ough
ttot
hec
it
y’

毋敢或入蠻宄貯]‘
[ Ne ve
rmu stt
he ydar
etobecomet ra
it
ors,st
eali
ngthe
gra
intaxoftheMan蠻 t ri
besfromtheOu t
erCo unt
ryoftheSo ut
hernQuart
er’
TheDu keofZhounotedthatChengZh ouwouldbeideall
ylocat
edi nacent
ralspotwheretr
ibutefromthe
FourQu a
rte
rscoul
db ecol
lect
edthenb r
oughttotheMiddleKingdo m.Thi
sstat
eme ntconf
ir
mst hatgra
intax
fr
omt heMa n蠻 tr
ibesoftheSouther
nQu ar
terwasb ei
ngprocess
e dth
roughCh en
gZh ouc e
ntralportinthe
East
ernQu a
rte
r,bef
oreitwenttothelan
da bove.
Th ewealt
ho ftheFourQuarte
rsg oi
ngthroughtheEaste
rn
Capit
alwouldhavebeenverytemptin
gtotheRe gi
o na
lRu l
ers
.

56
Phi
li ne盤 P
ppi an H
is
to
ryo
ft
heD
rag
ona
ndt
heV
er
mil
l
io
nPh
oen
ix ⒸJ
.G.Che
ock,2022

[則亦刑]‘ I
fthe
yd o,t
henpunis
htheminthesamewa y(a
sy o
uwo u
ldtheHuaiYi
Austr
onesi
anBirdTribe
s)’Punis
hmentforth
eCh i
neseof
fi
cialswoul
dbea sse
v e
reasthepuni
shmen
tsdol
ed
outt
otheAu s
tro
n es
ians
.KingXuanauthor
ize
das e
verepe
na l
tyfordi
sobe
diencebytheBir
dtri
best
hatwas
st
ate
de a
rli
eri
nth eXiJiapn兮甲盤,
a

[敢不用令則即刑撲伐]‘ Shoul
dtheyda
retonotf
oll
owyour
c
omma nd,Th
eni
mme
dia
tel
ypuni
sht
hemwi
tht
ort
ureunt
ode
ath,a
tt
ackthe
m, &sendamil
it
arye
xpedi
ti
on
a
gai
nstt
hem’

HavingbeenaccompaniedbyXiJ i
ainami li
tarycamp ai
gnt ot
h eNort
hwesttr
ibesoftheFou rQuart
ers,
KingXu anknewthathisnewlyappoi
ntedo f
fic
ialwo ul
dn otbesquea
mi s
ha boutspi
ll
ingblood.KingXu an
ne
ed e
ds omeonebloodthi
rst
yenoughtoinsti
llf
e a
rinb ot
hfriendandfoeali
ke.Thed ynamicsoftheZh ou
gover
nme ntove
rtheFo urQuart
ershadchangedd ra
sti
call
yo verthec
entur
iesfr
o mwh atthe
irancest
ralle
aders
ha
de nvis
ioned.Fr
omamo rall
ysoundgove r
nme ntwhoh adwo ntheal
legi
ancea ndt
rustoftheFourQu art
ers
,
I
mp eri
alrul
ehadb e
co med e
test
ablyvi
olentandcruelinit
sg re
ed .
Ano ppr
essi
veg over
nme nttha
tfost
ered
r
ebell
ionevenfromitsownp eopl
e.

1
2.
Th
eI
mp
or
ta
nc
eof
t
heP
ho
en
ix
inE
ns
ur
i
ngt
he
Fl
owo
fWe
al
t
hi
nt
ot
he
Ki
ng
do
m
逨敢對天子丕顯燕(
[ 魯)休]‘Allth
oseoftheShangRoyalHo us
e
whoh a
dmi gr
ate
dt othi
sdi
sta
ntla
ndtoser
veint
hec
ivi
landmil
ita
ryaff
air
softheFourQuart
ershavedar
ed
t
od ori
ghtbyHe a
v en’
sSon,gr
eat
lymani
fes
ti
ngt
hel
ightove
rthedar
kconnec
tedlandsdur
ingt
h e
irpagei
n
hi
st
o r
y,ca
usingthePhoeni
xtofi
ndres
t’
’

[ 用作朕皇且考寶尊盤]‘ Thekingwhoholdsourhouset
ight
lyhas
madeforal
lwh oareonthisboattoge
ther
,bri
ghtsove
rei
gnempero
randance
stor
sandFather
s,t
histr
eas
ured
pa
n(bronzeri
tualwaterve
s s
el)fort
hosewhoh a
ved e
scende
dtothea
bunda
ntlandwit
hn umerouspe
opl
es,
t
orais
eu ptoge
thertheHuaiYi Aust
rones
ianBir
dtri
besinhono
rofthos
ere
sidi
ngabove’

[用追享考于肯文人]‘ (Thepa
n )wil
lbeus
efulwhenpur
sui
ngmil
it
ary
c
ampa
igns,a
ndbe
nef
ici
alt
otheFat
her(
Comma
nde
r-i
n-Ch
iefoftheFou
rQuarte
rs)whe
nthepe
opl
ea r
ere
ady
t
obeci
vil
iz
ed’

[肯文人 在上廙在尹 ]‘Readytoci

vil
iz
ethe
numero
u spe
oplewehaverecei
vedint
oo u
rhouse,l
ivi
ngabove(
nor
th)i
nthelandofthehous
etha
tweare
r
aisi
nguptoget
her(mothe
rland)
,andt
hoseli
vingbel
ow( s
out
h)i
ntheabundantpr
ospe
rousla
ndsweha
ve
s
truckoutt
og o
v e
rn,t
hathasbecomeoursour
ceofprovi
si
on’

[ 降]‘
Thea
bunda
ntp
ros
per
ousl
andsbe
comeo
u rs
our
ceofpr
ovi
si
ono
n c
esubdue
d
a
ndc
onq
uer
ed’
’

5
7
Phi
li ne盤 P
ppi an H
is
to
ryo
ft
heD
rag
ona
ndt
heV
er
mil
l
io
nPh
oen
ix ⒸJ
.G.Che
ock,2022

Insect
ionn umber8o fthi
sLa ipandisc
ussio
n ,i
tisHe av
e n’
sSo n,t
heEmp e
rorwh ogrant
sresttotheLai逨.
Inthi
s1 2t
hs ec
tio
n,itiswiththeLai逨 i nwh omtheVe rmil
li
o nPhoenixfindsre
st.Astheemp erorcaus
edthe
Lai逨 tos ubmitunc
o ndit
ionall
ytohiscomma nd,sotheLa i逨 wa stotra
intheBirdtri
bestosub mittothe
m.
TheRo yalShangHo usemig rat
edtothedist
antla
n dtowo rkinthecivi
landmi li
tar
ya f
fai
rs,gre
atly
ma ni
fes
ti
n gthei
rsupportfortheGreatMa nda
teinit
iat
edb ytheancestr
alkings.I
twa sama ndat
et hati
ncl
uded
t
h econquestandsubsequentcooper
ati
ono ftheVermill
ionPh oeni
xasap rerequi
si
teforsucc
ess.Co oper
ati
on
oftheBirdtri
beswase nsur
e dbythewo rkandphy si
caloccupati
onoftheirla
n d
sb ythemigrate
dYi n(Shang)
.

Withrolesc l
arif
iedan ddutiesspel
le
do ut
,KingXu anreitera
tedthathewa sjustt
ryi
ngtoh oldeveryt
hing
t
ogether.Alloft he
mwe reo nthi
sb oa
ttoget
her,s
hou l
dth eysuccee
dt hentheywo ul
da l
lreapthebenefi
ts.But
shoul
dita llfal
lapa r
t,the
nt heywo ul
dsinkorswimt ogetheraswe l
l.Therit
u a
lbronzeablut
ionv e
sselmadeb y
KingXu an ,t
heLa ip an逨盤, wasme a
nttobeu s
eda ndfaithf
ull
yr evi
ewe dandadheredto.Twok eyh i
st
oric
mome ntswe rec i
tedasapp ropr
iat
efortheins
cript
iontob erememb er
e d.Fi
rstwasduringmilit
aryoperat
ions,
poss
iblya sare minderthattheywerelit
era
ll
yfighti
ngfo rthei
rlive
sa ndtherewasnot ur
ningb a
ck.
Secondwa sforthetimeso fpeacewhenthelandwa sconq uer
edan dsubdued,andtheprocessof‘ci
vili
zin
g ’
t
hep opulationshadb egun.Inh a
rmo ni
ousti
me si
two uldb eeasytoforgettha
ttheywe r
ethereforareason,
t
heirl
ivesb oundtose r
vit
u detoadist
antmo t
herl
and.

Basi
cal
ly
,thesetwosit
uat
ionswh e
nth eLaipan逨盤 wo ul
db eusedbythecommunit
ywo ul
daris
eatlea
st
t
wiceayeariftheyst
ucktotheplan.Duri
ngthet
imeo fgrai
nc ul
ti
vati
onwhenallwasqui
etandthepeo
p l
e
coul
dbe‘civi
li
zed’,a
ndafte
re ve
ryh ar
vestt
heins
cri
ptio
nwo u l
dremindthe
mo fthei
rdut
ytosetfor
thi
na
mil
it
arycampaigntobre
ako pennewt er
ri
tor
ytoest
abl
ishtheirexpandi
ngZhousta
tes.

Remindi
ngthemigrat
edcommunit
ycons
tant
lyoft
hei
rpurpos
esandreas
onforb e
ingi
nthisdis
tantla
nd,
woul
dp rov
ebenefi
ci
alfort
heCommander-
in-
Chie
f,knowntoth
epeopleas‘Fathe
r’or‘
Du ke
’.Theh opewas
t
ok e
epthecit
iz
ensloyalt
othegoa
lso
fthosewhohadgonebef
orethe
m, se
rvinginacaus
ethatwa sgr
eate
r
t
hanthemsel
ves.

Thest
at
ement肯文人 ‘ r
eadytoc i
vil
izethepe
o p
le’wasanimport
antph r
aseusedtoendonesentenc
ea nd
be
ginano
ther
.KingXu a
nu rg
edtheLa i逨 toprepar
ethemsel
vesforthetasko
fc i
vil
iz
ingthenume r
ous
pe
ople
stheyhadrece
ive
di nthe
irownn at
ionandinthefor
eignla
nd softheFourQuart
erst
erri
tor
ies.
Theki
ngfir
stspe
aksoftheHousea bove
,totheNo r
thofth
edist
antlandtheyresi
dein.Thi
sisthehomeland
t
hatt
heymu s
two r
ktoget
hertosupportandes
tabl
ish.

I
nt heCh ineseLaipan逨盤, t
h ea ncientchar
a c
terusedtod es
cri
bethes econdlandwa sd i
ff
iculttodisce
rn,
sosomes cho l
arsfi
lle
di ti
nwi tha ni n
tell
igentguess
. Sinc
ethefir
stlandwa sd e
scribedas在上 ‘ locat
edabove’,
t
h eyfil
ledinthemi ss
in gchar
actera s在下 ‘ l
o c
atedb el
ow’.Logical
lysuchad e
script
ionwo uldb eag i
ven.
I
ft heotherlandwa slocat
edtot heNo r
th,thenitcouldbec onc
ludedthattheotherlanddiscussedwo ul
db eto
t
h eSoutho fthefir
st.Fort
unatel
y ,inthePh i
li
p pi
neLa ipan逨盤, t
hec har
acterusedwa sclear
,a ndsower ead
r
e gardi
ngth eSouther
nl and,t
hati tis在尹 ‘ t
helocationwh e
retheygo ver
n’(Figure29 )
.Ana ncientchara
cter
ofah andfirmlyh ol
dingas t
ickth atwa simplante
do ntheg r
ound.Thiswa sthesamec h
aract
eru sedby
KingXu ani ntheMa oGo ngDi n g毛公鼎 i nscri
ptiontodescri
bethejobo ftheFather,Comma n der-
in-
Ch i
ef
oftheFo urQu art
ers
.[父即尹]‘ Fatheru n
d e
rtakestheposit
ionofGo vernor’
.Likewise,theShiQi angp a
n
史墻盤 i n scr
ipt
ionu s
e sthi
sancien tcharact
er尹 t odescri
betheCo l
onialgovernme ntovertheFo urQu a
rter
s
andtheOf fi
c i
al
swh or ule
do verit.[ 康王㒸尹億彊宏燕]‘ KingKa ngdividedtheco mma ndofth egoverni
ng
offi
cial
so verthehund r
edmi l
li
o nsi nthevastharshPh oeni
xBo rde
rla
n dterr
it
o r
iesheh adinheri
ted.’

58
Phi
li ne盤 P
ppi an H
is
to
ryo
ft
heD
rag
ona
ndt
heV
er
mil
l
io
nPh
oen
ix ⒸJ
.G.Che
ock,2022

Descr
ibingtheSouther
nl andswh er
eth e
yr ule
dwe retwoa ncientchar
act
ersthatendedones e
ntenceandb e
gan
t
hen ext
.Thisrepet
iti
onma yb eseena sasp ac
es ave
r,aswe l
lasame t
hodo femphasi
s.Th er
efore,t
his
par
tic
ularse
n t
enceregardi
ngt heupperan dlowerlandswa snoteworthy
,beingtheonlysentencewithbothit
s
st
artandendrepeate
dt wice
.
Thetwoc har
acter
sthatendth i
ssentencean dbeginthenexth a
ven odire
ctmo der
nt r
ansl
ation.Thefir
stoneis
t
hec ombina
tionof豐 ‘ abundant’
,‘enlar
ge’,ac har
actert
hatsomes chola
rsh aves
eentoh aveorigi
nall
yme ant
abasketf
ulofjadetr
easures
.Th eabund anceandwe alt
ho ftheAu st
rone
sianBirdtr
ibeswa sshowcasedinthe
ri
chnessoft
h ei
rNe phr
iteJadearti
fact
s.Co mb i
nedwi h豐 i
t sthec ha
ract
ero fahandwithag uidi
ngs t
ik攴,
c
t
hes a
mer adi
c a
lu s
edtoma keth echaract
erYi n殷.Af ir
mr uli
ngh and,re
ad ytost
ri
keo utatanytypeo f
re
sist
anceorinsubordi
nati
on.Th es ec
o ndch a
racte
rc ombinestheradi
calfor原 ‘spr
ing’,‘so
urce’witha
cover
ingshel
terabovea nda口 ‘ mo ut
h ’
,carryingtheimpli
cati
on st
hatthei
rs t
ead
yr ul
ewo uldb easourceof
const
antprovi
sionforthelandab ove
.

Amu tual
lybenefi
ci
alsyst
emh adbeenestabl
ishedwit
hthereloca
tedLai逨 andthe
irMi ddl
eKingdom
c
o unte
rpar
t.Themo t
herl
andwo ul
dreceivetheabund
antp r
ovisi
onprovi
dedbytheme t
icul
ouspla
nandeffor
ts
oftheances
tra
lkings.
An dast
hea venuethr
ou ghwhi
cht hi
sabundancefl
owedthr
ough,theywouldr
ecei
ve
gre
atb l
ess
ingsaswell
.Ho weve
r,thi
sab unda
n tpr
ovi
sionwass t
il
lsubj
ectt
othecondit
iontha
tthe
yconti
nuein
t
hema rti
alandcivi
lduti
esofconquer
ingtheFo urQuar
ter
sa ndsubdui
ngitsc
ount
lesspeopl
es.

Toconquerandsubdue,theyneededt
ocomb i
nethestr
engthoftheMiddleKingdomwi t
hthatofthe
Vermil
li
onPh oen
ix.TheXiJ iapan兮甲盤 i nscri
pti
onma kest
hiscle
ar,asKingXu a
na ppoi
ntsXiJiatowork
inChengZhouEa st
ernCa pit
alCit
y.Rec
eivi
ngh i
sappoint
me nt
,XiJiapromptl
yarri
vedinthelandofthe
Southe
rnHu a
iYi南淮夷. Thiswasalandt
otheSo ut
ho fChina,i
dent
ifi
edwiththeHu a
iBirdtr
ibeswh o
tr
avel
edovertheflowingwa t
ers
.Yi夷 iden
tif
iesthe
ma sthenon-Chines
eforei
gntri
besoftheEaster
nregions
tha
tborder
edtheMi ddl
eKi ngdom.TheAust
ronesi
anBirdtri
besofSo ut
heas
tAsiawh onavi
gatedtheri
vers
,
sea
s,andoceansofthewo r
ld.

Fi
gure2 9.
(l
ef
t)Detai
lof
theLaip
anwiththean
cien
tcha
ract
er尹 enci
r
cle
dinred.
(a
bo v
e) Th
eancie
ntchar
act
eruseddur
ingt
heWe s
ter
nZhoudyna
styt
o
descr
ibethean
cien
tOff
ic
ial
T i
t
leofon
ewh or
ule
do v
erth
eFourQuart
er
s.

5
9
Phi
li ne盤 P
ppi an H
is
to
ryo
ft
heD
rag
ona
ndt
heV
er
mil
l
io
nPh
oen
ix ⒸJ
.G.Che
ock,2022

I
nth
eXiJ
iapn兮甲盤,
a Ki
ngXu
ang
ive
sth
ene
wlya
ppoi
nte
dOf
fi
ci
alaq
uic
khi
st
oryl
ess
on,

淮夷舊我帛(
[ 丝)畮人]‘ TheHuaYiAustr
onesi
anBir
dtri
besweref
ormer
lypa
rt
oft
h econne
c t
eddis
tantl
andssub
jugat
ed[i
nthepa
stbyt
heanc
est
ralkings
],a
ndthe
irpeo
p l
eweremadet
o
s
u bmitgoods(i
.e
.si
lk)andgra
intax
eswitheve
ryhar
ves
t’

[毋敢不出其帛其積其進人其積]‘ Nevermustthe
yda
re
t
ofai
linexpo
rti
ngthe
irgoods(
i.
e.s
il
k),t
hei
rgr
aint
ax,t
hei
rsk
ill
edBi
rdt
ri
bewa
rri
orsa
ndlabore
rs
(i
.e
.sai
lor
s,cr
aft
smen)
,andthe
irr
entgr
ain’

毋敢不即次即市]‘
[ Nevermus
tth
eyda
ret
ofa
ili
npr
ompt
lys
uppl
yingt
he
a
rmyhe
adqua
rte
rs,a
nda
lsopr
omp
tlys
uppl
yin
gthec
it
y ’

Apparent
ly
,thes ubmissionofc ol
onialta
xesh adceasedforsomet i
me ,dur
ingthec haot
icperi
o doftheMi d
t
oLa t
eWe ster
nZh ou– as i
tuati
onth a
tKi ngXu anwa n
tedXiJ iatocorre
ct.Th eopp r
essi
vec ol
onialt
a x
e s
wouldagai
nb eimp lemen t
edthatwo uldret
u r
na bunda
n cetotheMi ddl
eKi ngdoma tthecostofseverehards
hip
t
othep eopl
esoftheFo u rQua r
ter
s.No tonlywe r
etheirresour
cesandg r
ainstakenfromthem, butalsothe
Austr
onesi
anc i
tiz
en sthemselveswe r
ev ie
we dasn egot
iablegoodsthatt
heyc oul
dn otwithholdfromtheZh ou.
I
na ddi
ti
ontot heheavyt axat
ionan dsequestr
ati
ono fgoods,theBirdTri
b e
swe rema deresponsibl
eforthe
suppor
toftheprovisionsandt r
oopsfo rt
heAr myDi vi
s i
onsa n
dt heci
tyg ove
rnme nt.Puni
shme ntinc
luded
t
ort
ureandd eat
hf orthewh olecommu ni
ty.Retr
ibuti
onf oranyoffens
ea ga
instZho urul
ewo uldb eswiftand
merci
les
s.Themo r
alit
ya ndju s
ti
ceo ftheancest
ralkingsthathadwo ntheheart
so ftheFourQu art
ersatthe
st
art
,undertheancestra
lk ingsWe nandWu ,wasn olongerevide
nt.

Theloa
do nt
heVe r
milli
o nPhoeni
xwa sext
remel
yh e
avy,anditwasuptothemigr
atedYin(Shang)toensur
e
t
hatthe
ystuc
ktothep l
an ,e
n f
orci
ngthei
rrul
einthi
sabundantla
ndtok e
epthest
eadystr
eamo fwealt
htothe
Middl
eKingdom.Th eleadersofClas
sic
alChin
ah ope
dthatthi
sp r
ofi
tabl
earr
ange
me ntwouldnevercometo
anend.Ofcour
seinhindsight
,wek nowtha
titdi
dend,andwec anonlyimagi
nethecount
le
sslive
so fourown
anc
est
orswhoh a
df oughtfort
hefree
domswen owe nj
oy.

Fi
gure30.
(r
i
ght)Redst
ai
nedWh i
t
eNe phr
i
te
JadeBir
dTri
beChi
efw/Armor&Sword.
Hei
g ht
:7.
7cm,Weig
ht:34g.Phi
l
ipp
ine
s
(b
elow)Li
ne-ar
tof
scul
ptur
e

60
Phi
li ne盤 P
ppi an H
is
to
ryo
ft
heD
rag
ona
ndt
heV
er
mil
l
io
nPh
oen
ix ⒸJ
.G.Che
ock,2022

1
3.
Bl
es
si
ng
sof
t
heG
re
at
Man
da
te
wit
ht
he
Com
mit
me
nt
of
th
eMi
d
dl
eK
in
gd
omK
i
ng
[逨燕多福眉壽 ]‘Al
lthos
eofth
eShangRo y
alHousewhohadmigrat
edto
t
hisdis
tantl
andtoser
veintheci
vilandmil
it
aryaf
fai
rsoft
heFourQuar
ter
sandtheVer
mil
li
onPh oe
nixh a
ve
ma nyble
ssi
ngsofleade
rshi
prol
es,maythe
ye nj
oygoodheal
thandl
ongli
feast
heymakeregu
larrepor
tsto
t
heirsupe
rior
sinthe
irout
sta
ndi
ngs e
rvic
e’

[官受余康虔屯右通录永命]‘ Thosewhoser
veasof
fi
cia
lsi
nt h
e
hous
eo ft
hea
rmydivi
si
onssha
llr
ece
iver
esi
denc
esi
npeac
efula
bund
ance,
defende
dbyst
ati
onedt
roopsto
pr
otec
tthemast
heyf
oreve
rser
veint
hemandat
etoc
arveo
p e
nnewter
ri
tor
ies
’

靈冬]‘
[ Mayt
hei
rspi
ri
tsbea
sst
ead
yast
hedr
oppi
ngr
aina
ndb
eat
ingdr
um’
’

[逨㽙臣天子]‘ Allthos
eoft
heShangRoya
lHousewhoha
dmi g
rate
dtothi
sdis
tantl
and
t
oserveint
heci
vila
ndmil
it
arya
ffa
irsoft
heFourQua
rte
rswi
llove
rse
ethel
andsa
sOf f
ici
alMi
nist
ersof
Hea
ven ’
sSon(
theki
ngofChi
na)
’

[子孫永寶用亯]‘
Mayyours
onsa
ndd
esc
enda
ntst
oco
mef
ore
vert
rea
sur
eandus
ethi
s,
c
ont
inua
ll
ypr
ese
nti
ngi
t’

KingXu an’
sme ss
ageend swiththebless
ingsthatbot
hth eLai逨 andth eVermill
ionPhoenx燕 h
i adrece
ived
f
romt heimplementa
ti
ono ftheGr ea
tMa ndatei
n it
ia
tedb yt
heira
n ce
s t
ralki
n gs
.FortheYin(Shan
g )whoh a
d
migra
tedtothi
sland,theyh a
dtheo pport
unit
yo fan e
ws tar
t.Pol
it
icalgovernmentrole
swereoncea ga
inopen
f
orthemi nbothcivi
landmi li
tar
yp osi
ti
ons.Thef ac
tthatthe
ywe resti
llal
ive,ins
teadofbei
ngsumma ri
ly
exe
cutedforhavingbeeno nthewrongs i
dewh entheirdynast
yhadb eenove r
thr
ownwa salr
eadyab oon.I
n
t
hesefres
hs pa
ciouster
ri
tories
,theywe r
efreetoc a
rveou ta
smu chab undantl
andsastheycoul
dh a
n dl
e,
pas
singthebatonofwealthandp ol
it
icalpowero ntothefol
lowinggene r
ati
ons.

Howa boutt
heVe r
mi l
li
onPh oe
n i
x?Wh atbl
essi
ngsdidtheyrec
eive
?AlthoughtheBirdwasth
es acr
if
ice
of
fere
du ptotheHeavensfortheest
abl
is
h mentandma i
nte
n a
nceoftheFourQuarte
rs,i
twassti
llsee
na san
oppor
tuni
tyforthe
mt otakeupleader
shi
pr ol
esinth
en ewg ove
rnmentst
ruct
ure.Theywouldbesubjec
tto
ShangOffi
cial
s,whowe rethe
ms el
vessu
b j
ecttot
heZh ouRu l
ers
.Howe ve
r,duetothei
ruse
ful
ne s
sinfulf
il
li
ng
t
heGr ea
tMa ndat
e,itappea
rsthatt
heywe r
eg i
venranksandsomeauthor
it
y,unli
ketheres
toftheouter
FourKingdomscit
izenr
y.

Ma nyoftheimp ort
antLa teShangandWe st
ernZho uri
tualbronzevesselsfeat
u r
edtheflamboyantcre
sted
Phoenixandp osi
ti
one dthemi ncombinat
ionwithsymb ol
so ftheClass
icalCh ines
eEmp i
re,i
mp lyi
nga
par
tnershi
po fsort
s.Itwa sau ni
onthatse
eme dsoclosethatla
terdynast
ieswo u l
dseetheseinti
ma t
e
comb i
nati
onso fpowe rsasthatoft
hee mperora
ndh isempress.Clas
sicalCh inaunders
toodthatsuchwasnot
t
hec ase,a
ndo fte
ne venp ort
rayedth
ePh oeni
xinitsma l
ea ndfema l
edua lit
y.Su c
ha sthi
sa nc
ientwhit
ejade
ar
ti
factfromt h
ePh il
ipp i
nesinscr
ibe
dwi h龍鳳祥呈 ‘
t Dragona ndPh o
en ix:me mori
altosuccess
’(Fig
ure31),
wherethePho eni
xwa scarvedastwob i
rdsunit
edaso neenti
ty.Ana r
ti
fac toftheti
mewh e ntheDragonand
t
heVe rmil
lionPh oe
nixc omb i
n e
dforcesandachi
evedu nprece
de nt
edsucc ess
.

6
1
Phi
li ne盤 P
ppi an H
is
to
ryo
ft
heD
rag
ona
ndt
heV
er
mil
l
io
nPh
oen
ix ⒸJ
.G.Che
ock,2022

Somev eryancien
tc har
actersar
es t
illinc ommo nus etoday,b
utli
kema nyo ft
heo t
h ercharac
ters
, havelos
t
mucho fthei
rme ani
ng .Likethecharacterfu福 ‘ bl
e ssi
ng’,‘
goodfort
u ne’,t
h a
twa sprob a
blywr i
tteninalmost
ahundreddiffe
rentwa ys.Becauseofth eintr
insi
cte chni
caldif
fi
cult
iesan ddeepsignifi
canceo ft
h einsc
ript
ions
,
i
tisunlikel
ythatthewa ythischara
c te
rwa swrit
tenwa srandom.Thus ,wh e
nweo bserveinthisi
n st
ancethat
t
hefu福 wa sma debyc omb ini
ngthey o u酉, as a
cr i
fic
ialbi
rdtri
beradical,andwh atlooksli
k eay u于 ‘at’‘
in’
‘r
egardi
ng’orshi示 i mp lyingthema nifestwil
loft hedivi
ne,andac hi彳t akingas t
epo ut
, t
henwel e
arnthat
t
he‘go odfor
tune’ma yh a
v ebeencon nectedtotheirservi
ceasLai逨.ABid is
k(Fi gur
e3 2),possib
lyma de
duri
ngtheEa st
ernZh oud ynast
y,basedo na ccompan yi
ngb r
onzevesselsandp rot
oc eramicsinburialcont
ext,
re
peatsthecharac
terfu福 ‘ bles
sing’26t imeso neachs i
dewi t
h4a ncientvari
ati
ons.Fo undinMi ndanao
Phil
ippi
nes,iti
sn ot
ewo rt
hyt ha
tthef u福 wi t
hthey ou酉 a ndtheshi示 wa soneo fthevaria
tionsused.

Mei眉 ‘e
yebr
ow’h a
so f
tenbee
ni nt
erpr
etedasref
err
ingt
oleaders
hiprol
es,aseyebr
owsa r
eo ntheuppe
rh a
lf
oft
hehea
d.Lik
ef u福, mei眉 wa swrit
te
ni nmanywa ys
,butKingXu anse
eme dtopref
erthechara
cte
ro f
t
woh a
ndsfr
oma bovehandi
ngdownwh atse
emslikeama nt
leandcrownofleade
rshi
ptoah eadwithl
egs.
I
tcoul
dhavebeenareminde
rthatthe
irle
a de
rsh
ipwa sagi
ftgiv
enfroma bove,
theMi ddl
eKingdom
t
othei
rNort
h.

Shou壽 ‘ lif
e’hasbeenu sedtoind i
cat
et hebless
ingso fag oodlongh eal
thylifei
nmo dernti
me s.Th ousandsof
yea
rsa go,theClassi
calCh i
nesev alue
dt hischar
acterthatme antsomu chmo re.Atransl
u centwh i
tejadeBid is
k
car
vedint he45d egr
eeb igslanttechniqueusedinth eWe st
ernZh oupe r
iodh asf
ou rel
ab or
atetaotiehorned
hea
d sont heouterci
rcl
e,followedb yf ourdeli
cat
elyc url
ingPho eni
xesinth ecent
ralcon ce
ntriccir
c l
e,andn i
ne
anc
ientv ar
iat
ionsofthes hou壽 i nthelastcirc
lebefo r
ethec entr
alhole(Figure33).Thef ourtaot
iea ndfour
PhoenixesfacedtheFourQu arterstotheNo rt
h,Sou th,EastandWe st.Numb erninewa sad i
v i
n enumb er
connect
edwi thlanddivi
sion,imp lyi
ngt hatt
hes h
ou壽 wa sHea ven’
swi l
l.Thechar a
ctercomb inestheradical
士‘ s e
rva nt
’,‘
mi ni
st
er’witha nex cha
n geb e
tweentwok ou口 ‘ mo ut
h’,int
ertwin
eds imilar
lytot hea nc
ient
cha
racterfor申 ‘toreporttoas uperi
or’.Itbecomese videntt
hatthewi shforlongevit
yin cl
ud e
st h
ec ondit
ion
ofoffi
cialser
vicetotheemp ir
e .Ont heob ve
rsesideo fth
ewh itejadediskareNineCh i
longDr agon s/Tigers
cr
ouc hi
ngi nhighrel
ief.
Al t
oge t
he r
,ag r
ap hi
cp or
tr
a yaloftheco mbinedeff
o rt
sofCh ina’
sTi gerArmi esand
t
heVe rmilli
onPh oeni
xWa r
riorsinruli
ng‘ AllUnde rHe aven’
.

Fi
gur
e3 1
.
Dual
Natur
eo ft
hePh oeni
xwaspor
tr
ayedby
t
wobir
dsinp ar
tne
rshi
pwit
htheDrago
n .
Mal
eandFe malePhoeni
xrep
resen
ti
ngtheWingedTr
ib
es.
I
nscr
i
bedch ar
acte
rsontheci
rc
ula
rcoinwit
hsqua
rehol
e
t
ra
nsla
testo“Drago
na ndPho
enix
,Me mori
alt
oSucc
ess”龍鳳祥呈.
Whi
teOpenwo r
kNe ph
ri
teJad
es t
ai
nedred.
Di
ameter
:6.5cm,We i
ght:
35g.Phi
li
ppin
es.

62
Phi
li ne盤 P
ppi an H
is
to
ryo
ft
heD
rag
ona
ndt
heV
er
mil
l
io
nPh
oen
ix ⒸJ
.G.Che
ock,2022

Fi
gure32.(l
eft
)
Lar
geHe avyBi d
iskwit
h4Ho r
sedrawnchari
otsf
orming
adef
e ns
iveci
rcle,
c a
rvedinlowrel
ief
.Rai
seds ur
facewas
pol
i
shedwh i
letheb a
ckgroundret
ainsarou
ght ex
tureon
t
hewh i
testone(nephri
t
ej a
de ?
)stai
nedre
ddishbrown.
26anci
entcharact
ersof 福‘ bl
essi
ng’wr
i
tt
en4wa y
s.
Di
ame t
er:29.
5c m,Wi d
th:1.7cm,We i
ght
:2.8
6 9kg.
Thi
sa r
ti
f
actwa sfoundinburi
alcont
extal
ongwith
East
ernZhoutypeb r
o n
z evessel
sandprot
o-c
e r
amics.
Min
da n
ao,Ph i
li
ppi
nes.

Fi
gure33.
Lar
geWh it
eNe ph
ri
teJadehig
hlypol
is
hedBi d
iskwit
hredd
ishbrownsta
ins.
Fourhi
gh-r
el
iefTi
ger
s/Qi
li
ninthecl
oudsonones i
de.Obve
rseshowna b
ove
wit
h4T a
o t
i
emo t
ifi
nou t
erc
ir
cle,4Phoeni
xes,
fol
lowedby9a n
cientc
haract
er
s
of壽‘ l
ongevi
ty
’wri
tt
en9wa ys.
Close-
updetai
l
so ft
heBidi
sksh o
wno nthel
eft
re
vealt
heu seoft
he45d egr
eeb i
gsl
antcar
vin
gme thodus
edb ytheWester
nZhou
dynas
tytoprod
ucethema s
ter
fulcu
rves
.Diameter
:29.
2cm, Widt
h:1cm,
Weight
:1.3
13k g
.Luzon,Phi
li
ppi
nes.

6
3
Phi
li ne盤 P
ppi an H
is
to
ryo
ft
heD
rag
ona
ndt
heV
er
mil
l
io
nPh
oen
ix ⒸJ
.G.Che
ock,2022

Aft
erthetr
adit
ionalexchangeofbless
ings
,KingXu angavetheLai逨 ap r
act
icalcommi t
me nt,a
shep le
dged
t
ostati
ontroopstoprote
cttheconquere
dterr
ito
ries
.TheMi ddl
eKi ngdomwo uldensurethesafet
ya ndsecur
it
y
oft
he i
rhomes,all
owingtheirlove
do nest
oflouri
sh.Th i
swastoensurethatnot
h i
ngsho ul
dh amperthei
r
abi
li
tytoconti
nuetheirci
v i
landma r
tia
lresp
o n
sibi
li
tie
sintheFourQu ar
ters.
Th ei
rpeacefulabundancewould
r
estonthecondit
ionthattheyst
icktotheins
truc
ti
onssetoutfort
heGr eatMan dat
e.Inf
luxo fsol
dier
sfrom
Chinawouldprobablynotonlyguardagai
nstouts
idethr
eats
,butal
sosu r
e l
yguardtheinter
estsofthei
r
Motherl
andinp e
rpetuat
ingthest
eadyflowofp r
ovisi
onfromtheborderl
andterr
itor
ies
. Arme dfor
cesprovi
ded
bytheMiddleKin gdomk i
ngwo uldal
soservetoensur
eo be
dienc
etoh i
sc omma ndsfr
o mb oththepeopl
esof
t
heFo urKingdomsa ndhisownCh ines
en a
tiona
lsmigrat
edtofore
ignlands.

TheLa i逨 we recal
ledontoc ont
inuethewo r
ks teadi
ly
, marchi
n gfor
wa rdint i
meo n egene
rati
o nafte
ranothe
r.
Liket
h ep o
u r
ingrai
nthatcome sinseason,a
ndt hebeatingdr
u msthatsetthep acef
o rthei
rarmies.Twop ai
rs
ofins
cribedbronzedrumsf r
omt hePh i
li
ppinesst
illbeataste
ad ydulc
etton e.On es
e thasfourpanelswit
ha
t
otalof5 6charac
ter
so neachdrum, whil
etheo the
rseth asahorizont
alli
n eo f39+ch ar
act
erswr appedaround
eac
hd rum( Figur
e3 4and3 5)
.Dru msthatmayh avebee nusedthousandso fyearsa
g otod e
li
v erinst
ruct
ionst
o
comma ndfighti
ngtroopsinthebattl
efi
el
d .
Th eywo ul
dh avebee nst
ruckste a
d i
lyforma r
chingfo r
wa r
din
uni
son, whil
ea not
herbeatwou l
da l
ertt
hetroopstop r
ep ar
etoattac
ko rwid thra
wf r
o mc omba t
.

Ali
gnedwi t
ha nearl
ierordert
oe xchangeth
eirocc
upat
io nsandres
idenc
estofollowinthef
ootst
epsofthei
r
migr
atedancest
ors,theLai逨 we recall
edontorememb erwh ate
veryoneo ft
hemwe resuppo
sedtob edoi
ng
i
nthisdist
antland
. Noneo fthe
mwe ref
reetodoastheyp le
ased.
Th e
ywe reOffic
ial
sandMinist
ersofthe
MiddleKingdom, whomt heywe retoser
vetothei
rla
stb rea
th.Andaft
erthem,itwasthe
irchi
ldr
en’stur
n,
t
hentheirchi
ldre
n’sch i
ldr
en.Thu s,
shouldal
lgener
ati
on str
easur
eandu s
eth i
sLaipan逨盤, pre
senti
ngitto
t
heco mmu ni
tyatcrucia
lpo i
ntsinti
me ,whenitwasbesttorememberthei
rp ur
pose.

TheSh iQiangpan史墻盤 i nscr

ipt
ionendswit
hQiang’sl
if
elongpledgeofcommi t
me ntt
oconti
nuethework
ofhisances
tors
.Treas
uri
nganduti
li
zingthei
nsc
ript
ionontheri
tualbr
on z
ep antokeephisde
scenda
n t
s
foc
u s
edo nthei
rrea
sonforbe
ingwh e
retheywer
e.Theinsc
ript
ionsmak eitc
leartha
ttheyweremeanttobe
usedandfai
thful
lyst
udie
dbyg ene
rat
ionst
ofoll
ow.

Fi
gure34.
TwoBronzeDrums,eac
hwith56char
act
eri
nscr
i
pti
ons.
Hei
ght:18.
2-
18.3cm,TopDi
a met
er
:23.
5cm,We i
ght
:4.2
-4.
85kg
.
Thi
sa r
ti
f
actwasfo
u n
dinburi
alco
ntex
tal
ongwit
hLateShan
gtoWes
ter
nZh
ou
dyn
astyty
pebronzevess
els
.Mindan
ao,Phi
l
ipp
ines
.

64
Phi
li ne盤 P
ppi an H
is
to
ryo
ft
heD
rag
ona
ndt
heV
er
mil
l
io
nPh
oen
ix ⒸJ
.G.Che
ock,2022

TheSh
iQi
angpn史墻盤 i
a nsc
ript
ione
ndswi
ths
imi
la
rcommi
tme
ntsa
ndr
esu
lti
ngbl
ess
ings
,

剌且文考式貯授]‘
[ Fie
rceval
orousa
ncest
ors,whoha
vebecomecul
tur
edmode
ls
off
il
ia
lpi
ety,h
avebe
comethes
tor
ehous
eoft
hepat
te
rn[toemula
te]ast
h e
yhadsa
il
edfor
tht
or e
cei
ve
[
theManda
te]
’

牆薾 福懷福禄]‘
[ Qia
ngwilll
ike
wisel
uxuri
ant
lygrowi
nthebl
ess
ingof
hi
sci
vila
ndma
rti
aldut
ie
s,c
heri
shi
ngt
hea
uspi
ci
ousl
eade
rsh
iprol
eingove
rnment’

黄壽彌生堪事厥辟]‘
[ Unt
ilye
ll
owedandwr
ink
ledbyalonghe
alt
hyli
fe,
maymyli
feover
fl
owi
nwo
rki
nga
sonewi
tht
heSove
rei
gn,r
ecei
vingt
hef
amil
yres
pons
ibi
li
tyofope
nin
gu p
ne
wter
ri
tor
ies
’

其萬年永寳用]‘
[ Fort
ent
hous
andye
arsa
ndmo
re,ma
ywef
ore
vert
rea
sur
e
a
ndus
ethi
s’

TheXiJ i
apan兮甲盤, ma
deduri
ngKingXu a
n’sre
ign,e
xpre
ssedt
hesa
mewisht
hatt
hei
rgov
ernmenti
nthe
FourQu a
rte
rst
err
it
orymaycont
inuepe
rpet
ual
ly.Thebr
onzeabl
uti
onv
esse
lha
dbeencommi
ssi
onedbythe
Fa
ther,Commander-
in-
Chi
efr
esidi
ngtheEas
ter
nCa pi
ta
l.

兮白(
[ 伯)吉父作盤]‘
Unc
le/
Ear
lXi
’se
xempl
aryFa
the
rcommi
ssi
one
dthi
spn盤
a
‘
pla
te’b
ronz
eri
tua
labl
uti
onve
sse
l,
’

其眉壽萬年無彊子孫]‘
[ Maythelea
derli
vealonghe
alt
hyl
if
eof
t
enthou
sandyea
rsa
ndbeyondast
heyma ker
egul
arrepor
tst
othei
rsupe
rior
s,neve
rcea
singt
oh a
vea
f
orc
eful
lys
e c
ure
dBorde
rla
ndte
rri
tor
yguarde
dbys onsandf
utu
redesc
en d
ants’

子孫永寶用]‘
[ Maymyc
hil
dre
nandde
sce
nda
ntsf
ore
vert
rea
sur
eandus
eth
is’

Fromtheins
cri
pti
onsonal
lthr
eePhi
li
ppinepa
n,iti
scrys
talcl
eart
hattheya
reme a
nttobebot
htre
asure
dan
d
use
d.Treat
edwithgr
eatva
lue
,the
sebro
nzeablut
ionve
ssel
swe remeantt
obeb r
oughtout
,di
spl
ayed,
st
udie
da n
dp r
obabl
yreci
te
db e
for
ethel
eader
shipandt
heg ene
ralpopul
at
ion.

Fi
gure35.
TwoBronzeDrums
, 3
9 +cha
ract
er
seach
.
Hei
ght:13.
4cm,TopDiamet
er:18
.5c
m,
Weig
h t
:2.1
5-2
.25kg.Thi
sart
if
act
was
f
oundwithLat
eShangtoWe st
er
nZhou
dyn
astytyp
ebronz
ev ess
els
.
Min
da n
ao,Phi
li
ppi
nes.

6
5
Phi
li ne盤 P
ppi an H
is
to
ryo
ft
heD
rag
ona
ndt
heV
er
mil
l
io
nPh
oen
ix ⒸJ
.G.Che
ock,2022

XiJia
’sti
tl
ea sbo伯 ‘ Uncle’
,let
su sknowth athehadah ighp osi
ti
onintheWe ster
nCa pi
taloftheMiddl
e
Kingdom,andthathewa softheZh ounobleline
a ge
.Hema yh avebeenpartofthepromis
edt r
oopstobe
st
ati
onedintheb or
derl
andterr
itor
iestosecuretheint
erest
so ftheMiddleKingdom. TheFatherwh o
commissi
onedtheb r
o nz
ev es
selsrecor
dingthishist
ori
calinscr
ipti
on,mayo rma ynothaveb ee
nc onne
cte
dt o
hi
mb iol
ogical
lysinceDu k
eso ftheEast
ernCa pi
talhel
dt hetit
leof‘Fathe
r’.Recogniz
inghima sUn cl
eXia t
t
hee ndofthi
sinscri
pti
onma yindicat
ethatXiJ i
ah adnottakenthep os
it
ionastheCo mma nder-
in-Chi
efofthe
East
ernCapit
a l
,butasoffi
cia
l‘Ov ers
ight
’fromth eSoverei
gnt oensur
ethep roperunhi
nderedflowoftaxe
s
andtr
ibut
efromt heFourQu ar
ters
. Par
ti
cularatt
enti
onwa sg ive
nt ot
heSo uthe
rnQu art
er,
ne wlypaci
fi
edu nde
r
KingXu a
n’sreign.

Allt
h epans盤 areunit
edinlet
tingusknowt hatt
heywe reme anttobe[永寶用]‘ for
evert
reas
uredanduse
d’.
TheseBronzeri
tualves
sel
swe renotcas
ttod ecor
ateshel
v esast
h eygat
hereddus
t.Theyweretobe
func
tional
lyuse
da sareminde
ro fthe
irpastjour
neythathadledthe mtothei
rpr
esentobl
iga
ti
ons.
Thesepan盤 we rele
g a
lvess
elsthatboundthemtot he
ird ut
ie
sse r
vedinlif
eordeat
h.Hist
oryser
vedasa
re
min der
,tha
tasthei
rances
torshadpledgedthemselvest
ot hecauseoftheGrea
tMa ndat
e,t
heyandthei
r
chi
ldrenwereli
kewisecha
inedtoap er
petualcommi t
me nttothe
irmo t
herl
and.

Thep owerofkn owingtheirhi

storyma ybes eeninthepersis
tenc
eo ft
heLai逨 thatc
onti
nue donagains
tall
oddsinafo r
eignh ost
il
eterri
tor
yf orhundredso fyear
saftert
hesebronz
eablut
ionves
sel
swe recast
.
Thr
e ePhil
ippine盤 p anh a
v esur
vivedth r
ou ghthousa
n d
so fyear
stotel
lusthest
oryofourancest
ors.
Wha tdowed owi thwh atwed is
cov e
rab outourh i
st
ory?Dowec hoos
etolea
rnfromit,a
llowingthepast
t
og uideourfut
u r
et oavoidma ki
ngt hesamemi st
akes?Doweu s
eittofue
lhate
?Doweh at
et hepeopl
ewh o
wereforc
edt oimmi grat
etoo urla
n dsforwh ate
v e
rreason?Peoplewhosebl
oodma yver
ywe l
lbefl
o wi
ng
t
hrougho urownv eins?

Knowingo urhis
toryisav aluabl
etoolind i
recti
ngthecourseo fourfut
ure.Wetreas
ureth efre
edo mswee nj
oy
t
oday,purchas
eda tthep r
iceofcountles
sance st
orswhoh adsac r
if
icedt
h e
ms el
vesforus.Ma ywea l
llear
n
t
ogethert
h a
twe al
thg ai
n e
df r
omt hemi ser
yo fother
s,onlyb e
ne f
it
sas e
lectfe
w.An dtha ttherul
inge l
it
e,
wheng i
vena b
solutepo weroverotherhuma nb ei
ngs,cannothelpbutbecomes ocor
ruptedo verthegener
ati
ons
,
t
hattheydestr
oyth emselvesandallt
h osearoundthem.Th i
sh appensnoma tt
erhowwe llme aningormo r
all
y
upri
ghtthefoundi
n gfather
sma yh avebeenatt hebegi
nning.Ma ywea shu manbeings
,d isc
overh owtolive
t
ogetheri
nmu t
ual
lyb enefi
c i
alpeace
, cr
eati
ngwe al
thi
nsteadoft a
kingitfor
ceful
lyfr
omo nea not
h e
r.
Letusopentheb ooko fourp a
st,i
nth ehopeo fab r
igh
terfutur
e .

Fi
gur
e3 6
.
Tr
ans
lucent
whit
eNephr
it
eJade
,
f
angt
o o
th-
shapedf
or
mwi t
hPhoen
ixhea
d,
wi
ngtobeak.L
engt
h:5.
3cm,Widt
h:.
8cm,
Wei
ght:
10g r
ams.Phi
l
ipp
ine
s.

66
Phi
li ne盤 P
ppi an H
is
to
ryo
ft
heD
rag
ona
ndt
heV
er
mil
l
io
nPh
oen
ix ⒸJ
.G.Che
ock,2022

C
onc
lu
si
on

Ancie
ntt e
xtsprese
rvedinb ronzeinsc
ript
ionsa ndotherrecords,ar
einu ni
tywitharti
fact
sfoun dinthe
Phi
lippi
neisla
n ds
,thatrevealtheGreatMa ndatewasac allto‘Ru l
etheWo rld’
.TheWo rldviewh eldby
Clas
sic
alCh inawasco mpos edoftheFo urQu a
rter
stot h
eNo rt
h,South,EastandWe stoftheMi ddleKingdom.
Non-Chineset
e r
ri
tori
esa n
dp eopl
esthatborder
e dthe‘LandWi t
hintheFourSe a
s’,wereseena sas our
ceof
weal
th,food,andslavesthatwo ul
dp r
ov i
deallthatt
h eynee dedandmo rei
np erpet
uit
y.Ho wev er
,conques
tan d
col
onizat
ionoftheselandsthatsurr
ound e
dt h
eMi ddleKing domwa snotpossibl
eforCh i
naa l
o ne.TheDragon
wasformidabl
e ,
yetwi s
elyk newthattheFo urKingdo mso ftheFourQu ar
terswerebeyondt hereachofit
s
powers
. Thus,aplanwa sformulat
eda ndama ndat
ewa sma detha
two ul
din cl
udegreatsacr
ifi
ce.

TheVermil
li
onPh oe
nixo ft
h eSouthwa sknownf ort
heirknowledge
ablesai
lors,t
hei
rskil
le
dcraf
tsmen,and
t
heirfe
ars
omewa rri
ors.Ancest
ralfat
hersKingsWe nandWus awtheAu s
tro
n e
sianCo s
micBir
dtribe
sas
sui
tabl
epart
ners
,equaltothetas
ko ftheGreatMa ndat
e.Th eZhouRoyalHo usewo ul
dbecomethevess
elfor
t
heb l
oodysacr
ifi
ceoftheBirdTr i
besinHeave n’
sHo use,whil
etheYin(Shang)joi
nedinthes
acri
fic
eb y
migra
ti
ngtod i
st
antfore
ignlandstoenforc
eth eman da
te.

Alt
houghthelandsoftheSunBi r
d,Aust
rone
sianspe
akingpe
oples,e
xtende
dfarandwi
deac r
ossthegl
obe,
t
hei
rCen t
ralPortCit
yap pe
arstohavebee
nn es
tle
dfir
mlyinthePhil
ipp
ineisl
ands
.Acent
ralloc
ati
onthatmay
ha
vecaughtthee yeoft
heZh oukings
,tobui
ldaCa pi
ta
lCit
ysu i
ta
bleforgove
rni
ngandcol
lect
ingtri
but
esof
t
heFourQu art
ers.

Thisisthest
or ytha
tb ot
ht heart
ifa
ctsandancie
ntins
c r
ipt
ionsthatweh avefoundonthes
eisla
nd sseemtob e
t
ell
ingu s.I
nth ei
rownwo rdso urpr
edecess
orshaverea
cheda cr
osst i
metotellusofahis
tor
ytha two ul
d
ot
he r
wiseh a
veb eenlefttogu e
sswork.Theprobl
emwi ththePhil
ipp i
nesisnotala
ckofa r
ti
fact
s, buts
ucha n
abundanceofh is
tor
icalremn ant
sthatcoul
dleaveusoverwhelmed .Evenaft
erthou
sandsofyearso fpl
underi
ng
andco l
oniz
ati
o n,thefactt
h atwesti
llhavesomu c
hleftbehind,r
eve a
lsth
eg l
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yandstat
ureofo urancest
ors
.
Hist
oryc annotbech a
ng ed.I
th a
salrea
dyh appe
ned.Itcannolong e
rb eal
ter
ed .
Wh atc
ana ndmu stchangeis
ourunderst
and i
nga ndkn owledgeofwh a
thadactual
lyhappened.

Withoutknowledgeofourhist
ory,wea r
elost
.Th i
siswh yt
hefir
stt
h i
ngthatcoloni
zer
sd otoapeo pl
eisto
er
asethei
rpastandreplac
eitwiththeirownh i
st
o r
ica
ln a
rra
ti
ve.Provi
denceh a
sg i
venthreePhi
li
pp i
ne盤 p an
whichrecor
dedev ent
sfromo ve
r3,000y ea
rsago.TheirChine
secounter
part
sa r
elis
tedamo ngth
eirmo s
t
val
uabl
eh is
tori
caltr
easur
es.Fromthesetrea
suresofhist
ory
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asurehis
tory
. Phi
li
ppine盤 pan
showsthepowero fhis
tor
yind i
recti
ngthecourseofthefut
uregene
rati
ons.Forhundredsofyear
s,
f
romg enera
tio
nt ogenera
tio
n ,
theyrema i
nedste
a dyasthef
all
ingra
ina ndthebeat
ingdrum.

Letusval
ueourownh i
st
ory
.Le tu
smo v
eforwa r
darmedwithknowl
edgeofourpa
st.Letusl
earnfr
om
mist
akest
hathavea
lre
adybeenma de
.Nume r
ousc i
vil
iz
ati
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ri
edtoera
sePhi
li
p p
inehi
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derto
us
eo urpe
opleandt
heresour
cesofourl
andsforthe
irownp u
rpos
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sn’
tita
boutt
imetosetourpeopl
efre
e?

6
7
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Fig
ure3 8
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Nephr
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68
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Th
ree
Phi
li
pp
in
ePan
An
ci
en
tSc
r
ip
t,
Tr
ad
i
ti
on
al
Ch
in
es
e,
En
gl
i
sh
TheShiQi angpan(史墻盤)
P
ART1

曰古文王初 龢于政]‘
[ Itissaidint heo l
d enda ys,Kin gWe nfirstbrough th armo nyt otheu nreasonabl
y
vi
olenting ove
rnme n t
’.[ 上帝降懿德]‘ Th eSh angEmp e
r orabov e(no r
th),ind e scending( goi
ngs outh)
br
o ughtmo r
alvirtueu nderc ontrol’
.[ 大 匍有上下]‘ Ag r
eatp rotect
ives hield, whe nallabov e(tothenorth)
andbelow( t
othes ou t
h )arema detol i
ep rostr
a t
e’.[ 䢔受萬邦 圉]‘ Co nso l
ida ti
n gallthattheyh adsaile
d
f
orthtoreceive,my ri
a dsoft he(n ew)St ate’s/Coun t
ry ’
sc apturedc onn e
ctedd istantBo r
d er
lands’
武王遹征四方]‘
[ Kin gWui na cco r
da nce( withth eMa ndateo fHe aven),we n tforthinami lit
aryc ampaignto
t
heFo urQu art
ersterrit
o r
y’.[ 逨殷㽙民永]‘ Highr ankingd i
sti
n guishedYi n(Sh a ng)we rerel
o cat
e d/
ma deto
migra
tetoo vers
eet hec onn ectedland san dc it
izensp erpetually’.[ 不恐狄虘微伐夷]‘ Notf e
aringthe
appea
ra nc
eo ftheDi狄 f ierceb arbarianso fth eWe sternQu art
er,likeap oun cingt iger,ancestor
so fWe i微
(
aYi n-Shangroyalfa mily)a t
tacke dwi tht heYi Au st
r onesi
a ntribeso ftheEa sternQu arter
’[ 童憲聖]‘ Servant
chi
ldr
e nfoll
owingt hel awso fth elandd ecreedb yth ean cestr
alma s
ters(Ki ngsWe nan dWu )
’
成王左右綬 剛 ‘
[ Ki ngCh eng,leftan dr i
g htsail
edo u ttorec e
ivep ossessiono fthec onnectedd i
stantlands,
begi
nn i
ngwi t
ha no rderlya ssemb l
yo fmi nisters
/offi
c i
alstos trengthen[Zh our ule ]’
鯀用肇徹周邦淵哲]‘
[ Ph oenixTr ibeswe resy st
ema tical
lyu sedt oco mme nc eac omp rehensivea t
tack,
r
evealingthedeepwi sdomo ftheZh o u( new)St ate/Co untr
y ’
康王㒸尹億彊宏燕]‘
[ KingKa ngd ivid edth ecomma n do ftheg overningo ffici
a lsov ertheh undredmi l
li
on s
i
nthev asthars
hPh oenixBo rderl
an dterritori
e sheh adi nherited.
’
卲王廣 楚㓝隹煥南行祗景]‘
[ Ki ngZh aob roadlye xp a
n dedh isterri
toryb ys triki
n gthelando fCh uJ i
ng
楚㓝 Ch uState,t
h ens hini
n gb ri
g htl
yh et raveledSo u t
ht op acif
yt hes i
tuati
o n’
穆王井帥宇]‘
[ Ki ngMuwa sa nex emp larymo delo ftheCo mma n der-
in-Ch iefo fthewo r
ld’
誨(
[ 申) 寧天子]‘ In s
tructingth eOf fi
c ial
so ftheEa s
ternQu art
e r
,wh or epo r
tedt oh ima st hei
rs u
p er
ior,over
t
hec onnecte
dd i
stantl andsr ecei
v eda ndp ac i
fiedb yHe a ven’sSo n(Ki ngMu )’
天子恪䬤文武長剌]‘
[ Hea ven’sSo nh a sbe enresp ect
fullyo bedienttot heinte nto fhisance st
orsKi ngWe na nd
KingWui nextensivemi li
tarya chieveme nts’
天子徽無
天子徽無匄褰祁上下]
[ ‘
He av en’
sSo nh asb ecomeag l
o r
io usnationalemb le m, d i
sregardingcalami t
yo rharm,
heli
ftsupthev astterri
tori
e sab ove( north)a ndb elow( south )
’
亟㺇(
[ 宣)慕]‘ Do ingt heu t
mo s
tf orth eco untr
y ,f
ierceOf f
icial
sma rchi
n gf orwa rdtop roclai
ma dmirat
ion’
昊照亡斁]‘
[ AsBo un dles
sHe aveni ll
u mi natesthec orruptc onqueredl ands’
上帝司擾尤保]‘
[ Th ee mpe rorabo ve( No rt
h ernseato fp owe r
)a ndt heFo r
e ignMi nister
s
(
Of f
icial
sOu ts
ideth eCo urt)h aveo utst
a nding l
ye nsu r
edo u rdefensef romt r
o u bl
ea ndd i
sorder’
受天子綰令]‘
[ Sa il
ingf ort
ht heSo no fHe a venh asreceive dtheMa ndatetob eth eMa st
ero ftheAr my
Divi
sionso ve
rthed istantco nnectedla ndsu n dertheirco mma nd’
厚福豐年]‘
[ Profo undb lessi
n gsan dfru i
tfuly ear
so fa bu ndantha rvest
’
方蠻亡丕 (
[ 踝) 見]‘ ase veryq uarterwec o nti
nuet oc onq uerthefiercetribeso ft hema n蠻
(
no n-
Ch ines
etri
b eso ftheSo u t
he r
nQu arter),u nt
ilwes e ethemg reatl
yma del ow( anklehigh )
’
南幽高]‘
[ Th a
tth eSo uthlivingi nthed i
stantc onnec t
edd a r
kl andsma ybel ifte
dt oah igherlevel’

6
9
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li ne盤 P
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ix ⒸJ
.G.Che
ock,2022

TheShiQi
angpa 史墻盤)
n(
P
ART2

且才微霝處雩]‘
[ Ou ra ncestor
sc amef ro mWe i(aYinRo y alClanwi thah ome landterrit
o ryinCh ina),
dee
plys pir
it
u altheyu nd er
s t
oodt heirplace,andl ikeTan gt hefirs
tSh angk i
n g,theyo ffer
e dth e
irli
v estob r
ing
abundancetoth eMi d dleKi ngdom’ . [ 武王既𢦏殷]‘ Kin gWuh a dalreadywo no vert heYi n(Sh ang)’
微史剌且廼來見武王]‘
[ Th eSc r
ibeo fWe i,ou rvalorousa n c
estor,thereforec amet os eeKi ngWu ’
武王則令周公舍寓于周卑處甬惟 ‘
武王則令周公舍寓于周卑處甬惟]
[ KingWuc omma nd edtheDu keo fZh o utog ive(We iClan)ah ome land
t
err
it
o ryintheZh ouc apitaldoma in,forthep urp os
eo fre si
de ncean dd epartme ntwo rk,wi thi
nt hey ear
’
乙且逨]‘
[ An ces t
orYi ,fromt heSh a ngRo yalHo use
, mig r
a t
edt othisd is
tantl andtos ervei nthec i
vilan d
mil
it
a r
ya ff
airso ftheFo urQu art
erste r
rit
ories’
. [ 匹厥辟遠猷]‘ Equ altoth etasko fo pen i
ngu pn ew
t
err
it
o ri
esinth ed i
stantl a
n dsina ccordan c
ewi tht hegreatp lan(He aven’sMa n dat
e )
’
腹心子納 明亞且]‘
[ Giv i
n ghims elfstomac ha ndhe art(heart,min da ndb ody), al
on gwi thh i
sso ns,
ac
ceptingthisc hal
len gi
n go f
ficia
lp ositi
on, ourh umb l
ea n cest
orss hineb r
igh t
’
且辛 ]‘
[ Ou ra ncestorsac cepte
dt hes uff
eringi nvolvedi ns ubmitti
ngt oth eDi vined i
rec t
iono fthe
Westernland’. [ 毓子孫緐髮( 福) 多孷]‘ Nurtu r
ingh i
sc h i
ldrena ndg randch il
drent op r
o pagatethec onti
nual
f
lowo fb l
essi
n gsa ndmu cha uspiciousjubilat
ion ’
. [ 齊角熾]‘ Al t
og ethera bl
azea sth ey( Weid escendants
)
se
rveino ff
icialg overnme ntd uti
es’. [ 光義其禋祀]‘ Inh onoro ftherig ht
e oussa cr
ificeth ey(We iance s
tor
s)
of
fer
e dinsub mitti
n gtot hema n i
festd i
recti
ono ftheWe sternl a
n d’.
胡遲文考]‘
[ Th isiswh ywer e
c kl
esslyp lowo nl i
keaRh i
nowi thac ult
u r
edmo deloffili
a lpiet
y ’
(Th eh or
ned
Rhinowa sas ymb olo fs t
eadfastlead er
sh i
p) [ 乙公競爽得純無朿農穡]‘ Du keYiwo rkedf or
c e
fullya nd
wholeheart
edlywi tho utreserve,fl
a wlesslycultivat
inga ndh a r
vestingc r
o ps’
越曆唯辟孝友]‘
[ andwi the xceedings uccess,a f
tereveryh a r
vest,ino bedien cean dfraternit
y,strucko utwith
t
heBi rdtri
best oo penn ewt erri
tories’ [ 吏牆夙夜]‘ ScribeQi angs ervesf rome arlymo rningtolatea tni
ght’
丕墜其日蔑曆]‘
[ Wo rkingv eryha r
dt ob ri
ngme ri
td uringth eday, disd
a i
n i
n gthee asyl i
fe’
牆弗敢抯對揚天子]‘
[ Qiangwo uldn everdaret oh ol
db ackfromc orrect
lys preadingo utt hep r
aiseo f
Heaven’sSon ’ [ 丕顯休令用作寶尊彝]‘ Wh og reatl
yma ni
fest
e dthel i
g httoth edarkd i
stantconn ect
ed
l
andsd uri
ngh isp ageint hea nnalso fhistor
y.Att hispo intofr e
st,c omma n dingtou set his[hist
o r
icalrecord]
t
oma k eatreasuredv esselinh ono rofh isservi
c ebyd esc endingtot hela ndsb elowt oraiseu pth esacrif
iceof
t
heBi rd[tr
ibes]a ndr ul
eo v ertheBi rdtribe
stos ec
u r
eHe ave n’
sp rovisi
o nfo rthelanda b ov e
’
烈且文考式貯授]‘
[ Fiercea ncest
o rs,cult
uredmo delso ffil
ialpiety,hav eb ecomet hes toreho us
eo fthep att
ern
[
toemu late
]a sth e
yh a
ds ailedfortht oreceive[theMa nd at
e]’
牆薾 福懷福禄]‘
[ Qiangwi l
llux uri
an t
lygro wi ntheb lessin
go fhisa gr
icu lt
uralan dmi lit
aryd uti
es,
che
rishingthea uspiciousle a
d ers
hipr oleing ove r
nme nt’
黄壽彌生堪事厥辟]‘
[ Untilyellowe dan dwr i
n kledino lda ge,ma ymyl ifeo verf
lo winwo r
k i
nga son ewith
t
heSo verei
gn ,receivingth erespon si
b i
li
tyo fop eningupn ewt err
itories
’
其萬年永寳用]‘
[ Fo rtenth ousandy earsma ywef orevert r
e asur
ea ndu set his’

70
Phi
li ne盤 P
ppi an H
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oen
ix ⒸJ
.G.Che
ock,2022

ShiQi
angpa 史墻盤)
n(

I
NSCRI
PTI
ON

7
1
Phi
li ne盤 P
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TheXiJi
apa
n(兮甲盤)
MAI
NINSCRI
PTI
ON

[隹五年三月既死霸庚寅]‘ Inthe5 thy earofth ethirdmo nth, dur

ingth eperi
o do fthewa ningmo on ,onthe
dayg e
n g-
yin’. [ 王初各伐玁狁于 ]‘ Th eKi ng(Xu an)b eganbya tt
ackinge v er
yXi anYu ntribe,
t
h enon-Chinesep eopleso ftheNo rt
hwe stBo rderlandte rr
itori
e swh oha ddaredh oldb ac ktheirgrai
nt ax,
i
nPe ngya- -
Ma rketc i
tye stabl
ishe dbyt heTi gera r
mi eswi thth ehelpoft heBirdtrib ewa rri
ors’
[兮甲從王折首執訊休亡愍]‘ XiJ i
af oll
owe di nattenda ncetot heKing ,choppingo f
fh eadsa ndc apt
uring
enemies.Ceasingo nlywh enh eh adc onqueredv igoro usl
y ’
.
[王易兮甲馬四匹駒車]‘ Th eKi n gg aveXiJ ia:4h o rs
e san dah orsech ar
iot’
.
[王令甲政嗣成周四方積]‘ Th eKi ngd ecreedJ iaast hesu ccessorfortheg overnme nta ffai
rsinCh éngZh ou
[Capit
alCityo ftheEa st
e rnQu artera ndseato fp owe rov ertheFo urQu arter
s]inc ha rgeo ftaxingallthegrai
ns
andfiel
dsinth atterr
itor
y ’. [ 至于南淮夷]‘ Ar ri
vingi nt helando ftheSo uthernHu aiyiAu st
ronesian
Birdtr
ibes,homeo fthee li
tec ommu nityofle a
d ersofth eYi Au s
trones
ianSt at
es/Co untries’
[淮夷舊我帛( 丝) 畮人]‘ TheHu aYi Au s
tronesianBi rdt r
ibeswe r
ef or
me rlyparto fthec onn e
c t
edd is
tantla
nds
subjugat
ed[inth ep a
stb yth ean cest
ralk i
ng s
],a ndthe i
rp eop l
ewe r
ema detosu bmi tgoo ds(i.
e .si
lk)and
grai
ntaxeswi t
he ver
yh arv est
’
[毋敢不出其帛其積其進人其積]‘ Ne vermu sttheyd aretof ailinexpo rt
ingtheirg ood s(i.
e.sil
k )
,
t
h ei
rgraintax,theirskil
ledBi rdt ri
bel aborers(i.e.sail
ors,c r
aftsmen )
,a ndthei
rr entg rain’
[毋敢不即次即市]‘ Nev ermu stth eyd ar
et ofa i
linp romp tlys uppl
y i
ngt hearmyh eadq uart
ers,
andalsop r
omp tlysup pl
yin gthec ity’
.[ 敢不用令]‘ Sh ouldth ey(theAu str
onesianBi rdTr ibes)dareton ot
fol
lowy ourcomma nd ’
. [ 則即刑撲伐]‘ Theni mme diatel
yp uni
sht hemwi thtortu r
eu n t
od eath,att
ackthem,
andsendami litaryexpe dit
iona g ai
nstth e
m’
[其隹我諸侯百生]‘ Rega rdingo urv ari
ousRe g ionalRu lerso ftheFo urQu ar
tersu nd e
rt hejurisdi
ctionofthe
Easte
rnCa pit
alc it
y,a ndt hen ume rousc ommo np eop l
e( Peo plewh oha dimmi gratedtot hesel a
n ds
)’
[厥貯毋不即市]‘ Th ei
rs toreso fgraina ndtaxe smu stn otfailtob epromp tl
yb rou ghttot hecity’
[毋敢或入蠻宄貯]‘ Nev ermu stth eyd ar
et ob ecomet raitors,steal
ingtheg ra
inta xo fth eMa n蠻 t ribes
fr
o mtheOu terCo untryo ftheSo uthernQu arter’
[則亦刑]‘ Iftheyd o, t
henp unishthe mi nthes amewa ya sy ouwo uldtheHu aiyiAu st
ron es
ianBi rdTribes
’
[兮白( 伯) 吉父作盤]‘ Un cle/EarlXi ’sexemp laryFa therc ommi s
sionedt hi
span盤 ‘ pl
a t
e’b r
on zerit
ualvessel
’
[其眉壽萬年無彊子孫]‘ Ma yth eleaderliveal o ngh ealt
h ylifeoftent housa
n dy earsa ndb eyonda s
t
h eyma keregularreportstot heirsup eri
ors,nev erceasingt oh aveaf orceful
lysecu redBo rder
landte r
rit
ory
guardedbys onsa ndfutured esce ndants’
[子孫永寶用]‘ Ma ymyc hil
drena ndd es
ce ndantsforev ertreasureandu sethis’

BOTTOM I
NSCRI
PTI
ON

Becaus
ethech i
ldr
enhadinde
edtreas
uredthi
svesse
lthr
o u
ghn umer
ousg ener
ati
ons,t
hePhi
li
ppine兮甲盤
XiJi
aPa nhassurvi
vedwit
hthisrec
ordtoday
,withanaddit
iona
linsc
ripti
ononthebott
om.Alt
houghma ny
cha
ract
ersha
v ebeenera
sedbyb ur
nish
inginthepas
t,somepart
saresti
llrea
dable
.Thesymbol[]indi
cat
esan
educ
atedgue
s sbecau
sechar
acte
rsareinc
omp l
ete
,wh i
le me a
nsmo st
lye r
ased.

[乍（作)寶[ 鼎]
]‘____commis
sionedthema ki
ngo fthi
str
easur
edDing’
[
[秂]
（年）[保][倉]（敢） ( 舁)]‘Foryearsdefe
ndingthestor
ehous
eofgrai
n,dar
ing____t
ora
iseupt
oge
the
r’
[
[寶]用 [
𣪘]（簋） （其） （萬]‘ thi
streasur
etou s
et hi
svess
el________fort
enthous
and’
[
[子子]孫孫 （其）[ 永] ]Sonsa
ndd esc
end a
nts____thisfor
ever

72
Phi
li ne盤 P
ppi an H
is
to
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oen
ix ⒸJ
.G.Che
ock,2022

TheXiJi
apa 兮甲盤)
n(

MAI
NINSCRI
PTI
ON

BOTTOM I
NSCRI
PTI
ON

7
3
Phi
li ne盤 P
ppi an H
is
to
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ft
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ndt
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TheLaipa 逨盤)
n(
P
ART1

[逨曰]‘ La isaid’.[ 丕顯朕皇高且單公 克]‘ Grea t

lyma n i
festi
n gthelightovert hed arkc onnectedlands,
wewh oa rei nthisb oatto gether–t h eb r
igh tsovereigno nh igh,oura nce s
torswh oh avewo rkedtoe xhausti
on,
andDu ke swh oh aveg o neb efo r
eu s .Predec essor
swh owe n tbeforeu stoc onquerands u bdu e
[明 德夾 ]‘ Un derstand i
ngt h ei
rs i
tua t
ion,theywh oleheart
e dl
yd e
sc e
nd edreadyf orb att
le,theclanheld
cl
o sel
yt omo ralv al
u esa sthe yfollo wedt hed ivi
n edirectiontol a
yh ol
do ftheBi rdtri
b ela ndsandp eople’.
[文王武王達殷雁受天燕命]‘ KingWe na ndKi ngWur elocatedhighr ankingYi n(Sha ng)t otheh omelando f
th
eBi r
dt ribes,takingh o l
do fHe av en’sco mma ndreg ar
d i
ngt heVe rmi l
lionPh oeni
x’.[ 匍有四方]‘ Possessi
ng
th
eFo urQu art
erst er
ritoriesa ndma k i
ngt hep eopleso fthosel andsliep rost
rat
e –ankl
eh ig hins ubmission.
’
[並宅 堇彊]‘ An nexingt he sefore i
g nland stoo uro wnc ou nt
ry,wema keho mesforo u rfamiliesinthef e
rti
le
lo
a mys o il,asweg uardt hed istantBo r
de r
lan dterri
tories’
.[ 土用配上帝]‘ Th i
slandwi l
lb eu s
eda ccordingto
th
ep l
anso fthed i(Sha nge mp eror)int helan dab ove(n ort
h )
’. [ 𩁹朕皇高且公叔克]‘ Ash uma ns acr
ific
esto
bri
n gab un dancet oo urmo th erland, wea reo nt hebo attogetherwi thou rbrightsoverei
g ne mp eroronh ighand
ancestorsa ndd uk esan du nclest oc onq uera ndsu bdue.’ [ 逨匹成王成受大命]‘ Ma yth osef r
omt heSh ang
Ro yalHo use,mig rat
edt ot hisd is
tan tlandt os er
vei nthec ivilandmi litar
ya ff
a i
rsoftheFo urQu arter
s
te
rritor
ies ,ma t
chh owKi ngCh en gs uccessfullyreceivedt heGr eatMa ndate’
[方狄不亯用酉四國萬邦]‘ Wh e
ni nt hef oreignQu arters,theDit ribesoftheNo r
thernRe gions,fai
ledto
presentth ems el
ve sins ubmi ssion, they ou酉( Birdtribea rmi es
)we r
eu til
izedintheFo u rKi ngdomsa ndtheir
TenTh o us andSta t
es’.[ 𩁹朕皇高且新室中克幽]‘ Ash uma ns acrif
icestob ri
nga bund anc etoou rmo t
h er
land,
wea reo nt heb oattog etherwi tho u rbrights overeigne mp eroronh igha nda ncest
orsan dt hosewh oh aven ewly
ar
rivedf ro mt heMi d dleKi ng domt oc onqu erands ub dueth edarka ndd ist
antlands’
[明 心 遠能 會 ]‘ Un derstand i
ngt hes i
tuationo ftheSh an gRo yalHo use,thec lanwh o l
eheartedl
y
we nttoth ed is
tantlandt oc o nsolida t
et hewi ldu nci
v i
lizedp eoples,asth e
yf oll
owe dHe a ven ’
sd i
recti
ont owo r
k
to
g etherwi ththeBi r
dTr i
be sint heirland s.
’ [ 康王方懷丕廷]‘ Ki ngKa n gcarri
edth eFo u rQu art
ersRe gi
on
cl
o setoh ish eart
, greatl
yi nc reasi
n gt heseato fh i
smo narchy ’
.[ 𩁹朕皇高且惠中 父戾]‘ Ash uma n
sacr
ificest ob r
inga bu nda ncet oo urmo t
h er
la nd,wea reo nt heb oattogetherwi t
ho urbrig htsovereignemp eror
onh igha n dance st
o r
s, wh of i
n ditb en ef
icialtoju dgeita sac ri
met og oa gainsttheFath er.
’
[龢于政又成于猷用會]‘ Pe acea ndh armo nyi ng overnancewi llbrings uccesstothep lano fg at
he r
ingtog e
ther
th
eb or
d erlandterritor
ie susin gthef ierceBi rdtribewa r
riors’. [ 卲王穆王盜政四方 伐楚㓝]‘ Ki ngZh ao&
KingMup lunderedt heg ove rnme nto ftheFo urQu artersterri
tori
es, l
ead i
ngami li
ta
ryc a mp aigntoa t
tackand
punishth eCh uSta t
e’ [𩁹朕皇高且零伯炎]‘ Ash uma ns a
c r
ifi
c e
st ob r
inga bundanc etoo urmo t
herland,
wea reo nt heb oattog etherwi tho u rbrights overeigne mp eroronh igha nda ncest
orswh oh eededt hesacri
fici
al
comma nda ndtheu ncleswh ob urnf orthec au s
e’
[明 心丕家工般( 盤)用辟]‘ Un de rs
tandin gthes i
tuationo ftheSh angRo yalHo use,thec lanwh o l
ehearte
dly
ta
k espa rtintheg reatf amilyl abo r
, ma kingu seo fthisritualpana sweb reako pennewt erri
tori
e s
’
[恭王懿王𩁹朕皇亞且]‘ Ki ngGo n ga ndKi n gYi ,ash uma ns a
crif
ic e
st obringa bundanc etot hemo therl
and
foruso nt h eboatt ogether,the seb ri
g htsove rei
gne mp erorswe reb ade xamp le
st ooura nc estor
s’
[懿中政諫, 諫克匍保 辟]‘ Int heh on orableMi ddleKi n gdomg o vernme nttheywe rea dmo ni
shed,
admo nish edtos ubd uea ndc o nquer, toma ket heFo urQu art
e r
slayp rostrat
e,top rot
ecta ndp reservewh atthey
hadr eceive d,andt osu pportt heCl an sasth eyo penu pn ewt erri
tories’
[孝王夷王又成于周邦]‘ Ki ngXi aoa ndKi ngYih ads uccessintheZh ouSt at
es’

74
Phi
li ne盤 P
ppi an H
is
to
ryo
ft
heD
rag
ona
ndt
heV
er
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io
nPh
oen
ix ⒸJ
.G.Che
ock,2022

TheLaipa 逨盤)
n(
P
ART1(
cont
inue
d)

[
𩁹朕皇孝恭叔穆 ]‘ Ash uma ns acri
fi
cestob ringab undancetoourmo ther
land,wea reontheb oatto
g e
ther
wit
ho u rbri
g h
ts ove
reig ne mp eror,infi
li
alp i
etyweu pholdthed r
agonb annerwithUn cle
s,sole
mn lymo vi
ng
f
orwa rdtogetherinthel ands’.[ 穆 龢訇于政]‘ Solemn l
ymo vi
ngf or
wa r
dt oge
therintheselandswith
pea
c ea ndharmo nyreso undingi no urgovernme nta f
fair
s’
[明 于德亯辟厲王]‘ Un derstandingthesit
ua ti
ono ftheSh angRo yalHouse,wewo r
k e
dto ge
therwithour
f
ell
o wo ffi
cial
sinmo rall
yp resen t
ingo urs
elvestoKi ngLif oro pe
n i
ngu pnewt er
rit
ori
e s’
逨肇 朕皇且考]‘
[ Al ltho seo ftheSh angRo yalHo usewh oh admi gr
atedtothi
sd i
stantla
ndt oserveinthe
ci
vilan dmi l
it
aryaffairsoft heFo urQu arter
sterrit
oriesmu s
tc omme ncetotakecareofe ver
ylitt
ledetai
lfor
wea reo ntheboattoge t
h erwi t
ho u rbri
ghtsove rei
gna nda n
c e
storsandFa t
hers’
盤虔夙夕敬朕死事 ]‘
[ Ast hisrit
u a
lpans ymb oliz
eso ursacri
fi
c i
aljour
neyo ntheshipo ve
rthewa ter
s,
wes i
n cere
lyd e
d i
cateo urselvestoh o l
dingonre spectf
u l
lypersever
ingd a
ya ndn i
ght,f
o rwewh oa r
eo nthe
boattogetherarewilli
n gtod ief orthesema r
tialandc i
v i
laffai
rs’
天子多易逨休]‘
[ Heav en’sSo nh asg ra
ntedmu chtoth os
eo ftheShangRo yalHo use,whoh admi gr
atedtothi
s
di
stantlandtos er
vei nth ecivila ndmi l
it
arya f
fairsoftheFo urQu art
erste
rri
tori
es,tofindrest
’
天子其萬年無疆都]‘
[ Ma yHe a ven’sSonn everb ewithoutas ecure
lyg ua
rdedBo rder
landterri
tor
ya nd
Capit
a lCityfortentho usandy ea r
s’
黄老保 周邦諫乂四方]‘
[ Untilye l
lowedwi t
ha g ema yhep rot
ectandd efe
n dwh a
th asbeenestabl
ishedwit
h
t
heBi rdt r
ibearmiesa ndt heg r
e atZh ouStat
es. Thus,admo nis
h i
ngo ursuperi
orinthema rti
alandcivil
governme ntburdenso ftheFo urQu arte
rs’

TheLaipa 逨盤)
n(
P
ART2

[王若曰]‘ Toy outhen ume r

o uspeo pl
e, t
hek i
ngd eclar
e s…’. [ 逨 丕顯文武雁受大命]‘ Allthoseofthe
ShangRo yalHo usewh oh admi gratedtothisdist
an tla
n dtoserveint hecivi
la ndmi l
ita
rya f
fair
so fthe
FourQu ar
tershaveg r
e a
tlyma n i
festedthelightoverthed arkconnec t
edland sbyrec e
ivingtheGr eatMa ndate,
regar
dingtheHo useofth eBi r
dt r
ibes,h andeddownb ythea nce
s t
ralkingsWe na ndWu .
’
[匍有四方]‘ Possess
ingth eFo urQu arter
sterri
tor
iesa ndma kingthep eoplesofthoselan d
sliep r
o st
rat
e
–anklehighinsubmi s
sion.’ [ 則繇隹乃先聖且考夾 ]‘ Ru l
ingac cordi
ngt othed i
vined i
rect
ions i
nceth e
beginni
ng,wh entheh ol
ya nc e
stralkings(We na ndWu )andy ourancestor
sa ndFa t
h er
s
(Comma nder-i
n-Ch i
efsofth eEa s
ternQu ar
ter
)sup port
e dthevoiceo fdivi
nationtowo rkto get
herwi t
hth e
Birdtri
belandsandp eoples’.[ 先王 堇大命今余隹巠]‘ Toget
he rwitho urancestr
alkingsy oub r
oug htfood
t
oo urhousef r
omt heferti
lel o
a mys oilrecei
vedint heGr eatMa ndate.Andu nti
ltod a
y,y ouma key ourhome s
withtheBirdtri
b e
s,alongt hei
rn etworko fri
v er
sa ndstreams’. [ 乃先聖且考 ( 申) 乃命]‘ Th eref
o r
e ,
fr
omt heb egi
nning,ourh olyan ce
s t
ralk i
ngs(We na ndWu )rec
eivedr e
g ul
aro ff
ici
alrepo r
tsfromt hi
sEa st
e r
n
l
a ndfromy ourancest
o r
sa ndFa thers(Co mma nder-i
n-Ch i
efsoftheEa ster
nQu ar
ter)regardi
ngthej oyfulbounty
oftheCa pi
talCity
.Th er
e f
o r
ey oua rec omma ndedtod oa stheyd i
d’.
[命汝足 兌 四方]‘ Yo ua r
ec omma ndedtos te
po ut,pass
ionatelysat
isfie
dt oex c
h angeyou rt
rades
(occupat
ions)andv i
ll
agest otakeo nth eposit
iono fafo re
ignoffic
ialou t
side-t
he-courtintheFo urQu ar
ters’

7
5
Phi
li ne盤 P
ppi an H
is
to
ryo
ft
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rag
ona
ndt
heV
er
mil
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io
nPh
oen
ix ⒸJ
.G.Che
ock,2022

TheLaipa 逨盤)
n(
P
ART2(
cont
inue
d)

[吳墻用宮御易汝赤市幽黄攸勤]‘ Th eSh angRo y alCl ansofWua ndQi ang(We i)wi llbeu seda s
PalaceGu a r
d s
/Of f
ici
a l
s.Yo urfami l
iess hallb eg rantedr eda pronsapp ropriat
eforthes ed ar
kd ista ntlands,
alongwi thleatherh eads
t al
lswi t
hb ronz eb ell
s’
[逨敢對天子丕顯燕休]‘ Alltho seofth eSh angRo ya lHou sewh oh admi g r
atedtoth i
sd ista
n tlan dt o
ser
vei nt hec i
vilandmi lita
rya ffair
so fth eFo urQu artersh aved ar
edt od orightbyHe ave n
’sSo n,
grea
tlyma nifes
tingtheli ghtovert heda rkc onne ctedl andsd uringtheirpa geinhistor
y ,causingt h ePh oeni
x
t
of i
n dre s
t’. [ 用作朕皇且考寶尊盤]‘ Th ek ingwh oh oldso urho usetight
lyh asma defo rallwh oareon
t
h i
sb oattog et
her,brights ove
re i
g nemp e rora nda n cestor
sa ndFa thers,t
h istr
easuredp an( bronz er i
tualwa t
er
vessel
)f orthosewh oh a
v ed e
sc endedt oth ea bun dan tlandwi thn umerou speoples,tor ai
seu pt og etherthe
Hu a
i Yi Au st
ronesianBi rdtri
be sinh ono ro fthoser es idi
nga bov e’
[用追享考于肯文人]‘ (
Th ep an)wi l
lb eu se f
ulwh e
np urs
u ingmi l
ita
ryc amp aigns,andb enefi
c i
a ltoth eFathe
r
(Comma nde r-
in-Chiefoft heFo urQu a
rters)wh ent hep eop l
ea rereadyt ob ecivi
li
z ed’
[肯文人 在上廙在尹 ]‘Re adyt oc ivi
lizet hen ume rousp eopleweh avereceiv edintoo u rh ouse,
l
ivinga bov e(north)inth elando ftheh ou seth atwea rer a
isingu ptoge t
he r(motherl
an d )
,andt h osel i
vingbelow
(sout
h )inth eabun dantprosperou slandsweh av es t
ru ckou ttog over
n ,t
h athasbec omeo urso urceo fp rovi
si
on’
[ 降]‘ Thea bund a
n tprosperou sland sb ecomeo ursou r
ceo fprov i
siono ncesub du edandc onq uered’
’
[逨燕多福眉壽 ]‘Al lthoseo ftheSh a ngRo ya lHo usewh oh admi gratedtothi
sd istantlandt os er
v e
i
nt hec i
v i
la ndmi li
tarya f
fair
so ftheFo urQu artersa ndtheVe rmill
ionPh o eni
xh avema nyb lessing sof
l
e a
de r
s hi
pr oles,ma ytheye njoyg oo dh ealthan dl ongl if
ea sth eyma kere gula
rrep or
tst otheirs up eri
orsin
t
h ei
ro utst
an di
ngs ervice’
[官受余康虔屯右通录永命]‘ Th o s
ewh os e r
vea so f
f i
cial
si ntheh ouseo fthea r
myd ivisionss hallreceive
res
iden cesinp eacefulab undance, defende db ys t
a ti
o nedtroop stop r
otectt he
ma st heyf orevers ervei nthe
ma ndatetoc arveo penn ewt er
ritori
es ’
[靈冬]‘ Ma ytheirspiri
tsb eass teadya sth ed r
o pp ingr ai
na ndb eati
ngd ru m’’
[逨㽙臣天子]‘ Al lthoseo ftheSh angRo y alHo u sewh oh admi grate
dt ot hi
sd i
stantlan dtos ervei nth eci
vil
andmi lit
arya ff
a i
rsoft heFo urQu a
rterswi llov erseet helan dsasOf fi
c i
alMi nist
erso fHe aven ’sSo n
(t
hek ingo fCh ina)’.[ 子孫永寶用亯]‘ Ma yyo u rso nsandd escenda nt
st ocomef ore vertreasurea ndu s
ethis,
conti
n uall
yp r
esenti
n git
’

76
Phi
li ne盤 P
ppi an H
is
to
ryo
ft
heD
rag
ona
ndt
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er
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l
io
nPh
oen
ix ⒸJ
.G.Che
ock,2022

TheLa
ipa 逨盤)
n(

I
NSCRI
PTI
ON

7
7
Phi
li ne盤 P
ppi an H
is
to
ryo
ft
heD
rag
ona
ndt
heV
er
mil
l
io
nPh
oen
ix ⒸJ
.G.Che
ock,2022

R
ef
er
enc
es:
1. Hu i
li
an gLu . 80Pi ecesofWe sternZh ouBr onz eIn scr
ipti
ons.2 011.P3
2. Ed wa rdL. Sh augh nessy,Sou r
c eso fZh ouHi s
to r
y ,p1
3. Xi li
ngYi n sheAu ction. “
'XiJ i
a 'Pan( 82 3B. C. Ch i
n a)
: AncientBron zePlateBr eaksAu cti
onRe cord.
”
CISIONPRNe wswi re.Jul
y2 6 ,20 17.
4. Ma r
iaKh ayu ti
n a.THEBEGI NNI NGOFCULTURALMEMORYPRODUCTI ONI NCHI NAANDTHE
MEMORYPOLI CYOFTHEZHOUROYALHOUSEDURI NGTHEWESTERNZHOUPERI OD.
Camb ridgeUn iv ersi
tyPr ess
. De cemb er6 , 2021 .
5. “ WuDi ng.”Wi k i
p edia.2022 .<h t
tps:/
/e n.
wi kiped i
a.org/wiki
/Wu _Di ng>
6. Sh ihKi ng:Pa rtI:Od eso ftheTe mp l
ea n dtheAl tar:I.Th eSac r
if
icialOd esofSh ang.03Th eHs uanNi ao
7. Ke renWa ng .“Hu ma nSa cri
ficeDu ri
ngSh a ngDy nasty.
”Pe nnState.2 0
1 5.
8. XuSh e n許慎, Shu owenJ i
eji說文解字 ( Be ij
in g:Zh onghuaSh uju,1 963),213, 78.
9. Ul ri
chTh eob ald .“Yi夷. ”Ch inakn owle dge .
de-.2 021.
10. Carr,Mi chae l.2 007."Th eSh i'Co rpse/Personator' Ceremo nyinEa rlyCh ina,
"i nMa r
celKu ij
sten,ed.,
Refle
c t
ion so nt heDa wno fCo n sciousn ess:Juli
anJ aynes'
sBic a
me ralMi ndTh eo ryRe vi
sit
ed ,
Jul
ianJ ayne sSo ci
e t
y,3 43–416
1
1. Ne lson,Sa rahM. ;Ne l
son,Sa rahMi ll
ed ge( 13Ma y1 99 3)
.TheAr ch aeol
o gyo fKo reaBySa r
a hM. Ne l
son.
ISBN9 780 52 14 07830 .
12. QianYa ng .“Th eCi rcula
tiono fJ adesinEa rl
yCh ina( LateNeo l
ithi
c–Ea ster
nZh ou ,c
a. 4500-22 1B.C.)
”
Th es
is,Un i
v ers i
tyo fWa shington .201 4
13. DavidW. Pa n kenier.Ea r
lyCh i
n a2 0:Th eCo smo -Po l
it
icalBac kgr
ou ndo fHea ven’sMa n da
te.1 995.
p124-130
14.J amesLe gge, trans.Th eSh uKi n g,ShihKi ng, andHs i
aoKi ng.05. TheBo okso fKa u.19.Th e
Establ
ishme n to fGo vernmen t
. 5.1 879
15.J amesLe gge, trans.Th eSh uKi n g,ShihKi ng, andHs i
aoKi ng.05. TheBo okso fKa u.16.
ThePr inceofSh ih. 3-4.1879
16.“ ChinaCr e ates‘ Ma n-ma deOa sis’Al on gLo nge s
tI nlandRi ve
r.”Xi nhuaNe wsAg ency.Chinagate.
com.cn.
Septemb er1 5 ,2 007
17. YaningCh en, et.al.“Re gionalCl ima t
eCh a ngean dI t
sEf fe
cto nRiv erRu noffinth eTarimBa s
in,Ch i
na.
”Hy drolog i
c alPr ocesses20 .
1 0.2 006: 220 7-2216
18.J amesLe gge, trans.0 2Sh i
hKi ng:Pa rtIII:Ma jorOd es:TheSe condDe cade,ort hatofShan gMi n,
06.Th eKh uanA. 187 9
19. DavidW. Pa n kenier.Ea r
lyCh i
n a:As t
ro nomi calDa tesinSh anga ndWe s
ternZh o u. 1981-82.p4
20.I nt
eresti
n gIn scr i
ptionso nOr acleBo nesa ndBr on zes.Na ti
onalPalaceMu seum. P4 5,p211
21. Xiaonen gYa n g. Re f
lecti
onso fEa r
lyCh ina:De co r,Pict
o gr
aphs,Pictori
alIn s
c r
iptions.Seat
tle&Lo ndon:
TheNe l
son -At k i
n sMu s
eumo fAr t,ina sso c
iationwi ththeUn iversi
tyo fWa shing t
onPr ess
. 2000.
pp142-14 3
22. Vict
orCu nru iXi on g.Cap i
talCi t
iesa ndUr banFo rmi nPre-mo der
nCh ina:Lu oyan g,1038BCEt o9 38CE.
Taylor&Fr an cis,1 9Au g2 016 .p1 2-13
23. Ulri
chTh eob ald .“Zh ouDy nasty-Th eWe s t
ernZh ouPe ri
od西周 ( 11thc e
n t
.-770BCE) .”
Chinakn owle dg e.de-.2020.<h ttp://
www. ch i
nak nowl edge.de/
History/Zho u/
zho u-event-
xizhou .
html>
24.J oanTa t
e ,tr
a ns .Ce ci
liaLind qvist.Chin a:Emp ir
eo fLivingSy mbo l
s.AMe rloydLa wrenceBo ok. 1991.
p 1
1 3
25.“ We s
ternZh o uUt o pi
aa nditsCo ll
ap s
e .”Fa ct
sa n dDe tai
ls.2020.So urce:Rob ertEn o,Indi
an aUn ive
rsi
ty
26. DavidW. Pa n kenier.Ea r
lyCh i
n a2 0:Th eCo smo -Po l
it
icalBac kgr
ou ndo fHea ven'sMa ndate.199 5.
pp1 29-159
78
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mil
l
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nPh
oen
ix ⒸJ
.G.Che
ock,2022

Re
fer
enc
es(
cont
inue
d)

27.“ Abou tChina:Zh ouDy nast

y .
”Ch inaCu ltu
re .
o rg. 2020.
28.J amesLe gge,trans
. Th eSh uKi ng.
..05. Th eBo ok sofKa u.01.TheGr e
a tDe cl
arati
on. Sect
ion3 .1879
29.J amesLe gge,trans
. Th eSh uKi ng.
..05. Th eBo ok sofKa u.14.TheNu me ro usOf f
icers.Secti
on3 .1879
30.“ Luoy ang.
”Wi kipedia.2 022.<h t
tps:
//
e n.wik i
p edia .
org/
wik i
/Luoyang >
31.J amesLe gge,trans
. Th eSh uKi ng.
..05. Th eBo ok sofKa u.14.TheNu me ro usOf f
icers.Secti
on3 .1879
32.“ Hist
o ry
:Th eBa tt
leo fMu y e.
”Fo ll
owCN. c om. 2 020.
33.J amesLe gge,trans
. Th eSh uKi ng,ShihKi ng, andHs i
aoKi ng.05.Th eBo ok sofKa u. 13.
TheAn nouncementCo ncerningLo .4.18 79
34.J amesLe gge,trans
. Th eSh uKi ng,ShihKi ng, andHs i
aoKi ng.02.Th eSh i
hKi ng:PartIII:
Ma j
orOd es:Th eSe condDe cade,orthato fSh angMi n.06.TheKh u anA. 187 9
35.J amesLe gge,trans
. Th eSh uKi ng,ShihKi ng, andHs i
aoKi ng.TheBo ok so fZh ou.07.
TheGr eatAn nounceme n t
.Se ct
ion2 .187 9
36.“ Dukeo fZh ou:Parag ono fCo nfuci
anVi rt
ue .
”Fa ctsandDe tai
ls.2020 .So urce:Ro bertEn o,
Indi
an aUniversi
ty
37. Ulri
chTh eoba l
d.”zhuh ou諸侯, theregio nalru l
er s.
”Ch inaknowledge.de-. 202 2.
38.J amesLe gge,trans
. Th eSh u..
.TheBo okso fZh ou .22.TheTe st
ame ntaryCh arge.Section1 -
4.187 9
39.J amesLe gge,trans
. Th eSh u..
.TheBo okso fZh ou .23.TheAn nou n
c eme nto fKi ngKh a ng.Sect
ion1-2.
40. Ulri
chTh eoba l
d.“Zh ouPe riodPo l
itic
alSy stem.”Ch inaknowledge.de-.20 20 .
41.J amesLe gge,trans
. Th eSh uKi ng.
..Th eBo okso fZho u.21.TheKu n -
kh an .Se c
tion3. 1879
42.J amesLe gge,trans
. Th eSh u..
.TheBo okso fZh ou .24.TheCh argeo fthed ukeo fPi.Se c
tion3-4.1879
43. Ulri
chTh eoba l
d.“Zh ouKa ngwa ng周康王, Ki ngKa ngo fZh ou.
”Ch inak no wledge.de-.2020.
44. PaulR. Goldin.Rou t
led geHa ndboo kofEa rlyCh ines
eHi stor
y.Ro utl
edg e, 15Ma y201 8
45. Shij
i4 .
126-149b ySi maQi an
46. Li,Feng( 2013).EarlyCh ina:ASo c i
ala ndCu lturalHi s
tory.Camb r
idg e
:Ca mb r
idgeUn i
versi
tyPress.
p138
47.“ We s
ternZh ouDy na st
y.”Tr avelCh i
naGu ide .20 20.
48.“ We s
ternZh ouUt opiaa nditsCo l
lapse.”Fa c t
sa n dDe tai
ls.2020.Sou r
ce :Ro b er
tEn o,Ind i
anaUn ive
rsi
ty
49. PaulR. Goldin.Rou t
led geHa ndboo kofEa rlyCh ines
eHi stor
y.Ro utl
edg e, 15Ma y201 8
50.J amesLe gge,trans
. Th eSh uKi ng.
..05. Th eBo ok sofKa u.25.TheKü n-y a.1 879
51.J amesLe gge,trans
. Th eSh uKi ng.
..05. Th eBo ok sofKa u.27.TheMa rqu iso fLüo nPu nishments.1879
52.J oanTa t
e,tr
an s
.Ce cil
iaLi nd qvi
st.China :Emp ireo fLivingSymb ols.Ad d i
so nWe sley.1991 .p262
53.J iYihutheKi ngGo n go fZh ou— Le galizati
o no fLa ndPr i
vati
zati
ona n
dWa rI ni
tia
torBe causeofWo me n”
No t
ableKing sofWe s
ternZh ouDy nasty.20 20 .<h tt
ps:/
/www. chi
nafetchin g.com/zhou-d ynast
y-ki
n gs
>
54. Vict
orCu nruiXi ong.Ca pitalCiti
esa ndUr b anFo rmi nPre-mo de
rnCh i
n a:Lu oyang,10 38BCEt o9 38CE.
Taylor&Fr ancis,19Au g2 016.p14
55.“ KingYio fZh ou(Xi e).”Wi kipedi
a. 202 0.So urce :"Heredit
aryhouseo fCh u "當周夷王之時，王室微，
諸侯或不朝，相伐。
56.J amesLe gge,trans
. 03Sh ihk ingpartI:Od eso ft heTe mpleandtheAl tar.II. TheSa cr
ifici
alOd esofKa u.
18.Th e3aiHs i
en.1 879
57.“ We s
ternZh ouUt opiaa nditsCo l
lapse.”Fa c t
sa n dDe tai
ls.2020.Sou r
ce :Ro b er
tEn o,Ind i
anaUn ive
rsi
ty
58. PaulR. Goldin.Rou t
led geHa ndboo kofEa rlyCh ines
eHi stor
y.Ro utl
edg e, 15Ma y201 8
59. Ulri
chTh eoba l
d.“Zh ouXu anwa ng周宣王, Ki ngXu ano fZh ou.
”Ch inak no wledge.de-.2020.
60.J amesLe gge,trans
.Th eBo o ksofZh ou. 22. Th eTe stamentar
yCh arge. 01. 187 9
61.J amesLe gge,trans
. 02Sh ihKi ng:Pa r
tI I:Mi n orOd es:Th eFourthDe cad e,o rthatofKh ifu.01St anz
as5
to9.Th eSzeKa n .1879
62.J amesLe gge,trans
. 04Sh ihKi ng:Pa r
tI :Od e so ftheTe mpleandt heAl t
a r:III.ThePr ais
eOd e
so fLu.

7
9
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li ne盤 P
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heV
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mil
l
io
nPh
oen
ix ⒸJ
.G.Che
ock,2022

F
ig
ure
s:
1. ShiQia ngPa n, Bao j
iBr o nzeWa reMu seum. Ph ot
ob y幽灵巴尼. Wi kime diaCo mmo ns.p5
2. XiJiaPa n,Ch ina. Pho t
of romLa i
Ti me s.2 /7/
2 2
. p5
3. LaiPan ,Ba oj
iBr o nzeWa reMu se um. Ph otob y幽灵巴尼. Wik i
me d i
aCo mmo ns.p5
4. ThePh ili
pp i
neSh iQia ngp an史墻盤. He ight:24c m, Le n gth:56 .
5c m, We i
ght:1 1.
5 6k g.
Zamb ales
, Philippines.p 6
5. Th ePh ili
pp i
neXiJ i
ap an兮甲盤. He igh t
:1 5c m, Le ngth:2 8 .
5c m, We i
g ht:1 .
71k g .Lu zon,Phili
p pi
nes.
p7
6. Th ePh ili
pp i
neLa ipan逨盤. He ight:6c m, Le ngth:20 .
3c m, We ight:1k g. Min dana o,Ph i
li
ppines.p8
7. Th ePh ili
pp i
ne sinscribedBoBe l
l. He ight:1 7cm, We igh t:1 .
17 4k g.Sh o wnwi ththreep rogress
ive l
y
small
e runinscribeds imi l
a rbe l
ls.Mi n dana o,Ph i
li
p pines.p 9
8. BoBe llfromMa rquisYio fZe n gto mb ,Zh o udy nasty.Ch in a.Heigh t
:9 2 .5c m, We ight:134k g.
pi
ctureb yCGTN. Tun esFr omAn t
iqu it
y.1 2 /
22/20 21.p9
9. Ph il
ippineBr on zeHuWi n eVe ssel.He i
gh t:40c m, We igh t:1 3.
38k g .Za mb al
es, Phili
pp i
n e
s.p10
10. 2Ph i
lippineQi linHuWi n eVe ssels.3 65+c haract
e r
se ach .He ight:49 .
5c m, We ig ht
:5 .
6k g.
Minda nao,Ph i
lippines .p1 0
1
1. 2Ph i
lippineBr o nzeHo r ses.36 5+c ha ract
e rseach. He ight:3 0.5-31c m, We ight:2 .
7-2.8k g.
Minda nao,Ph i
lippines .p1 0
12. Ma gneti
cBl ackNe phri
teJ ad eSta t
u eo fas q uat
tingma nwi thab irds hap edh elme t
. Heigh t
:2 5.
3c m,
We i
ght:2.06 3k g.Pa nay ,Ph i
lippines. p12
13. GraphicRe pres entat
iono ftheFo urQu art
e rs四方 t ot heNo r
th,So uth, Ea standWe sto ftheMi ddleKi ng-
dom. Divisionallinesa ref orillustrat
io no nlya nda ren ota na ccurated ep icti
ono fa ctualb oundari
e s
.p13
14. TwoTi gerswi thMa nb e t
we enthe i
rJ aws .Sh angRo yalIn signia.Br onz eTr ipodDi ng.He ight
:2 1.5cm,
We i
ght:2.75k g .Ph i
lipp i
n es.p1 3
15. 2Tigerswi thMa nb etwe ent heirJ awso nBr o nzeAx -head . ShangRo y alIn signia.Fu haoTo mb .Ch i
na.p13
16. 2Wi ng -
shape dJ adeso fHu ma nHe adwi thPh oenixHe l
me t.Re dSt ai
n se vid e
nt. Height:4-5cm.
We i
ght:30 -40g .Ph il
ipp i
n es.p 14
17. Ancientch aracterforYi夷, Peo pleo ftheEa ste
rnQu arter,wa sc leverlyh id denin s
idet hec har
acterfor
Phoenix燕. p 18
18. Detai
lo fPh oen i
x esthatf eaturep romi nentlyo nt hePh il
ip pineXiJ iap an兮甲盤. p18
19. Topv i
e wo fPh ili
pp i
neLa ip an逨盤. Finei nscri
ptionwi t
he achc haracte r5 mmo rlessi nhe i
ght.p19
20. BlackGr eenJ adeBiDi sk. 3Fl yi
n gPh oenixwi ths qua r
es c rol
lb orderi nl owr elief
. 3c haract
erso nboth
si
des:利腴積 ‘
. Pro fi
tablef orth esmo othc ollect
iono ft a
x /tribut
e’,&雞雜積 ‘ Ga theri
ngt ax/t
ri
bu tefrom
th
eCh ic
ke nan dv ariousb irds.’Ph il
ipp i
n es.Di ame t
er:2 4.7c m, Wi dth:. 9c m, We i
gh t
:1 .
0 64kg.p 29
21. NephriteJadeZh on gBe llsin scri
b edwi th隹臣 - Bi r
dt ri
b eMi nist
e r
s. La rgestBe llde t
ails:Height:18.5cm,
Length:11 .
2c m, Wi dth :6 .
1c m, We ight:1 ,076g .Ph i
lippin es.p32
22. Ancientv ari
ationso fthec haracter萬 f or‘ tenth ousan d’
. Ap i
ctureo fas co r
pionwa su sedtorep r
e s
enta
numb ersol ar
g e,itwa sb ey ondo rd i
n aryh u manu n derst
an d i
n g.p32
23. Vari
ationso fthea n c
ientc h aracter‘wo rk’, ‘l
a bor’
, abovet h ed et
ailo fth ePh ili
p pineLa ip a
ni ns
c r
ipti
on
Highli
g ht
ingt hemi ss
ingc haracterGō ng工 i nt heCh ineseLa ip an.p 44
24. 9eq u
a lsguarest hatformal argersq uarewi t
hNu mb erFi vei nth ece nter,th enu mb ersarea rr
angeds othat
addinga nythreeh o r
izon tall
y ,verti
c all
yo rd i
ago nal
lywo u ldalwa yse qu al1 5.p 44
25. LateSh angd yn ast
yBr onz eSwo rda ndSc ab bar
d .Totalo f2 6Ch ar
a cterIn scri
p t
ion. Swo rdLe ngth:34c m,
ScabbardLe n gth:2 5.
5c m. Mi nda nao, Philippines.p4 6
26.( a
bo ve)Br onzeJ ueWi neCu p .He i
g ht:33c m, We ight:1.6k g.(ri
gh t
)Br on zeYo uWi neVe ssel
.
Height:26c m, We ight2 .
5k g.Mi nd anao ,Ph il
ippines.p4 9

80
Phi
li ne盤 P
ppi an H
is
to
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ft
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rag
ona
ndt
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er
mil
l
io
nPh
oen
ix ⒸJ
.G.Che
ock,2022

Fi
gur
es(
cont
inue
d)

27.( above )Sh angWi neVe s sel

. Heigh t:28.5c m, We igh t
:2 .
9k g.(ri
ght)Br o nzeHuWi neVe ssel
.
He i
g ht:27.7c m, We igh t1.8k g. Mi ndan ao, Ph i
lipp i
ne s.p49
28. Ne phriteJad eWi n g-
feath ershap edOr name ntwi thPh o e
n i
xa ndHu ma nh ead.StainedRe d.
He i
g ht:4.7c m, We ight:4 0g .Lu zon ,Ph il
ip pines. p52
29.( l
eft)De t
ailo ftheLa ip anwi tht hea ncien tc haracter尹 e nc
irc
ledinr e d.(above)Th ea nci
entcharacter
usedd u ri
ngt heWe sternZh oud yna st
yt od escribet hea nci
entOf f
icialTi t
leofo newh or ul
edo verthe
FourQu a r
ters.p 59
30.( ri
gh t
)Re ds t
a i
n edWh i
teNe phriteJ adeBi r dTr i
b eCh i
efw/ Armo r&Swo rd.He i
g ht
:7 .7cm,
We i
g ht:3 4g .Ph il
ippines.(b el
o w)Li n e-ar to fscu l
pture.p60
31. Du alNa tureo fth ePh oen i
xwa sp ortrayedb yt wob i
rd sinpart
n er
sh i
pwi ththeDr ag on.Ma l
ea ndFe male
Phoe nixr epresentingtheWi n gedTr i
bes. Insc ri
bedc haract
ersont hec ir
c ula
rc oinwi thsq u
a r
eh ol
e
tr
ans l
atest o“ Dr agona ndPh oenix, Me mo r i
a ltoSu cc es”龍鳳祥呈.
s Wh it
eOp enwo rkNe phrit
eJ a
de
sta
ine dr ed.Di ame t
er:6 .5c m, We ight:3 5g . Ph i
lippines.p62
32. LargeHe av yBid is
kwi th4Ho rsed r
awnc h ariot
sf ormi ngad efensivec ircl
e,carve dinl owrelie
f.
Raiseds u r
fac ewa sp oli
s hedwh i
let heb ac kg roundr etainsarou ghtextu reont hewh i
tes t
one
(nephritejad e?)stainedr eddishb ro wn .26a nc i
entc haracter
so f福 ‘ blessing’wr i
tten4wa ys.
Diame ter:2 9.5c m, Wi dth:1.7c m, We i
g ht:2 .869k g.Th i
sarti
factwa sf oundi nb urialcontextal
o ng
withEa st
ernZh out ypeb ron zev esselsan dp rot
o-c eramics.Mi ndanao ,Ph i
lippi
n es.p6 3
33. LargeWh it
eNe ph r
it
eJ a deh ighlyp olishedBid i
s kwi threddishb r
o wns t
ains.Fou rhigh -
reli
efTigers/
Qili
n
inthec loud so no neside .Ob verses ho wna bo vewi th4Ta oti
emo t
ifino u t
erc i
rcle,4Ph oe
n i
xes,fol
lowe d
by9a ncientc haracterso f壽 ‘ long evity’wr itten9wa ys.Close-upd et
a i
lso ftheBid i
s kshowno nt helef
t
revealth eus eo fthe4 5d egreeb igs lantc arv i
n gme t
h odu se
db ytheWe ster
nZh o ud ynastytop r
oduc ethe
ma s
te r
f ulcurv es.Diame ter:2 9.
2c m, Wi dth :1c m, We ight
:1.313k g. Lu zon,Philippines.p63
34. TwoBr onzeDr u ms, eachwi t
h5 6c haracteri nscripti
o n.He i
ght:18.2-1 8.3cm, To pDi ame t
er:23.5cm,
We i
g ht:4 .
2-4 .
85k g.Th isartif
actwa sfo un di nbu rialcon t
extalongwi t
hLa t
eSh an gtoWe st
ernZh ou
dyna st
yt ypeb r
o nzev essels.Mi nda nao, Ph il
ip pi
n es.p6 4
35. TwoBr onzeDr u ms, 39+c h aractersea ch.He ight:1 3.4cm, TopDi ame t
er:1 8.
5c m, We i
ght:2.15-
2.25k g.
Thisa rti
factwa sfoun dwi thLa teSh angt oWe st
ernZh oud ynast
yt ypeb ronzevesse l
s. Mindanao,
Phil
ip pines.p 65
36. Translu centwh iteNe ph rit
eJ ade,fa ngto oth -shape dfo r
mwi t
hPh oen i
xh ead,win gtob eak.
Leng th:5 .
3c m, Width:.8c m, We ight:1 0g ra ms. Philippine
s.p66
37.1 1Ti erPa leGr e enNe ph ri
teCo n g, st
aine dr ed di
shb ro wn.Go dFa ceMa sk&My st
eriousBe astmo t
if.
He i
g ht:61.6c m, To pWi dth:11.
5c m, Bo ttomWi dth:1 0.5cm, We i
g ht:1 3.
9k g.Lu zon ,Phil
ippines
.p 68
38. 8Tie rGr eenNe p hr
iteCo ng.Go dFa ceMa sk&My steri
ousBe astmo tif.He i
g ht
:4 6c m,
TopWi d t
h:1 2 -
1 3cm, Bo t
tomWi dth:1 0c m, We ight:8 .
164k g.Luz on, Phili
ppines. p68
39.1 0Ti erBl ackGr eenNe phriteCo ng ,Go dFa c eMa sk&My st
eriousBe astmo ti
f.He ight:57.5cm,
TopWi d t
h:11 .
5c m, Bo ttomWi d t
h :9.5c m, We igh t
:1 1.3398kg .(be l
o w)d etai
lo ffinec ar
v i
nglines.
Phil
ip pines.p 68

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